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    85 views82 pages

    The Handmade Soap Book

    Uploaded by

    Minh Sơn Lê
    xà phòng

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 82
    ” D 9 oO © so & ® E a $22.95 US/$29.95 CAN handmade soap book In recent years, awareness of the importance of essential oils, plant extracts and other ‘natural’ Ingredients to enhance one’s life and well-being has led to an ever-growing desire to use more natural tolletrles. By making your ‘own soap you can fulfill nat only this, but create a selection of soaps perfect for your ‘own personal skin type. You will also discover that you have the ideal present for any friend or member of your family. The art and craft of soapmaking is neither difficult nor mysterious, needing only the most basic of ingredients, and equipment you will probably already have in your kitchen. In this ‘gorgeous yet practical book, Melinda Coss shows you how easy It Is to make bastc soap and then to have fun adding colorings, textures and scents to create a recipe a that’s perfect for you. From one basic recipe, you will be able to make an enormous variety of soaps using kitchen cupboard ingredients and readily available fragrances. Make strawberry soap, goat's milk and ylang ylang, or calendula and sunflower. Try your hand at clear glycerine bars | or coconut ice soap. Or, for men, there are minty and pine soaps, cleansing bars for ‘greasy hands and spicy slabs fragranced with cinnamon and ginger. Soaps for garcleners, antiseptic soaps, shampoo bars, hair rinses and bathtime olls, and scrubs are also included. Ifyou've never thought of soap making before, now's your chance to try. With The Handmade Soap Book, the chances are you will soon become addicted to this enjoyable, useful, and even profitable hobby. the handmade soap book melinda coss photography by emma peios For my soaplist buddies: ‘May all their bubbles be bountiful “The mission of Storey Communications to serve our customers by pubishing racial information het encourages personal ncepencence In hacmony with the envtorment, United States ediion published in 1968 by Storey Books, schocinouse Road, Pownal, Vermont C5261. United Kingdom edition published in 1908 by New Hola (Publishers) Lt, 24 Nutora Pace, London WH 6DQ Copyright © 1998 text Melinds Coss Copight © 1998 photographs: New Hollané [Publishers Ltd Copyright © 1998 New Holland (Punishes) Ltd Editor: Jane Struthers, Design and Are Drection: Blackjack Protcerapher: Emma Pelos Managing Eaton: Coral Waher [All rights reserved. No part ofthis pbicaton may be reproduced wikbout walten perinission fem the publshes, except by a reviewer who may quate bref passages or reproduce istration: ina review ‘nth appropiate credits; nor may any pt ofthis book be reptecuced, stored Ina retrieval system, lor ransmited in ay form ar by ary menns — election, mechanical, photocopying, recording or other = without writen petmission ftom the publsher. ‘Te informaticn i his book Is tae anc! complete 10 the best of our hnowledge. All recommendations ‘are made without guarantee on the pat ofthe author or Storey Communications, he: The author an publicher scam any lal n connection withthe ute of hie Information. For akon Infxmation please centact Storey Communications In. Schoulhouse Road, Pownal, Vermont 05261 acknowledgements “he author woul Ike to thank the foloning people fr ther valuable contibution to this books ‘Wonne Mifalane for ith ent hope (no chart requltec), Corl Walker for stlsh overseeing of the whole shebang, Jane Struthers for creative nitpicking, Erma Pelos for ner stunning photos, Jack Buchan or « greet book: design, Elaine Wie for ner saponification table, ElayaTsosle for het har cae information, House of Grats for supplying molds and gycern sep, Verdant fr eating liquid, molds and glycerin soap, Lush for their Floating Bath Scak recipe and all my fiends and neighbors for gues pig services. To ive you the option of merking in other ounces or grame, it hae boon necessary to round up or down the conversion figure slighty. These small ferences will ot affect your end result. ‘Use either ounces or grams, but do not mix the two in a recipe. contents Introduction. 4 The History of Soap Making 6 Basic Know-how 8 ‘Materials and Equipment 10 Shapes and Sizes 12 Basic Oils and Fats 14 ‘Saponification Chart 17 Rebatching and Recycling 18 Choosing a Scent 20 Textures and Fillers 24 Coloring 26 Recipes 28 Three Basic Soap Recipes 31 Fruit Soaps 33 Hloral Soaps 38 Honey and Beeswax Soaps at Herb and Spice Soaps 44 Dairy Soaps 48 Castile Soaps 52 Glycerine Soaps 55 Creamy Coconut Soaps 57 Antiseptic Soaps 59 Soaps for the Life in Your Man eo Special Editions 64 Bathtime Luxuries 8 Hair Care n Special Effects B Packaging Soaps 76 Troubleshooting Guide 8 ‘Suppliers and Further Reading 79 Index INTrOC “You're turning into a witch!” proclaimed my neighbor, Judy, when she found me, on a moonlit evening, stirring a cauldron full of deliciously fragrant soap. To the uninitiated it is difficult to explain the pleasures of watching a pot full of oils change into a rich, creamy substance, but | am not alone in experiencing this: soapmakers, the world over, will tell you that this hobby Is outrageously addictive. While all the recipes in this book (unless stated otherwise) are my very ‘own concoctions, my list-mates who I have met on the Internet have provided an endless source of inspiration. The dally exchanges of information have been so friendly and useful that this book should be considered a group effort. Once you see the ingredients used in these recipes I will not have to persuade you of the goodness of handmade soaps, nor the reasons for making them. What could be better than creating a soap that will work ‘wonderfully with your personal skin type and provide you with your favorite fragrance and texture at the same time? This book will explain the processes and give you food for thought and experimentation. I have offered the recipes in 2-Ib (900 g) batches but you can halve or double these as required. Do not, however, alter the Ingredients without reading the section on oils (see pages 14-16) and please take the time to read ‘The ten commandments’ on page 13 before attempting to make your first batch. Thope you will enjoy making andl using the soap recipes in this book and that you will be inspired to create some exciting concoctions of your own. Soapmaking is one of the few ways you can really make a mess, enjoy yourself and stay clean, all at the same time. Happy soaping. Melinda Coss eee the history,.of Marketing directors worldwice wil tll you that. in order 10 sell a new product, people must be corvinced that 1D Iewill ennance their sex drive. Ae wilt engrhen thei Hives. Di They will be socially