6 R Lolua Udiuri Ena

roman lolua
u d i u r i e n a
(gramatikuli analizi, teqstebi, leqsikoni)
Tbilisi
2010
201 0
1
2
sarCevi
aRniSvnebi................................................................................................................................................... 4
Sesavali........................................................................................................................................................ 6
fonetika....................................................................................................................................................... 16
vokalizmi........................................................................................................................................ 17
konsonantizmi.............................................................................................................................. 29
fonetikuri procesebi....................................................................................................... 45
saxeli.............................................................................................................................................................. 61
arsebiTi saxeli....................................................................................................................... 61
zedsarTavi saxeli................................................................................................................ 92
nacvalsaxeli.............................................................................................................................. 97
ricxviTi saxeli...................................................................................................................... 110
zmna...................................................................................................................................................................... 120
saxelzmnuri formebi................................................................................................................ 163
masdari............................................................................................................................................... 163
mimReoba............................................................................................................................................. 168
absolutivi.................................................................................................................................... 174
formaucvleli sityvebi......................................................................................................... 178
zmnisarTi......................................................................................................................................... 178
Tandebuli....................................................................................................................................... 184
nawilaki............................................................................................................................................ 186
kavSiri................................................................................................................................................ 188
Sorisdebuli............................................................................................................................... 189
sintaqsi......................................................................................................................................................... 190
atributuli sintagma.......................................................................................................... 190
predikatuli sintagma........................................................................................................ 197
metyvelebisa da folkloris nimuSebi............................................................. 214
varTaSnuli dialeqti (sof. oqtomberi)......................................................... 214
nijuri dialeqti (sof. niji)..................................................................................... 247
udiur-qarTuli leqsikoni.................................................................................................. 252
3
aRniSvnebi:
- morfemaTa sazRvari COMP maqvemdebarebeli kavSiri

+ morfemaTa Serwyma COND kondicionali
= klitikTa sazRvari CONT kontesivi
: kumulacia COP meSveli zmna
# sityvaformis sazRvari CTRF kontrafaqtivi
1, 2, 3 piri DAT micemiTi brunva
[A] gardamavali zmnis subieqti DEB myofadi aucileblobiTi
[O] gardamavali zmnis obieqti DIST Soreuli demonstrativi
[S] gardauvali zmnis oqtanti DLOG Soreuli demonstrativi
ABL ablativi lokativSi
ABS absolutivi (I, II, III, IV) ELAT elativi
ABSTR abstraqtul saxelTa ERG ergativi [=instrumentalisi]
sufiqsi ESS esivi
AD adesivi FUT myofadi ZiriTadi
ADD =al
al klitika (qarTuli -c
c GEN naTesaobiTi brunva
nawilakis analogi) HORT hortativi
ADV adverbialuri mawarmoebeli IMP brZanebiTi kilo
ALL alativi INS instrumentalisi [=ergativi]
AOP sruli saxis mimReoba INTJ Sorisdebuli
AOR aoristi JUSS iusivi
APUD apudesivi LAT lativi
ART nawevari LV damxmare zmna (kompozitebSi)
ATR atributivis mawarmoebeli MED saSualo demonstrativi
-na
na MSD I masdari (-es)
BEN benefaqtivi MSD II masdari (-es-un)
CAUS kauzativi NA masubstantivebeli
CNV absolutivis gaqvavebuli (nominativSi)
mawarmoebeli NEG “finituri” uaryofa
COLL rigobiTi ricx. saxeli
COM komitativi PROH prohibitivi
4
NO masubstantivebeli (irib PROX uaxloesi demonstrativi
brunvebSi) PRS awmyo
NOM nominativi PST namyo
NOT “arafinituri” uaryofa PTCP mimReoba
O iribi fuZe (CanarTi) Q kiTxviTi nawilaki
PART usruli saxis mimReoba RDP reduplikacia
PERF namyo sruli SG mxoloobiTi ricxvi
PERF2 “meore” perfeqti ST zmnuri fuZis “gamoyofadi”
PL mravlobiTi ricxvi nawili
PLOG uaxloesi demonstrativi SUBJ koniunqtivi
(lokativSi) SUP superlativi
POSS posesiuri seriis piris SUPER superesivi
niSani TEMP drois absolutivi
POST postesivi VOC vokatiuri nawilaki
POT myofadi potenciuri
5
S esavali
(mokle cnobebi udiuri enisa da udi xalxis Sesaxeb)
udiebi kavkasiis erT-erT mcirericxovan eTnoss warmoadgenen.

maTi saerTo raodenoba dRes daaxl. 8,5 aTas kacs Seadgens.1 udi
eTnosis ZiriTadi birTvi cxovrobs azerbaijanis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT nawilSi, gabalis (yof. quTqaSenis) r-nSi mdebare sof.
nijSi (3,5-4 aTasi kaci). udiebis kompaqturi dasaxleba arsebobs
saqarTveloSic; es aris kaxeTSi, yvarlis r-nSi mdebare sof.
oqtomberi (yof. zinobiani) _ am sofelSi daaxl. 400 macxovrebelia,
xolo komlTa raodenoba 100-s aRwevs. saqarTveloSi udiebis
saerTo raodenoba 500-600 kacs ar unda aRematebodes.
XX s.-is miwuruls udiebis sacxovrebeli areali Semcirda. 1990
wlebis dasawyisamde udiebi kompaqturad saxlobdnen sam
dasaxlebaSi: sof. niji (daaxl. 4,5 aTasi kaci); q. varTaSeni (dRes q.
oRuzi) _ daaxl. 3 aTasi kaci;2 sof. oqtomberi (daaxl. 800 kaci).
1990-ian wlebSi azerbaijanSi ganviTarebuli tragikuli movlenebis
Sedegad udi mosaxleobisagan daicala q. oRuzi (varTaSeni). dRes
oRuzs ocdaaTiode udiuri komli SemorCa (mekomurebis raodenoba
50-60 kacs ar unda aRematebodes). udiebis didi nawili iZulebuli
gaxda daetovebina samkvidrebeli da ruseTSi gadaxvewiliyo (mcire
nawili _ somxeTSi, ukrainasa da dsT-s sxva qveynebSi). udiebis
yvelaze mravalricxovani jgufebi warmodgenilia ruseTis samxrul
olqebSi _ rostovisa da volgogradis olqebsa da krasnodaris
mxareSi. 2002 wlis aRweris mixedviT ruseTSi 3 721 udi cxovrobda,
Tumca maTi realuri ricxvi SeiZleba ufro didic ki iyos.3 udiebis
gansaxleba uzarmazar teritoriaze, bunebrivia, xels ar uwyobs
udiuri enis SenarCunebas. samwuxarod, ramdenime aTwleulSi
1 “udiuri krebuli”, moskovi, 2008: 5.

2 iqve.
3 iqve: 6.
6
mosalodnelia udiuri diasporis warmomamadgenelTa asimilireba.
amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc wesi, gadasaxlebulTa bavSvebi
ukve ver floben mSobliur enas.
saqarTveloSi udiebi 1918-1922 ww. gadmosaxldnen varTaSenidan.
am procesis wamomwyebi da moTave iyo udi moRvawe zinobi
silikaSvili, visi saxelic daerqva axaldaarsebul sofels. 1938
wlamde sofels erqva zinobiani, xolo zinobi silikaSvilis
daxvretis Semdeg (1938 w.) mas ewoda oqtomberi. aRniSnul saxels
sofeli dRemde atarebs, Tumca TviT oqtomberis mkvidrni da
axlomdebare soflebis mosaxleobac mas mainc zinobians uwodebs.
udiuri ena ganekuTvneba iberiul-kavkasiuri enebis Crdilo-
aRmosavleT ganStoebas _ daRestnur enaTa lezgiur qvejgufs.
udiuri ena iyofa or dialeqtad _ varTaSnul (varTaSnul-
oqtomberul an varTaSnul-zinobianur) da nijur kiloebad.
dialeqturi sxvaoba Tavs iCens enis TiTqmis yvela komponentSi:
leqsikaSi, fonologiur sistemasa da morfologiur-sintaqsur
wyobaSi.
udiuri ena safrTxeSi myofi enaa. Tu sof. nijSi met-naklebad
myaria enis codna, maT Soris, axalgazrdebSic, sof. oqtomberSi
udiuri metyveleba gaqrobis pirasaa misuli. miuxedavad imisa, rom
oqtomberis saSualo skolaSi fakultaturad iswavleba udiuri
ena1, misi codna umcrosebSi Zalze iSviaTia. es mdgomareoba
ZiriTadad gamowveulia Sereuli qorwinebebiT: oqtombereli udi
mamakacebis umravlesoba qarTvel qalebze qorwindeba, xolo udi
qalebi Zalian xSirad axlomdebare qarTul soflebSi Txovdebian.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom dRes oqtomberi (zinobiani) varTaSneli
udiebis faqtobrivad erTaderTi kompaqturi dasaxlebaa, es
viTareba safrTxes uqmnis saerTod varTaSnuli dialeqtis
arsebobas.
1
udiuri enis swavleba IV_IX klasebSi ganxorcielda oqtomberis mkvidris m.
neSumaSvilis mecadineobiT, romelic uSualod aswavlis bavSvebs mSobliur enas.
udiuri ena agreTve sof. nijSi iswavleba specialurad Sedgenili programiT, ix.:
Айдынов Ю. А., Кочарли Ж. А. Программа удинского языка (для начальных классов): Проект,
Удины: источники и новые материалы, Краснодар, 1999.
7
garSemomyofi enebi sagrZnob zegavlenas axdenen udiur enaze.
pirvel rigSi es iTqmis leqsikis Sesaxeb. a. diri samarTlianad
aRniSnavda: “... udiuri leqsikonis Sedgena sakmaod saCoTiro saqmea.
ar ici _ unda Semoifarglo mxolod udiuri sityvebiT, Tu masSi
unda Seitano agreTve Turquli, somxuri, sparsuli sityvebic.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi miviRebT odenobiT iseT Semofarglul
leqsikons, rom sityvebi ar gveyofa yoveldRiuri sagnebis
aRsaniSnavadac ki. meore SemTxvevaSi ki, Tundac iseTi sityvebiT
davkmayofildeT, romelTac udiurSi Sesatyvisi ara aqvT,
saSiSroeba iqmneba, Seadgino igive Turquli an somxuri
leqsikonebi, aqa-iq gafantuli sxva sityvebiT, romlebic swored
iqnebian udurni”1.
udiurze udides gavlenas axdenda azerbaijanuli ena (nijurze
dRemde, sof. oqtomberis metyvelebaze _ gadmosaxlebamde).
azerbaijanuli enis gavlena, upirveles yovlisa, SesamCnevia
leqsikaSi, naklebad _ sityvawarmoebaSi, morfologiasa da
sintaqsSi.
aRsaniSnavia somxuri enis gavlena, gansakuTrebiT nijurze.
istoriulad es gavlena umTavresad eklesiis (Sesabamisad, skolis)
meSveobiT xorcieldeboda. TvalSi sacemia sparsuli da arabuli
enebidan Semosuli leqsikis simravlec. bolo periodSi udiuri
enis leqsikur fondSi damkvidrda rusuli enidan nasesxebi sityvebi
da am enis meSveobiT Semosuli e.w. internacionalizmebi.
sof. oqtomberis udiur metyvelebaze did zegavlenas axdens
qarTuli ena. es gavlena gansakuTrebiT SesamCnevia axalgazrdebis
metyvelebaSi, Tumca qarTuli enis gavlena udiurze istoriuladac
Zlieri unda yofiliyo.
udiebi istoriul wyaroebSi pirvelad herodotes “istoria”-Si
arian moxseniebulni uiti, uitioi (ούιτιοι) formiT. utiebi aseve
ixseniebian strabonis “geografia”-Si da sxva antikur wyaroebSi.
garda berZnul-romauli wyaroebisa, sagulisxmo cnobebs udiebis
1 a. diri, udiuri enis gramatika, tfilisi, 1903: 2 (rusul enaze).
8
ուտի,
ուտի ուտիք)
Sesaxeb (ուտի ուտիք gvawvdis somxuri wyaroebi, romelTa Soris
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia movses kalankatuacis “aluanTa qveynis
istoria” (Պափմութիւն Աղուանից աշխարլի).
udiuri enis monacemebi gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda 1994-
1995 ww. Semdeg, rodesac qarTvelma mecnierma, akad. z. aleqsiZem
sinas naxevarkunZulze mdebare wm. ekaterines monasterSi pirveli
gabmuli kavkasiis albanuri teqsti aRmoaCina. dRes mecnierTaTvis
ukve naTelia, rom udiuri kavkasiis albanuris an uSualo
gamagrZelebels warmoadgens, anda udiuris winapari ena kavkasiis
albanuris erT-erTi dialeqti iyo. erTi ram ueWvelia: udiuri
kavkasiis albanuris erTaderTi SemorCenili reliqtia.
sarwmunoebiT varTaSneli da oqtombereli udiebi
marTlmadidebeli qristianebi arian, xolo nijeli udiebi
monofizitebi (“grigorianelebi”) iyvnen. amJamad, cnobili mizezebis
gamo, somxuri “samociqulo” eklesia ver axorcielebs Tavis
saqmianobas azerbaijanis teritoriaze, ris gamoc nijelebis
liturgikuli cxovreba erTaderT moqmed wm. eRiSes (elises)
eklesiaSi (ud. CoTari gergec) mxolod “mamao Cveno”-s kiTxviT
Semoifargleba.
udiuri enis mecnieruli Seswavla XIX s.-dan iwyeba. pirveli
monografia udiuris Sesaxeb ekuTvnis ant. Sifners _ “cda udiuri
enis gamokvlevisa”, romelic 1863 wels gamoqveynda germanul enaze
peterburgSi, saimperatoro akademiis “memuarebSi”1 (naSromi daiwera
1862 wels).
meore monografia udiuris Sesaxeb ekuTvnis a. dirs; esaa
“udiuri enis gramatika”, romelic jer, 1903 wels calke
gamoqveynda,2 xolo Semdeg (1904 wels) krebulSi: “Сборник материалов
для описания местностей и племён Кавказа”, XXXIII gamoSveba, IV nawili.
aRsaniSnavia, rom am orive monografias jerac ar daukargavs
samecniero Rirebuleba.
1
Schiefner A., Versuch über die Sprache der Uden, Mémoires de ľacadémie impériae des sciences de
St. Pétersbourg, VII ͤ S., P. VI, #8, 1863.
2
Дирр А. М., Грамматика удинского языка, Тифлис, 1903.
9
mesame monografia udiuris Sesaxeb aris vl. fanCviZis
sadoqtoro disertacia “udiuri enis gramatikuli analizi”,
romelic jer kidev 1949 wels iqna daculi (naSromis momzadeba 1948
wels dasrulda), magram wignis saxiT igi mxolod 1974 wels
gamoqveynda1. es naSromi udavod axal safexurs warmoadgenda
udiuri enis kvlevis saqmeSi.
udiuri enis nijur kilos daeTmo v. gukasianis sakandidato
disertacia “udiuri enis nijuri dialeqti. fonetika, morfologia”
(1965 w.)2. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia v. gukasianis meore
monografia, esaa 1974 wels gamoqveynebuli “udiur-azerbaijanul-
rusuli leqsikoni”3. dRemde arsebulTagan es leqsikoni yvelaze
vrcelia.
udiuri enis mecnieruli Seswavlis saqmeSi didi wvlili
Seitana evg. jeiraniSvilis monografiam “udiuri ena: gramatika.
qrestomaTia. leqsikoni”, romelic gamoqveynda 1971 wels4.
XX s-is 80-ian wlebSi udiuris Sesaxeb ori angariSgasawevi
naSromi gamoica, esaa: v. Sulces “udiebis ena Crdilo-
azerbaijanSi”5 da t. sixaruliZis sakandidato disertacia “arsebiT
saxelTa bruneba udiurSi”6.
ukanasknel periodSi SeiniSneba interesis gazrda udiuri enis
misamarTiT. es gamowveulia erTis mxriv _ kavkasiis albanuri
xelnaweri Zeglebis aRmoCeniT, xolo meore mxriv _ udiur enaSi
damowmebuli sayuradRebo TaviseburebebiT, romelic mis
unikalurobas warmoaCens ara mxolod iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa
wreSi, aramed msoflio enaTa Soris. am mimarTulebis naSromebidan,
1 fanCviZe vl., uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974.

