Course-2 Telecom SCADA Optical Principles DAY-1!22!08-2022

COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA
September - 2021
1
Concept of Telecom /
SCADA System in
UTILITIES T&D Network
(DAY-1)
OPTICAL PRINCIPLES.
September - 2021
PUBLIC INTERNAL RESTRICTED CONFIDENTIAL
Course : Telecom / SCADA
DAY-1 Concept of Optical FO Cables (OPGW, ADSS etc.…), DWDM Principles
A. INTRODUCTION
Introduction and Consultant’s Presentation
B. Introduction of Optical Principals

1. Optical Principals
2. Optical FO Cables & Accessories
3. Long Distance Communication
4. Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
5. Long Distance Solution for DWDM
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3
PRINCIPLES OF OPTICAL TRANSMISSION
 Light Source  Multiplexer

 Light Receiver  Framing Concept
 Optical Cable  Interfaces
SENDER
ORx
OTx optical cable IF
IF
MUX
MUX
OTx
ORx
RECEIVER
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SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 4
PRINCIPLES OF OPTICAL TRANSMISSION
 Basically, every telecommunication equipment for fibre optic transmission is built up of 3 main parts:
 INTERFACES To adapt all interface signals - analogue or digital - to the internal standardised 64kbit/s digital signal.
 MULTIPLEXER To multiplex all the internally converted (64kbit/s) to the trunk signal (e.g.: 2Mbit/s) observing specific framing roules.
 OPTICAL CONVERTER To convert the electrical digital trunk signal to optical pulses.
 The whole fibre optic communication link consists of the following parts:
 OPTICAL - light source (LED, Laser Diode)

- light reveiver (PIN-Diode, PIN-FET, Avalanche Photodiode)
- cable and connection accessories (patch cords, others)
 ELECTRICAL - multiplexer
- (safety) framing concept
- interfaces for user signals (V.11, etc.)
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Optical Fibre (Multi mode)
Glas
125 µm
Optical Cladding
Plastic 50 µm Core 250 µm

Primary Coating
50 µm Core
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Guided Light Propagation
 Design of Optical fiber
 All fibres for telecommunication are made of glass and only single mode fibres are used today. Plastic fibres may be used for LAN, where also
Multi mode Fibres are installed for economical reasons of the optical connections.
 The light is completely transmitted inside the core. To achieve this the cladding has a slightly different refraction index than the core.
 To avoid braking of the glass, the coating - a plastic cover sheth (e.g.: Acryl) - gives the fibre a rather flexible characteristic.
 Never expose an optical fibre to mechanical tension !
 Process of FIBRE PRODUCTION
 NOTE: Today, single mode fibre is cheaper than multi mode considering the fibre itself.
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Optical Fibre: Physics
Cladding
Core
c n1
n2
 n1 : Refractive Index of CORE n0 = 1

 n2 : Refractive Index of CLADDING c : Critical Angle
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 n0 : Refractive Index of a : Angle of Acceptance ( c )
Vacuum
 Refraction and total reflection
 The refractive index of the cladding is always slightly smaller than the index of the core: n2 < n1
 The angle of the incomming light beams can vary from 0 to a maximum of c. For angles smaller than c the light is reflected at the
border between core and cladding, will remain completely inside the core and will be transmitted to the far end of the fibre. Light from
all other angles is not coupled to the optical fibre and therefore is lost.
 For total reflection: cosc > n2 / n1 ( < 1)
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Light Propagation
me
mf Refractive
Core Index
Optical Cladding mm
LED or
Laser
mf
Lowest order mode pulse
mm t
Middle order mode pulse
t
me
Highest order mode pulse
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Transmitted pulse

