Exercise 1.

5
Read the Abstract and the Discussion sections of the lab report in
Appendix 2

1. Number the sentences in the Abstract section and classify each

sentence into Concept, Background, Purpose, Hypothesis, Method,
Result, Interpretation, Conclusion, or Recommendation, if
appropriate.
2. Number the sentences in the Discussion section and categorize each
of them to the Main idea, Definition, Evidence, Example, General
trend, Quantitative estimation, Interpretation, Explanation, Citation,
Analysis, Conclusion, or Recommendation, if appropriate.

Abstract
(1)The miscibility of two liquids depends on the interactions between their
molecules. (2) Complete miscibility forms a homogeneous solution.(3) This
experiment tested a hypothesis that phenol and water are partially miscible
and aimed to determine their critical solution temperature.(4) Different
composition mixtures of the two compounds were prepared.(5) The
temperatures at which the mixtures turned from turbid to clear and vice
versa were recorded and plotted against composition.(6) The maximum
point on the fitting curve was taken as the critical solution temperature.(7)
The obtained result, 69.4 degrees Celsius, is slightly higher than that
recorded in the literature.(8) Certain errors might be minimized by
generating more statistical points.

Conc Purp Hypoth Metho Res Interpreta Conclu Recommend

ept ose esis d ult tion sion ation
(1),(2) (3) (4), (7) (8)
(5),(6)

Discussion

(1)Phenol and water are soluble in each other only at specific

concentrations at room temperature. (2) Liquid mixtures in test tubes
numbered 1 to 8 were initially colorless and transparent but separated into
 two layers. (3) However, the stock solution and the liquid mixture in the test
tube numbered 9 are colorless, transparent, and homogeneous. (4) The
phenol concentrations of these two solutions are 90% and 76%,
respectively, which are higher than those of the other eight solutions. (5)
These observations indicate that phenol and water are partially miscible.

(6) The range of phenol-water insoluble compositions contracts gradually

with increasing temperature and ends at about 66.8 to 67.3oC (Appendix 1).
(7) The contraction of this range is rather symmetrical and smooth.(8) It
builds a quadratic curve with a maximal point of 69.4oC.(9) Above this
point, phenol and water are soluble in each other at any concentration.(10)
The decrease of intermolecular attraction forces at increasing temperature
can be applied to explain these observations.(11) Above 69.4oC, water-
water, phenol-phenol, and water-phenol intermolecular attraction forces are
approximately equal.

(12) The obtained CST is slightly higher than that recorded in the
literature,66.6oC [1], implying that experimental errors might occur.(13) By
tracking back the experimental procedure, at least three factors could be
the causes of errors.(14) Firstly, on cooling , the mixtures become
opalescent before turning turbid, making transition identification inaccurate.
(15) Secondly, there might  be mismatches between  transition  noticing
moments  and thermometer reading moments. (16) Thirdly, the phenol
used to prepare the stock solution might not be highly purified.(17) The
presence of impurities might profoundly affect the CST.(18) Possible
solutions to minimize the first two errors are to prepare more mixture
compositions and repeat the experiment for better statistical data.

Main idea Definition Evidenc Exampl General Quantitative estimatio

e e trend n
(1) (6), (11)
Interpretatio Explanatio Citation Analysi Conclusio Recommendation
n n s n
(13) (10), (14), (2), (3), (8), (9), (5), (7) (18)
(15), (16), (4) (12)
(17)