unacceptable without I ‘Andi so It came to pase that some biblical whizzkid spotted a gap inthe market and proclaimed ‘Cleanliness le next fo {goulines’, sending pacple the world over in search of puriying and cleansing agents (see Jeremiah 2:22 and ‘Malachi 3:2) with which 0 improve thelr lot In those earty days, tree bark and herbs such a3 soapwort were used to enhance ablutions, but in the 8th century, the Italians and the Spanish set about creating what we now call soap from goat fat and beech tree ash, The French (2 ssh punch of people) introduced the concept of replacing the ‘animal fet — oF tallow ~ with ollve ol, while the pioneers of ‘America traditionally treated soapmaking a5 2 homecta creating sodlum tyaronide (caustic soda/Iye) by leaving rainwater to drip through a perforated barre! file with hardincod ash. The resulting solution was then boiled until it was concentrated enough for afresh egg (sll In its shell to, oat on the surface without sinking, Fat was rendered from “whichever animals happened to be around! at the time anct lgrancmerstyle soap was created, although rough shin and Holey socks were often unwelcome by-products of this rather caustic brew. In England, inthe easly 17th century, the soap industry nee developing ata rapid pace and King James | (a man ery supportive of small businesses) granted soaomakers special privileges. By 1791, the French were ahead agaln smith the discovery, by the chemist Nicolas Leblanc, of pracess that extracted soda from ordinary salt, By tis time the findings of Louls Pasteur ad also firmly established that personel eleaniness reduced the spread of disease andi the “hylenic movement’ was born. ‘Andrew Pears was one of the first people to define the need for soap as a cosmetic aid. The son of a Cornish farmer, he trained as @ hairdresser and then established himeelf in his own salon In London's Soho where Ne also manufactured and sold rouges and other cosmetics He set about refining the existing harsh base soaps and ‘eventually produced a transparent soap perfumed with the flowers of an English garden’. In 1835 Andrew brought nis grandson, Francis Peas, into the business. Fronds became his partner, a relationship which continued unt! 1838 when Andrew retired. ‘Some yeas later, Francis's son-in-law, Thomas j Barratt Joined the company as a pariner and brought wath him the fair and marketing sklls required to turn Pears’ Soap into, ‘8 worldwicle commodity. [at this time, edvertsing was a revoluttonary new concept anc Barratts ereative schemes met much ‘opoenition, Undeterred, he mounted huge campaigns f° inform the public that Pears’ Soap wes safe, healthy and. above all; made its users beautful, His marketing projects were bold and costly but undoubtedly contibured ‘cnormously £6 the success of the company: Barratts uce of ohn Everett Milas’ painting, Bubbles @= ‘an advertising poster promoting the soaps was only one of {2 number of enterprising schemes that, even today, thgg=r ‘an immediate association with Pears’ Soep: ror those born in the reign of the selklom amused and exitemely modest Queen Victorla, the concept ofa naked! bcy-bath was decadent in the extreme (it was ony” the second half the 2oth century that the idea of dally ‘bath was no longer considered both harmful and sinful) it was during Victoria's reign that the ‘entrepreneur WH Lever began the mass-production ant marketing of soap. He established, as is base, & large factory and a new town, situated close to the River Mersey in northern England, which he named Port Sunlight. It was built specifically for the housing and Howew welfare of his employees. “The late 20¢h century has spawned a revival for things patural and a renewed interest in herbal remedies. Many ‘people seek to preserve the ervironment and to reduce the tee of toxins and chemicals. The establishment and success of such organizations as The Body Shop have raised public _ Swareness of the virtues of using natural cosmetics. The strong principles ofits founder, Anita Redlck, have so demonstrated that i Is possible for women to but expires from small enterprises An exciting soap venture resulting from The Bacy Shop Is proving very successful for Mark Constantine, ‘sotier Bish entrepreneur, who bas opened a fest ‘growing chain of retall soep “delis' under the neme of Lush. Mork began in 1974, creating herbal hair and Seauty treatments. He went on to form a creative fPertnership with Anita Roddick, originating end Seveloping products for The Body Shop. He was their cain supplier for over 15 years but, in 1994, launched Sc rst shop in Poole marketing soaps and bath products macie mainly from fresh fult anc vegetables, ‘=Ssental lls and ‘safe’ syniheates. Mark Is co-owner of Se enterprise and considers his success fo be the result © good team-work. The Lush products have wonderfully zany names like Angels on Bereskin and Dream Cream. The shops also have ‘fresh cabinets’ eetaining a selection of scrubs, masks and cleansers, ‘22d even a cleansing mask for men made with home Saked bread. See page 69 for our exclusive Lush bath soak recipe, The renaissance in soapmaking 2s a cottage Industry 5 particularly prevalent inthe United States. In the UK. seary Incvidvals,anei women In particular, are setting ep satellite compenies, often selling their products rect at craft fats and wholesele to specialist stores, Considerable care and creativity is demonstrated by shese people, both in the use of fine ingredients and fhe decoration and presentation of their soaps. These ‘enterprises have, in fact, challenged many of the larger soap manutacturets to package their products as wholesome lookalikes. Yet, In realty, some of these: ‘satura’ soaps are made using the same processes and, tagredients as the mass-metket polished bars that ate. 5 fnnller (0 us, 50 you should be selective about what you buy. What is clear is that the soap industry in general has ‘ways been initiated on sound principles and good. Ietentions. Soapmakers of the 1990s are a sharing, community and perhaps this attituce will, in addition t0 ieanliness, take us a litle nearer to that much sought- her ‘godliness i ‘The product that we know of as soap is the result of mixing an acid with a caustic alkali. Most methods of soapmaking use vegetable or animal fats and oils as the acid, and sodium hydroxide (caustic soda/lye) as the alkali. When the alkali is diluted with water and added to the acid, a reaction called ‘saponification’ occurs. Once this has happened the alkali is on its way to being neutralized and, after cu ‘Seponification is an easy stage to recognize but the ime it takes depends on a large number of variables, Including the temperature of your mixture and the specific fats ‘that you are using (see Basic Oils and Fats on pages 14-16). When saponification