2
Гукасян В. Л., Фонетические и морфологические особенности ниджского диалекта удинского
языка, Баку, 1965.
3
Гукасян В. Л., Удинско-азербайджанско-русский словарь, Баку, 1974.
4 jeiraniSvili evg., udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia, leqsikoni), Tbilisi,
1971.
5
Schulze W., Die Sprache der Udin in Nord-Azerbaidzan, Wiesbaden, 1982.
6 sixaruliZe t., arsebiT saxelTa bruneba udiurSi, sakandidato disertaciis
avtoreferati, Tbilisi, 1987; sadisertacio naSromi mTlianad 2005 w. gamoqveynda

_ sixaruliZe t., arsebiT saxelTa bruneba udiurSi, Tbilisi, 2005.
10
upirveles yovlisa, aRsaniSnavia a. harisis monografia
“endoklitikebi da udiuri morfonosintaqsis warmoSoba”1.
sakiTxebi, romelic dasmulia da ganixileba am naSromSi, ar
Semoifargleba iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Cveulebrivi
problematikiT da zogadi enaTmecnierebisaTvisac aris
sayuradRebo.
aRniSvnis Rirsia krebuli _ “udiuri krebuli: gramatika,
leqsika, enis istoria”, romelic proeqt “udilang”-is farglebSi
momzadda2. es krebuli faqtobrivad udiuri enis vrcel
monografias warmoadgens. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania nijis
dialeqtis saxelisa da zmnis morfologiis vrceli aRwera,
romelic faqtobrivad pirvelad swored am krebulSi aris
warmodgenili.
sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enebTan erTad, udiuri enis masala
moxmobilia da ganixileba fr. miuleris, r. erkertis, h. Suxartis, J.
diumezilis, n. trubeckois, i. meSCaninovis, d. karbelaSvilis, k.
boudas, r. lafonis, ak. SaniZis, arn. Ciqobavas, m. aleqseevis, e.
bakarevis, g. klimovis, b. gigineiSvilis, b. Talibovis, g. Tofurias,
S. gafrindaSvilis, s. koZasovis, a. kibrikis, m. qurdianisa da sxva
mkvlevarTa naSromebSi.
amJamad, udiur enas produqtiulad ikvleven rogorc
qarTveli, ise ucxoeli specialistebi: t. sixaruliZe, m.
TandaSvili, n. ruxaZe, a. harisi, v. Sulce, t. maisaki, i. landeri, d.
ganenkovi da sxva.
udiuri enis teqstobrivi wyaroebidan pirvel rigSi unda
aRiniSnos udiur enaze s. beJanovis mier Targmnili oTxTavi3,
romelic xelmeored moamzada da gamosca v. Sulcem4. enis istoriis
TvalzasazrisiT agreTve Zalze mniSvnelovania udiuri zRaparis
1
Alice C. Harris., Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax, Oxford, 2002.
2
Удинский сборник: грамматика, лексика, история языка, Исследования и материалы по языкам
Кавказа (РАН Институт языкознания, Институт востоковедения), вып. 1, Москва, 2008.
3
Бежанов С., Господа Нашего Иисуса Христа Святое Евангелие от Матвея, Марка, Луки и
Иоанна, Сборник Материалов для Описания Племен и Местностей Кавказа, XXX, Тифлис, 1902.
4
Schulze W., The Udi Gospels, Anotated Text, Etymological Index, Temmatized Concordance,
Munich, 2001.
11
“rustam”-is gamocema1 da teqstebi, romelic darTuli aqvs a. diris
monografias (es teqstebi Semdeg calkec gamoqveynda Jurnal
“Caucasica”-Si)2 da udiuri enis saanbano-sakiTxav wigns “samji d„s”-s
(varTaSnul-nijuri paraleluri teqstebi)3. gansakuTrebuli
aRniSvnis Rirsia evg. jeiraniSvilis monografias darTuli
qrestomaTia4.
bolo periodSi gamoqveynda nijuri dialeqtis mdidari
masala. unda aRiniSnos: i. aidinovisa da g. keCaaris mier Sedgenili
udiuri saanbano wigni5, g. keCaaris mier Sedgenili literaturuli
krebuli “nana oCˤal”6 (samSoblo, mSobliuri mxare; zedmiw. dedis
miwa). aRsaniSnavia v. dabakovis mier Sedgenili udiuri folkloris
krebuli7. mogvepoveba originaluri literaturuli nawarmoebebi
udiur enaze, esaa, giorgi (Jora) keCaaris poetur-prozauli
krebuli “oraÁin” (wyaro)8 da poeturi krebuli “buruxmux” (mTebi)9.
ganxorcielda Zveli aRTqmis wignebis _ ruTisa da ionas Targmna
udiur enaze (nijur kiloze)10.
uZvelesi originaluri damwerlobis mqone enis (kavkasiis
albanuris) STamomavali _ udiuri, dRes umwerlobo enaa. XX s.-is
30-ian da 90-ian wlebSi da XXI s.-is dasawyisSi iyo ramdenime cda
udiuri anbanis SemuSavebisa11, Tumca verc erTma maTganma fexi ver
1
Бежанов М., Рустам (Удинская сказка), Сборник Материалов для Описания Племен и
Местностей Кавказа, XII, Тифлис, 1988
2
Дирр А. М., Грамматика удинского языка, Сборник материалов для описания местностей и
племён Кавказа”, XXXIII вып., ч. IV, Тифлис, 1904 (Dirr A., Udische Texte, 1928, Caucasica, 5: 60-
72).
3 Çejrani Ţ., Çejrani M., Samçi dəs, Suxum, 1934.
4 jeiraniSvili evg., udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia, leqsikoni), Tbilisi,
1971, gv. 135-192.

5
Aydınov Y. A., Keçaari J. A., Əlifba (TIetıir), Bəkü, 1996.
6
Кечаари Ж. (Semdg.), Нана очъал. Шеирхо, гьекйаьтхо, драма, Баку, 1996.
7
Dabakov V. V. (Semdg.), Udiğoy folklor: Nağılxo. Legendoox, Астрахань, 2007.
8
Keçaari Ҝ., Orayin, Bakı, 2001.
9
Keçaari Ҝ., Buruxmux, Gəncə, 2003.
10
Rut’ _ Iona, Chambersburg (USA), 2009.
11
laTinuri grafikis safuZvelze 1933-34 wlebSi varTaSneli udiebis, Zmebi
jeiraniSvilebis mier (Tevdore da mixeil jeiraniSvilebi) Sedgenilia anbani,
romelic gamoyenebul iqna udiuri sakiTxavi-saanbano wignis Sesaqmnelad (samji
12
moikida, ix.: udiurisaTvis gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi satranskrifcio
sistemebi:
d„s
s
udilangi
gukasiani
qarTuli
dabakovi
oTxTavi
Sifneri
keCaari
Sulce
harisi
samji d
diri
a а а a а a a a a a a
ạ ‛ȧ ȧ ħa аъ aI aˁ ạ əъ, aъ ă (a´) [aˤ]
ä ä ä ə аь ä ä ä ə ə „
b б б b б b b b b b b
g г г g г g g g g g g
— — — — ҝ (g j ) — — ҝ — (g½)
d д д d д d d d d d d
e е е e е e e e e e e
— ‛е е̇ ħe еъ eI eˁ ẹ eъ ĕ (e´) [eˤ]
w в, w в v в v v v v v v
z з з z з z z z z z z
t т˛ тͨ ƫ т t t t t t T
d„s). am anbaniT garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi udiuri enis swavlebac

mimdinareobda.
g. keCaarisa da i. aidinovis TaosnobiT 1992 wlidan ganxorcielda udiuri
saliteraturo enis Camoyalibebis meore cda da am mizniT gamoyenebul iqna v.
gukasianis mier slavuri grafikis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli anbani
(transkrifcia). am anbaniT gamoqveynda g. keCaaris mier Sedgenili krebuli “nana
oCˤal” (1996 w.).
mogvianebiT, 90-iani wlebis meore naxevarSi es anbani Secvlil iqna g.
keCaarisa da i. aidinovis mier laTinuri grafikis safuZvelze SemuSavebuli
anbaniT, romelic SeZlebisdagvarad azerbaijanul moqmed grafikas imeorebda,
Tumca masze wina, v. gukasianiseuli anbanis gavlena igrZnoboda, magaliTad,
SenarCunebuli iyo ramdenime rusulisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli aso-bgera (ц, ъ, ь), ar
Seicvala Caweris principi (digrafebis gamoyeneba) da a.S. am anbaniT gamoqveynda
udiuri saanbano wigni (1996 w.), romliTac daiwyo da dRemde mimdinareobs udiuri
enis swavleba sof. nijSi. gamoqveynda agreTve g. keCaaris poetur-prozauli
krebulebi “oraÁin” (2001 w.) da “buruxmux” (2003 w.).
2007 w. wels v. dabakovma gadaamuSava es anbani da am modernizirebuli versiiT
gamosca udiuri folkloris krebuli (2007). es anbani g. keCaarisa da i. aidinovis
anbanisagan ZiriTadad diakritikuli niSnebis xSiri gamoyenebiT gansxvavdeba da
piriqiT, masSi ar aris digrafebi da slavuri grafikuli simboloebi.
1990-iani wlebidan moyolebuli zinobianSic mimdinareobs udiuri enis
fakultaturi swavleba da am mizniT gamoiyeneba m. neSumaSvilis mier
SemuSavebuli anbani, romelic, faqtobrivad, mTis iberiul-kavkasiuri enebisaTvis
Sedgenili qarTuli samecniero transkrifciis identuria.
13
d„s
s
udilangi
gukasiani
qarTuli
dabakovi
oTxTavi
Sifneri
keCaari
Sulce
harisi
samji d
diri
i i i i и i i i i i i
— — — ħь иъ iI iˁ ị iъ ĭ (i´) [iˤ]
k к к k к1 kː k’ k’ q k' k
l л л l л l l l l l l
m м м m м m m m m m m
n н н n н n n n n n n
j j ĭ j й j y y y y Á
o о о o о o o o o o o
ọ ‛ȯ ȯ ħo оъ oI oˁ ọ öъ, oъ ŏ (o´) [oˤ]
ö ö ö ө оь ö ö ö ö ö ”
p п п p п1 pː p’ p’ pı p' p
z̔ ж ж ƶ ж ž ž ž j j J
ẓ̔ — ӂ ʒ ж1 žI ź ž: jı ĵ (J´) [_]
r р р r р r r r r r r
s с с s с s s s s s s
t т т t т1 tː t’ t’ tı t' t
u у у u у u u u u u u
ụ ‛ẏ ẏ ħu уъ uI uˁ ụ üъ, uъ ŭ (u´) [uˤ]
ü ÿ ÿ ɡ уь ü ü ü ü ü š
p̔ п˛ пͨ ɾ п p p p p p f
в ф ф в ф f f f f f †
k̔ к˛ кͨ ⱪ к k k k k k q
ģ ҕ ҕ ƣ гъ ʁ ğ ɣ ğ ğ R
q q k  къ qː q’ q’ kъ q' y
s̔ ш ш s´ ш š š š ş ş S
ṣ̔ ш̆ ш̆ ɥ ш1 šI ś š: şı ŝ (S´) [_]
c̔ ч ч ʯ ч č č č ç ç C
— — — ҿ чъ čI ć č: çъ ç' (C´) [_]
c ц ц ƺ ц c c c ц ś c
ʒ ʒ ʒ dz дз ʒ — ʒ zı, dz ź Z
c̣ ц̓ ц̓ ʮ ц1 cː c’ c’ цı s' w
— — — ʮʮ ц́ — — — — — (w´)
c̣̔ ч̓ ч̓ c ч1 čː č’ č’ çı č W
— — — — ч́ čːI ć’ č’: ć, cъ ć (W´) [_]
x х х x х χ x x x x x
x ƙ k̔ q хъ q q q хъ q Ã
14
d„s
s
udilangi
gukasiani
qarTuli
dabakovi
oTxTavi
Sifneri
keCaari
Sulce
harisi
samji d
diri
ʒ̔ џ џ  дж ǯ ǯ ǰ c c j
— — — — дж1 ǯI ʒ́ ǰ: cı ĉ (j´) [_]
h, ḥ h h h гь h h h h h h
y ы ы ɓ ы ɨ ə ə ь ı ˆ
— — ы̇ — ыъ ɨI — — — — (ˆ´) [ˆˤ]
SeniSvna: (...) mrgval frCxilebSi Casmulia fonemuri

Rirebulebis armqone bgerebi.
[...] kvadratul frCxilebSi Casmulia Cven mier gamoyenebuli
satranskrifcio niSnebi, romelic udiuris Sesaxeb qarTulenovan
samecniero literaturaSi gamoyenebuli transrifciisagan
gansxvavdebian.
e.w. iracionalurs (ˆˆ bgeras) varTaSnul kiloSi ar moepoveba
distinqciuri funqcia.
15
fonetika
udiuri enis fonologiuri sistema, bevri maxasiaTeblis gamo,

monaTesave enaTa fonologiuri sistemebisagan gansxvavdeba. pirvel
rigSi aRsaniSnavia, rom sof. oqtomberis (zinobianis) metyvelebis
gamoklebiT, udiur enaSi abruptiuli Tanxmovnebi gadavidnen
preruptivebSi, rac udiurs mniSvnelovnad ganasxvavebs sxva
iberiul-kavkasiur enaTagan. axlomonaTesave lezgiur da saerTod,
daRestnur enaTagan gansxvavebiT udiuri enis fonologiuri sistema
gamartivebulia da, am enebTan SedarebiT, udiuri ena, fonetikuri
sistemis TvalsazrisiT, ufro qarTul enas uaxlovdeba: udiurs
axasiaTebs xSul-mskdomTa da afrikatTa sameulebrivi sistema
(mJReri-fSvinvieri-preruptivi _ nijursa da varTaSnul
metyvelebaSi; mJReri-fSvinvieri-abruptivi _ sof. oqtomberis
metyvelebSi); ar moepoveba intensiuri Tanxmovnebi; sustadaa
daculi labializebuli Tanxmovnebi (bgerebi); SeiniSneba ukana
warmoebis TanxmovanTa simcire sxva lezgiur da daRestnur enebTan
SedarebiT _ udiurs ar moepoveba daRestnur enaTa umetesobisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli faringaluri spirantebi, laringaluri xSul-
mskdomebi, mJReri laringaluri spiranti. udiurSi aseve ar gvxvdeba
zogierT daRestnur enaSi daculi mJReri faringaluri xSul-
mskdomi; ar mogvepoveba lateraluri Tanxmovnebi (Tumca isini,
garda arCibulisa, arc erT sxva lezgiur enas ar axasiaTebs).
udiur enaSi daculia yvela is Tanxmovani Tu xmovani
qarTulSi rom gvaqvs. garda amisa udiurSi gvaqvs: palatalizebuli
xmovnebi („„, ”, š); e.w. iracionaluri ˆ (nijur kiloSi moepoveba
fonemuri Rirebuleba); sonori Á; dentolabialuri †; faringaluri
Ã. qarTulTan SedarebiT, garda moyvanili xmovnebisa Tu

Tanxmovnebis, udiuri enis fonologiuri sistema damatebiTi
16
artikulaciiT _ faringalizaciiT aris garTulebuli, romelic
udiurSi prosodiis Tvisebas warmoadgens.
udiuri enis fonologiuri sistema, bgeriTi Sedgenilobis
TvalsazrisiT, erTgvarad aris warmodgeli orsave kiloSi.
vokalizmi
a, e, i, o, u, Ž, ”,
varTaSnul kiloSi dasturdeba 8 ZiriTadi (a
š) da erTi fakultaturi xmovani (ˆˆ), xolo nijurSi ˆ xmovans
moepoveba fonemis statusi.

udiurs ar moepoveba daRestnur enebSi gavrcelebuli grZeli
da nazalizebuli xmovani fonemebi. grZeli xmovani udiurSi
SeiZleba an morfemaTa gasayarze Segvxvdes, anda erTi bgeris mier
meores asimilaciiT iyos miRebuli, mag.: ma “sadac” + a (kiTxv.
nawilaki) _ mÀ? (ma-a?) “sad?” sa “erTi” + o (masubstant. sufiqsi) _
s’ (so-o) “erTi”; qala “didi” + o (masubstant. sufiqsi) _ qal’
(qalo-o) “didi”; paˤ “ori” + o “balaxi” _ p’ˤ (poˤ-o) “ori Reri
balaxi”...
udiurSi xmovnebi SeiZleba or jgufad davyoT:
martivi xmovnebi (a
a, e, i, o, u);
palatalizebuli (umlautiani) xmovnebi („„, ”, š).
amis garda, calke SeiZleba gamovyoT e.w. iracionaluri, an

