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Island

An island or isle is a piece of subcontinental land

completely surrounded by water. Very small
islands such as emergent land features on atolls
can be called islets, skerries, cays or keys. An
island in a river or a lake island may be called an
eyot or ait, and a small island off the coast may be
called a holm. Sedimentary islands in the Ganges
Delta are called chars. A grouping of
geographically or geologically related islands, such
as the Philippines, is referred to as an archipelago.

There are two main types of islands in the sea:

continental islands and oceanic islands. There are Aerial image of Süderoog, a privately owned island
also artificial islands (man-made islands). belonging to the Halligen group of islands in Germany

There are about 900,000 official islands in the

world. This number consists of all the officially-reported islands of each country. The total number of
islands in the world is unknown. There may be hundreds of thousands of tiny islands that are
unknown and uncounted.[1] The number of sea islands in the world is estimated to be more than
200,000. The total area of the world's sea islands is approx. 9,963,000 sq km, which is similar to the
area of Canada and accounts for roughly 1/15 (or 6.7%) of the total land area of Earth.[2]

Etymology
The word island derives from Middle English iland, from Old English igland (from ig or ieg, similarly
meaning 'island' when used independently, and -land carrying its contemporary meaning; cf. Dutch
eiland ("island"), German Eiland ("small island")). However, the spelling of the word was modified in
the 15th century because of a false etymology caused by an incorrect association with the
etymologically unrelated Old French loanword isle, which itself comes from the Latin word
insula.[3][4] Old English ieg is actually a cognate of Swedish ö and German Aue, and related to Latin
aqua (water).[5]

Relationships with continents

Differentiation from continents

There is no standard of size that distinguishes islands from continents,[6] or from islets.[7]

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There is a widely accepted difference between islands

and continents in terms of geology.[8] Continents are
often considered to be the largest landmass of a
particular continental plate; this holds true for
Australia, which sits on its own continental lithosphere
and tectonic plate (the Australian Plate).[9]

By contrast, islands are usually seen as being

extensions of the oceanic crust (e.g. volcanic islands),
or as belonging to a continental plate containing a
Dymaxion world map with the continental
larger landmass (continental islands); the latter is the
landmasses (Roman numerals) and 30 largest
islands (Arabic numerals) roughly to scale
case of Greenland, which sits on the North American
Plate.[10]

Continental islands

Continental islands are bodies of land that lie on the continental shelf of a continent.[11] Examples are
Borneo, Java, Sumatra, Sakhalin, Taiwan and Hainan off Asia; New Guinea, Tasmania, and Kangaroo
Island off Australia; Great Britain, Ireland, and Sicily off Europe; Greenland, Newfoundland, Long
Island, and Sable Island off North America; and Barbados, the Falkland Islands, and Trinidad off
South America.

Microcontinental islands

A special type of continental island is the microcontinental island, which is created when a continent
is horizontally displaced or rifted.[12][13] Examples are Madagascar and Socotra off Africa, New
Caledonia, New Zealand, and some of the Seychelles.[13]

Subcontinental islands

A lake such as Wollaston Lake drains in two different directions, thus creating an island. If this island
has a seashore as well as being encircled by two river systems, it becomes what might be called a
subcontinental island. The one formed by Wollaston Lake is very large, about 2,000,000  km2
(770,000 sq mi).[14]

Bars

Another subtype is an island or bar formed by deposition of tiny rocks where water current loses some
of its carrying capacity. This includes:

barrier islands, which are accumulations of sand deposited by sea currents on the continental
shelves[15][16]

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fluvial or alluvial islands formed in river deltas or midstream within large rivers. While some are
transitory and may disappear if the volume or speed of the current changes, others are stable and
long-lived.[17]

Oceanic islands

Tectonic versus volcanic

Oceanic islands are typically considered to be islands that do not sit on continental shelves. Other
definitions limit the term to only refer to islands with no past geological connections to a continental
landmass.[18] The vast majority are volcanic in origin, such as Saint Helena in the South Atlantic
Ocean.[19] The few oceanic islands that are not volcanic are tectonic in origin and arise where plate
movements have lifted up the ocean floor above the surface. Examples are the Saint Peter and Saint
Paul Archipelago in the North Atlantic Ocean and Macquarie Island in the South Pacific Ocean.

