QUESTION OPTION A OPTION B

On what does the transfer of oxygen to The breathing rate. The partial pressure of
the blood stream during respiration oxygen within the lungs.
mostly depend on?

What is the component of blood which The plasma. Haemoglobin.

is most directly involved in the
transport of oxygen throughout the
body?

The onset of hypoxia at high altitude in In the absence of There is a subconscious

an unpressurised aircraft cannot be physical exertion, there increase in breathing
easily noticed. The pilot or the is no change in the rate to compensate for
passengers normally feel no unpleasant carbon dioxide level in the dropping ambient
suffocating sensation. Why is this? the blood so the brain atmospheric pressure.
does not respond.

A pilot suspects that he/she is suffering Voluntarily increase the Voluntarily increase the
the effects of hypoxia. What would be breathing rate to depth of breathing to
the most appropriate course of action? increase the oxygen induce more oxygen
uptake. into the lungs.

In the event of a sudden loss of cabin 5 minutes. 2 minutes.

pressure at 30 000 ft, the Effective
Performance Time [EPT] for a pilot
without supplemental oxygen would be
approximately
Which of the following is not normally Cyanosis. A feeling of euphoria.
a symptom of hypoxia?

As by regulatory requirements, 20,000 ft. 10,000 ft.

supplemental oxygen must be used by
the pilot above which altitude?

One of the effects of hypoxia is a 4,000 ft. 10,000 ft.

degradation of night vision. This effect
begins at about?

Each passenger must be provided with 20,000 ft. 10,000 ft.

supplemental oxygen for all of the time
at which an unpressurised aircraft is
operating above?

Which of the following will increase Smoking and alcohol. Anaemia.

susceptibility to hypoxia?

What is the average time of useful 3 minutes. 5 minutes.

consciousness at 30000 feet, if the
passenger is inactive?
How is oxygen is transported around By haemoglobin. By the white blood cells.
the body?
What is the average time of useful 1 minute. 3 minutes.
consciousness for a person engaged in
moderate activity following a rapid
decompression at 25000 feet?

A heavy smoker will suffer the effects 5,000 ft. 10,000 ft.
of hypoxia at a lower altitude than a
non-smoker. While flying at an altitude
of 5000 feet, a heavy smoker could be
experiencing the same degree of
hypoxia as a non-smoker at?

What, among the listed factors, can Flying with a head cold. Flying at an altitude
cause Hypoxia? where the partial
pressure of oxygen is
too low.

Hypoxia is always accompanied by: - High temperature and Dizziness.

vomiting.

Which activity, in the given list, is not Flying at night. Flying with an elevated
likely to assist the early onset of blood alcohol level.
hypoxia, at low altitude?
What will be the time of useful 1 minute. 20 minutes.
consciousness [Effective Performance
Time - EPT] at an altitude of 20000
feet?

What are the symptoms of Quite similar to those of Quite different to those
hyperventilation? hypoxia. of hypoxia.

Above which altitude does it first 10,000 ft. 33,700 ft.

become necessary for the pilot of an
unpressurised aircraft to breathe pure
(100 %) oxygen?

Above which altitude does it first 10,000 ft. 20,000 ft.

become necessary for the pilot of an
unpressurised aircraft to breathe pure [
100 %] oxygen under-pressure?

Cyanosis can be identified by Rapid breathing. A blue coloration of the

finger-nail beds and lips.

When under stress or coping with a 2. 10.

life-threatening emergency, by what
factor can the uptake of oxygen
increase, as compared to peaceful
relaxation?

The most likely immediate effect of a Pains in the stomach. The forced exhalation of
sudden decompression at 35 000 feet breath.
would be
A regular smoker at sea-level can be 2000 ft. 8000 ft.
assumed to be at an effective altitude
of

The average time of useful 10 minutes. 5 minutes.

consciousness when engaged in
moderate activity following a rapid
decompression at 20000 ft is closest to

Which substance in the blood, Haemoglobin. White blood cells.

transports oxygen around the body>
The average time of useful 30 seconds. 1 minute.
consciousness when engaged in
moderate activity following a
decompression at 30000 ft is closest to

Smoking increases the levels of carbon 7000 ft. 10,000 ft.

monoxide in the blood. Carbon
monoxide combines with haemoglobin
to form carboxy haemoglobin, which
cannot carry oxygen. Thus the ability of
the blood to carry oxygen reduces, and
the amount of oxygen in the blood of a
smoker at sea level is about the same
as that of a non smoker at a much
higher altitude. If there is a 5% increase
in the levels of carboxy haemoglobin,
what could be the physiological
altitude of a moderate (or heavy)
smoker?
What is hypoxia caused by? Flying with a head cold. Flying at an altitude
where the partial
pressure of oxygen is
too low.