(zogierTi klasifikaciiT) naxevarxmovani ˆ.
udiurSi xmovanTa klasifikacia SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT:
aweva wina rigis Sua rigis ukana rigis

martivi palataliz.
maRali „ a
saSualo e ” o
dabali i š [ˆˆ] u
17
martivi xmovnebi
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, udiurSi dasturdeba xuTi martivi

xmovani (a
a, e, i, o, u). maTi warmoTqma iseTivea, rogorc, magaliTad,
qarTulSi. yvela maTgani nebismier poziciaSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes,
mag.: amma//ama “magram”; aS “saqme”; ar “msxali”; ala “maRla”, “zemoT”;
maÃ “sari”; baba, bava (nij.) “mama”; xa “matyli”; maˤ “tvini”; baWan
“zurgi”; baWana “mercxali”...
eSˤ “vaSli”; el “marili”; ey “xorci”; meÃ “matli”, “Wia”; vel
“Txa”; xe “wyali”; me “es”; ene “ukve”; eRel “cxvari”; eˤlem “viri”;
eˤvel “saydari, eklesia”; erey “Txili”...
viCi “Zma”; ix “mexsiereba”; iy “nacari”; iJˤ “Tovli”; in
“rwyili”; ini “axali”; Cil “mZivi”; iC “TviTon”; iCi “Tavisi”; iriz
“biliki”...
o “balaxi”; ox “savarcxeli”; oy “Ziri”, fskeri”; gon “feri”;
Tog “fasi”; koj, qoJ (nij.) “saxli”; xod “xe”; xo “cvari”; xˤo
“curi”; boyo “comi”...
un, hun (nij.) “Sen”; uÃ “mdinare”; uÃˤ “eqvsi”; uk “guli”; uyˤ
“kakali”; muÃ “frCxili”; muÃˤ “mxiaruli”; Wum “sarevela”; mur
“RerZi”; zu “me”...
palatalizebuli (umlautiani
umlautiani)
umlautiani xmovnebi
udiur enaSi warmodgeniia sami umlautiani xmovani („„, ”, š). es
xmovnebi gvxvdeba yvela poziciaSi. palatalizebuli xmovnebi

dasturdeba ZiriTadad nasesxeb (rogorc wesi _ azerbaijanulidan)
sityvebSi, Tumca es xmovnebi sakuTar leqsikaSic aRiniSneba, mag.:
„g„r„m “Tu”, “Tuki”; „Áz “sofeli”; „Áel “bavSvi”; q„R„z “qaRaldi”;
„rq„d “xvadi”; d„d„ “mamida”...
18
”vl„d “gvari”, “geni”, “warmoSoba”; ”m„g “ZarRvi”; ”qšz “tyupi”;
g”l” “bevri”; g”miS “kameCi”; g”g “ca”...
šTš “uTo”; šsšn “male”; šršmšršm “bind-bundi”; „ršg “Werami”;
gšrji “qarTveli”...
aRsaniSnavia, rom nijurSi Ž bgera ufro xSirad gvxvdeba da
zogjer varTaSnulis martiv a bgeras Seesatyviseba, mag.: ŽS (nij.) _
aS (varT.) “saqme”. ” da š bgerebi ki nijurSi, piriqiT, ganicdis
gamartivebas, anu kargavs umlautobas da e (< ”) da i (< š) bgerebSi
”l”
gadadis, mag.: g” ” (varT.) _ geelee (nij.) “bevri”; Žrš
šg (varT.) _ Žriig
(nij.) “Werami”... palatalobis dakargvis procesi amJamad varTaSnul

kiloSicaa xelSesaxebi; amis gamo SeiniSneba martiv da
palatalizebul bgeraTa xSiri monacvleoba, mag.: ŽÁel _ aÁel
šS _ g”miiS “kameCi” da a.S.

“bavSvi”; g”mš
evg. jeiraniSvilis azriT, palatalizebuli xmovnebi udiurSi

fonemis statusiT ar arian aRWurvilni1. SeuZlebelia daveTanxmoT
aRniSnul mosazrebas; miuxedavad imisa, rom palatalizebuli
xmovnebis warmoqmna udiurSi ucxoenovani gavlenis Sedegi unda
iyos (ZiriTadad _ azerbaijanulis), mainc miviCnevT, rom sinqronul
doneze palatalizebuli xmovnebi ueWvelad fonemebs warmoadgenen.
amis Sesaxeb Semdegi faqtebi metyvelebs:
es bgerebi artikulaciurad wminda xmovnebs warmoadgenen;
palatalizebuli xmovnebi yvela poziciaSi gvxvdeba
(anlautSi, inlautsa Tu auslautSi), isini ar arian poziciurad
Sepirobebulni;
aRsaniSnavia maTi siWarbe udiuri enis Tanamedrove leqsikur
fondSi;
1 evg. jeiraniSvili, udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia, leqsikoni), Tbilisi,

1971, gv. 11.
19
dRes udiurSi palatalizebul xmovnebs moepovebaT
mniSvnelobis ganmasxvavebeli (distinqciuri) funqcia, mag.:
bala “Svili”, “bokveri”, “bartyi” _ bŽlŽ “Tavsatexi”,
“problema”;
duˤgun “koJri”, “simsivne”, “gamagreba” _ dšgšn “kvanZi”;
qala “didi”, “ufrosi” _ qŽlŽ “Tavis qala”, “kefa”;
qalam “qalamani” _ qŽlŽm “kombosto”;
qur “ormo”, “qvabuli” _ qšr “celqi”, “Seupovari”;
Caf “daorTqlili”, “sokoTi daavadebuli” _ CŽf “elami”...
Ê bgera
Ê bgera dasturdeba udiuri enis orsave kiloSi, Tumca

fonemis statusi mas mxolod nijur kiloSi moepoveba. es bgera
Cveulebriv gvxvdeba nasesxeb sityvebSi (ZiriTadad _
azerbaijanulidan), Tumca nijur kiloSi igi sakuTar masalaSic
dasturdeba (maT Soris, morfologiur elementebSic), mag.: qaRÊz
“qaRaldi”; ÃÊc “qsovili”; ÃÊzÊl “oqro”; haÃÊl “Wkua”, “goneba”...

raodenobrivad, Ê xmovani ufro gavrcelebulia nijurSi.
xSirad nijurSi Ê xmovani Seesatyviseba varTaSnulis srul (martiv)
u, i an e bgerebs). aseT SemTxvevaSi, Ê nijurSi reduqciis
xmovans (u
Sedegad unda iyos miRebuli, mag.: alu
un (varT.) _ alÊn (nij.) “zemo”;
esbeesun (varT.) _ esbÊsun (nij.) “xvna”; akamiin (varT.) _ aqamÊn (nij.)
“naxvamdis”...
difTongebi
difT ongebi
udiurSi dasturdeba aRmavali da daRmavali difTongebi: Áa,

Áa
ÁŽ, Áe,
Áe Ái,
Ái Áo,
Áo Áu; aÁ ŽÁ, eÁ,
Áu aÁ, eÁ iÁ,
iÁ oÁ,
oÁ uÁ. Áa ÁŽ, Áe,
uÁ aRmavali difTongebi (Áa
Áa, Áe
20
Ái,
Ái Áo,
Áo Áu)
Áu ufro xSirad nasesxeb sityvebSi gvxvdeba, Tumca sakuTar
leqsikaSic dasturdeba, mag.: Áan “Cven”; Áay “gza”; Áezna “size”; ÁeTim
“oboli”; Áig “mtkaveli”; ÁoldaS “amxanagi”, “megobari”; ÁorRan
“sabani”, “TavSesafari”; Áu “rbili”; Áumbur “muSti”...
aÁ ŽÁ, eÁ,
daRmavali difTongebi (aÁ
aÁ, eÁ iÁ,
iÁ oÁ,
oÁ uÁ)
uÁ xSirad viTardeba
morfemaTa mijnaze, mag.: baneqsa

a-ÁÁ “iyo”, iarseba; benee-ÁÁ “gaakeTa”
(adre, winarewarsulSi); buzu
u-ÁÁ “viyavi” (-ÁÁ namyos mawarmoebeli
klitika); nana
a-ÁÁ (+ GEN)...
daRmaval difTongebad naTesaobiTi brunvis formantebi
gvevlineba: aÁ,
aÁ eÁ,
eÁ oÁ, uÁ mag.: Cur-aÁ
oÁ uÁ; aÁ “Zroxisa”; mexn-aÁ
aÁ “namglisa”;
gan-eÁ
eÁ “adgilisa”; viC-eÁ
eÁ “Zmisa”; viCimR-oÁ
oÁ “Zmebisa”; xˤorx-oÁ
oÁ
“ZaRlisa”...
udiurSi fuZiseuli daRmavali difTongebic gvxvdeba, mag.: vuÁ
“cxra”; buÁ “savse”; ÃaÁ “Ria”; ŽÁT “sityva”; yeÁri “sxva”...
nijurSi, varTaSnulTan SedarebiT, ufro metadaa

gavrcelebuli rogorc aRmavali, ise daRmavali difTongebi. es
gamowveulia imiT, rom sityvis absolutur anlautsa da auslautSi
nijurSi xmovanTan viTardeba Á. nijuri aseve hiatuss ver egueba da
Á intervokalur poziciaSic viTardeba; Sdr.:
varT. ey “xorci”; taRa-maRa “iqiT-aqeT”; xˤa-en “ZaRlma”.
nij. ÁeÃ “id”; TaRaÁ

Á-maRaÁÁ “id”; xˤa-ÁÁ-en “id”...
aRsaniSnavia, rom iÁ difTongi umTavresad nijur kiloSi
gvxvdeba, mag.: baqaÁiniÁ
iÁ “rom arsebuliyo”; “rom yofiliyo”, “rom
gamxdariyo”; biÁiniÁ
iÁ “rom gaekeTebina”... iÁ difTongi nijurSi
kontrafaqtivisa da II (SedegobiTi) perfeqtis (-iÁo
iÁo)
iÁo mawarmoeblad
warmogvidgeba.
e . w . faringalizebul xmovanTa sakiTxi
udiuri enis mecnieruli Seswavlis pirveli cdebidan (XIX s.-

is meore naxevari) moyolebuli TiTqmis yvela mkvlevari aRniSnavs
faringalizebul xmovnebs. meore rigis xmovnebs (a
aˤ, oˤ, uˤ) udiurSi
21
imowmebs am enis pirveli mkvlevari a. Sifneri. igive suraTi
gvxvdeba a. diris naSromebSi udiuris Sesaxeb1. aseve sami meore
rigis xmovani warmodgenilia udiur zRaparSi “rustam”, xolo
“udiuri oTxTavis” teqstSi ukve xuTi “faringalizebuli” xmovani
gvaqvs (a
aˤ, eˤ, iˤ, oˤ, uˤ); aseTive viTarebaa udiur saanbano wignSic
“samji dŽs”. vl. fanCviZisa da evg. jeiraniSvilis naSromebSi
udiuris Sesaxeb aseve warmodgenilia xuTi “faringalizebuli”
1rogorc a. Sifners, aseve a. dirs sxvagvarad aqvT warmodginili am xmovanTa

buneba.
a. Sifneris cnobiT: “CemTvis xelmisawvdomi wyaroebi am xmovanTa ufro rbil
warmoTqmas adastureben ... ạ warmoiTqmis TiTqmis rogorc a frangul la-Si, ọ
rogorc eu heure sityvaSi da ụ rogorc u sityvaSi une” _ Schiefner A., Versuch über die
Sprache der Uden, Mémoires de ľacadémie impériae des sciences de St. Pétersbourg, VII ͤ S., P. VI, #8,
1863, gv. 9.
a. diris gansazRvriT: “ȧ, ȯ da ẏ uWiravs saSualo adgili. pirvels a-sa da ä-s
Soris, meores o-sa da ö-s Soris, mesames у-sa da ӱ-s Soris” _ Дирр А. М., Грамматика
удинского языка, Тифлис, 1903, gv. 1.
miuxedavad imisa, rom a. diri aRniSnavs: “meCveneboda, rom ȧ, ȯ-sa da ẏ-s
(gansakuTrebiT ȯ-sa da ẏ-s) yovelTvis Tan sdevs Zalian susti xorxismieri xma (a.
diri, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 1, SeniSvn.), mainc safiqrebelia, rom aq
mkvlevari ara e.w. faringalizebul xmovnebs gulisxmobs, arames poziciurad
Sepirobebul xmovanTa jgufs, romelic mkvlevris azriT, martivi da umlautiani
xmovnebisaganac gansxvavdebodnen.
amas adasturebs is faqti, rom TanxmovanTa tabulaSi a. dirs moyvanili aqvs ‘
bgera, romelic mkvlevris daxasiaTebiT “aris msubuqi xorxismieri bgera,
arabuli hamze-s msgavsi; is aramarto sityvis dasawyisSi gvxvdeba, aramed sityvis
SigniTac da am SemTxvevaSi, aZlevs momdevno xmovans ufro xorxismier xasiaTs,
mag.: м’ел “Tagvi” (meˤl), м’ȧiн “Savi” (maˤÁn), п’ȧ “ori” (paˤ) _ iqve, gv. 2-3. aqedan
gamomdinare, SegviZlia miviCnioT, rom a. diri faringalizacias ganixilavs ara
rogorc xmovnebis segmentur Tvisebas, aramed konkretul specifikur Tanxmovans
miawers.
gasarkvevia udiur saanbano-sakiTxav wignSi (“samji dŽs”) ganxorcielebuli
faringalizaciis aRniSvnis principi. faringalizacia iq gadmoicema ħ niSnis

meSveobiT, romelic qmnis kompleqsebs sxvadasxva xmovnebTan: ħa, ħe, ħi, ħo, ħu. k.
boudas azriT: “axali “saanbano-wigni” aRniSnavs emfatikurad darbilebul
Tanxmovnebs ... laringalurobis niSniT, rasac Cven ᴐ niSniT gadmovcemT” _ K.
Bouda, Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Udischen auf Grund neuer Texte, “Zeit-schr. d. Deutschen
morgenländischen Gesellschaft”, Bd. I, Leipzig, 1913, gv. 61.
am mosazrebas kategoriulad ar eTanxmeba vl. fanCviZe. misi azriT, ħ niSani
xmovnis kuTvnilebas warmoadgens da ara damoukidebel Tanxmovans _ fanCviZe vl.,
uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 22.
22
xmovani (a
aˤ, eˤ, iˤ, oˤ, uˤ). v. gukasiani nijis dialeqtSi maT rigs
umatebs àˤ-s. “faringalizebul” xmovnebs udiur masalaSi aRniSnavs
a. harisi da v. Sulce.
garkvevas moiTxovs TviT faringalizaciisa da
“faringalizebuli” xmovnebis raobis sakiTxi. faringalizaciiis
mizezTa Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi gansxvavebuli
mosazrebebi gamoiTqva: evg. jeiraniSvilma ruTuluris, waxurisa da
udiuris “faringalizebuli” xmovnebis sakiTxs miuZRvna specialuri
werili, sadac rentgenografiul monacemTa gamoyenebiT daaskvna,
rom am enebSi faringalizacia xmovnis Tvisebaa da ara Tanxmovnisa.
mkvlevari waxursa da ruTulurSi eqvs “faringalizebul” xmovans
aˤ, eˤ, iˤ, oˤ, uˤ. Êˤ), xolo udiurSi, rogorc zemoT
gamoyofs (a
aˤ, eˤ, iˤ, oˤ, uˤ)1. b. Talibovi waxurSi mxolod oTx
aRiniSna, _ xuTs (a
“glotalizebuls” (resp. faringalizebuls) afiqsirebs (a
aˤ, iˤ, oˤ, uˤ)2.
didourSi, hinuxursa da xvarSiuli enis inxoyvarul dialeqtSi evg.
bokarevi faringalizebuli xmovnebis arsebobas aRniSnavs3, xolo d.
R¶ , x¶ ,
imnaiSvili am mosazrebas ar eTanxmeba. mkvlevari didoursa (R
Ã¶, y¶) da xvarSiuli enis inxoyvarul dialeqtSi (g

g¶, q¶, k¶, h¶)
faringalizebul Tanxmovnebs imowmebs4. evg. bokarevis azrs el.

lomTaZec ar iziarebs. mkvlevris azriT, xvarSiuli enis
„, h») da “qvemofaringaluri”
inxoyvarul dialeqtSi faringaluri („
Ã» ,
(Ã y», R ») Tanxmovnebi mogvepoveba5. n. trubeckoi xmovanTa
faringalizaciis mizezs “emfatikurad darbilebul” Tanxmovnebs
1 Джейранишвили Е. Ф., Лабиализованные согласные и их изменение в цахско-мухадском

(рутульском) и других языках лезгинской группы, ike, t. XIV, Tbilisi, 1966, gv 339-359.
2 Талибов Б. Б., Цахурский язык, Языки народов СССР, т. IV, Иберийско-Кавказские
языки, Москва, 1967, gv. 592.