occurs your soap thickens: {0 4 point referred to by soapmakers as “trace”. To establlsh \whethe: you have reached trace, spoon some soap from the pot and ihien dribble t back over the surface ofthe mixture Ir the diibbe sits on top ofthe mixture, forming a raise! line, you have reached trace. While trace ean occur in as short a time as 5 minutes, do not worry iit takes several hours. Uniess you have made big mistakes with yout ‘weights and measures, the soap will trace eventually Colorings, fragrances and filers are all added as the mixture reaches trace and the soap is then poured into molds, covered with a blanket oF owel for Insulation andl left to set. weights & measures ‘The success or fllure oF your batch of soap relies, above all, on one crucial factor: cortect proportions of Ingredients. IFyou wish to add to or alter the ingredients, read the Saponification Chart on page 17 for guidance on how ro do this. The majority of recipes in this book will provide you with 2-15 (900-g) batches; depending on the molds you select, these should result in 10-14 average sized bars of soap. Please note that, with the excepiton of spoonfuls and drops oF ingredients, all quantities listed In the recipes are ‘weighed quantities, so where water is quoted in ounces, 1g the soap for several weeks, it should no longer be in Soap, therefore, is made with sodium hydroxide but does not contain i these are weighed ounces and not fluid ounces. To welgh Ingredients like this, place your chosen empty container on the scales and turn the setiing back to zero. Then add your Ingredients to the container until the weight reads as specified in the recipe. Use either ounces or grams, but do not mix the two In a recipe techniques (Wing i toupee cal whi vl apene toe eed icin sina tena Ee ee pales ele gas rte ot oe ee ee es Noo feriot cl ion ores pei Seas Eee eek aaiitl errno ico ed rd the perce harold mnt setting times eae tereecene ora tnibesctiene, ane eaters oon ceperanie endo on However, on average, your sap shou be hard enough fo fever fom tie eles ag hens eier poe. Sones based on vegcable ls he Inger to harden than those made with meat fats. Its important to unmold the eeap ss soon as It reaches the consistency of hard cheese, At this stage you will be able fo cut It into ‘bars with ease curing Ica seag wre we vetted cern and siete ts conn te cng prc I rcs ary reied eoaum yards hich can reat ange othe Bichon. tha vines cut cr wens spec ca te sutice one cop, Tam cece even vaste afte ee crgincerccrnce tmy he cece peste wey aecty aera ee I ec tyson nk a at tis leet recy sips wel sop hs cmp Be cre coer: vl a alot fuse Dicer erp requir tata Dh opal ccecure wo teh eng eg pros Bs wm co process mein of pe ears nat gyre wich a ct fe spaces comes, Brie coo. ors in cere se chen camard end sad panic. acidity Bake an concerned stout ne wm pt wh menses ly Most cle Bee spt oainc or anon 9 cinoug sup erin 701 86st ave reve ease wi rc ih tr ong i eremey ama octal wins cers wich arent, woe see skin than a soap with a high pH content. ncn te snp bok mae gt Fy se ccm you cane Be tycnr sup win papers ta on bo puted ere csc cpp and cme es a csp rcs tov 10 cant row t Bee re circ or rome ce ge 10 7 materials ® Din ‘One of the great delights of soapmaking is that nearly all the equipment you need can be found in the average kitchen. Provided you wash this equipment in normal dishwashing liquid after soapmaking, there is no need to set aside special pots, pans and utensils specifically for your new addiction. Check that you have the following: Assonren PLastic ConTAINERs: You can use these as, molds (cee page 12). ‘Seoreen: This is optional, but Its useful when ading Giazed pigments, Ere PRovecrion: Wear a large pair of spectacles or ‘pissic protective goggles, which can be bought in hardware stores, Mano-reto creese-cnarer: Alternatively, use a Sed-processor. Either one is invaluable for rebatching, eae page 18). ano-eto Porato-peeLen: Alternatively, yOu can use 2 cheese-sicer. Both are for wimming the soap, srenen Scates: Ordinary kitchen scales will do fine ‘Srovided they are accurate) but IFyou are buying new ones ‘Serest in scales that you can manually turn back to zero. ‘Postage scales arc particularly useful for measuring the sodium hydroxide ance CooKine Por: This Is your soap pot and should be [Saco oF atther stainless stee! or unchipped enamel. Do not Siro 0 aluminium as these willbe affected by the Solum hydroxide (caustic sodariye). ‘pecasuninc Prrcnen om Bowt: Choose one in plastic of -evenproof glass. This will be used for weighing your water S34 for mixing your sodium hydroxide. meacunine Sroone: Choose a selection In various sizes to “s2= with the colorants Now-erick CooKine SPRAY: This Is used for greasing your ‘molds. Solid vegetable fat will also do. (OLD BLANKETS on ToWELS: These are used! to insulate ‘your finished soep. Puastic SraruLas: You will need two. These are for string your soapmix and your sodium hydroxide ane fr scraping the sides of your soap pot. Runakn GLoves: These ate essential protection from the caustic ingredients in the soap. Regularly check for holes “SHARP Knire: You need this to cut the soap into bars. sop1un HypKoxibe (Caustic Sopa/Lve): This can be purchased at a grocery store; next to the drain cleaners. ‘Make sure that the brand you buy contains 100 per cent sodium hydroxide. Keep itn an airtight container and. handle with extreme care. Ifthe granules are exposed to ‘damp they wil slify imo hard lumps, although they are stil usable like tis. SPONGES OF DISHELOTHS: You need these for mopping up split soap, Remember that newly-made soap Is caustic, so rinse the sponges and cloths thoroughly after use Stamuess Steet LapLe: When making large batches of soap you may find it easier to ladle rather than pour the mixture into the molds. CANDY THERMOMETERE: YOU vill Need TWO. Buy glass, not aluminium, thermometers that register fiom below {00°F (38°C) and up 10 at least 200°F 63°C), (One of the first things you will discover as a truly addicted soapmaker is that, when shopping. packaging becomes far more important than product. No longer will you select your meat, fruit and dairy items on the basis of quality, you will now buy them because they are sitting, in wonderfully molded plastic packs. Your refrigerator will be full of prettily shaped but inedible mousses and yoghurts in weird and wonderful flavors, and those fancy rubber ce trays and butter molds will be firmly designated to the soapmaking cupboard, [A iste toa harcware store val gain new meaning, PVC pipes, guttering and the lengths of rectangular plastic tubing (used t0 hide electric vaning) all make wonderful soap molds. as do children’s hollow rubber toys, drawer-clivices, plastic storage boxes, plastic microwave dishes ancl even! the cardboard trays that hold tins of cat food in the supermarket. The rule is this: fits lexble plastic, clear polystyrene (with no holes in the bottom), cardboard or ‘wood, and can be lined with plastic garbage bags, It will make the perfect soap mold. Perhaps you prefer a more refined approach? Several ‘companies produce trays of specialized soap molds that wlll offer you a wide variety of fancy designs. See, for ‘example, the angel shapes on page 56 and the seashore shapes above. You can also buy plastic molds designed for ‘candliemaking and latex molds cornmonly used for mode!