Volcanic islands

Arcs

One type of volcanic oceanic island is found in a volcanic island arc. These islands arise from
volcanoes where the subduction of one plate under another is occurring. Examples are the Aleutian
Islands, the Mariana Islands, and most of Tonga in the Pacific Ocean.[20][21] The only examples in the
Atlantic Ocean are some of the Lesser Antilles and the South Sandwich Islands.

Oceanic rifts

Another type of volcanic oceanic island occurs where an oceanic rift reaches the surface. There are
two examples: Iceland, which is the world's second-largest volcanic island, and Jan Mayen. Both
islands are in the Atlantic Ocean.

Hotspots

A third type of volcanic oceanic island is formed over volcanic hotspots. A hotspot is more or less
stationary relative to the moving tectonic plate above it, so a chain of islands results as the plate drifts.
Over long periods of time, this type of island is eventually "drowned" by isostatic adjustment and
eroded, becoming a seamount.[22] Plate movement across a hot-spot produces a line of islands
oriented in the direction of the plate movement. An example is the Hawaiian Islands, from Hawaii to
Kure, which continue beneath the sea surface in a more northerly direction as the Emperor
Seamounts. Another chain with similar orientation is the Tuamotu Archipelago; its older, northerly
trend is the Line Islands. The southernmost chain is the Austral Islands, with its northerly trending
part the atolls in the nation of Tuvalu. Tristan da Cunha is an example of a hotspot volcano in the
Atlantic Ocean.[23] Another hotspot in the Atlantic is the island of Surtsey, which was formed in
1963.[24]

Atolls

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An atoll is an island formed from a coral reef that has grown on an eroded and submerged volcanic
island. The reef rises to the surface of the water and forms a new island. Atolls are typically ring-
shaped with a central lagoon. Examples are the Line Islands in the Pacific Ocean and Maldives in the
Indian Ocean.[25]

Map from Charles Darwin’s 1842 The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs showing the world’s major
groups of atolls and coral reefs

Tropical islands
Approximately 45,000 tropical islands with an area of at least 5
hectares (12 acres) exist.[26] Examples formed from coral reefs
include Maldives, Tonga, Samoa, Nauru, and Polynesia.[26]
Granite islands include Seychelles[27] and Tioman.

The socio-economic diversity of tropical islands ranges from the

Stone Age societies in the interior of North Sentinel, Madagascar,
Borneo, and Papua New Guinea to the high-tech lifestyles of the
city-islands of Singapore and Hong Kong.[28] International
Plane landing on an airport island,
tourism is a significant factor in the economy of many tropical
Velana International Airport, Hulhulé
islands including Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Réunion,
Island, Maldives
Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Maldives.

De-islanding
The process of de-islandisation is often concerning bridging, but there are other forms of linkages
such as causeways: fixed transport links across narrow necks of water, some of which are only
operative at low tides (e.g. that connecting Cornwall's St Michael's Mount to the peninsular
mainland), while others (such as the Canso Causeway connecting Cape Breton to the Nova Scotia
mainland) are usable all year round (aside from interruptions during storm surge periods).[29][30]

Some places may retain "island" in their names for historical reasons after being connected to a larger
landmass by a land bridge or landfill, such as Coney Island and Coronado Island, though these are,
strictly speaking, tied islands.[30] Conversely, when a piece of land is separated from the mainland by
a man-made canal, for example the Peloponnese by the Corinth Canal, more or less the entirety of

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Fennoscandia by the White Sea Canal, or Marble Hill in northern Manhattan during the time between
the building of the United States Ship Canal and the filling in of the Harlem River which surrounded
the area, it is generally not considered an island.