3 Бокарев Е. А., Цезские (дидойские) языки Дагестана, Москва, 1959, gv. 112; Бокарев Е.
А., Хваршинский язык, Языки народов СССР, т. IV, Иберийско-Кавказские языки, Москва,
1967, gv. 422.
4 Имнаишвили Д. С., Дидойский язык в сравнении с гинухским и хваршинскими языками,
Тбилиси, 1963.
5 lomTaZe e., xvarSiuli ena, I. fonetika, Tbilisi, 1998, gv. 25.
23
miawers1. am mosazrebas al. mahometovi iziarebs da darguli enis
kubaCur dialeqtsa da Tabasaranul enaSi faringalizebul
Tanxmovnebs aRniSnavs2... sayuradReboa, rom Tabasaranul enaSi al.
mahometovi faringalizebul TanxmovnebTan erTad faringalizebul
xmovnebsac gamoyofs. specialistis azriT, faringalizacia
Cveulebriv moudis ukana warmoebis Tanxmovnebs (faringalurebs),
xolo xmovanTagan, aseve ukana rigis xmovnebs (a
a, u). Sesabamisad,
TabasaranulSi, rogorc mkvlevars miaCnia, xSirad
faringalizebuli marcvali gvxvdeba3.
unda aRiniSnos, rom faringalizaciisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
artikulaciis Taviseburebebi erTnairad warmoudgeniaT im
mkvlevrebsac, vinc “faringalizebul” xmovnebs fonemebad miiCnevs
da imaTac, vinc faringalizaciis mizezs Tanxmovnebs miawers.
sruliad gansxvavebuli mosazreba g. deetersma gamoTqva. misi
azriT, faringalizacia aris Tviseba, romelic axasiaTebs ara
calkeul fonemas (Tanxmovansa Tu xmovans), aramed marcvals, anda
mTel sityvas4. am mosazrebas daeTanxma arn. Ciqobava5 da sxva
zogierTi mkvlevaric.
sayuradReboa s. koZasovis mosazreba. mkvlevarma, udiuri enis
fonologiuri sistemis Seswavlis Semdeg, miiCnia, rom udiurSi
faringalizacia prosodiis Tvisebas warmoadgens da mTel sityvaze
vrceldeba. s. koZasovis azriT, faringalizaciis piki moudis
pirvel marcvals, xolo Tu sityvaSi gvxvdeba SiSina, uvularuli
1 Trubetzkoy N., Die Konsonantensysteme der ost-kaukasischen Sprachen, Caucasica, 8, Leipzig, 1931.
2
Магометов А. А., Кубачинский язык, Тбилиси, 1963; Магометов А. А., Табасаранский язык,
Тбилиси, 1965.
3
Магометов А. А., Табасаранский язык, Тбилиси, 1965, gv. 49-51.
4
Deeters G., Die kaukasischen Sprachen, Leiden-Köln, 1963, gv. 33. unda aRiniSnos, rom g.
deetersma gamoTqva mosazreba, rom sisina Tanxmovnebis faringalizacia
SeuZlebelia, magram udiur enaSi sisinac ganicdis faringalizacias da anlautSi
mis marcvalze SeiZleba faringalizaciis pikic modiodes, mag.: cayˤ “elva”;
cayˤnabeddala[y] “maJaura”; wiyˤ//wix wixˤ//ciy
ciyˤ “ciyvi”; woRˤ [aRala] “Tavsxma wvima”,
saˤmi “tabiki”, saxˤtik “koWli”; caˤmdesun “dasusxva”, “daSuSxva”; waˤvdalbul
“wabli”; waˤvdeux “wurbelebi”; waˤfdeRsun “taSis cema”; wiˤlampur “mxali”...
5
Ciqobava arn., iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tbilisi, 1979, gv.
62.
24
an faringaluri Tanxmovani, maSin faringalizaciis maqsimumi mas
moudis1.
Cveni dakvirvebiT, es mosazreba gasaziarebelia. am wess
emTxveva specialistebis mier faringalizebul xmovanTa aRniSvnis
zogadi tendencia. Tu faringalizebul sityvaSi ar aris SiSina,
uvularuli an faringaluri Tanxmovani, maSin, rogorc wesi,
“faringalizebuli” xmovani, specialistTa Canawerebis mixedviT,
pirvel marcvalSia, xolo Tu romelime aRniSnuli Tanxmovani
warmodgenilia sityvaSi, am SemTxvevaSi “faringalizebuli” xmovani
an am Tanxmovnis marcalSia damowmebuli, anda “faringalizebul”
xmovnebad aRniSnulia momdevno da wina xmovnebi, mag.: aˤxiˤl
“Soreuli” (axˤil); oˤyeˤÁn “Zvali” (oyˤeÁn)...
specialistebis Canawerebi imis Sesaxebac metyvelebs, rom
udiurSi faringalizacia mTel sityvaze vrceldeba; mag.: iˤJ
“Tovli” (Sdr. nijis dialeqtis: ˆˤJ “id”); > iˤJ-eˤn “Tovliani”,
“zamTari” (vl. fanCviZe, evg. jeiraniSvili; v. gukasianTan aris: iˤJ´;
ˆˤJ´; iˤJ´-eˤn); qaˤm “WuWyi” > qaˤm-eˤn “WuWyiani” (vl. fanCviZe, evg.
jeiraniSvili; v. gukasiani...); -en
en am sityvebSi derivaciul sufiqss
warmoadgens, romelic warmoSobiT ergativ-instrumentalisis
formantia. calke aRebul am elements faringalizacia ar
axasiaTebs, Sdr. analogiuri: us-en “weliwadi”, tam-en “gemrieli”.
baˤ-Reˤ-na (varT.), baˤ-Raˤ-naˤ (nij.) “guSinwin”, baˤ-gaˤr-Re-na//baˤ-gçr-Re-
na “guSinwiniswin”... calke aRebul sityvebs Re “dRes”, g„r “areuli”,

“Sereuli”, “SeerTebuli”, “Serwymuli”, “mRvrie” da derivants -na
na
(warmoSobiT _ micemiTi brunvis niSania -a
a, e.w. CanarTovan
elementTan erTad _ -n
n) faringalizacia ar axasiaTebs. am da sxva
mraval aseT magaliTSi, mkvlevarTa Canawerebis mixedviT,
faringalizebuli xmovani momdevnos imsgavsebs da SeuZlebelia es
mxolod asimilaciiTa an singarmonizmiT aixsnas.
1
Кибрик А. Е., Кодзасов С. В., Сопоставительное изучение дагестанских языков. Имя. Фонетика,
Москва, 1990, gv. 347.
25
sayuradReboa “faringalizebul” xmovanTa xSiri monacvleoba,
maSin, rodesac ar SeiniSneba “faringalizebul” xmovanTa
monacvleobis SemTxvevebi arakorelat martiv xmovnebTan, rac aseve
imis maniSnebelia, rom faringalizaciis procesi udiurSi ar
warmoadgens segmentur Tvisebas, mag., uˤma//oˤma “marwyvi”, “saxsari”
[menjisa]; o[ˤ] Rˤsun//u[ˤ] Rˤsun “daleva”; o[ˤ] yˤeÁn//u[ˤ] yˤeÁn “Zvali”;
oxˤe[ˤ] Ál “nanadirevi”; Sdr.: oxˤa[ˤ]l “nadiroba”; Jˤa[ˤ] l//Jˤi[ˤ] l
“qaosuri moZraoba”, “arev-dareva” (Jˤaldesun “aduReba”, Jˤalfesun
“duRili”)...
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac martivi xmovani axdens
faringalizebuli xmovnis asimilacias, magram, amis miuxedavad,
inarCunebs faringalizebulobas, rac aseve ar metyvelebs
“faringalizebuli” xmovnebis fonemurobis sasargeblod, mag.: paˤ
“xuTi”; Sdr.: poˤ “ori Reri balaxi” (o “balaxi” paˤ + o > poˤ); poˤ-
poˤ “or-ori” (paˤ + o > poˤ); Sdr. analogiuri: so-so (sa + o > so)
“erT-erTi” (-o
o _ “masubstantivebeli” sufiqsia)...
Cveni azriT, udiurSi zogadad faringalizacias aqvs
distinqciuri funqcia, ris Sesaxebac mravali minimaluri wyvili
metyvelebs, da ara romelime faringalizebul bgeras _ xmovansa Tu
Tanxmovans.
unda aRiniSnos, rom udiuris Sesaxeb qarTulenovan specialur
literaturaSi (vl. fanCviZe, evg. jeiraniSvili da sxva)
faringalizebul xmovanTa aRsaniSnavad ixmareba ´ diakritikuli
niSani, romelic aseve intensiuri TanxmovnebisaTvis gamoiyeneba.

udiur masalaSi faringalizaciis aRniSvnisas ZiriTadad
vxelmZvanelobdiT s. koZasovis mier SemoTavazebuli principiT,
romelic gulisxmobs, Tu sityvaSi ar gvaqvs SiSina, faringaluri
an velaruli Tanxmovani, faringalizaciis aRniSvnas pirvel
marcvalze (e.i. xmovanze), xolo Tu sityvaSi gvaqvs aRniSnuli
Tanxmovnebi, maSin faringalizaciis maqsimumi sityvaSi moudis
pirvel maTgans da faringalizaciis aRmniSveli niSani swored mas
daerTvis. Cven mier mxolod faringalizaciis maqsimumis aRniSvna
26
imTaviTve mTliani sityvis faringalizebulobas gulisxmobs; mag.:
sityva paˤ “ori”-s zusti fonologiuri transkrifcia unda
yofiliyo pˤaˤ; sitvisa kaˤkap _ kˤaˤkˤaˤpˤ; sityvisa beRˤ _ bˤeˤRˤ, xolo
sityvisa WˤoWa _ WˤoˤWˤaˤ, rac, bunebrivia, Zalze uxerxul
satranskrifcio sistemas Seqmnida. es sistema moiTxovs
faringalizaciis aRmniSvneli niSnis gamoyenebas xmovnebisaTvis da
TanxmovnebisaTvis da udiuris Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi
tradiciulad miRebuli niSnis gamoyeneba Sarmoqmnida uxerxulobas
da gaarTulebda faringalizebuli da intensiuri bgerebis (sxva
lezgiur da daRestnur enaTa masalaSi) garCevas. amis gamo,
faringalizaciis aRsaniSnavad viyenebT ˤ niSans, romelic ukve
ixmareba specialur literaturaSi am funqciiT (v. Sulce da sxva).
faringalizaciis aRniSvnisas garkveulwilad morfologiuri
principiTac vxelmZRvanelobT. mxedvelobaSi ar miiReba
arafuZiseuli SiSina, uvularuli da faringaluri Tanxmovani, anu
Tu sityvaSi mogvepoveba romelime maTgani, magram fuZis gareT,
maSin faringalizacias aRmniSvneli diakritika fuZis pirvel
xmovans daerTvis (Tu fuZeSi ar gvaqvs romelime aRniSnuli
Tanxmovnebidan). aseve, Cveni dakvirvebiT, piris niSnebi xels uSlis
faringalizaciis gavrcobas (zmnaSi Tu sxva), mag.: uRˤ-es “sma”; u-ne-
Rˤ-esa “svams” (+ 3SG _ -ne
ne).
ne fonologiuri TvalsazrisiT ufro
upriani iqneboda es forma ase gadmogveca: uˤneResa, magram aqac da
msgavs magaliTebSic, orazrovnebis Tavidan asacileblad,
vsargeblobT morfologiuri principiT.
faringalizaciis aRmniSvneli niSani daerTvis Semdeg bgerebs:
a, e, i, o, u; R, x; Ã, y; Sesabamisad, SesaZlebelia Semdegi grafikuli
kombinaciebi: aˤ, eˤ, iˤ, oˤ, uˤ; Rˤ, xˤ; Ãˤ, yˤ.
faringalizacia, rogorc Cans, saerTo lezgiurisaTvis ukve
iyo damaxasiaTebeli. amis Sesaxeb metyvelebs faringalizaciis
TvalsazrisiT identuri bgeraTSesatyvisobebis arseboba lezgiur
enaTa Soris, mag.: ud. maÃˤ – Tab. maÃˤ…, ruT. maxˤ…, wax. muÃˤ, kriw.
maRˤ, aR. meRˤu “rko” [muxis];
27
ud. RˤoR – lezg. Ãˤur, Tab. Ãˤur//Rˤur, aR. Rˤur, ruT. Rˤir,
wax. ÃˤiÁe; Sdr. agreTve:Ldid. ÃˤaÁ, xvarS. Ãˤe “kurdReli”...

xSiria SemTxvevebi, roca sxva lezgiur da (//an) daRestnur
enebSi dadasturebuli faringaluri Tanxmovani udiurSi
dakargulia, magram mis nacvlad gvxvdeba faringalizacia, rac
gvafiqrebinebs, rom faringalizacia udiurSi warmoadgens erTgvar
sakompensacio process, romelic gamowveulia faringaluri
Tanxmovnebis SesustebiT, Semdgomi dakargviT an sxva konsonantebSi
gadasvliT, mag.:
ud. aˤm < *µVn – arC. Ãún, Tab. ROn, ruT. Rˆn “mxari”; Sdr.
agreTve: wax. Rulze “niCabi”;

ud. eSˤ < *®eS < *®eC – xunZ. ÄeC, axv. ÄeCe, did. heneS, ÄiCu, lak.
hi…C, aR. ®aC “vaSli”;
ud. iJˤen < *yVj-Vn < *yVd-Vn – lezg. yu´d, Tab. yu´rd, aR.
Ru´rd, ruT. yu´d, wax. yi´dim, bud. ya´jra´j, kriw. yud, xin. kinaJ, arC.
yo´t´-iÃ “zamTari”;
ud. paˤ < *y…V – lezg. y…ed, Tab. yu´d, aR. yud, ruT. y…ad, wax.
yo´d, bud. yad, kriw. y…ad, xin. ku, arC. y…evu “ori”;
ud. moˤl < *mVyVl – lezg. yi†, yuS (axt), yu´x½ (†iÁ), Tab.
yi´l, aR. Äul//yu´l, ruT. yˆl, wax. yo´v, bud. yal, xin. nuyur, arC.
noýoń;
ud. Jˤe-[n] < *µ…Vn – lezg. Ã´…an, Tab. R…an, aR. R…an “qva”; Sdr.
aseve xunZ. yono, arC. Ã…an “qvis fila”;1
1
b. gigineiSvilis azriT, aq unda gvqondes saerTo daRestnuri *µµ-s refleqsebi
_ Гигенейшвили Б.К., Сравнительная фонетика дагестанских языков, Тбилиси, 1977, gv. 85.
28
konsonantizmi
konsonantTa sistema: sof. oqtomberi (zinobiani

(zinobiani)
zinobiani)
xSuli afrikati spiranti
abrupt.
abrupt.
sonori
fSvinv.
fSvinv.
mJReri
mJReri
mJReri
yru
labialuri b f p v m
dentaluri d T t [ZZ] c w z s n, l
alveolaruli j C W J S r
Suaenismieri Á
ukanaenismieri g q k R x
faringaluri Ã y
laringaluri h
konsonantTa sistema: sof. niji da q. oRuzidan (varTaSenidan)

(varTaSenidan)
gadasaxleli udiebi.
xSuli afrikati spiranti

sonori
prerup.
prerup.
fSvinv.
fSvinv.
mJReri
mJReri
mJReri
yru
labialuri b f f v m
dentaluri d T T [ZZ] c c z s n, l
alveolaruli j C C J S r
Suaenismieri Á
ukanaenismieri g q q R x
faringaluri Ã Ã
laringaluri h
29
SeniSvna: [...] kvadratul frCxilebSi Casmulia fonemuri
Rirebulebis armqone bgerebi.
udiuri enis Tanxmovnebi arsebiTad iseTivea, rogorc sxva

iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi. principuli gansxvaveba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom sof. oqtomberis (zinobianis) metyvelebis
gamoklebiT, udiur enaSi abruptiuli Tanxmovnebi gadavidnen
preruptivebSi. tabulebSi moyvanil TanxmovanTa Taviseburebebi
zogadad cnobilia. warmogidgenT sailustracio masalas:
Cqamieri Tanxmovnebi
xSul-
xSul-mskdomni
bilabialuri Tanxmovnebi
b. baba (varT.) “mama”; biˤbiˤ “xidi”; bul “Tavi”; bes “keTeba”...