- making. If, however, you are intending to use @ finely detailed mold, Its wise to work with a hard/-finish or a siycerine soap to ensure that none of the detals chip off during the removal process In addition to molds, slabs of soap, molded in shallow boxes, can be stamped out with fancy cookie-cutters to create serrated circles, squares, stars and heart shapes. You can also cut larger blocks Into hexagonals, oblongs, cubes or whatever your heart destes, ‘When choosing and using a mold, there are a few hints and tps that will help you to produce a perfect result 4, When lining a cardboard box with a plastic bag, take care to eliminate as many of the creases as you possibly ‘can because these will appear on the surface of your finished soap. When using & PVC pipe, cut i into 12-1n (30-cm) lengths and cap one end with a circle of plastic or cardboard taped very firmly (0 the pipe. Stand the pipe in a bucket or jug before pouring in the fresh soap. justin Sse the tape isn't as strong as you thought it was. Once ‘Se -soap has set, remove the citcle of plastic or cardboard = place the pipe in the freezer for a couple of hours. Remove it and allow slight condensation to form, Cut out = sound disc of patie oF heavyweight cardboard sightly ‘Sailer than the diameter of your pipe. Place this over the ‘Seep at one enc ofthe pipe and then push the soap. Seougi to the other end witha stick, (This might take ee people.) Alternatively. make a split down the length ‘SF pipe and cover with strong, plastic adhesive tape. Remove the tape alter the soap hes set arc! ease open the Sp before pushing the soap through the pipe as eecviously described, ‘Do not use aluminium cookie trays as these will corrode 42nd the aluminium will come off 09 your soap. ge sd nes mitt tote 35 with elther sold vegetable ft of a non-stick ‘cocking spray. Iris sometimes difficult to remove soap from rigid plastic molds. One solution Is to place the soap filled Sa in the freezer and leave it there for several hours. ‘Gece removed, let it stand until condensation forms ~ the S=22p should then pop out of the mold with ease. Special soap moles usually produce small, fat-based shapes oF soap but, in some Instances (depending on. Be shepe), you can stick the scaps back to back to create ‘= solid anc lerger bat. Use fresh, wet soap as & glue for B= purpose. Cutting your soap Bees ce trvt cxnacintiy totens, States tren ine ora cheeses shou Bru 0c is with ease you nave made a at tay Stacey score cut Ines Inthe sutace to determine the sae Barer cating tah vous Taometines use a pastc sono case sa template for ei a conserette ceo ee eof cup Bp youre level as you ct, then square up any corer cures stra vege Bees ox pele Flat srtaces can als be levelled off with Many people express concern about the dangers of lng sodium hygroxie (aust sel) and, indee 5 cert necessary to taka hase ety precautions when haneing It However ll hat ‘5 required site commen sense, wi you clea have or you wouldn't hive bought ths bok Take note of he fofowng tn ‘commandments and nothing unxowata! wl hen 10 YoU. 4 Store sour hyn (oust soda/ye) in an sright | conutner on a hgh sel Clea abel the container adc not under any creamstnces, lene it accesible to cre, poodles (hat don't mind te own buslnes cats cas (5) Aways wear rae gloves when handing sodium hydroxe, rmoang soap and unmoding Res so3p, Wen ere-goxates or ae asses when herlng orbs sees ryeroxisesoution with fs. yourpaertlden sckyeu why you are wearing fem, say you ae soi fo axon 4asa.Dame fans Everige lootate [4 Bo x touch be sou Pyaloxlde with fubbe loves and toa rab yor ayes — that would be pretty dumb and otal [GAs you ad tne water othe coc Fyckond, choking fumes Dw ase rom the bowl Keep your tee wel aay om these foes 3¢ you sti the misire or beter ll, He seat avourd your nose oe preter fo be a bank r09ber ont won, dhse tunes wl oly last fora few moments. Ever co, always work 8 well wentlted are, |G Be not leave the sedan hydtonde of sup mints unliled © ret unaencet you nee! ne bathroom. cross you ess. That Sot of acient ke prokabl the kind that can happen ets and Calden I ey get er the mixes 7 Don't mistake you soup mite fr cake mitre of up I F cst tate as oor ast eats. 3 Temptirs thoug It wl most detately be, don’ same your soap before the fourwsek deadline sup. you are pothetally weak wild you may wash yur hands while wearing ruber ove js 16 See the bunties. Wren moking soup, kee abot of ire ex 10 the i SD acctdena slashes ocar, ireeclntly wach the fected aes ‘withthe vegas and then nse with wate Spas in he yes ‘ee mecica este. Asan immediste remedy, oute them condnuay th coi water (the ctninsvar sun po ta marae nd ) then serepe the remains ino a past best which shoud be select ac put in the mbbieh. Add vinage to your washing up ‘water and wash the utes as normal ears «pak of rubber _gtoves) wn ecwching gs Soap can be made from virtually any combination of oils and fats, but your choice should depend ‘on the qualities you want from a finished bar. Some oils offer large bubbles, others a creamy texture. Some comblnattons are good for greasy skin, others for cy or normal skin, The oll you choose will aso affect the time the soap takes to trace and! the consistency of the finished bar. It seems reasonable to believe that fyou don't have one fat or ell in your cupboard you can substitute another. Wrong! The amount of soaium hydroxide (caustic soda/ Iye) needed to saponity a particular fat oF of lifers ‘considerably and ifthe wrong amount Is used you coule tend up with a very harsh or very sloppy bar oF soap sitting on your sink top. Ifyou want to substitute ols, turn to page 16 where a simple formula is provided that wl ‘enable you to do this successfully. The Ist below gives some of the more popular ells and fats andi descrives thelr characteristics. popular oils & fats ‘Aumont O1: This wonderful ell i used widely in cosmetics and its indusion in soap makes for a hard bar and lovely soft ‘skin. | use I both as a base oll and for superfatting (se= page 16). Almond! oi stich in protein and offers reliet for itehy or flamed skin. peer FarTautew: You may be able to buy refined beef fat (old as pre-rendered) from a fat