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Silo - Tips Carpentry Connections
Silo - Tips Carpentry Connections
Université de Mons
Timber frameworks…
Widespread
Natural material (timber):
Variability
Decay and MC
Structural complexity:
Complex geometry and joints (more complex than
masonries ?)
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Carpentry joints…
Carpentry joints connect timber elements, often without any dowel type fasteners.
Forces are transferred within the joints via contact pressure and friction. The “smart”
cutting of the joint by the carpenter create notches and contact surfaces between the
connected members.
Within the connections, there is an interaction in terms of stiffness and strength between
the different pathways in which the forces are transferred.
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Pinned Tenon and
mortise (wooden pegs)
Drawings: Sobon J. A
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Inverted lapped dovetail
Drawings: Sobon J. A
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Halved scarf with four pins (simplest to fashion).
Drawings: Sobon J. A
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Splayed scarf joint (the lapped surfaces are sloping).
Drawings: Sobon J. A
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Splayed, undersquinted and cogged scarf joint
Drawings: Sobon J. A
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Splayed, Undersquinted and Wedges
P. Lemlyn
Drawings: Sobon J. A
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The conscientious builder locates the scarf where bending forces are low...
Drawings: Sobon J. A
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What is it ?
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Step joints (rafter and tie-beam
joints or purlin plate)
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Step joints
the slope of the notch must minimize the angle between the stresses and the grain direction
for both connected elements (bisector)
the depth of the notch (tv) should not exceed h/4 for skew angles α ≤ 50º and h/6 for skew
angles α > 60º (Götz et al (1993), DIN 1052:2004 and CTE (2006)).
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Precompression of horizontal beam due to N !
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Support reaction
N tie beam
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The rear face under compression (F2) is generally neglected !
1 1
, ≡
∙ 5 3
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Single posterior step
3 points to check
Crack ?
Gap
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Reinforcement of step joints
(a) binding strip; (b) internal bolt; (c) stirrup; (d) tension ties - Branco (2011).
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15
= 1.4 MPa
c
10 d -
d +
F F
+ -
5
Force (kN)
0 Unstrengthened +
Unstrengthened -
Binding strip +
-5
Binding strip -
Stirrup +
-10
Stirrup -
Bolt +
-15
Bolt -
Tension ties +
-20
Tension ties -
-25
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Displacement (mm)
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10
= 1.4 MPa
6 c
4
d -
d +
F F
+ -
2
Force (kN)
Unstrengthend +
0
Unstrengthend -
-2 Tension ties +
Tension ties -
-4
Stirrup +
-6 Stirrup -
Bolt +
-8
Bolt -
-10
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
Displacement (mm)
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Dovetail joints
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Rounded Dovetail joint
Development thanks to CNC wood-processing machinery
Esthetic
Easy to use on site (plug and play joint)
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From experimental researches, Werner proposed a design guideline (Werner, 2002).
⇒ Since rounded dovetail joints can fail either by breaking of the joist or main beam, the
two members are designed separately:
2
, !"# . '( . ),
3
(
, !* +, 0,09. / !* /( 0
2 (Vallée et al, 2010).
4 ( ( (²
'( ( 0 tan . /( . /( 0 5.
2 2 2 8
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Tannert proposed later on a design guideline that takes into account the size effect
for timber strength in brittle failure (Tannert, 2008).
As rounded dovetails joints are very similar to end notched beam supports, he
proposed a modified design formula based on Eurocode 5 formula for notched
beams with the definition of a specific reduction factor kv (EN 1995:2005).
,
1,5 . 8 3,6::²
), .
'( '(
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Reinforcement of rounded dovetails
The failure is typically brittle, and occurs in the elastic range ⇒ reinforcements needed:
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Reinforcement with self tapping screws is very efficient (increase stiffness, capacity of
connections perpendicular to the grain and produce a more ductile failure mode)
In that case, when the performance is governed by the joist member, capacity can be
estimated similar to the capacity of end notched beam supports (see Blass et al 2001).
Consequently, screw withdrawal capacity Rax,k and tensile strength Ru,k dictate the
capacity Vk of a beam support according to (DIN-1052 2004):
Where h is the beam height, he is the beam height minus the notch height
and n is the number of screws.
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Tenon and
mortise joints
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Tenon and mortise joint
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If F is the normal force in the strut
J ∙ KL D 0 ∙:∙ D EI ∙ 8
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m is the ratio of Q to F
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What is it ?
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Old timber frameworks…
Widespread
Natural material (timber):
Variability (in the same frame)
Decay
Structural complexity:
Complexity of the global geometry and the connections.
(more complex than masonries ?)
Drawings P. Lemlyn
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Component method
Prediction of the stiffness of the joint. For M, N and V :
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It is now possible to compute the global stiffness:
Fj 1
δ k = δ j + δi =
F F
+ i = k kk =
1
k j ki k k ∑
i , j ki
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Total rotational stiffness :
M
∑F z k k ∑k δk k zk ∑k (z θ ) z
k k k
ktot = = k
= k
= k
= ∑ kk zk2
θ θ θ θ k
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First enhancement of the method: Assumption of an infinite half space ?
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Equilibrium of forces and a additional length effect – Komatsu 2009
Moreover, Komatsu proposed a post yielding behaviour which allows the definition of a poly-linear
M−θ relationship.
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Comparison of initial stiffness obtained from analytical and experimental results
(Chang 2007)
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The comparison between this first enhanced
model and experimentations is disappointing :
M+ M-
FEM Component Experime FEM Component Experimen
method ntation method tation
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Second enhancement of the method:
A geometrical research field is defined and an iterative process is implemented. Let’s call u, v and θ the
displacements and rotation of any point into this field.
For each supposed position of ICR, displacements of contact area are computed.
y2
ki
Fi = ∫ × δ i × dl = f ( u , v, θ )
y1
li
Resulting forces at the tenon is :
We finally solve this system and the ICR is then supposed to be the point for which the computed
displacement is minimum.
u ² + v²
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Université de Mons
Why this focus on stiffness ?
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1. Influence on the design of the joint
Equivalent model
The joint is statically indeterminate !
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2. Influence on the design of the whole structure
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7,6 m
7,96 m
fortified castle of Ecaussinnes-Lalaing
6,35 m
8,9 m
Abbatiale de la Paix-Dieu
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Château d’Ecaussinnes-Lalaing
Borne inférieure
Borne supérieure
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Variations de contraintes en fonction de la rigidité de l’assemblage
Université de Mons K. CANT et F. MIGNONE | Service de génie civil et mécanique des structures 59
Abbatiale de la Paix-Dieu
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Cathedrale O-L of Tournai
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In restoration; keeping the same stiffness should be a
goal too…
Is it always necessary ?
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Thank you for your
attention
Université de Mons
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verification. Journal of Wood Sciences, 52:58–62.
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unificazione.
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bemessungsregeln fur den hochbau.
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• Drdácký M., Wald F., Sokol, Z. (1999), Sensitivity of historic timber structures to their joint response. Madrid.
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Subjecting to Lateral Shear Force, In Proc. of the 11th International Conference on Non-conventional Materials and
Technologies (NOCMAT 2009), 6-9 September 2009, Bath, UK.
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shoulder on bending moment capacity and moment rotation characteristics of mortise and tenon joints. Wood
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conditions. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 34(12):1600-1605.
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