 Light propagation
 In a multi mode fibre, the coupled light enters the core from different angles due to the wide diameter of 50m, compared to the
optical wavelength of aprox. 1.5m. The example of three different angles - beams from the same pulse - shows the difference in
number of reflexions and therefore the time difference of the arriving pulses. Recombining graphically the partial pulses leads to a
much broader pulse at the receiving end limiting the number of pulses in a given time intervall.
 The result shows, that any pulse at the receiving end only can be detected as “1” o “0”, in case a maximum bit rate is not sur passed !
 This effect does (almost) not exist in single mode fibres, because the diameter of 9m of the single mode fibre is in the same
magnitude as the optical wavelength. - On higher bit rates (> 100Mbit/s) different types of dispersion have to be considered.
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Propagation of Light: SM / MM
Cross-section Refractive INPUT Propagation OUTPUT

Index Tx Rx
125µm
50µm
Graded index t Multi mode (graded index)

Bandwidth: B x L < 100 MHz x km
125µm
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(9) 10µm
Single mode t Single mode t
Bandwidth: B x L ~ 100 GHz x km

 Multi mode fibre (graded index)
 - Smaller differences in group delay ammong different modes

- Smaller pulse broadening
- Bandwidth: B x L < 1GHz x km
 Single mode fibres (ITU-T G.652)
 - No group delay differences due to single propagation mode

- Small pulse broadening due to cromatic dispersion
- Bandwidth: B x L 100GHz x km ... and above
 Typical Optical Characteristics 1310nm 1550nm
 Attenuation db / km  0.4  0.25
 Dispersion coefficient ps / (nm x km)  3.5  18
 Cut-off wavelength nm 1250 ...1350 1480-1570
 Typical physical characteristics 1310nm or 1550nm
 Mode field diameter m 9.3 ± 0.5

Cladding diameter m 125 ± 2
Primary coating m 245 ± 10
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 Core non-circulatory %  6%
 Cladding non-circulatory %  2%


Index Tx Rx
125µm
50µm
Graded index t Multi mode (graded index)

Bandwidth: B x L < 100 MHz x km
125µm
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(9) 10µm
Single mode t Single mode t
Bandwidth: B x L ~ 100 GHz x km


Index Tx Rx
380µm
200µm Multi mode (step index)
Step Index t
t
125µm
50µm Multi mode (graded index)
Graded index t t
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125µm
Single mode
(9)10µm
Single mode t t
 Multi mode fibre (step index)
 - Larger differences in group delay among different modes

- Large pulse broadening
- Bandwidth: B x L < 100MHz
 Multi mode fibre (graded index)
 - Smaller differences in group delay among different modes

- Smaller pulse broadening
- Bandwidth: B x L < 1GHz
 Single mode fibres (ITU-T G.652)
 - No group delay differences due to single propagation mode

- Small pulse broadening due to cromatic dispersion
- Bandwidth: B x L 100GHz and above
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Frequency  Wavelength  Frequency
LW MW SW VHF UHF SHF EHF X - Rays
MHz GHz THz Hz
INFRARED (IR) ultra violett (UV)
INFRARED ( IR ) visible spectrum
1550nm 1300nm (850nm) 700nm 400nm

(430THz) (750THz)
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DWDM
1st
3rd 2nd
SEPTEMBER-2021 17
TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA
Frequency  Wavelength  Frequency
 Abreviations:
 LW : Long Wave Radio
 MW Medium Wave Radio
 SW Short Wave Radio
 VHF: Very High Frequency 30 - 300 MHz
 UHF: Ultra High Frequency 300 - 3'000 MHz
 SHF: Super High Frequency 3 - 30 GHz
 EHF: Extremly High Frequency 30 - 300 GHz
 Range of Wavelength for Standard Optical Transmission:
 1330nm: 1260 - 1360nm
 1550nm: 1430 - 1580nm
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 (acc. ITU-T G.957, dependent also on optical output power)

Optical Windows: ATTENUATION
dB/km
 850nm: 1st WINDOW 10
 LAN networks
Rayleigh
scattering
5
3 OH-Absorption
 1300nm: 2nd WINDOW
 WAN up to 80km
2
MM
 1550nm: 3rd WINDOW