dsisbutor. You ean also render own fat stright from suet purchesed at the butcher's shop though this. speaking personally, rather reduces the sensual delights of scepmaking, That aside, che Use of beet fat results in « lovely hard, mild bar of soap. It traces reasonably quickly and produces a white soap which is a good base for colorings. Bubbles are small but the bars are long-asting, castor O11: This oil is extracted from the seed of the castor bean plant and can be bought in pharmacies, With the exception ofits use in glycerine soap itis rareby included in large quantities within a betch. Castor cil has ‘tremendous moisturizing qualities and is used most successfully for superfating purposes (see page 16). coconur ou: This is the number one oil for soepmakers, although when used on its own it can tend fo dry the skin Itis avaliable from Indian grocery stores and popcom manufacturers. Coconut oll produces hard soap with large creamy bubbles. Lano: This provides an accessible and cheap base for soapmakers. It also hes the aevantage of producing 2 white bar of soap with large bubbles. SuIvE O1L: Packed with vitamins, minerals and proteins, ‘Sy wade of ollve oll can be used in soapmaking, It also eovides en excellent base for Infused herbal olls (see pages 2221). Olive oll produces a mild, creamy soap with small Bubbles but good emollient qualliles, Is excellent for ‘Sempoo bars and for baby soaps. Pas O11: Not easily obtcinable but well worth seeking out 2 mid, basic ol, Palm oll produces a creamy soap with “Sil bubbles that clean well. Many commercial soaps use pein ol as a base but itis used to best advantage in -embination vith coconut or olive oll. It traces quickly and ees a hard, long-lasting bar of soap SHORTENING/VEGETABLE FATS/ONLS: Most brands sold “SSetain a combination of repeseed, soybean and sometimes “Seefower oils. These can vary within a brand depending on “Sesiabilty. These blended oils tend to result in soft bars oF Sep but, when combined with other olls and fats, provide a Peep base for a satisfactory end result. They are a good! _Sernative to dripping for those who prefer not to use inal as, -Senriomen O1L: Pressed fom sunflower seeds, this ePolcsome oil s widely avallable, Inexpensive and Full of mins and mincrals. tls best used in combination with 2conut oll or dripping as it tends to result in a soft soap 23's slows to trace Its good forall skin types and roctuces medium-sized bubbles, precious additives Fe following adcitives are inclused to give your soap “Sesecics, texture and skin-pampering qualities. Some are Sseensive to buy but the olfference to your soap willbe ‘S¥ent even when only small quantiries are included — Seproximately 1 thsp (15g) per lb (454g) soap. These are: ‘= ingredients you play with once you have produced Several successful batches of basic soap and are truly eoked on the sensual pleasures that only a handmede bar ‘ef soap can provide Look out, 100, forthe preservatives in this lst, which ould be used whenever you acd an ingredient with a “Hort shelFife, such as fresh fruit. Linless stated otherwise, "Sse gems should be acied the moment that your soap Feces s0 thet the possibilty of the sodium hydroxide eating up their qualities willbe climinished. More additives appear In the Fillers section (see pages 24-25). ALOE Vena Get: Extiected from the leaf of a cactus, this is «2 healing gel which is good for cry or chapped skin, eczema 5 2 and burns, 3 skin-softening Properties, vitamins and minerais. Good for skin thet has ged prematurely and for sensitive skins. ‘Avocao O1L: This contains vitamins, protein, lecithin and fatty acids, all of which are especially beneficial for those with dry skin or eczema, Becowax: White beeswax pellets are used widely in ‘cosmetics as an emulsifier. The rch gold vaslety will give your soap a honey smell and a waxy feel. It wil also speed Lp trace. Ssponify this with your base olls and use approximately tz (28g) per lb (454g) of soap. ‘Benzomn: This Isa resin avallable either powdered or as a tincture. Ithas a terfc scent in its own right but also acts as a fragrance fixative, Cannor Roor it: An antionidant rch In vitamins A and It's especially good for dry and chapped skin. coco BUTTER: This looks and smells like white chocolate and contributes to the hardness of your soap. It has ‘wonderful soothing and emollient qualities. s widely uscel as a base in cosmeites EvENING Primos O1L: Good for é Welgh the ground soap. Set aside 1207 (340g) werm, ested 07 spring water for every Ib (4542) of soap. J Place the ground soap and three-quarters ofthe water Jina double-boller (or in a bow! placed in a saucepan half full of water) over a medium heat and str unt all the soap is wet, Add the remaining water and stir again = Cover the pot with aiid ora plece of fol and leave I¢¢© miner. The melting-down process can take up to 1 hour and the soap should be sted intermittently unt all the lumps have clssolved. When the soap has reached a smooth, creamy ‘© consistency, remove it from the heat and add your ‘coloring, Fagrence anel/or fillers, sting until they are evenly distributed. The consistency of the soap mix may change on adding the Fragrance oll. IFit thins, keep stiring ntl iis smooth and creamy. Ife thickens, add more water and sti rapidly 7 Continue fo sr until the minture cools, then pour it into / pre-greased molds and leave to set as normal. recycling soap Foon te rebaiching procedure when Feeling 0p (cove. Thee may conta many cre clos and eee ens | fat cory ba Ue your rejcing batches herbal o | eine gs nner (eter a fese Ty relecna te wter vith got kot onal etrone ta ous file rete ance ch soap, You can exprinan’ wth | Iperng too. melt down spall amounts of oap andl ad fei cofrngs to eah atch oO <= °o Oo S = ©) > ” oO m = = ne of the most delightful aspects of making your own soap Is choosing the fragrance. Before you do this, you have to consider a number of elements. Firstly, what is the purpose of the soap? In other words, is the batch designed for sensual languishing, brutal scrubbing, cleaning and deodorizing, or pethaps healing a sensitive skin? Do you want a fresh, crisp scent or a musky, spicy fragrance? Do you crave the sweetness of morning dew or a whiff of the Orient? All the above, and more, can be achieved by combining a selection of essential oils. Have fun experimenting. scent stability ‘The second consideration isthe stablty of the essential of that you choose. Some oll stand up better to the saponification process than others and several, particulary those within the citrus group, require a xative such as bbenzoin, vitamin E or tea tree ol 0 be adéed to the bateh what are _ essential oils? Essential ols are plant extracts, usually obtained by distillation. Large amounts of plant matter are required to