Another type of connection is fostered by harbor walls/breakwaters that incorporate offshore islets
into their structures, such as those in Sai harbor in northern Honshu, Japan, and the connection to
the mainland which transformed Ilhéu do Diego from an islet. De-islanded through its fixed link to
the mainland, the former islet's name, Ilhéu do Diego, became functionally redundant (and thereby
archaic) and the location took the fort as its namesake. Some former island sites have retained
designations as islands after the draining/subsidence of surrounding waters and their fixed linkage to
land (England's Isle of Ely and Vancouver's Granville Island being respective cases in point). Their
names are thereby archaic in that they reflect the islands' pasts rather than their present structures or
transport logistics. Other examples include Singapore and its causeway, and the various Dutch delta
islands, such as IJsselmonde.

Artificial islands
Almost all of Earth's islands are natural and have been formed by tectonic forces or volcanic
eruptions. However, artificial (man-made) islands also exist, such as the island in Osaka Bay off the
Japanese island of Honshu, on which Kansai International Airport is located. Artificial islands can be
built using natural materials (e.g., earth, rock, or sand) or artificial ones (e.g., concrete slabs or
recycled waste).[31][32]

Sometimes natural islands are artificially enlarged, such as Vasilyevsky Island in the Russian city of
St. Petersburg, which had its western shore extended westward by some 0.5 km in the construction of
the Passenger Port of St. Petersburg.[33]

Artificial islands are sometimes built on pre-existing "low-tide

elevation," a naturally formed area of land which is surrounded by
and above water at low tide but submerged at high tide. Legally
these are not islands and have no territorial sea of their own.[34]

Island superlatives
Largest island: Greenland[35]
Largest island in a lake: Manitoulin Island, Ontario, Canada[35] Kansai International Airport, on an
artificial island
Largest lake island within a lake island: Treasure Island, in
Lake Mindemoya on Manitoulin Island[36]
Largest island in a river: Bananal Island, Tocantins, Brazil[37]
Largest island in fresh water: Marajó, Pará, Brazil
Largest sand island: Fraser Island, Queensland, Australia[38]
Largest artificial island: Flevopolder, the Netherlands (created 1969)[39]
Largest uninhabited island: Devon Island, Nunavut, Canada[40]
Most populous island: Java, Indonesia[41]
Lowest island: Franchetti Island, Lake Afrera, Ethiopia
Island shared by largest number of countries: Borneo (Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia)
Island with the highest point: New Guinea (Puncak Jaya, 4,884 m, 16,024 ft), Indonesia
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Northernmost island: Kaffeklubben Island, Greenland

Southernmost island (not fully surrounded by permanent ice): Ross Island, Antarctica
Island with the most populated city: Honshu (Tokyo), Japan
Most remote island (from nearest land): Bouvet Island[42]
Island with earliest known settlement: Sumatra (Lida Ajer cave), Indonesia

See also
Islands portal

Desert island
Great wall of sand
Island biogeography
Island ecology
Island country
Island hopping
Lake island
List of ancient islands
List of archipelagos
List of artificial islands
List of divided islands
List of fictional islands
List of island countries
List of islands by area
List of islands by body of water
List of islands by continent
List of islands by country
List of islands by highest point
List of islands by name
List of islands by population
List of islands by population density
List of islands named after people
Phantom island
Private island
River island
Rock fever
Small Island Developing States
Tidal island

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External links
Definition of island (https://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/texts/unclos/part8.htm)
from United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island 10/11
5/31/23, 9:05 AM Island - Wikipedia

Listing of islands (http://islands.unep.ch/isldir.htm) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2008021

4203618/http://islands.unep.ch/isldir.htm) February 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine from
United Nations Island Directory.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Island&oldid=1152455573"

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island 11/11