f. fof “Tma”; fuˤf “wifeli”; ful “Tvali”; foTik “goWi”...
f. paˤ “ori”; pi “sisxli”; pep “akvnis leibi”; puri “mkvdari”...

p//f
dentaluri Tanxmovnebi
d. dŽdŽ “mamida”; dizik “gveli”; dadal “mamali”; dŽÁ “nedli”...
T. TŽTik “TaTi”; TŽmbŽl “zarmaci”; Tšlqi “melia”; Te “ara”...
T.Ytam “gemo”; taÁna “feTvi”; tat “buzi”; tekal “kalia”...

t//T
ukanaenismieri Tanxmovnebi
g. ga “adgili”; gon “feri”; gog (varT.) “ca”; gugel “Woti”...

q. qala “didi”; qeje “mJave”; qoÁ “saxelo”; qul “xeli”...
k//qq. kaˤkap “muxli”; kaSa “TiTi”; kiwi “cota”; kokow “qaTami”...
30
afrikatebi
sisina afrikatebi
[ZZ]. amJamad udiurSi Z afrikati gvxvdeba mxolod ramdenime

nasesxeb sityvaSi. evg. jeiraniSvili am fonemas sul oTx sityvaSi
imowmebs: Zabri “Zabri”, xaZal “foToli”, mønZil “manZili” da
RanZil “RanZili”. amasTan, mkvlevari SeniSnavs, rom oTxive
magaliTSi Z afrikats fakultaturad z spiranti enacvleb: zabri;
xaz
zal; manz
zil; Ranz
zil1. vl. fanCviZes am afrikatiT ori sityva
mohyavs: RanZÊl “RanZili” da Zet “zeTi”2; v. gukasianis leqsikonSi
gvxvdeba: birinZ “brinji”; RanZil “RanZili”; RanZilluR
“RanZiliani adgili”; Zaburi “Zabri”; Zax “marcxena”, “marcxniv”;
qŽrŽmZux “saflavi”, “sasaxle”3.
c. cac “ekali”; cec “CrCili”; cil “Tesli”; cicik “yvavili”...
c. wabul “wabli”; wi “saxeli”; wirik “wiwila”; weT “zeTi”...

w//c
SiSina afrikatebi
j. janavar “mgeli”; jejer “bage”; jok “calke”...
C. CŽli “Tevzi”; CeC “fiWa”; Co//Cˤo “saxe”; Cubux “coli”...
W//CC. WŽlŽg “tye”; WŽÁn “karaqi”; WˤaWi “SaSvi”; WˤoWa “wiTeli”...
faringaluri Tanxmovnebi
Ã. Ãabun ‘varskvlavi”; ÃaÁ “Ria”; Ão “xuTi”; Ãoxla “kvercxi”...
Ã. ya “oci”; yˤi “SiSi”; yom “naTesavi”; yoy “saxelo”...

y//Ã
1
evg. jeiraniSvili, udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia, leqsikoni), Tbilisi,
1971, gv. 13.
2
fanCviZe vl., uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 27.
3
Гукасян В. Л., Удинско-азербайджанско-русский словарь, Баку, 1974.
31
spirantebi
spirantebi
dentolabialuri Tanxmovnebi
v. vaxt “dro”; vel “Txa”; viCi “Zma”; viw “aTi”; vuÁ “cxra”...
†. †i “Rvino”; †ŽriStŽ “angelozi”; eˤ†an “Tqven”; †u “haeri”...
sisina spirantebi
z. zu “me”; zido “rkina”; zor “Zala”; zarrazamTŽr “bzoba”...
s. sa “erTi”; sŽs “xma”; sevCe “mazli”; seÁne “dedamTili”...
SiSina spirantebi
J. Jˤe “qva”; Jˤomox “wisqvili”; JˤoRul “zafxuli”...

S. Savat “lamazi”; Sel “kargi”; Sˤum “puri”; Sˤue “daTvi”...
uvularuli Tanxmovnebi
R. Ri “dRe”; beRˤ “mze”; Rar “vaJi”, “biWi”; RoR “tyemali”...
x. xˤa “ZaRli”; xe “wyali”; xib “sami”; xinŽr “qaliSvili”...
laringaluri Tanxmovani
h. hazar “aTasi”; haso “Rrubeli”; hint “indauri”; hŽveW “kinZi”...
sonorebi
m. maral “iremi”; mi “sicive”; mozi “xbo”; muz “ena”; muR “rva”...

n. nana “deda”; neR “cremli”; neSˤum “yviTeli”; niko “burTi”...
32
r. r bgera udiur enaSi absolutur anlautSi TiTqmis ar
gvxvdeba (Tu ar CavliT ramdenime nasesxeb sityvas, mag.: raS “raSi”),
xolo inlautsa da auslautSi r bgeris pozicia myaria, mag.: Tur
“fexi”; zor “Zala”; turi “Zafi”; forTbes “moTmena”...
l. lal “munji”; laSko “qorwili”; lil “lami”; bul “Tavi”...
Á. Áan “Cven”; Áezna “size”; Áu “rbili”; Áay “gza”; ÁemiS “nesvi”...1
…].
[… zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, udiurs moepoveba
bilabialuri sonanti …. vl. fanCviZe miiCnevs, rom es bgera u//o

o da
a xmovanTa Soris viTardeba da mas Semdeg sityvaformebSi imowmebs:

Sono-…-al “isic” (+ADD); ku…a “saxls” (DAT); zu-…-al “mec” (+ADD).2
bunebrivia, am bgeras ar gaaCnia fonemuri Rirebuleba.
abruptiul TanxmovanTa sakiTxi udiur enaSi
abruptivTa Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi ramdenime

urTierTgamomricxavi mosazreba gamoiTqva:
zogi mklevaris azriT, udiurs mxolod sami abruptivi
moepoveba: y, w, W da sami preruptivic: q, f, T.3

vl. fanCviZe, evg. jeiraniSvili da v. gukasiani ki miiCnevdnen
rom udiuri enis fonologiur sistemaSi ar dasturdeba
1 evg. jeiraniSvilis azriT, udiurSi ori saxis Á gvxvdeba. pirveli

TanxmovanTa palatalizaciis Sedegadaa wormoqmnili, xolo meore _ i xmovnis
dasustebiTaa miRebuli _ evg. jeiraniSvili, udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia,
leqsikoni), Tbilisi, 1971.
2 fanCviZe vl., uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 28; iqve, gv. 25;
iqve, gv. 39.

3
a. diri udiuri enaSi ц̓, ч̓ da q bgerebs aRniSnavs, romlTac qarTul w, W, y da
somxur ծ, ճ aso-bgerebs udarebs, xolo п, т, к bgerebi rusul п, т, к bgerebTanaa
Sedarebuli, rac imas gvafiqrebinebs, rom mkvlevari udiuri enis fonologiur
sistemaSi sam abruptivs da sam preruptivs gamoyofs _ Дирр А. М., Грамматика
удинского языка, Сборник материалов для описания местностей и племён Кавказа”, XXXIII вып., ч.
IV, Тифлис, 1904, gv. 2.
sam abruptivs (w w, W, y) da sam preruptivs (qq, f, T), an rogorc mkvlevari
uwodebs _ “arafSvinvier xSul-mskdoms”, udiuri enis fonologiur sistemaSi d.
karbelaSvilic aRniSnavs _ Карбелашвили Д. К., К фонетике удинского языка, Язык и
Мышление, т. III-IV, Москва-Ленинград, 1935.
33
preruptivebi da masSi mxolod abruptivebia warmodgenili: p, t, k,
y, w, W W´].
[W amis garda vl. fanCviZe aRniSnavs, rom udiurSi
dasturdeba e.w. naxevar-abruptivebi (“meoTxe rigis xSulebi”;

“saSuali bgerebi” _ y½, k½, p½, t½), romlebsac, vl. fanCviZis azriT,
“jer ar miuRiaT fonematuri Rirebuleba”1. amasTan erTad,

mkvlevris mosazrebiT: “pp, t, k, y smeniTi STabeWdilebis mixedviT
udiurSi naklebad mkveTrebia, vidre, magaliTad, qarTul-
qarTvelurSi”.2
sruliad gansxvavebuli Tvalsazrisi b. Talibovma
warmogvidgina. mkvlevris azriT, udiur enas saerTod ar moepoveba
abruptivebi. varTaSnul kiloSi, rogorc b. Talibovi miiCnevs,
abruptivTa degradaciisa da preruptivebSi gadasvlis procesi
dasrulebulia, xolo nijis dialeqtSi – dasrulebis stadiaSia.3
mogvianebiT, v. gukasianma gaiziara b. Talibovis mosazreba4.
b. Talibovis mosazrebas nawilobriv arn. Ciqobavamac iziarebs.
mkvlevari aRniSnavs, rom: “sayuradReboa b. Talibovis dakvirveba:
mkveTrebs udiurSi preruptivebi cvliso. preruptivebs nibismier
poziciaSi vipoviTo ... (kaxeTSi _ sof. oqtomberSi dasaxlebuli
udiebis metyvelebas mkveTrebi daucavs, qarTuli metyveleba amas
xels uwyobda)”.5
Cven mTlianad viziarebT aRniSnul mosazrebas. Cveni azriT,
ueWvelia, rom sof. oqtomberis udiur metyvelebas Semounaxavs
1
fanCviZe vl., uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 30-31.
warmodgenil bgeraTa transkrifcia mocemulia vl. fanCviZis mixedviT.
2 iqve, gv. 15.
3
Талибов Б. Б., К вопросу об абруптивных согласных в удинском языке, Тезисы докладов II
региональной научной сессии по историко-сравнительному изучению иберийско-кавказских языков,
Тбилиси, 1967; Талибов Б. Б., К вопросу об абруптивных согласных в удинском языке, ЕИКЯ, т. 1,
1974; ix. agreTve: Талибов Б. Б., Сравнительная фонетика лезгинских языков, Москва, 1980, gv.
176-180; 186-194.
4
Гукасян В. Л., Взаимоотношения азербайджанского и удийского языков, Автореферат
докторской диссертации, Баку, 1973; unda aRiniSnos, rom Semdgom v. gukasiani udiuri
enis fonologiur sistemaSi isev or abruptiul Tanxmovans (w w, W) imowmebs _
Гукасян В. Л., Краткий очерк грамматики удинского языка, В кн.: Удинско-азербайджанско-русский
словарь, Баку, 1974, gv. 255.
5
Ciqobava arn., iberiul-kavkasiuri enaTmecnierebis Sesavali, Tbilisi, 1979, gv.
70-71.
34
abruptivebi. Cveni dakvirvebiT, ufrosi Taobis warmomadgenelTa
metyvelebaSi w da W afrikatebi mkveTrad gamoiTqmis (iseve rogorc
qarTulSi), xolo y, k, p, da t bgerebi zogierT poziciaSi
(ZiriTadad _ auslautSi) Sesustebuli Cans, magram, ara imdenad,
rom preruptivebad miviCnioT. saSualo da umcrosi TaobaTa
metyvelebaSi ki _ yvela abruptivi mkveTrad gamoiTqmis,
daaxloebiT iseve, rogorc es aris qarTulSi.
amasTan erTad, saSualeba mogveca davkvirvebodiT q. oRuzis
(varTaSeni) da sof. nijis metyvelebas.1 Cveni azriT, b. Talibovis
mosazreba udavod gasaziarebelia. ufro metic: nijurSi SeiniSneba
tendencia fSvinvieri_arafSvinvieri dapirispirebis neitralizaciis.
Tu erT sityvaSi fSvinvieric da preruptivic gvxvdeba, maSin
fSvinvieri am ukanasknels emsgavseba, Tumca es daskvna, ra
sakvirvelia, eqsperementalur dadasturebas saWiroebs.
sayuradReboa, rom preruptivebi an Semonaxuli abruptivebi
udiur enaSi, rogorc wesi, saerTo daRestnurisaTvis da (//an)
saerTo lezgiurisaTvis postulirebul intensiur abruptivebs
Seesatyviseba, xolo saerTo daRestnuris//saerTo lezgiuris
martivi, aramagari abruptivi saerTod dakargulia (zogjer
abruptivi gadasulia Á-Si an sxva romelime konsonantSi).2
intensiur TanxmovanTa sakiTxi udiur enaSi
TiTqmis yvela mklevari udiurSi gamoyofs meore rigis

sibilantebs. J da S SiSinebis korelatebs udiurSi aRniSnavs am
enis pirveli mkvlevari a. Sifneri. erTi aseTi sibilanti (ш̆)
gvxvdeba a. diris naSromebSi udiuris Sesaxeb. ori meore rigis
1 q. oRuzisa da sof. nijis metyvelebis nimuSTa audioCanawerebi mogvawoda

ruseTis federaciis mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis
mecnier TanamSromelma i. landerma, risTvisac mas did madlobad vuxdiT.
amasTan, aRsaniSnavia, rom sof. oqtomberSi Cveni ZiriTadi informanti iyo q.
oRuzSi (maSin _ q. varTaSeni) dabadebuli q-ni olRa tigirova-qumsiaSvili.
2 ix.: cercvaZe il., mexuTe lateraluri Tanxmovnis Sesatyvisobisatvis udur
enaSi, ike, XIV, 1964; Талибов Б. Б., Сравнительная фонетика лезгинских языков, Москва, 1980,
gv. 189-194.
35
SiSina spiranti, a. Sifneris msgavsad, warmodgenilia udiur
zRaparSi “rustam” da “udiuri oTxTavis” teqstSi. aseTive viTareba
gvaqvs udiur saanbano wignSic. xuTi intensiuri SiSina Tanxmovani
J´,
(J S´ , j´ , C´, W´) pirvelad gvxvdeba vl. fanCviZisa da evg.
jeiraniSvilis naSromebSi udiuris Sesaxeb. v. gukasiani nijis

dialeqtSi maT rigs umatebs sisina w´-s. intensiur SiSinebs (J
J´, S´,
j´, C´, W´) gamoyofs udiur masalaSi a. harisi da udiuri enis
zogierTi sxva Tanamedrove mkvlevari.

vl. fanCviZis, evg. jeiraniSvilisa da v. gukasianis azriT,
udiurs moepoveba SiSina afrikatebisa da SiSina spirantebis
“intensiuri” (“myovari”) korelatebi: j´, C´, W´, J´, S´. vl. fanCviZe am
bgerebs Semdeg sityebSi afiqsirebs: Súm “puri”, Jé “qva”, Sáldesun
“aduReba”, WóW´
oWá “wiTeli”...; v. gukasiani adasturebs Semdeg
sityvebSi: eˤS´ “vaSlis xe”, oJ´

oJúl “kudi”, konj
konj´úx “patroni”...; evg.
jeiraniSvilTan gvaqvs: Sú “Rame”, baC

baC´´ “asi”, aC´
aCí “dakarguli”
yaW´ “tkivili” Wáp “gamqrali”...
“damaluli”, yaW´
udiurSi intensiurebis arsebobasTan dakavSirebiT, b.

gigineiSvilma samarTliani SeniSvna gamoTqva. misi azriT,
J´, j´) postulireba
samecniero literaturaSi mJReri intensiurebis (J
(aseTi fonemebi arc erT iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi ar gvxvdeba) da

intensivobis korelacia erT lokalur rigSi (SiSinaTa) eWvqveS
ayenebs intensiurTa mTeli rigis kvalifikacias, xolo maTi
“intensivoba”, b. gigineiSvilis azriT, mTel rig SemTxvevaSi
gamowveulia faringalizebul xmovnebTan mezoblobiT1.
b. gigineiSvili SeniSnavs, rom specialistTa Canawerebis
Sedarebisas, an, miT ufro, erTi mklevris masalebSi, TvalSisacemia
erTi da imave sityvis gansxvavebulad Caweris faqtebi: zogan
intensiuriT, zogan ki araintensiuriT, mag., evg. jeiraniSvilis
monografiaSi “udiuri ena: gramatika. qrestomatia. leqsikoni” (1971
1
Гигенейшвили Б. К., Сравнительная фонетика дагестанских языков, Тбилиси, 1977, gv. 61-63.
36
iJ´ (gv. 22) – iˤJ (gv. 208, 249) “Tovli”; Jól (gv.
w.) warmodgenilia: iJ´
uW´ (gv. 217, 254) “Tafli”;