produce minute amounts of el, and this aecounts for thelr considerable price. Essential olls are powerful stuf and should be treated with the same respect as chemicals. “Always mix an estentia ol with a base oll such as alfiond ‘ll, before applying directly © the skin, and wear rubber gloves when handling It. Do not use essential ols Ifyou suffer fiom skin allergies or IF you are In the fist four months of pregnancy. Ifneat oil is accidentally splashed ot ‘rubbed in your cyes, immediately flush them with mill or clean, warm water. Spilled essential ols can also remove ‘varnish and paint from furniture so, If you have an accident, ‘wash the surfaces immediately with a sponge and warm, 2 soapy wate healing properties eee Salet chro: ee Tey eed our wnt ie cence mee Be cee recess eo EE carla ta eg cn ee ee eyo ee read ie woos Geil as te Sour ack ities eamag ep-tlepel Ceeyred the faba br fragrant alternatives aa ven eer era callagl scotia Hoacevc cope: abo accel, sees keri eet eee pee ee ial, Yu Wl nev Seek e cace etrs te feo doar pe ee ar carte vane Ine pit wich eo you notte the off the sen. Whe ths waming shuld crabs heeded you ine to rer yout soup th minal artes Fd dred Bea ree gue ate retral rot fended pana serve The bly ot epoca eer ay eee eet fob wehacery ca hea we fegfeel eyes ay eden tr OE as tk ee eee lay sompmatrs af trots by He posi of rears ler ercsrossa situ tell fe Sher oes gu sch bes Enon eRe tile tose eayeer heed ala dha o teen ezraee i ethesateae Giri Glice wee lg re hee ee et ee eee puck hr gotta ve es bate fe Si cad ani fceecy orang Nar asrerta ‘Gere the bottle opening with musiin and place it in a Seny spot (ore warrn place), then leave for wo weeks, king the bottle every day. Strain off the oll and refil the Sette with fresh plants. Repeat until the oll smels strongly ‘ef the flowers of herbs, A similar process ean be used with solid fats. Take ‘Seesnut or vegetable ft and melt this in a saucepen filled JS fresh petals or herbs. Str continuously while the = exture cools. Re-melt the olls and drain off the petals, sing these with afresh batch. Repeat until the cooled smells strongly of the Rowers oF herbs, B is also possible to infuse the water content of your S220 in a similar way. Pour boiling water aver a saucepan $B of bruised petals or herbs anc! Seal with atid. Leave the Bowers fo Infuse for two hours end then strain off the ‘Paris. Repeat until the water is strongly scented. By Sowing this process you are creating a ‘tea’. You can, course, use commercial, herbal teabags to achieve a Senter resut. troubleshooting HES should be aware that both escentil and hagrance ols [= couse your soap to cure and, for this reason, itis wise Se clude them cirecly afer trace, when the sodium Pecroride (caustic socevy¢) Isat its weakest, Should your Sp begin to curdle or seize, beat it rapidly with a stainless ‘See whisk and then pour immediately into the mold mixing scents Ws mary sree esent os wt provide you witha Be sehfl dnt recognzaiehagrace, sa gatning Hester to combine different ots oe create your own era perfumed ieicplece However before cong Se Ks nporant fo understand he pnp of he tree BE Noes ae the categories ue to detne We strength Se stance ofa pec ser. Olin the top notes Seon af the fief efch your nose but can be Bg Mle note provide «soil center the Bsarce: bc nace notes fet sa apative and ae pethaps 0st ens! of te combina, As le oF amb SF the at ice notes brows ake up abot 10 per eet ofthe total mix Bers sh st of sore df the most popular exsbnal Baa et ais. Have nove he space to include all of them, so do check out the Books in the bibliography (see page 79) for further reading on this fascinating subject, BAY, WEer INDIAN (PINENTA RACEHOSA) BASE NOTE: Widely used in pertumery, this rich, aromatic ol is Panticulaty sensual when mixed with nutmeg and n Itmakes a great masculine soap. arn, BERGAMOT (CITRUS BERGAMIA) TaP Nore: Produced from orange rind, tis Isa lean, fresh, revitalizing sent ‘often used in aftersheves. Good for greasy skin ant recommended by aromatherapsts for the treatment of ‘eczema and acne, CAMOMILE, ROMAN (ANTHENI2 NowiLIa) Tor NOTE! Distilled trom the flowers and leaves of this common heb) camomile is good for dry and sensitive skins and recommended by aromatherapists to relieve acne and dermatitis. Great for facial soaps and steam baths, with a ean, fresh sent. CARDAMOM (ELLETARIA CARDAMOMUM) TOP NOTE: Exotic, spicy scent extracted from the plant seed. Relieves headaches anci nausea ‘canner (Daveve carers) MIDoLE Nore! This has a revitalizing scent: Its particularly good for sensitive skins and is recommended by aromathetpists for the treatment lof eczema and psoriasis, (CEDARWOOD (CEDRUS ATLANTIGA) BASE NOTE! Extracted from the wood of the cedar tree, cedarwood provides a soft, woody uncertone that calms armiety, especially when blended with sandalwood. Gook! antizeptic properties. crrnonetia (cymsorocon NARDUE) Tor NTE Refreshing citcus Ragrance, extremely useful ae & bug, repellent and deodorant. Indude cftronelia in ddg shampoo bars to reduce the possibilty of eas. CLARY SAGE (SALVIA SCLAREA) mIDOLE NOTE: Extracted from the flowers ofthe herb, ths Is the scent to Use you love the smell ofa county morning. This precious cil has antiseptic and ceodorizing Qualities Eucatverus (Eueaiverus eaputus) Ton Nore: Powerful, antiseptic scent. Useful as an insect/flen repellent and recommended by afomatherapists for relle from acne. Anti-Fungal and 4 good ingredient fot hand soaps. FRANKINCENSE (BOSWELLIA CARTERN) BASE|NOTE: Exotic, spicy, balsamic fragiance with antiseptic anc revitalizing qualities. Good for ageing, oily or cracked skins. Use in. facial steam bath or lotion. GERANIUM (PELARCONIUM ROSEUM) MIDDLE Nove: ‘Sweet, heady fragrance which benefits from combination ‘with the sharper citrus or lavender ais. Anti-deptessant qualities, good forall skin typeb and recommenced by. aromatherapists fr relief from eczema and dermatitis. Good ingredient for shin lotions. Gincer (Zieimge OFEIcINALE) MipDLE Nove: Warn spicy fragrance with ansisepzic qualtes. Cpod addition to masculine soaps. Gnarernurr (clrnus x rarapisn: Sea lemon. Howoop Lear (cImWaNonuH campnona): See rosewood. LAVENDER (LAVANDULA OFFICINALIS) Tor Nore: Iresh, pungent fragrance with antiseptic and antibiotic qualities Recommended for greasy and sensitive skin types. AICO useful as an Insefi repetlent. LEMON (CITRUS LINONUM) ToP NOTE: Clear, strong fragrance that needs steblizing In soap with a fixative such 1s benzoin. Good for greasy skins with anti-fungal and. astringent qualities. Combine with a rough fller to exfollate the skin. MANDARIN (CITRUS RETICULATA): See tangerine, stansonan (oniaanum wAksonana) Tor NOTE: “Eezacted fiom the flowers of the hetb, a warm, lealy scent ‘Set blencis