Infrared
 WAN up to 130km
SM absorb.
 with amplifier up to 300km 0.5
0.3
… prepared for DWDM
(dense wavelength division multiplexing)
0.2
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0.1
SEPTEMBER-2021 600 850 1310 1550 1800nm

TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 19
wavelength
Optical Windows: ATTENUATION
 One of the main characteristics to specify is the optical wavelength for the transmission between 2 sites. All optical communication - for LAN or for
WAN - use infrared light pulses.
 “Historically” the first semiconductor diodes for optical transmission were produced for 850nm (in the late 70), the so-called 1st Optical Window.
Because of a rather high attenuation of 2.5dB per km (almost half the optical power is lost every km !) this window is nowadays only used for LAN,
where distances are not a problem.
 To be used in telecommunication (WAN) LED and laser diodes were developped for 1300nm to become the 2nd Optical Window. With standard
equipment about 40km can be reached; with the ABB medium range equipment 90km are possible.
 For long range applications since aprox. 1991, laser diodes for the 3rd Optical Window on 1550nm are available to overcome up to 130km without
repeater. Using a booster on the transmission side and a preamplifier on the receiver side even 200km and more can be achieved.
 850nm 1300nm 1550nm
 range (nm) 700 - 900 1250 -1350 1480- 1570
 optical window first second third
 typical attenuation 2.5dB/km 0.36db/km 0.22dB/km

maximum distances 15km 90km 130km
 type of cable any type glass, SM glass, SM
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 application LAN WAN WAN

DISPERSION (Cromatic Dispersion)
ps / (nm km) DISPERSION
20
SSM
G.654
Single Mode Fibres 15
Think of
(ITU-T recommendations) DWDM
SSM
10
G.652
• SSM: Standard SM Fiber

(G.652, G.654) 5
DFF
• PSCF: Pure Silicon Fibre
+
Lowest attenuation
0 -
• (DFF: Dispersion Flat)
NZSF
-5 G.655
• DSF: Dispersion Shifted
(G.653)
-10
• NZSF: Non-Zero Dispersion
Shifted Fibre (G.655)
-15
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DWDM
-20
1550nm 
1300nm
DISPERSION (Cromatic Dispersion)
 DISPERSION
 For higher bitrates (> 100Mbit/s) not only attenuation of the whole fibre optic link has to be considered but also dispersion of the optical medium. The reason for
dispersion is the fact, that different wavelength have diff. propagation in the glass. The variation is smallest around 1300nm.
 The consequences of dispersion D are felt as soon as it reaches 25% of the pulse width of the transmitted light pulses. The bit rate of the light pulses are always
higher than the actual bit rate due to the addition of maximum clock signal information.
 Forms of dispersion in optical fibres:

- Mode Dispersion not for single mode fibres
- Wavelength Dispersion neglectable for 1300nm: ~ 0 ps / (nm x km)
- Waveguide Dispersion neglectable
(light propagation in the cladding)
 Typical dispersion figures for standard single mode fibre

1300nm: 0 - 3 ps / (nm x km) 1550nm: 18 - 25 ps / (nm x km)
 -> Typical value for Laser Diode with 5nm bandwidth for 100km single mode (1550nm):
Dispersion D = 20ps x 5nm x 100km = 10 ns
 Puls width for some bit rates (RZ = return to zero signals)
 8Mbit/s electrical pulse 125ns optical signal: 62.5ns

34Mbit/s 29ns optical signal: 26.0ns
 155Mbit/s 6.5ns
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622Mbit/s 1.6ns
2.5Gbit/s 0.4ns
 -> use DFB Laser with 0.1nm optical bandwidth for long distances above 8Mbit/s !