214) – Jol (gv. 33, 78) “sacobi”; uW (gv. 22) – uW´
kaWí (gv. 28, 219) – kaWi (gv. 255) “brma”; WóW´

kaW´ oWá (gv. 220, 258) – WoWa (gv.
32) “wiTeli”.
b. Talibovma Seamowma is sityvebi, sadac mkvlevarTa azriT,
intensiurebi unda gvqonoda da ver daadastura intensivobis
mixedviT korelaciis arseboba udiurSi1.
samecniero literaturaSi iyo erTaderTi cda, rom udiurSi
intensiur SiSina Tanxmovnebis fonemuroba damtkicebuliyo. evg.
jeiraniSvilma intensiurTa distinqciuri funqciis sailustraciod
moiyana Semdegi minimaluri wyvilebi: Sú “Rame” _ Su “vin”; baC´
baC´ “asi”
aCí “dakarguli” “damaluli” _

_ baC “qvevrze dasafarebeli qva”; aC´
yaW´ “tkivili” _ yaW “viwro”; Wáp “gamqrali” _ Wap

aCi “TamaSi”; yaW´
“vazi”2.
samecniero mivlinebiT ramdenjerme vimyofebodiT yvarlis
raionSi udiebiT dasaxlebul sof. oqtomberSi (zinobiani).
mivlinebisas gadavamowmeT is sityvebi, sadac, mkvlevrebi intensiur
Tanxmovnebs imowmebdnen. Cveni dakvirvebiT, SiSina Tanxmovnebi
gamoiTqmis erTnairad da aranairi korelacia maT Soris ar
SeiniSneba, xolo, umetes SemTxvevaSi, intensiur Tanxmovnebs
varaudoben im sityvebSi, sadac gvaqvs faringalizacia. SevamowmeT
agreTve evg. jeiraniSvilis mier intensiurebis distinqciuri
funqciis sailustraciod moyvanili magaliTebi da davimowmeT
aRniSnuli leqsemebi Semdegi formiT: aCˤi “dakarguli”, “damaluli”
aCí; baCˤ “asi” _ Sdr.: baC
_ Sdr. evg. jeiraniSvilis: aC´ baC´´; baCˤ “qvevrze
dasafarebeli qva” _ Sdr.: baC; yˤaW “tkivili”, “daWletva”, “dawnexva”

yaW´ “tkivili”. maSasadame, Cveni dakvirvebiT, aC´
_ Sdr.: yaW´ aCí (aCˤi)
yaW´ (yˤaW) “tkivili” _ yaW

“dakarguli” “damaluli” _ aCi “TamaSi”, yaW´
1
Талибов Б. Б., Сравнительная фонетика лезгинских языков, Москва, 1980, gv. 181.
2
1971, gv. 14.
37
“viwro” leqsemebSi gansxvaveba faringalizaciis procesis gamo
baC´´ (baCˤ) “asi” _ baC (baCˤ) “qvevrze dasafarebeli
warmoiqmna, xolo baC
qva”, Sú (Su) “Rame” _ Su “vin” da Wáp (Wap) “gamqrali” _ Wap “vazi”
magaliTebis SemTxvevaSi informatorebisagan msgavs ganmartebas

viRebdiT: es erTi da igive JReradobis sityvebia, magram TiToeuls
ori mniSvneloba aqvso, anu dRes udiur enaze molaparakeTaTvis es
wyvilebi omonimebs warmoadgenen1.
safiqrebelia, rom udiurSi gavrcelebul faringalizaciis
processa da mklevarTa mier damowmebul “intensiurebs” Soris
kavSiri arsebobs. specialistTa masalebSi “intensiuri” Tanxmovnebi,
xSir SemTxvevaSi, gvxvdeba faringalizebuli xmovnebis gverdiT
(postpoziciaSi, prepoziciaSi an intervokalur poziciaSi), mag.: eˤS´
“vaSli”; iˤJ´ “Tovli”; iˤJéˤna “zamTari”;'Jáˤldesun “aduReba”; Jéˤ
“qva”; uˤÃbaˤW´ “eqvsasi”; oˤJíl (varT.)//oˤJúl (nij.) “kudi”...
am mosazrebas isic amyarebs, rom udiuris Sesaxeb samecniero

literaturaSi mklevarTa (evg. jeiraniSvili, vl. fanCviZe da v.
gukasiani) Canawerebis Sedarebisas anda erTi specialistis
masalebSi xSiria faringalizebuli xmovnebisa da intensiuri
Tanxmovnebis monacvleobis (araerTgvarovani Caweris) SemTxvevebi,
1
evg. jeiraniSvili imave naSromis rusul reziumeSi, sadac warmodgenilia
intensiurTa minimaluri wyvilebi, aRniSnavs “Возникновение омонимов обусловлено
главным образом внешним совпадением в результате фонетических изменений слов (в частности в
результате упрощения-ослабления артикуляции интенсивных согласных), например: ачи (<ачъи)
«потерянный», «утеренный» - ачи «игра», муча (<мучIа) «сладкий» - муча «горсть», чIапI (<чIъапI)
«угасший» - чIапI «лоза», шу (<шъу) «ночь» - шу «кто», шор (<шIор) «творог» - шор «так»,
«таким образом»” _ evg. jeiraniSvili, udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia,
leqsikoni), Tbilisi, 1971, 310.
es debuleba aseve gvxvdeba evg. jeiraniSvilisa da vl. fanCviZis udiuri enis
erTobriv mimoxilvaSi: “Возникновение омонимов обусловлено главным образом внешним
совпадением в результате фонетических изменений слов, например: ачи (<ачъи) «потерянный»,
«утеренный» - ачи «игра», шу (<шъу) «ночь» - шу «кто», чIапI (<чIъапI) «угасший» - чIапI «лоза»”
_ Панчвидзе В.Н., Джейранишвили Е.Ф., Удинский язык, Языки народов СССР, т. IV, Иберийско-
кавказские языки, Москва, 1967, gv. 686;
aRsaniSnavia, rom es magaliTebi warmodgenilia evg. jeiraniSvilis
monografiis 14-e gverdze rogorc minimaluri wyvilebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom
imave naSromSi mkvlevari maT intensiurTa moSlis Sedegad warmoqmnil
omonimebad miiCnevs.
38
anu erTsa da imave sityvaSi zogjer damowmebulia gverdigverd
myofi faringalizebuli xmovani da martivi SiSina Tanxmovani,
zogjer intensiuri SiSina da martivi xmovani, zogjer ki _
iJ´1 _ iˤJ2 _
intensiuri SiSina da faringalizebuli xmovani, mag., iJ´
iˤJ´3 “Tovli”; Jé4 _ Jéˤ5 “qva”; oj

jíl6 – oJJíˤl7 – oji iSá9
jiˤl8 “kudi”; iS´
iS 11 – iˤSá12 “axlos”; Có13 _ Coˤ14 “saxe”; qaC

– iˤSa10 – iSa aC´//qaC
aC´ aC//qaS
aC aS15 _
aS´16 “ormo”, “Txrili” – qaaˤS-kal17 “ormos//Txrilis kide”...

qaS
aS´
gvaqvs SemTxvevebi, roca erT dialeqtSi dafiqsirebulia
intensiuri Tanxmovani, meoreSi ki faringalizebuli xmovani, mag.:
JúÃTesun (nij.) – Cu´

Cu´xtesun (varT.) “Seyofa”, “Setenva”, “SeWra”18;
oJJúl (nij.) – oJJí´l (varT.) “kudi” (12
12,
12 182)19...
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Cven gadavamowmeT is sityvebi, sadac

mklevarTa azriT “intensiuri” Tanxmovnebi unda gvqonoda.
sayuradReboa, rom umravles SemTxvevaSi, sadac specialistTa mier

1971, gv. 22.
2 iqve, gv. 208, 212; fanCviZe vl., uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974, gv.
19.
3
Гукасян В. Л., Удинско-азербайджанско-русский словарь, Баку, 1974, gv. 130.
4 vl. fanCviZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 29; evg. jeiraniSvili, dasaxelebuli
naSromi, gv. 206.

5 v. gukasiani, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 114.
6 vl. fanCviZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 29.
8 evg. jeiraniSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 205.
10 iqve, gv. 19.
13 vl. fanCviZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 30; v. gukasiani, dasaxelebuli
naSromi, gv. 242.

15 evg. jeiraniSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi.
16 vl. fanCviZe, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 30; v. gukasiani, dasaxelebuli
naSromi, gv. 133.

18 iqve, gv. 115.
19 iqve, gv. 182.
39
navaraudevia intensiuri, Cven davimowmeT faringalizacia, mag.: aCˤi
“dakarguli”, “damaluli”; aCˤibesun “dakargva” _ Sdr.: aCí1;
aC´
aCíbˆsun2; baC
aC´ aC´3 “asi”;
aCˤ “asi”, “qvevrze dasafarebeli qva” _ Sdr.: baC
aC´
eSˤ “vaSli” _ Sdr. eˤS´4; iJˤ “Tovli” _ Sdr.: iJ´

iJ´5 da i´J´6; iSˤa
iSá7 da i´Sá8; iSˤkesun “varcxna”, “davarcxna” _

“axlos” _ Sdr.: iS´
Sdr.: i´S´kesun9; kaW Wí10; Jˤaldesun “aduReba” _

Wˤi “brma” _ Sdr.: kaW
Sdr.: Sáldesun11 da Jáldesun12; Jˤik “qneva”, “rweva” _ Sdr.: Jí´k13;
Jˤol “sacobi” _ Sdr.: Jól14; Jˤomox “piri” _ Sdr.: Jómox15; JˤoRul
“zafxuli” _ Sdr.: JóRul16; oCCˤal “miwa”, “zedapiri” [dedamiwis],
“niadagi” _ Sdr.: oCCál17; oWi//oW oWí18; uWˤ

oWˤi “talaxi” _ Sdr.: oW´
uW´19; qaC
“Tafli” _ Sdr.: uW´ aS´fsun
aCˤfsun “amoTxra”, “Cafvla” _ Sdr.: qaS
aS´
(nij.)20; RˤaCfesun
aC “Sekvra”, “Seyofa” _ Sdr.: aC´fesun21;
RaC
aC´ yˤaW
aW´ “tkivili”22; Sˤumak

“tkivili”, “daWletva”, “dawnexva” _ Sdr.: yaW´
1evg. jeiraniSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 14.

9 iqve.
10 evg. jeiraniSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 28; 219.
13 iqve.
17 iqve, gv. 29.
18 iqve.
19 evg. jeiraniSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 217, 254; vl. fanCviZe,
dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 29.
20 iqve, gv. 30.
21 iqve, gv. 29.
40
“dedali” _ Sdr. Súmak1; Co//CCˤo “saxe” _ Sdr.: Có2; WˤoWa “wiTeli” _
Sdr.: WóW´
oWá3; muWˤa “tkbili” – Sdr.: muW
muW´á (99, 310)4...
Tu gaviTvaliswinebT imas, rom udiurSi SeiniSneba
faringalizaciis artikulaciis Sesustebisa da [zogjer] moSlis
procesi (es tendencia gansakuTrebiT axalgazrdebis metyvelebas
daetyo), safiqrebelia, rom aseTi magaliTebis ricxvi ufro didi
unda yofiliyo. amis miuxedavad, aRsaniSnavia, rom
“arafaringalizebul” sityvaTa ricxvi, sadac mkvlevrebi
intensiurTa arsebobas varaudobdnen, mcirea, mag.: Su “Rame”; Wap
“gamqrali” da a.S. aqedan gamomdiare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
mkvlevarTa mier udiurSi navaraudeb intensiur Tanxmovnebsa da
faringalizaciis process Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri
arsebobs.
gamoTqmul mosazrebas isic adasturebs, rom intensiuri SiSina
Tanxmovnebisa da “faringalizebuli” xmovnebis artikulaciis
Taviseburebebi specialistebs TiTqmis erTnairad warmoudgeniaT;
Sdr.: “aRniSnul [faringalizebul] xmovanTa warmosaTqmelad
SemarTvis momentisaTvis piris Rrus Riaoba da enis mdgomareoba
TiTqmis iseTivea, rogoric martivi xmovnebisa, oRond am xmovanTa
warmoTqmis dros ena ufro Cazneqilia da ukan gadaweuli, enis
kideebi TiTqmis ebjinebian gverdiT kbilebs, enis ukana nawili
odnav aweulia da uaxlovdeba rbil sasas”5, Sdr. mis “intensiurTa”
daxasiaTebas: “warmoTqmis momzadebis momenti TiTqmis iseTivea,
rogorc Sesabamisi “Cveulebrivi” alveolaruli Tanxmovnebisa – j, C,
W afrikatebisa da J, S spirantebisa, oRond am Tavisebur bgeraTa

3 evg. jeiraniSvili, dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 220, 258; vl. fanCviZe,
dasaxelebuli naSromi, gv. 29.
1971, gv. 10.
41
warmoTqmis dros ena amozneqil mdgomareobaSi ufro ukan gadaiwevs,
kbil--nunebs
misi Sua nawili TiTqmis ebjineba kbil nunebs”1.
Sdr., agreTve, vl. fanCviZis “intensiuri” SiSina Tanxmovnebis
daxasiaTebas: “nunasTan
nunasTan xSvas an naprals hqmnis ara enis wveri,
aramed enis wveri da Sua enis nawili, Tanac artikulacia
farTovdeba ukan magar sasazec (ena dakecilia, wveri da
daweulia –
aweuli)”2.
zurgi aweuli)
aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi Tanamedrove mkvlevari (t. maisaki,
v. Sulce), udiurSi ara “intensiur”, aramed velarizebul SiSina
Tanxmovnebs aRniSnavs3.
sayuradRebod migvaCnia s. koZasovis mosazreba: mkvlevari
velarizacias, romelic SiSina Tanxmovans gansxvavebul tembrs
aniWebs, faringalizaciis Tanamdev procesad miiCnevs4, rac
gasaziarebeli Cans. Cveni azriT, swored SiSinaTa
faringalizaciis//velarizaciis procesma Seiyvana SecdomaSi is
mkvlevrebi, vinc udiuri enis fonologiur sistemaSi intensiur
Tanxmovnebs aRniSnavs.
unda davaskvnaT, rom samecniero literaturaSi
postulirebul intensiur, anda velarizebul SiSina TanxmovanTa da
faringalizacias Soris uSualo kavSiri arsebobs: _ iSviaTi
gamonaklisis garda, mkvlevrebi intensiur Tanxmovnebs varaudoben
faringalizebul sityvebSi. TviT velarizebuli da miT ufro _
intensiuri (“geminirebuli”, “magari”) fonemebis gamoyofa udiurSi,
Cveni azriT, aramarTebulia.
1 iqve, gv. 13.

2 fanCviZe vl., uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 39.
3 ix.: Майсак Т.А., Варианты удинской орфографии и транскрипции (краткий обзор), Удинский
сборник (грамматика, лексика, история языка), Москва, 2008, gv. 452.
4
Кибрик А. Е., Кодзасов С. В., Сопоставительное изучение дагестанских языков. Имя. Фонетика,
Москва, 1990, gv. 347.
42
TanxmovanTa kompleqsebi
udiuri ena ver egueba TanxmovanTa Tavmoyras erTi marcvlis

farglebSi. varTaSnul kiloSi SeiZleba Segvxvdes mxolod ori
Tanxmovanisagan Semdgari kompleqsi, xolo nijurSi iSviaTad sami
Tanxmovnisagan Semdgari kompleqsic gvxvdeba. es kompleqsebi
warmoiqmneba maSin, rodesac erTi maTgani xuravs wina marcvals,
xolo meore _ iwyebs momdevno marcvals. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom
udiuri enaSi Zirebi umTavresad erTi, iSviaTad ori marcvlisagan
Sedgeba. Tu gvxvdeba sam an metmacvliani sityva, is an aris
nasesxebi, anda derivaciul afiqsebs Seicavs.
TaxmovanTa Tavmoyra reduqciis Sedegadac viTardeba.
reduqcia xdeba im SemTxvevaSi, Tu TanxmovanTa Tavmoyra asatania.
qarzux’sa1 < qarzuxesa “vcxovrob”, magram: qarxesun da ara
[qarx’sun] “cxovreba”...
nijur dialeqtSi reduqcia ufro metadaa gavrcelebuli:
SesaZlebelia zedized sulac ori xmovnis amoReba, magram aseT
SemTxvevaSi viTardeba TanxmovanTgasayari e.w. iracionaluri bgera,
mag.: qarÊz’x’sa < qarzuxesa “vcxovrob”,2 Sdr. varT.: qarzux’sa <
qarzuxesa “id”...
aRsaniSnavia, rom udiuri ver egueba TanxmovanTa garkveul
kompleqsebs:
dentalur xSul-mskdomTa rigi//SiSina afrikatTa rigi (d
d , T,
t; j, C, W) + sisina da SiSina yru spirantebi (s
s, S). Tu es
Tanxmovnebi am TanmimdevrobiT xvdeba morfemaTa sazRvarze, xdeba
maTi gadasma: ds > sd; sT ts > st da a.S., mag.: lastun <
sd Ts > sT;
ladsun < ladesun “wasma”; bistun < bitsun < bitesun “Tesva”; e-ne-
WWa < e-ne-sWa < e-ne-sCa < e-ne-Csa < e-ne-Cesa “moaqvs”...
1 ’ niSniT reduqciis adgils aRvniSnavT.