well with lavender and citrus ols. Good for {ey shins due to its antisepsc qualities. Acd this one to a Satbath. sevbs (Commuosiona nvmania) Bast Nore: Warm and sesday anc ghea for the Mgernals. fous weLacevca vinio}riona) mipoce Neve: fomlthe blossom ofthe biter ange tee this ne, weet scent forms fhe bass of eau de Cologne It =p properties ange recornmended by apts forthe rll bf devmatits. Partouni (pocosramon paTeHOUL!) BASE NOTE: Lovet or loathe tis heal of te 19608 wren Sess the Incense sticks of every set-respectng poe Aswan. peppery fragrance, patchoul hes antiseptic SGethies and b recommenced forthe eet of acne and espe. els combats cand, 0 consider for use in yee Shampog bars. [PeerenminT|(MENTHA ripcpIrA) Top Nore: Clean, fresh |S Site ovexpowering, peppermint is best used alone. It SR ahtceptic and incect-repelient qualities. Soap mace with “Seeding peppermint is a good choice for the morning, = He night betore. Pine (Pinus syLvesrris) MIDDLE NOTE: A classic Soaper’s scent, the fresh smell of ple helps the circulation fand keens the les away. Ideal fragrance for the men in your ite. Rose Orr@ (Rosa BAMAScENA) MiooLE Nore: This {very precious oil is wasted in soap. While its heady scent |s seductive and its antiseptic qualities are useful, shock at Ithe price of the stuff could eliminate the ant-stress/ depressant qualities its sald to contain. ry a rose fragrance oft instead. Rosewood (ANIA PARVIFLORA) MIDDLE Nore: This ‘sweet, spicy scent is distiled fiom a harcwood tree and its «se Is therefore environmentally unfitendly. Hovrood leaf is said to be a gocx,ilenly alternative, Rosewood stimulates the skin celb and lssues and Is beneficial o ageing skins. Is ‘also en aphtodisie, which probably explains why Ihave been politically Incorrect and included It here. SANDALWO00 (SANTALUM ALBUM) BASE NOTE: Wartn, ‘woody fragrance with annsepiic and astringent quali, -andalwood Is good for dry and ageing Skin anc! Is recommended by aromatheiapist® for relief from eczema and skin irtations. TANGERINE (Cireus RETICULATA) MIDDLE Nore: Sweet, tangy scent with antiseptic and soothing qualities; tangerine se good cheice for facal oils and lotions. When using iin soap, stabilize the scent with benzoin. TEA TREE (MELALEUEA ALTERNIFOLIA) TOP NOTE: |A thoroughly useful cllwith a medikjnal scent. tea tree acts as a preservative In sodp. Suong anifseptic and cleansing {qualities and helpful fo Iichy skin. inbect bites and ecne. VANILLA (VANILLA PLAWIFOLIA) BASE Nore: Werm and ‘welcoming oll with litle to recommend it except its ablity to make you constantly want fo sniff (or ick} your bar oF soap. Its inclusion also tums your soap dark brown VLANG-YLANG (CANANGA ODORATA) MIDDLE NOTE: |A sweet, heady scent that i beautful on its own and also blenals well with clary sige. Gost for most skin types, and particularly useful in shampoo bars and her rinses because It sets as 4 tonic and promotes hair growth. SYsaTis 8 SAYNLXAL Illers are ingredients added to soap which have no effect on the saponification process. ‘However, there are four good reasons for using them. The first is the beneficial effect of the spedifc filler on your skin. The second 1s economy (filers increase the size of your final batch), the third is the visual pleasure of texture, and the fourth reason is the sheer ‘delight of knowing that you are washing with, for example, fresh strawberries, cucumber ‘or almonds. Dry fillers should be added to the soap mixture at trace (see Basic Know- how on pages 8-9), while wet filers (ruit and vegetables) should be liquified and used as a part substitute for the water content. [ALMonps (Grounp): Ground almonds are frequently used {n.cosmetics as they help to unplug pores and extolate the skin, Only a teaspoonfil (5g) per Ib (454g) of soap Is required {0 leave your skin silky soft and ftee from oll. Ifyou can’t stretch to the high price of ground almonds, try hazelnuts as, ‘an alternative. Blanch andl then grind them to a ine powder before adding them to your soap, ‘Apnicors: Difed or fresh apticots can be pulped and added ‘0 your coap but follow the general guidelines listed under Fru and Vegetables below. Apricots are packed with ‘vitamins and minerals and can act as a skin softener. ‘Borax: This mineral Increases the cleaning power of your soap, softens the water and acts asa valuable disinfectant. Use only one teaspoonful (58) of borex powder per Ib (454g) of soap. Ifyou use more then thls you may have problems with the texture of your soap. ‘Bran: This is the outer husk of any grain and will add bulk and texture to your soap. facts as 2 natural exfllant as its Slightly sbrache. Ad about 2 tablespoontuls (109) pet pound (4g oF soap. ‘cannors: Also avalable as an essential oll, carots can be liqulfed and akded dlrectly to soep (see Frult and Vegetables, below}. Rich In vitamins A and C, they are particularly good for chapped end dry skin. ‘€Lay CFReNeH): This Is avallable in pink, grey and green and Is also known as bentonite. It is useful for drawing toxins {and dirt from the skin and gives your soap a smooth finish. [Not recommended for dry skin, French clay can be purchased at health Food and atts’ supply shops. Use approximately { tablespoonful (15g) per Ib (454g) of soap. CConrmn: Fresh coffee beans, ground to a fine power, are particulanty useful for removing odors such as onion anc _gatlic from your hands, Use approximately half a cup of _grounds per ib (454g) of soap. ‘consmaat: In eddltion to adding bulk to your betch, ‘commeal is a useful exfolnt for greasy skin. Add 1 tablespoonful (15) perb (454g) of soap. ‘cucumpen: Often used In face packs, cucumbers have an ‘astringent quallty and good cleansing power. They should be liquified before use (see Flt and Vegetables below). Lowen prtaLs: Dred flower petals can be ground up and seckled to your soup at trace. Rose end lavender both have stolngent quails, wile calenduia (pot marigok) Is good for Tough or cracked skin. Ground petals will discolor in soap but ‘When used with an appropriate e-senti cll they act asa dectable adtve and produce a epeciled effect. Use about 2 tableepoonfls (20g) per b (054) soap. FRUrt ANP VRaETAntxe: Fresh futt and vegetables can be liquifed and used as par ofthe water weight quoted In the Individual recipes. They have no decorative element as they {end to turn brown when used in soap. They also reduce the Ife ofthe scep as seponiication does not protect fresh reduce from perishing. When Including fruit and vegetables Its a good idea to add a teaspoon (Sg) of grapefult seed extract, carot root ol, wheatgerm cll or powdered benzoin to your soap mix. These are all natural preservatives that will prolong the lfe of your soap. Many of the problems can be minimized by adding the futt or vegetable element only to ‘the water content of rebatched soap (see page 18). This way, 1t.does not come info direct contact with the sodlum hydroxide (caustic soda/lye) Peuien’s Eanrit: This Isa brown clay which Is articularly good for cleansing and removing dead cells ‘Bom the skin. Its addition to soap produces a dense, Seauy quality and itis best sutted to olly or normal Sen types, Use approximately 1 tablespoon (5g) per Ib 658g) soap. Mazeinurs (Gnounp): See almonds. Hanns: Herbs should be diled end powdered before use ‘and added at a ratio oF 2 tablespoons (10g) per b (45443) ‘ef soap. Dried herbs not only add texture and a decorative, “country feel’ to the finshed soap, but they also have thelr ‘own Individual skincare properties which are discussed In Se essential olls sectlon of this book (see pages 21-23). JF you wish to capture the qualty of fresh herbs, Infuse ‘Seem In ole oll (See pages 20-21), While the leaves ‘Geemselves will not be inclxied In your soap, the ‘Seezapeutic benefits, scent and color ofthe herbs will bbe retained Inthe oll, Kaouin (WHITE CLAY): This isa pure white powder with ‘astringent and cleansing properties. Use approximately 1 tablespoon (15g) per b (454g) oF soap. Not recommended for dry skin, Pure powdered kaolin can be bought in drug stores and artists’ supply shops. Lemons AND ORANGES: The dred and finely grated [peel of clus fills contain a high Jevel of vitamin C and ts 2 valuable addltive to soaps. Lemons, In particular, have strong anti-bacterial qualities, although the essentlal oils Of the same fruits are notoriously dificult to use In soap and ‘seldom retain thelr scent. Use approximately { tablespoon (a) of povdered peel per Ib (454g) of soap. Lemon Juice ‘ean also be used a5 a part substitute for water. ‘OarmmAL: This will ad pleasing texture to your soap and act ‘asa gentle exollant. ise baby catmeal or rolled cats ground ‘ith a food processor Add approximately haifa cup of oats per Ib (454g) of soap for maximum usage, Pumica: The ebrasive quality of fney-sround pumice “wll help to remove stubborn dirt and stans from the hands. Add approximately 2 tablespoons (10g) to every Ib of soap. Ifyou want to make your ow pumice stones, da 4oz (113g) of pumice to Boz (227g) of soap mixture, stir thoroughly and then pour qulcky into greased moids to set, Pumice can be bought In drug sores and atts supply shops. 'SeAWeED: The use of seaweed Improves the skin's texture ‘and color and It can be bought in powdered form from hrealth food stores. Although packed with vitemins and ‘minerals, sadly these do not survive the saponification process but seaweed Is well worth using for both its ‘therapeutic and decorative qualities. tems: Powdered spices such as cinnamon, paprika and. ‘turmeric can be used tn soap purely as natural coloring, ‘agents (see Colorings on pages 26-27). While cloves have ‘valuable antiseptic qualities they can be Intating and. should be avoided when soap Is destined for use on sensitive skin. Waren: Wheatgerm oll has many beneficial uses In coap (cee Precious Additives on pages 15-16) whlle the _germ Itself can be powdered and used for ts mildly abrasive quality. Add approximately { tablespoon (5g) per 1 (454g) oF soap, SONIBO109 ‘cosmetic use. “The major problem with ings Is thae the sowtum hydroxide (caustic soca/lye) i Yur soap mic wil create a eacton'that throws up unexpected tesults” Bll pigment ‘can produce pink soep (clepening on the iype of base ois, $0, your Soap): This Is ne if you Wan pink soap but very Frisrating If You wereshoping for blue, The tnctusion of honey colored beeswax anct mil of any Kind produces’ ‘ar-colored Seap base/If you'add blue pigiment te this the ‘eault yill be’ green soap: The mest stabvé eblorings Comme fom natura) ngh@Blorts, sich spices and chocolateand ‘onthe facing page |i the shadés you caA nope 10 achleve using these-nddliives: Unfortunately, normal aed olorings vill not Work. In son faut Wax colorings, desigtied forcandicfaking. will he one statement can make with precision is that soapmaling is an imprecise ait. This. is parlicularty Sen whena MeoTines 20 coloriigesand milefllespSrimentation has taught me that Aatural is Beaulifull Many Soapmekers hanker for the lapis blues and brilliant greens that are sometimes evident in mass-produced Soaps. These are achieved using natural ultramarines and oxides or specific pigment powers created for “When ising pigments and ies dyes, Go baltbe tempted to ‘make the edo #90 deep. and always expedient with a fest ‘Batch fest, Your al Is co achleve a bar of Soap that retains ‘White bubbles and Will jot leaVe & bight pink or blue ring ‘aroure the bath and colorful splotches on your towel. Bright dolore also have a fendency 16 fade. Divide your test batch and Stoce half n'a dark place ane the rest in bright light Chedl the variation after zeveral welts to test for ‘color stability natural colorings Use aproxiiately | teasgoon (2.58) per Ib (4548) of soa. 'NUx with a Small ammount of soap taken from the batch anc) nash s doped covoulen cobain -cr taistaieatta rll that your soap wil look consiercby darker in the pot. Tih alert has sch. Lose poncier Stench ru cosmetic pigments dzzcive only the Fp ofa teaspoon Bae ppc — snore : (1g) oF pigment in loz (28g) of water, iben preenee as Brie perder tige above. ay Cacoe onde’ — coffee to brown color 4 Coloring are best acksed a wace after te ac of Rasy powder — yellovpeaele ‘essential olis because these Can also affect the basic‘eblorof Peorka speach {our soap. Take great care nok fo Ingest plements DeeaLse Termerc= gold'yellew they have vatyng levels of toxclyy Expasinent with be Dec sauats of conking chelate brown tiamatines, which are avallable I vagus coors sd lse Ds Seats chlorophyll ~lightgreen ‘the pete and tron oxides. : ee S Lori Schenkelberg, a very enterprising wornan Ip) CConiectcu, now packages tiny quires of oxides gn ‘cosmetic pigments and also offers soap eamlesthat show, Su the actual colors you can achive, Snesais har plement Packs by mal order, together With a very SARI oto BE feiuimte the pot ana ste rapiay, Hete are the shades = Bax be produces when tne tollowing are adie toa white See Sap mh oxides and Osmetic. pigments Fa io, bit cry woe ie quiies, Shes ee Sipe on page 7 Lon Se EWN Bin ay, cesivespplonrstay wp i ot any Beso 2 arn, ti wor trom "Doe S67! Youre Go) Pex tconert tru cape) S08 06D esr (179) ee et er (lhe Hoe ned wie es 120) Sodan rosie see sche ‘These are designed for canclemakhg ancl Can be used wih | Spire success f0 calor soap Colors Ean be rhixed are! matched: treate your own shades: DissolveSlivers fom tne chips in somelbf tie Soap mix taken fromthe pot, then setutrit tthe Bate string uni! evenly mixed. wax chips Wax Crayons ‘These can also be liseel

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