1.

Underline the main verb(s) of each sentence and determine their tenses and forms

Abstract
The miscibility of two liquids depends on the interactions between their molecules. Complete
miscibility forms a homogeneous solution. This experiment tested a hypothesis that phenol and water
are partially miscible and aimed to determine their critical solution temperature. Different composition
mixtures of the two compounds were prepared. The temperatures at which the mixtures turned from
turbid to clear and vice versa were recorded and plotted against composition. The maximum point on
the fitting curve was taken as the critical solution temperature. The obtained result, 69.4 degrees
Celsius, is slightly higher than that recorded in the literature. Certain errors might be minimized by
generating more statistical points.

I. Introduction
The miscibility of two liquids depends on their intermolecular attraction forces. For two liquids to be
completely miscible, the attraction force between two molecules of the same kind must approximately
equal to those between two molecules of different kinds. If two liquids are not completely miscible, the
degree of difference in their intermolecular forces determines whether they are partially or completely
immiscible.
Two partially miscible liquids may become completely miscible at higher temperatures. As the
temperature increases, the intermolecular forces of the two liquids decrease and can be reduced to
roughly equal values. The temperature above which two partially miscible liquids become fully
miscible is called the critical solution temperature (CST). Each pair of partially miscible liquids has its
own characteristic CST at atmospheric pressure [1, 2].
This experiment investigated the mutual miscibility of phenol and water. The former is an important
precursor to numerous materials and pharmaceutical products. The latter is the most widely used
solvent in daily life and industry. The purpose of the experiment was to construct a water-phenol phase
diagram and to determine the critical solution temperature of the system. The hypothesis to be tested
was that the mutual miscibility of phenol and water would vary with temperature, and above a certain
temperature, phenol and water would be fully miscible at any concentrations.

II. Methodology
Phenol-water mixtures were prepared from distilled water and a phenol 90% aqueous solution (stock
solution). Nine clean and dried glass test tubes were labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Two pipettes
were used to draw and transfer the liquids to the test tubes. The amounts of liquids that were added to
the test tubes are presented in Table 1. Phenol drawing and transferring were done in the fume hood to
avoid inhaling the phenol vapor. All the obtained test tubes were sealed carefully with parafilm and
aluminum foils. The appearance of the mixture in each test tube, whether homogeneous or
heterogeneous , was coreded.
The mutual miscibility of phenol and water was recorded by heating the prepared mixtures and observing
their appearance change. A water bath was prepared by adding about 400 mL of distilled water into a 500-
mL glass beaker. A thermometer was placed in the beaker to measure the water bath temperature. The test
tubes were dipped and gently shaken in the water bath such that the liquid levels in the test tubes were lower
than the water level in the beaker. The beaker was heated up gradually using a hot plate (Figure 1). The
temperature at which the mixture in each test tube turned from turbid to clear was recorded as Tclear. After
that, the beaker was removed from the hot plate. During natural cooling, the temperature at which the
mixture in each test tube turned from clear to turbid was recorded as Tturbid. Room temperature and
atmospheric pressure were also recorded.
The water-phenol phase diagram was constructed by plotting phase-transition points versus phenol weight
percentages. The phase transition temperature (Ttrans) of the mixture in each test tube was calculated by Eq. 1
as follows:
 (Eq.1)
The weight percent of phenol was calculated by Eq. 2 as follows:

(Eq. 2)
Where Vstock, dstock, and Cstock are the volume, density, and concentration of the stock solution, respectively.
water and dwater are the volume and density of distilled water. At 22ºC, the density of the stock solution and
water are 1.07 g/cm3 and 1.00 g/cm3, respectively.
A trendline was fitted to the processed data points using Microsoft Excel. The maximum point of the
obtained curve was taken as the CST of phenol-water system [3].

III. Results
As presented in Figure 2, the water-phenol phase diagram is an inverted U-shaped curve and fits a quadratic
trendline y = - 0.03x2 + 2.4x + 25.77 with an R 2 of 0.99. Solving this equation gives a maximum value at (40;
69.4). This data indicates that the CST of phenol-water system is 69.4 oC. Extra observations are presented in
Table 2. The detailed experimental data is presented in Table A1, Appendix 1.

IV. Discussion
Phenol and water are soluble in each other only at specific concentrations at room temperature. Liquid
mixtures in test tubes numbered 1 to 8 were initially colorless and transparent but separated into two
layers. However, the stock solution and the liquid mixture in the test tube numbered 9 are colorless,
transparent, and homogeneous. The phenol concentrations of these two solutions are 90% and 76%,
respectively, which are higher than those of the other eight solutions. These observations indicate that
phenol and water are partially miscible.
The range of phenol-water insoluble compositions contracts gradually with increasing temperature and
ends at about 66.8 to 67.3oC (Appendix A1). The contraction of this range is rather symmetrical and
smooth. It builds a quadratic curve with a maximal point of 69.4 oC. Above this point, phenol and water
are soluble in each other at any concentration. The decrease of intermolecular attraction forces at
increasing temperature can be applied to explain these observations. Above 69.4 oC, water-water,
phenol-phenol, and water-phenol intermolecular attraction forces are approximately equal.
The obtained CST is slightly higher than that recorded in the literature, 66.6oC [1], implying that
experimental errors might occur. By tracking back the experimental procedure, at least three factors
could be the causes of errors. Firstly, on cooling, the mixtures become opalescent before turning turbid,
making transition identification inaccurate. Secondly, there might be mismatches between transition
noticing moments and thermometer reading moments. Thirdly, the phenol used to prepare the stock
solution might not be highly purified. The presence of impurities might profoundly affect the CST.
Possible solutions to minimize the first two errors are to prepare more mixture compositions and repeat the
experiment for better statistical data.

V. Conclusion
Phenol and water are partially miscible at room temperature. They form an inverted U-shaped phase
diagram. Their mutual miscibility varies with temperature by a quadratic equation. The critical solution
temperature obtained from the fitting curve is 69.4oC. It is slightly higher than the value reported in the
literature. Possible errors include inaccurate identification of the transition points, mismatches between
transition noticing moments and thermometer reading moments, and the presence of impurities in the stock
solutions. Preparing
more mixture compositions and repeating the experiment might help to minimize the first two mentioned
errors.
- Present : depends, increases, become, builds, contracts, test, help, minimize, indicates,
change, clean, contructs
- Part simple:

2. Count verbs of the same tense in each section and fill in Table 1.

Table 1. Distribution of verb tenses in each section of the lab report

Number of verbs in a specific tense
Section Present Past
simple simple
Abstract 4 6
Introduction 11 3
Methodology 5 21
Results 6 0
Discussion 18 1
Conclusion 6 0

3. Count verbs of the same form in each section and fill in Table 2.

Table 2. Distribution of verb forms in each section of the lab report

Number of verbs in a specific form

Section Active voice Passive voice

Abstract 5 10
Introduction 8 5
Methodology 16 32
Results 3 2
Discussion 12 6
Conclusion 5 3

4. Count each modal verb in each section and fill in Table 3.

Table 3. Distribution of modal verbs in each section of the lab report

Section Number of modal verbs
Will Would Should Could May Might Can Must
Abstract 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
Introduction 0 2 0 0 1 0 1 1
Methodology 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Results 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Discussion 0 0 0 1 0 3 1 0
Conclusion 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0