2 am magaliTSi SesaZlebelia metatezasTan gvqondes saqme: qarzuxesa >
qaruzx’sa > qarÊzx’sa, iseve, rogorc, magaliTad, qalqo-uz < qalqo-zu
(viswavli”) formis SemTxvevaSi.
43
winaenismieri xSul-mskdomi (d
d, T, t) + sonori (n
n, r, l)
varTaSnul kiloSi ver Zlebs erTad. aseve varTaSnuli ver egueba
sonorTa garkveul kombinaciebs. aseT SemTxvevebSi, xdeba sruli
asimilacia: d + n//r
r//l
l > dd;
dd T + n//r
r//l
l > TT;
TT t + n//r
r//l
l > tt;
tt r
+ n//l
l > ll;
ll l + r//n
n > ll...
ll
nijur kiloSi es procesi, rogorc wesi, ar viTardeba, Sdr.:
varT. qar-ru-xsa < qar-nu-xsa “cxovrob”;
nij. qar-nu-xsa “id”...
44
ZiriTadi fonetikuri procesebi
xmovanTa r eduqcia (SekumSva

SekumSva)
SekumSva
reduqcia udiurSi dakavSirebulia maxvilTan. maxvili,

rogorc wesi, fiqsirebulia bolo marcvalze, Tumca zogjer
maxvili Tavkidur marcvals moudis. Tu sityva orze
metmarcvliania, aseT SemTxvevaSi, ori maxvili dasturdeba:
ZiriTadi (bolo marcvalze) da Tanamaxvili (Tavkidur marcvalze).
reduqcia mosdis maxvilis wina xmovans.
fuZis SigniT reduqcia (fuZis kumSva) udiurSi gavrcelebuli
movlenaa. rogorc wesi, ikumSeba e da u xmovnebi, mag.: ŽÁ’lux <
ŽÁelux “bavSvebi” (ŽÁel “bavSvi”); JoR’la < JoRula (JoRul
“zafxuli”); ÃoS’nun (nij.) < ÃoSunun “jaris” (ÃoSun “jari”)...

reduqcia sistematurad dasturdeba zmnis formebSi: masdaris
mawarmoeblis (-es
es)
es e xmovani xSirad ikumSeba masze dayrdnobiT
nawarmoeb masdari II-s, awmyosa da namyo-uwyvetelis (imperfeqti)
formebSi, mag.:
uq’sun < uqesun “Wama”; uRˤsun < uRˤesun “sma”...
u-ne-q’sa < u-ne-qesa “Wams”; u-ne-Rˤ’sa < u-ne-Rˤesa “svams”...
u-ne-q’saÁ < u-ne-qesaÁ “Wamda”; u-ne-Rˤ’saÁ < u-ne-RˤesaÁ “svamda”...
reduqcia sistematurad xdeba mravlobiTi ricxvis
warmoebisas, irib brunvaTa formebSi, mag.:
sax guratux “perangebi”; viCimux “Zmebi”; hasoux “Rrublebi”;
sax.
erg.
erg gurat’Ron < guratuRon < *guratuxen; viCim’Ron <
viCimuRon < *viCimuxen; haso’Ron < hasouRon < *hasouxen;
naT gurat’Ro[Á] < guratuRo[Á] < *guratuxai; viCim’Ro[Á] <
naT.
viCimuRo[Á] < *viCimuxai; haso’Ro[Á] < hasouRo[Á] < *hasouxai;
mic gurat’Ro[x] < guratuRo[x] < *guratuxa[x]; viCim’Ro[x] <
mic.
viCimuRo[x] < *viCimuxa[x]; haso’Ro[x] < hasouRo[x] <
*hasouxa[x]...
45
xmovanTa Sekveca
xmovanTa Sekveca ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia morfologiur

movlenebTan. varTaSnul kiloSi, rodesac erTmaneTs Sexvdeba ori
xmovani _ fuZiseuli da formantiseuli, rogorc wesi, erT-erTi
amoiReba, mag.:
faSna “gogra” _ faSn’in “gogrisa” (GEN);
Tarna “Tone” _ Tarn’in “Tonisa” (GEN)...
xmovnis Sekveca gavrcelebulia agreTve kompozitebis
warmoebisas, mag.:
qal-nana < qala-nana “dideda”; qal-baba < qala-baba “babua”...
erTmarcvlian xmovanfuZian saxelebSi xmovani ar ikveceba.
nijurSi erTmarcvliani saxelis fuZisa da formants Soris Cndeba
xmovanTgasayari Á, Sdr.:
varTaSnuli
varTaSnuli nijuri
nijuri
sax. xˤa xˤa
erg. xˤa-en xˤa-Á-en
mr. xˤa-urux xˤa-Á-ox
xmovanTa asimilacia
udiurSi SeiniSneba xmovanTa sruli an nawilobrivi

asimilacia. dasturdeba rogorc regresuli, ise progresuli
asimilacia.
xSiria bagismieri xmovnebis (o
o, u) mier a da e xmovnebis
regresuli asimilireba, mag.:
qala-o > qalo-o > qalo “didi” (+ NA); sa-o > so-o > so
“erTi” (+ NA);
meno > mono “es” (+ NA); Seno > Sono “is” (+ NA)...
nijurSi dasturdeba e xmovnis asimilacia momdevno Á
bgerasTan. es procesi viTardeba, rodesac uaryofiTi klitika -Te
Te
moxvdeba -Áan
Áan _ I piris niSanTan mravlobiTSi, mag.:
46
Te-Áan-baqe > Ti-Áan-baqe “ar viyaviT”;
Te-Áan-haÃo > Ti-Áan-haÃo “ar viyidiT”...
progresuli asimilacia u...a
a//u
u...ee > u...o
o Cveulebrivia
mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebisas. xSir SemTxvevaSi, asimilaciis
gamomwvevi u bgera SeiZleba reducirebuli iyos:
sax. fulmux “Tvalebi”; adamarux “adamianebi”...
erg. fulmuRon < *fulmuxen; adamar’Ron < *adamaruxen;
mic. fulmuRo[x] < *fulmuxa[x]; adamar’Ro[x] < *adamaruxa[x]...
udiur enaSi gavrcelebuli Ž...a

a > Ž...ŽŽ progresuli asimilacia:
xinŽr-a “qaliSvils” (DAT) > xinŽr-Ž...
xmovanTa Serwyma
udiurSi i+a
a a+i
i Serwymis Sedegad Cven zogjer viRebT e
bgeras, mag.:
sax. viCi “Zma”;
naT. viCi-aÁ > viCeÁ;
mic. viCi-a[x] > viCe[x]...
xmovanTa harmonia
xmovanTa harmonia Zalze gavrcelebulia Turqul enebSi da

kerZod _ azerbaijanul enaSi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, Zlier
gavlenas axdens udiurze. singarmonizmis movlena ZiriTadad
azerbaijanuli enidan nasesxeb leqsikaSi dasturdeba, mag.: ŽgŽrŽm
“Tu”, “Tuki”; šršmšršm “bind-bundi”...
xmovanTa monacvleoba
aRsaniSnavia o//u
u-sa da e//i
i-s xSiri monacvleoba. es xmovnebi
erTsa da imave sityvaSi mTqmelTa mixedviT erTmaneTs enacvleba,
mag.:
47
oˤma _ uˤma “marwvi”; Soto _ Sotu “mas”; eSyar _ iSyar
“mamakaci”, “vaJkaci”...
warmodgenil xmovanTa monacvleoba udiuri enis kiloebs
Soris dasturdeba: nijurs axasiaTebs farto (o
o, e), xolo
varTaSnuls viwro (u
u, i) xmovnebi, Sdr.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
kua “saxls” qoÁa
xˤaurux “ZaRlebi” xˤaÁox
juRab “pasuxi” joRab
iSyar “mamakaci”
eSÃar
iRarux “sicxe”
eRarux
xmovanTa aspiraciuli SemarTva (preTeza

preTeza)
preTeza
es movlena gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia nijuri

kilosaTvis. xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac absolutur anlautSi
xmovnis win (ZiriTadad a da e xmovnebisa) Cndeba laringaluri h
bgera, Sdr.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
ari “mosuli” hari
ayes “aReba”, “ayvana”, “yidva” haÃes//hexˤTes
aÁzes “adgoma” haÁzes
isus “ieso” hisus
ema? “ramdeni” hema?
eka? “ra”
hiqŽ?
ramdenime leqsemis SemTxvevaSi gvxvdeba sapirispiro viTareba:

xmovnis asririrebuli (fSvinvieri) SemarTva dasturdeba
varTaSnuli dialeqtis formebSi, Sdr.:
48
varTaSnuli nijuri
haso “Rrubeli” asoÁ
haCar “gasaRebi” aCar
hŽzreil “azraili” (sikvdilis azreÁil
angelozi)...
difTongizacia
difT ongizacia
Á SeiZleba gaCndes rogorc anlautSi (preTeza), ise inlautsa

(epenTeza) da auslautSi (epiTeza). difTongizaciis procesi
gansakuTrebiT damaxasiaTebelia nijuri kilosaTvis, xolo
varTaSnulSi am process aqvs epizoduri xasiaTi.
nijurSi, varTaSnuli dialeqtisagan gansxvavebiT, zogjer
sityvas anlautSi xmovnis win moudis Á, mag.: ÁeÃ “xorci”, Sdr.

varT.: ey “id”...
nijur kiloSi xSiria epenTeza. varTaSnulisagan gansxvavebiT,
sadac gavrcelebulia xiatusi, nijurSi or xmovans Sua viTardeba Á
bgera, Sdr.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
nijuri
Sue “daTvi” SuÁe
xˤaÁurux “ZaRlebi” xˤaÁox, xˤaÁurux
maa? “sad” maÁa
biÁas “saRamo” biÁas
kua “saxlSi” qoÁa
epiTezac damaxasiaTebelia oden nijuri kilosaTvis:

xmovanfuZian saxelebs nijurSi xSirad moudis Á bgera, Sdr.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
haso “Rrubeli” asoÁ
laSko ‘qorwili” laSqoÁ
49
oyalo “dabali” oÃaloÁ
taRa-maRa “iqeT-aqeT” TaRaÁ-maRaÁ
elizia - kontaminacia
udiur enaSi dasturdeba elizia-kontaminaciis SemTxvevebi

(gamoTqmis dawyvilebul wevrTa imgvari Serwyma, inkorporacia,
romlis Sedegad xdeba winamavali wevris bolokiduri marcvlis an
momdevno wevris Tavkiduri marcvlis amogdeba), mag.:
qa-qala (nij.) < qala-qala (Sdr. varT.: qal-qala); “didi-didi”,
“didroni”, “msxvili” (qala “didi”); saÁ < saki < sa-kiwi “cota”,
“mcireodenad”, “cotaodenad” (sa “erTi” + kiwi “cota”, “mcire”); zuz
< zuzu < zu-buzu “me var” (zu “me” + buzu “var”; bu “yofna”, “qona”,
“yola”)...
xmovanTa palatalizacia
xmovanTa palatalizacia ufro metadaa nujuri kilosaTvisaa

damaxasiaTebeli (gansakuTrebiT a xmovnisa). xSiria SemTxvevebi,
rodesac varTaSnul kiloSi damowmebul martiv xmovans nijurSi
palatalizebuli xmovani Seesatyviseba, Sdr.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
harsa “yoveli” hŽrsa
aS “saqme” ŽS
kaSa “TiTi”
qŽSŽ
toS “gareT”
C”S
usin “male”, “Cqara”...
šsin
50
xmovanTa labializacia
udiur enaSi sxva procesic dasturdeba, romlis Sedegad

palatalizebuli xmovnebi warmoiqmneba. wina rigis xmovnebi (ee, i)
labializaciis Sedegad gadadis ” da š-Si. es procesi
gansakuTrebiT varTaSnulSi SeiniSneba, Sdr.:1
varTaSnuli nijuri
g”l” “bevri” gele
haqšm “eqimi” haqim
sš†tin “pirveli” si†Tin
Žršg “Werami”... Žrig
es procesi zogjer nijurSic iCens Tavs: varTaSnulSi
damowmebuli e xmovani labializaciis Sedegad nijurSi gvaZlevs ”-
s, Sdr.: eW (varT.) _ ”C (nij.) “kalo”...
TamxmovanTa reduqcia
udiurSi Zireuli leqsikuri fondis erTeulTa struqtura

iCens midrekilebas gamartivebisaken. es tendencia vlindeba
TanxmovanTa reduqciiT (ZiriTadad sonorTa) sityvis absolutur
anlautsa da auslautSi. es dasturdeba rogorc TviT udiuri enis
leqsikur erTeulTa Sinagani rekonstruqciiT, ise axlomonaTesave
enebis monacemTa moxmobiT, Sdr.:
1
vl. fanCviZis azriT, aq piriqiT palatalizebuli xmovnebis gamartivebasTan unda
gvqondes saqme _ fanCviZe vl., uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 17-
18. SeuZlebelia daveTanxmoT am mosazrebas, mag.: ueWvelia, rom forma haqim
“eqimi” nijurSi pirveladi saxiTaa SenarCunebuli, xolo varTaSnuli haqšm
fonetikuri cvlilebis (labializaciis) Sedegadaa miRebuli, Sdr. arab.: ‫حکم‬
(haqim).
51
ud. uWˤ (< *nuWˤ) _ Sdr. xin. niw; sak.-did. nuci; beJit. nuco;
xvarS. nuca; hinux. nuce; hunz. nucu; lak. niw; Sdr. agreTve: axvax.
unwí (< nuwí); and., boTl., karat. hunwí; tind., godob. huncí; Camal.
nunw´; bagv. hunw´ “Tafli”.

ud. uk (< *ruk) _ Sdr. lezg. rik; xunZ. rak; axvax., karat.,
tind., Camal., bagv., boTl., godob. rak…a; and. roko; sak.-did. roku;
hinux. roke; hunz. raku; darg. urki (< *ruki) “guli”.
ud. RˤoR (nij.), Ru (varT.) < *Rur – Sdr. lezg. Ãˤur; Tab.
Ãˤur//Rˤur; aR. Rˤur//Rur; ruT. Rˤir; kriw., budux. yur; darg. ®ˤara
“kurdReli”.
ud. wi (< *wir) _ Sdr. t…ar; Tab. wur//cúr//zur; aR., kriw.,
budux. Tur; ruT. dur; arC. wor; xunZ. wár; axv., karat., boTl. wéri;
tind. céra; and. wér; beJ. caro; hunz. canru “saxeli”.
ud. xe (< Ãe < *Ãed) _ Sdr. lezg. Áad; Tab. Sad//Sar; aR. Ãed;
wax. ÃŽn; kriw., budux. Ãad “wyali”.
xmovanTa reduqcia ufro metad axasiaTebs nijur kilos, Sdr.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
Cubux “coli”, “qali” Cuux2
ÃŽrC “tkivili”1 ÃaC
jib ‘jibe” jš
TanxmovanTa asimilacia
varTaSnul kiloSi Zalze gavrcelebulia n da l bgerebis

asimilacia: Tu n bgera moxvdeba winamavali r, l, T//t
t, d-s Semdeg,
is emsgavseba maT. es procesi Cveulebrivia piris niSnebis, brunvis
1 es forma oden q. oRuzis (varTaSenis) metvelebaSi dasturdeba _ Талибов Б. Б.,