Light Source: LED vs. Laser
 LED
 WAN: up to 8 Mbit/s transmission speed
 up to 0.1mW optical output
 bandwidth typically 30 - 80nm
 Laser Diode for WAN Applications

 more than10 Gbit/s transmission speed
 up to 100mW optical output
 bandwidth typically 0.5 ... 5nm
Economic considerations
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Compared to Laser Diodes, LEDs are significantly cheaper. LEDs are widely used in LAN applications and in
Telecommunication (WAN) up to 2 Mbit/s.

Light Sources: LED vs. Laser
LED Laser
< 1 nm
 typ.
3dB
30 - 80 nm
5 nm
typ.
20
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0  0 
Spectral distribution
Coupling of light sources (LED and Laser Diode) to the optical fibre
Because of the small radiation angle of the Laser Diode much more of the radiated optical power is coupled to the single mode fibre.
Optical Cables: 100 Fibers and more !
 OPGW
Optical Ground Wire or Phase Wire
108 .. 109 VA
Wrapped Cable around Ground Wire

(1 GVA)
 Latched Cables
 ADSS
All Dielectric Self-Supporting Cable
 MASS
Metal Armored Self-Supporting Cable
 Buried or submarine cable
 Hybrid Cables: Copper + Fiber

10 -8 Watt
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(- 50dBm)

ADSS Vs. OPGW
ADSS OPGW
Protection of fibres Medium Good

Protected against shooting no protection medium
Life cycle large (eg: 15 years) very large (eg: 25 years)
Number of fibres max. 432 max. 288
Additional load medium add. load small add. load

d
for towers (If ground wire required anyway)
Span lengths up to 1000 m same as ground wire
Life installation not recommended difficult
High voltage limitations above 130kV No limitations

special solutions req.
Material Cost 100 % 120 %

Installation Cost 100 % 150 %
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Very rough estimations !

Optical Ground Wire (OPGW): Examples
Tight Structure
High Fiber Count (HFC)
Loose Tube Slotted Core
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ADSS: Example
 FRP Dielectric Anti-buckling Element
 Gel Filled Loose Buffer Tube
 Water Blocking Materials Around Core
 Non-Hygroscopic Core Wrap
 Polyethylene Inner Jacket
 Torque Balanced Aramid Yarns
 Non-Hygroscopic Core Wrap
 Ripcord for Easy Jacket
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 Polyethylene or TR Outer Jacket

ADSS Cables
MINI-SPAN 484 MINI-SPAN 535 AFL ADSS

( 0 - 90 fibres) ( 0 - 108 fibers) (0 - 36 fibers)
d
d d d
z
AFL ADSS
AFL ADSS AFL ADSS AFL ADSS
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(96 fiber)
(144 fiber) (dual layer 216 fiber) (dual layer 432 fibers)

Last Mile ….
"Sewer Link":
pulling fibres
in waste water tubes !
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Physical OPGW / FOC Interconnection
solar
splice box panel
TN / FOX
patch panel splice box
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(Repeater)
Optical Power Budget: Worst Case
S nx Splices R
OLTE: Tx Rx OLTE
8 Mbit/s FOX Equipment - 12dBm - 40dBm
155 Mbit/s FOX Equipment - 5dBm - 34dBm
155 Mbit/s TN-1X (G.957) - 1dBm - 34dBm
622 Mbit/s TN-4XE - 3dBm - 32dBm
2.5 Gbit/s TN-16XE - 2dBm - 27dBm
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8 - 622 Mbit/s LHC550 + 10dBm - 40dBm
Transmission Distances ...
. . . for 2 and 8 Mbit/s signals
LED
Single mode 1300nm
Multi mode Laser

Single mode 1300nm
Laser
Single mode
1550nm
Single mode + optical Amplifier
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40 km 80 km 120 km 160 km 200 km
Mbit/s
Typical Communication Distances ...
… on Single Mode Fibres (SSF or NDSF)