Hypoxia is always accompanied by Unconsciousness. Dizziness.

Which of the listed options is not likely Flying at night. Flying with a hangover.
to increase susceptibility to hypoxia?
The time of useful consciousness while 1 minute. 20 minutes.
cruising at FL200 following an oxygen
supply failure and while sitting quietly
is usually closest to

Under what circumstances should If they are If they are suffering

100% oxygen be given to a passenger hyperventilating. from the bends.

What is hyperventilation? Produces a chemical Is not likely if a person is

imbalance in the body breathing from
which may give rise to supplementary oxygen.
symptoms that are
often mistaken for
hypoxia.

One method recommended to help Breathe more deeply Hold your breath, or try
overcome 'hyperventilation' is to and at a slightly faster to breathe more slowly.
rate.

If you are experiencing feelings of Hyperventilation. The ‘bends’.

warmth and well being, associated with
blue discolouration around the lips and
fingernails, what could you be suffering
from?

Many of the symptoms of hypoxia and Only hypoxia causes Only hyperventilation
hyperventilation appear the same. To tingling sensations. causes blue colouration
assist in deciding the condition being around the extremities
experienced of the body.
While in flight, what can cause a Hyperventilation. Carbon monoxide
tingling feeling in the extremities? poisoning.

What effect in flight can be controlled Hyperventilation. Carbon monoxide

by a voluntary reduction in the rate of poisoning.
breathing?

Above what cabin altitude is it 20,000 ft. 30.000 ft.

necessary for a pilot to breathe 100%
oxygen under pressure?

As altitude increases, how does the Remains constant. Decreases.

percentage of oxygen present in the
atmosphere, change?
With an alveolar partial pressure of 33,700 ft. 44,000 ft.
oxygen of 55 mm Hg, what is the
maximum altitude to breathe 100%
oxygen without pressure?

What are the constituents of the Oxygen 22%, Nitrogen Oxygen 22%, Nitrogen
atmosphere? 77%, Other gases 1%. 78%, Other gases 2%.
What is the % of oxygen and carbon 15.5% and 6.6% 16.5% and 7.6%
dioxide in the alveoli at sea level? respectively. respectively.
On 100% oxygen at 40,000 feet, what The same as at 20,000 The same as at 10,000
height in the atmosphere does the ft. ft.
partial pressure of oxygen in the alveoli
equate to?

At what height is the partial pressure of 10,000 ft. 25,000 ft.

oxygen in the lungs approximately half
that at sea level?
What is the percentage of oxygen in 25%. 21%.
the atmosphere at 35 ,000 feet?
What is one of the initial indications of Blue tinge in the lips. Stomach cramps.
Hypoxia?
Why does cold make you more Heart beats faster which More energy is required
susceptible to Hypoxia? uses up more oxygen. when shivering
therefore more oxygen
used.

What is the first action that should be Descend as soon as Don oxygen mask and
taken by the pilot in the event of a possible. check oxygen flow.
cabin decompression above 10,000
feet?

In flight someone complains of feeling Hypoxic Hypoxia. Formication.

alternately hot and cold, anxious, dizzy,
tingling at the fingertips and is
breathing rapidly. What may they be
suffering from?

The carbon dioxide level of the blood Increase the rate of Decrease the rate of
level is higher than normal. What does breathing and pulse breathing and pulse
the brain do? rate. rate.
If a crew member is engaged in 5 minutes. 1 minute.
moderate activity, and rapid
decompression occurs at 20,000 feet,
what is the time of useful
consciousness?

If the symptoms of hyperventilation Descend to MSL. Decrease rate and depth

occur at an altitude where hypoxia is of breathing.
not a consideration, what is the correct
remedial action?
What increases the risk of DCS Scuba diving shortly Snorkel diving shortly
occurring in flight? before flight. before flight.

What are the restrictions to flying after No flying within 48 No flying within 48
scuba diving? hours if a depth of 40 hours if a depth of 30
feet has been exceeded, feet has been exceeded,
otherwise the limit is 12 otherwise the limit is 24
hours. hours.

A pilot has been snorkelling and has No flying within 12 No flying for 12 hours
exceeded a depth of 30 feet. Are there hours. plus 30 minutes for
any restrictions to him/her flying? every 10 feet deeper
than 30 feet.

Tidal volume is: The volume of air The volume of air

inhaled with each exhaled with each
normal breath. normal breath.

What is the altitude at which pressure 8,000 ft. 18,000 ft.

will be half the mean sea level value?
Henry’s Law has application in Human Otic Barotrauma. DCS.
Performance to:

Does hypoxic hypoxia affect night Yes. No.

vision?