2'500 L- 16.1 L- 16.2 acc. ITU-T G.652, G.654, G.655
622 L- 4.1 L- 4.2 "LHC550"

"LHC550":
Optical transceiver amplifier
155 L- 1.1 L- 1.2 "LHC550"
34 1300 nm 1550 nm "LHC550"
8 1300 nm 1550 nm "LHC550"
Distance
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50 km 100 km 150 km 200 km (fibre: 0.220 dB/km)

Long Distance Optical Communication
E.g. +10dBm (10 mW) - 40dBm (100 nW = 0.1 W)
~ 0dBm - 35dBm
SSF
NZDSF
Pre Amp
Tx Rx
Booster
MUX MUX
Pre Amp
Booster
Rx 200 km and more Tx
Repeater-less
• Available optical power: 50 - 65 dB (incl. equipment margin)

STATION A STATION B
• Cable attenuation: 0.200 … 0.220 dB/km
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• Splice attenuation: 0.08 dB (1 splice every 5 km)
• Bit rates: large range: 8 .. 622 Mbit/s …..

Long Distance Optical Communication
 Long distance communication for up to 200km
 The transmitted distance can gradually be increased by using optical amplifiers. Basically, an optical amplifier consists of a pump laser
and about 10m of erbium dopped fibre. The optical power amplifier (booster) amplifies the optical signal transmitted from the alight
source (laser diode) of the transmitting module of the terminal equipment (OTx).
 The optical preamlifier amplifies the optical signal immediatly before it is received by the optical detector at the receiving module of the
terminal equipment (ORx). Although the optical pulses are amplified independently of their bit rate, a lower limit of about 1Mbit/s has to
be observed.
 Because optical amplifiers also need electrical power for the pump laser, they are preferrably placed together with the terminal.
 Typical distances to be reached for STM-1:
 - to 150km with a booster

- to 220km with booster and a preamplifier
 To be considered:
 1. Commercially available optical amplifier are working in the 3rd optical window (1550nm).
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Therefore, the transmitter of the terminal equipment must operate with 1550nm.
 2. For the laser diode on transmit side a very narrow bandwidth is specified (< 0.1 nm).

Fibre Shortage: Optical Wavelength MUX (WDM)
• Administration • Administration
• Third Parties • Third Parties
SDH optical fibre SDH
WDM WDM
FOX  Voice  Voice FOX

 Data  Data
 Teleprotection  Teleprotection
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 WDM for 1300nm and/or 1550nm

Dense Wavelength Division MUX (DWDM)
e.g. STM-64
ADM optical fibres ADM
DWDM DWDM
A B
• Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexer (DWDM) for 1550nm.
• For SDH, ATM, FDDI, Gigabit/Ethernet
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• … up to 160 optical channels.
=> 160 x 10 Gbit/s = 1.6 Tbit/s per fibre pair !

DWDM: Principle
Channel 1
up to 160 wave length

Channel 2
ACTIVE

Channel 3 or
PASSIVE DWDM signal

Channel 4
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Combining up to 80 (160) different wave lengths on on pair of fibres !

DWDM: Principle
 Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexer: PRINCIPLE
 Passive combination of the different wavelength (channels):

Only possible, if all connected channels comply with the relevant standards for DWDM.
 Active combination of the different wavelength (channels):

For all other cases, including different technologies, e.g., Gigabit Ethernet, FDDI, SDH, ATM
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Wavelength Bands (ITU-T):
Bi-Directional Communication - Supporting TX and Rx in the same fibre:
RED band (1547.5 - 1561.0nm)
BLUE band (1528.4 - 1542.5nm)
totally 18 wavelength (8 + 8 + 2), each with +/-

+/ 0.25nm tolerance
=> 80 Gbit/s full duplex traffic using 8x STM-64

STM !
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Long Distance Solutions for DWDM: E.g., STM-64
TN-64 1 red SITE 1 SITE 2 1 red TN-64