Anaemic Hypoxia can be: Brought on by altitude. Caused by

decompression.

In commercial aircraft cabin pressure is Sea level. 6,000 - 8,000 ft.

normally maintained at:
What should be done if a passenger Descend to MSL. Descend to 10,000 ft.
shows signs of DCS?

The "chokes" are associated with: NIHL. DCS.

At what altitude is breathing 100% Sea level. 20,000 ft.

oxygen at 40,000 ft, equivalent to
breathing normally?
 OPTION C OPTION D AN
SW
ER
The percentage of lung The volume of oxygen B
capacity achieved with inhaled with each
each breath (depth of breath.
breathing).

The white blood cells. The red blood cells. B

The heart rate increases The drop in partial A

to increase the blood pressure of oxygen is
flow to the brain to accompanied by a
compensate for the similar drop in the
dropping ambient partial pressure of
atmospheric pressure. carbon dioxide.

Voluntarily increase Use supplemental D

both the rate and depth oxygen or descend
of breathing. immediately to a lower
level.

1 minute. 15 seconds. C
Severe headache. Erratic behaviour. C

14,000 ft. 8,000 ft. B

14,000 ft. 20,000 ft. A

13,000 ft. 8,000 ft. C

Cold and fatigue. All of these. D

1 minute. 10 minutes. A

By blood plasma. By the central nervous A

system.
5 minutes. 10 minutes. B

15,000 ft. 20,000 ft. B

Breathing too quickly Flying after a period of B

and/or too deeply for underwater diving.
the requirements of the
body.

Profuse sweating. A degradation in the D

performance of a pilot.

Flying in a poor state of Smoking heavily. A

physical fitness.
15 minutes. 5 minutes. B

A blue colouring of the Profuse sweating. A

lips and fingernails
(cyanosis).

40,000 ft. 45,000 ft. B

40.000 ft. 45.000 ft. C

Slurred speech. Difficulty in maintaining B

balance.

20. 50. C

Gasping for air. Dizziness. B

5000 ft. 10,000 ft. C

3 minutes. 1 minute. A

Leukocytes. Plasma. A

5 minutes. 10 minutes. B

15,000 ft. 20,000 ft. B

Breathing too quickly for Flying after scuba diving. B

the amount of activity.

A deterioration in flying Perspiration. C

performance.

Lack of physical fitness. Cigarette smoking and A

excessively cold
environment.
15 minutes. 10 minutes. B

If they are suffering If they are suffering C

from carbon monoxide from hypoglycaemia.
poisoning.
Cannot lead to Is usually due to factors A
unconsciousness. other than anxiety or
apprehension.

Hold your nose and Avoid reading B

blow out hard. ’Penthouse' during class.

CO poisoning. Hypoxia. D

Only hyperventilation Only hypoxia causes D

causes feelings of blue colouring around
warmth and well being. the lips.
Hypoxia. The bends. A

Hypoxia. The bends. A

40,000 ft. 45,000 ft. C

Increases. Decreases then A

increases.

10,000 ft. 40,000 ft. D

Oxygen 21%, Nitrogen Oxygen 22%, Nitrogen C

78%, Other gases 1%. 77%, Other gases 1%.
14.0% and 5.3% 21.0% and 0.5% C
respectively. respectively.
The same as at 25,000 The same as at 30,000 B
ft. ft.

30,000 ft. 18,000 ft. A

32%. Approximately 30%. B

Pain in the joints. Impaired judgement. D

Lowers temperature of Lowers temperature of B
the body which makes it the body and especially
less efficient. the head which has a
debilitating effect on the
brain.

Warn the passengers. Descend and check B

passengers.

Cyanosis. Hyperventilation. D

Increase the pulse rate Decrease the pulse rate A

and decrease rate of and increase rate of
breathing. breathing.
10 minutes. 30 seconds. A

Increase rate of If possible lay flat and B

breathing. help to calm sufferer.
Alcohol. Smoking. A

No flying within 12 No flying within 24 D

hours if a depth of 30 hours if a depth of 30
feet has been reached, feet has been exceeded,
otherwise the limit is 24 otherwise the limit is 12
hours. hours.

No. No flying within 6 hours. C

The volume of air The volume of air D

breathed when diving. inhaled and exhaled
with each normal
breath.

34,000 ft. 33,700 ft. B

Carbon Monoxide Partial pressure in the B

poisoning. alveoli.

Caused by smoking. Brought on by fatigue. C

10,000 ft. Below 5,000 ft. B

Land as soon as possible Descend to below C
10,000 ft.

Blockage of the alveoli. Oxygen loss. B

40,000 ft. 10,000 ft. D