ADM 2 blue ADM
A 2 blue A
3 red 40 Gbit/s
TN-64 1 fibre 3 red TN-64
ADM 4 blue ADM
B 4 blue Up to 140 km
B
TN-64 5 red 5 red TN-64
ADM 6 blue MOR / MOR plus:
6 blue ADM
C Multi - Wavelength
C
7 red 7 red
TN-64 Optical Regenerator TN-64
8 blue DWDM coupler DWDM coupler 8 blue
ADM ADM
red: mux red: demux
D D
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blue: demux blue: mux
MOR/MOR plus: Multi Wavelength Optical Repeater (Nortel), A pure optical device.
In this case: 8 Lambdas are put on 1 fibre.
Contacts
If you have any Questions, please contact
Mr. Antony John Williams,
E-mail ID : antony.williams@tractebel.engie.com
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23 August, 2022 2021.03 Monthly Report - Tractebel Middle East 43
COURSE NO. 3 SOLAR
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July 2021 44

Course-2 Telecom SCADA Optical Principles DAY-1!22!08-2022

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COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA

B. Introduction of Optical Principals

 Light Source  Multiplexer

 OPTICAL - light source (LED, Laser Diode)

Plastic 50 µm Core 250 µm

 Design of Optical fiber

 Never expose an optical fibre to mechanical tension !

 Process of FIBRE PRODUCTION

 n1 : Refractive Index of CORE n0 = 1

 Refraction and total reflection

 For total reflection: cosc > n2 / n1 ( < 1)

SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 10

Cross-section Refractive INPUT Propagation OUTPUT

Graded index t Multi mode (graded index)

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 Multi mode fibre (graded index)

 - Smaller differences in group delay ammong different modes

 Single mode fibres (ITU-T G.652)

 - No group delay differences due to single propagation mode

 Typical Optical Characteristics 1310nm 1550nm

 Attenuation db / km  0.4  0.25

 Dispersion coefficient ps / (nm x km)  3.5  18

 Cut-off wavelength nm 1250 ...1350 1480-1570

 Typical physical characteristics 1310nm or 1550nm

 Mode field diameter m 9.3 ± 0.5

SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 13

Cross-section Refractive INPUT Propagation OUTPUT

Graded index t Multi mode (graded index)

SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 14

Cross-section Refractive INPUT Propagation OUTPUT

200µm Multi mode (step index)

50µm Multi mode (graded index)

 Multi mode fibre (step index)

 - Larger differences in group delay among different modes

 Multi mode fibre (graded index)

 - Smaller differences in group delay among different modes

 Single mode fibres (ITU-T G.652)

 - No group delay differences due to single propagation mode

MHz GHz THz Hz

INFRARED (IR) ultra violett (UV)

INFRARED ( IR ) visible spectrum

1550nm 1300nm (850nm) 700nm 400nm

 LW : Long Wave Radio

 MW Medium Wave Radio

 SW Short Wave Radio

 VHF: Very High Frequency 30 - 300 MHz

 UHF: Ultra High Frequency 300 - 3'000 MHz

 SHF: Super High Frequency 3 - 30 GHz

 EHF: Extremly High Frequency 30 - 300 GHz

 Range of Wavelength for Standard Optical Transmission:

 1330nm: 1260 - 1360nm

 1550nm: 1430 - 1580nm

SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 18

 1550nm: 3rd WINDOW

SEPTEMBER-2021 600 850 1310 1550 1800nm

 850nm 1300nm 1550nm

 range (nm) 700 - 900 1250 -1350 1480- 1570

 optical window first second third

 typical attenuation 2.5dB/km 0.36db/km 0.22dB/km

 type of cable any type glass, SM glass, SM

SEPTEMBER-2021 TE COURSE : TELECOM / SCADA 20

• SSM: Standard SM Fiber

 Forms of dispersion in optical fibres:

 Typical dispersion figures for standard single mode fibre