Сравнительная фонетика лезгинских языков, Москва, 1980, gv. 199. es leqsema oqtomberulSi
aseve reduciebuli saxiT gvxvdeba: yˤaW.
2
nijurSi Cu…ux da Cuhux formebic dasturdeba.
52
formantebisa darTvisas da aseve sityvawarmoebaSi. mag.: qarr
rrexsa
rr <
qarn
rnexsa
rn “cxovrobs”; kall
llexa
ll < kaln
lnexa
ln “kiTxulobs”; aÁiTT
TTexa
TT <
aÁiTn
Tnexa
Tn “laparakobs”; xodd
ddaÁ
dd < xodn
dnaÁ
dn “xisa”...
aRsaniSnavia, rom nijurSi es fonetikuri procesi ar
dasturdeba, Sdr.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
arr
rra
rr xod “msxlis xe” arn
rna
rn xod
dampull
lla
ll xod “qliavis xe” damfuln
lna
ln xod
aÁTkall
llu
ll “ityvi”...
aÁTqaln
lnu
ln
sityvawarmoebisas, xSiria l bgeris asimilacia winamaval r,

t, d bgerebTan, mag.: azarr
T//t rru
rr < azarl
rlu
rl “avadmyofi”; xodd
dduR
dd <
xodl
dluR
dl “tye”, “baRi” (xod “xe” + krebiTobis sityvawarmoebiTi
d, T, T)
afiqsi luR). l bgeris asimilacia winaenismier xSulebTan (d
nijurSic dasturdeba.
rogorc magaliTebidan irkveva, varTaSnulSi asimilaciis
Sedegad geminatebi warmoiqmneba: rn > rr;
rr ln > nn;
nn dn > dd;
dd Tn >
TT...
TT rl > rr;
rr dl > dd;
dd Tl > TT...
TT amis sapirispirod, nujurSi
gavrcelebulia n da l bgerebis reduqcia winamaval r, l, d, T, T

bgerebTan, Sdr.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
tull
llu
ll < tuln
lnu
ln “yurZens” Tul
la
qarr
rrexsa
rr < qarn
rnexsa
rn “cxovrobs” qar
rexsa
hŽrŽqŽTT
TTebesa
TT < hŽrŽqŽTn
Tnebesa
Tn hŽrŽqŽT
Tebsa
“cdilobs”, “fafxurobs”...
TanxmovanTa gadasma (meTaTeza

meTaTeza)
meTaTeza
udiuri ver egueba TanxmovanTa garkveul kompleqsebs:
53
Tu dentalur xSul-mskdomTa rigisa an SiSina afrikatTa
rigis Tanxmovnebi (d
d, T, t; j, C, W) morfemaTa sazRvarze Sexvdeba
momdevno sisina an SiSina yru spirantebs (s
s, S), xdeba maTi gadasma:
ds > sd;
sd Ts > sT;
sT ts > st da a.S., mag.:
lastun < ladsun < ladesun “wasma”;
bistun < bitsun < bitesun “Tesva”;
e-ne-WWa < e-ne-sWa < e-ne-sCa < e-ne-Csa < e-ne-Cesa “moaqvs”...
udiurSi aseve sonorTa meTaTeza SeiniSneba:
amdar (nij.) _ adamar (varT.) “adamiani”;
arbuSen (varT.) _ abriSum (nij.) “abreSumi”...
labialuri xSvis reduqcia
varTaSnul dialeqtSi damowmebuli bilabialuri b bgera

nijurSi anlautsa da inlautSi sustdeba da gadadis kbilbagismier
v bgeraSi, Sdr.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
abazak “avazaki” avazaq
aba “mcodne” ava
baba “mama” bava
boyˤ “Rori” voÃˤ
xabar “ambavi”
xavar
zogjer b bgeris nacvlad nijurSi R da h bgerebi

dasturdeba, mag.: aR
Ruz (//avvuz) “meti”, “Warbi”, “ukeTesi”, Sdr. varT.
ab
buz;
nij. cacna RˤaRal “zRarbi”, Sdr. varT. cacna beRˤal;
nij. Cuhux (//Cu…ux, Cuux) “coli”, “qali”, Sdr. varT. Cubux;
nij. suhuq “msubuqi”, Sdr. varT. subuq...

es fonetikuri procesi istoriulad varTaSnulisaTvis unda
yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli, mag.:
54
havgŽ “abga”, Sdr. lezg. hebge;
Savalut “wabli”, Sdr. lezg. Sabalut;

yavar “koJri”, Sdr. azerb. gabar;
TanxmovanTa dayrueba
es procesi gansakuTrebiT nijur kilos axasiaTebs. mJReri

Tanxmovani (b
b, d) nijurSi nebismier poziciaSi SeiZleba gadavides
f, T), mag.:

yru arafSvinvier TanxmovanSi (f
varTaSnuli nijuri
bapi “mwife” fafi
bar “wili”, “nawili” faÁ
Zaburi “Zabri” cŽfiri
aSbaz “mzareuli” aSfaz
daÁi “biZa” (dedis mxridan) TaÁi
daxtag “ficari” TaxTaq
TanxmovanTa gamJRereba
es SezRuduli fonetikuri procesia. udiur enaSi mxolod x >

R dasturdeba da isic, mxolod varTaSnul kiloSi, mag.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
ajiR “risxva”, “brazi” ajix
boxˤmoR “cxviri” boxˤmox
ÁumburuR “muSti” Áumbrux
es procesi sitymawarmoebisas da brunebisas (mravlobiT

ricxvSi) orsave kiloSi iRebs regularul xasiaTs: rodesac x
bgera auslautSi, romelime afiqsis darTvis Sedegad (ZiriTadad,
mravlobiTi ricxvis formaze romelime brunvis niSnis darTvisas),
55
aRmoCndeba intervokalur poziciaSi an sonorsa da xmovans Soris
(nijurSi intervokalur poziciasa da r Tanxmovnis Semdeg), igi
aucileblad gadadis R bgeraSi,1 mag.: adamarux “adamianebi” >
adamarRon (ERG); adamarRo[Á] (GEN); adamarRo[x] (DAT);
Rarmux “vaJebi” > RarmoRon (ERG); RarmoRo[Á] (GEN);
RarmoRo[x] (DAT)...
zogjer, x bgeris gamJrereba mravlobiTi ricxvis afiqsSi
SeiZleba ganxorcieldes sxva arasonori Tanxmovnis Semdeg, mag.:
guratux “adamianebi” > guratRon (ERG); guratRo[Á] (GEN);
guratRo[x] (DAT)...
sayuradReboa, rom analogiur viTarebaSi ar mJrerdeba
dativis mawarmoeblis kuTvnili x Tanxmovani, Sdr.:
adamarux “adamianebi” _ adamarax “adamians”;
adamarRon “adamianebma” _ adamaraxo “adamianisgan” (ABL)...
TanxmovanTa palatalizacia (iotizacia

iotizacia)
iotizacia
nijur kiloSi zogierTi Tanxmovnebi garkveul fonetikur

pirobebSi gadadian Suaenismier Á bgeraSi:
ukanaenismieri g, q, q Tanxmovnebi palatalizebul xmovnebTan

kompleqsSi inlautsa da auslautSi gvaZlevs Á-s, mag.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
WŽlŽg “tye” CŽlŽÁ
bŽq//bŽk “Tavadi”, “begi” bŽÁ
dŽlŽg “dalaqi” dŽlŽÁ
1 vl. fanCviZe am movlenas imiT xsnida, rom: “mJReri Tanxmovani udiurSi sityvis
boloSi ver Zlebs da igi yruvdeba. samagierod, rodesac igi moxvdeba sityvis SigniT,
xmovnebs Soris, isev gamJRerdeba. es procesi ... gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa ... -ux
ux
mravlobiTis niSanSi” _ fanCviZe vl., uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974,
gv. 44. anu, unda vivaraudod, rom mkvlevari mravlobiTi ricxvis
mawarmoebelisaTvis R mJRers aRadgenda.
56
dŽrgŽn “zRva” dŽrÁŽn
gegŽr “mtredi” giÁŽr
zogjer palatalizacia martiv xmovnebTanac xdeba, mag.: Tog

(varT.) “fasi” > ToÁ (nij.);
TŽg (varT.) “toti” > TaÁ (nij.)...
l bgera intervokalur poziciaSi gadadis Á-Si, mag.: bali

(varT.) “bali” > baÁi (nij.);
mala? (varT.) “sad” > maÁa? (nij.);
fulin (varT.) “Tvalis” > fuÁin (nij.)...
dezafrikatizacia
nijuri kilosatvis damaxasiaTebelia varTaSnulSi

damowmebuli j bgeris dezafrikatizaciis (J
J bgeraSi gadasvlis)
procesi, mag.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
bixajux “RmerTi” bixaJux
borj “vali” borJ
qoJ
koj “saxli”
qeJe
keje “mJave”
ÃoJa
yoja “moxuci”
xoJi
xoji “Crdili”
oJul
ojil “kudi”
Jam
jam “gineba”
JeJer
jejer “bageebi”
C, C bgerebisa da sisina afrikatebis pozicia nijurSi myaria,

xolo j afrikati sul ramdenime sityvaSi dasturdeba, mag.: joRab
57
“pasuxi”, Sdr. varT. juRab; qonjur “patroni”, Sdr. varT. konjux;
j”baqsun “gayofa”, “dayofa”, Sdr. varT. joqbaqsun...
afrikatizacia
dezafrikatizaciisagan gansxvavebiT, afrikatizacia

varTaSnuli kilosTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. es SezRuduli
fonetikuri procesia: afrikarizacias ganicdis s Tanxmovani,
romelic inlautsa da auslautSi c da w bgerebSi gadadis, mag.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
qolqoc “buCqi” qolqos
mec “bude” mes
TŽrc “jiuti” TŽrs
axwima “aRdgoma” axsibaÁ1
iSviaTad, z bgera intervokalur poziciasa da r Tanxmovansa

da xmovans Soris gadadis w afrikatSi, Sdr.:
varTaSnuli nijuri
miwiq “xbo”2 mozi3
quw “Tvlema” quz
taw “taSti” Taz4
dezabruptiviza cia
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, sof. oqtomberis (zinobianis)

metyvelebis gamoklebiT, udiur enaSi abruptiuli Tanxmovnebi
1 Sdr. qarT. aRvseba.

2 sof. oqtomberis metyvelebaSi mozi formac dasturdeba.
3 Sdr. arC. biS, sak.-did., ginux. meSi, xvarS. miSe, hunz., beJ. biSe, axv. buSa.
4 sof. nijSi zogierT mTqmelTa metyvelebaSi afrikatizaciis Sedegad
miRebuli formebic SeiniSneba: quc “Tvlema”; Tac “taSti” da a.S.
58
gadavidnen preruptivebSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom preruptivebi an
Semonaxuli abruptivebi udiur enaSi, rogorc wesi, saerTo
daRestnurisaTvis da (//an) saerTo lezgiurisatvis postulirebul
intensiur abruptivebs Seesatyviseba, mag.:
oqt. wi, varT., nij. ci “saxeli”, Sdr.: lezg. t…ar, Tab. wur,
cúr, xunZ. wár, war, axv. wéri, karat. wéri, ¬eri, tind. céra, Camal.
¬é, boTl. wéri, hodob. céri, and. wér;
oqt. uWˤ, varT., nij. uCˤ “Tafli”, Sdr.: Tab. Áiឺ, aR. šᝈ´, šT,
xunZ. howó, and., boTl. hunwí, Camal., bagv. hunw´, karat. hunwé, axv.
unw´.
saerTo daRestnurisaTvis da (//an) saerTo lezgiurisaTvis
postulirebuli martivi, aramagari abruptivi, rogorc samecniero
literaturaSia aRniSnuli (il. cercvaZe, b. Talibovi), saerTod
dakargulia, nulovani refleqsaciiTaa warmodgenili (zogjer
abruptivi gadasulia Á-Si an sxva romelime konsonantSi), mag.:
ud. el < *yel “marili”, Sdr.: lezg. yel, Tab. yil, aR. yel,
ruT. yˤal, wax. yev, bud. yel, kriw. yel, xin. yˤa;
ud. in < *Win < *Wid “rwyili”, Sdr.: arC. Win, lezg. WuT, Tab.
Wud, Wur, aR. Wid, Wir, ruT. WiT, wax. Win, xin. WˤuT, kriw. Wid, bud.
Wid; Sdr. agreTve: xunZ. Wet, bagv., boTl., hodob. Want, and. Wonni,
sak.-did. Wiqi, lak. Waga, darg. wiqa;
ud. ini < *wini “axali”, Sdr.: lezg. wiÁi, Tab. wiÁi, aR. weÁe,
ruT. windÊ, wax. wedÊn, kriw. wiÁal, arC. mawaT; Sdr. agreTve: wiÁab,
karat. winÁub, tind. winhub, Camal. winub, boTl. winu, sak.-did. ewun,
xvarS. ewna;
ud. vuÁ < *vuW “cxra”, Sdr.: Tab. vurWuv, urWub, aR. ÁerWud,
ruT. uWud, huWud, ÁiWud, wax. ÁuWˤud, kriw. ÁiWid, bud. viWid, arC.
uW; Sdr. agreTve: xunZ. iWgo, axv. abWada, karat. haW…ada, tind. haWaÁa,
Camal. aWada, bagv. haWara, boTl. haWada, and. hoWoCu, beJ. aWena, sak.-
59
did. oWino, xvarS. unWin, hinux. ®aWino, hunz. uCin, darg. urWemal,
lak. urWa;
ud. moˤl (//meˤl) < *moyˤol “Tagvi”, Sdr.: xin. nuyur, arC.
noyˤon, lezg. yi†, yuS (axt.), yˤux½ (fii.), Tab. yˤil, aR. Äul, yˤul,
ruT. yˆl, wax. yˤov, bud. yal; Sdr. agreTve: beJ. anyo, xvarS. any…a,
hinux. ay…e, hunZ. anyu, lak. kulu, xunZ. hunk´, and. hinkú, boTl.
hink´…a, karat. herk´…a;
ud. iJˤen < *yˤijen < *yˤiden “zamTari”, Sdr.: lezg. yˤud, Tab.
yˤurd, aR. Rˤurd, ruT. yˤud, wax. yˤidim, bud. yˤajraj, kriw. yud, xin.
kinaJ, arC. yˤotíÃ...
60
saxeli
arsebiTi saxeli
udiur enaSi arsebiT saxels moepoveba brunvisa da ricxvis

kategoriebi. istoriulad udiurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unda
yofiliyo amJamad moSlili gramatikuli klas-kategoria. TvalSi
sacemia am kategoriis naSTi gaqvavebul klasifikatorTa saxiT, maT
Soris arsebiT saxelebSic.
arsebiTi saxeli agebulebis mixedviT. sityvawarmoeba
udiur enaSi arsebiTi saxeli fuZis agebulebis mixedviT

iyofa sam jgufad: martivfuZian, nawarmoebfuZian da rTulfuZian
(TxzulfuZian) saxelebad.
martivi fuZe
istoriulad udiuri enis arsebiTi saxelisaTvis unda
yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli erTmarcvliani martivi fuZe VC, CV da
CVC (rogorc wesi _ CVS an SVC) struqturis, mag.: wi “saxeli”; pi
“sisxli”; fi “qoni”; †i “Rvino”; ga “adgili”; Ri “dRe”...
iy “nacari”; ey “xorci”; el “marili”; ar “msxali”; eSˤ

eS
“vaSli”...
qul “xeli”; kul “miwa”; bul “Tavi”; ful “Tvali”; tul
“yurZeni”; cil “Tesli”; wil “nakverCxali”; Rar “vaJi”; “Svili”...
nep “Zili”; neR “cremli”; muS “qari”; muz “ena”...D
gavrcelebulia, agreTve, ormarcvliani (iSviaTad
sammarcvlianic) martivfuZiani (sinqronul doneze) arsebiTi
saxeli, mag.: nayel “mawoni”; buqun “muceli”; ezbun “xnuli”; laSko
61
“qorwili”; zido “rkina”; niko “burTi”; haso “Rrubeli”; baWan
“zurgi”; baWana “mercxali”...
zogierT martivfuZian arsebiT saxels unda gamoeyos
determinaciuli elementebi (rogorc wesi _ sufiqsi), mag.: -el
el _
nay-el
el “mawoni”, Sdr.: nay “do” an muWˤa-nay
nay “rZe”; -ul
ul _ b-ul
ul “Tavi”,
magram: b-in
in “Tavma”, “Tavis”, b-ex
x “Tavs”, b-ex
ex-o
ex o “Tavidan”; f-ul
ul
“Tvali”, magram: f-in
in “Tvalma”, “Tvalis”, f-ex
ex “Tvals”, f-ex
x-o
o
“Tvalidan”; q-ul
l “xeli”, magram: q-in
in “xelma”, “xelis”, q-ex
ex “xels”,
q-ex
ex-o
ex o “xelidan”;
-la
la//-ba
la ba _ mniSvnelobiT udris qarTul -ian
ian,
ian -ier
ier,
ier -ovan
ovan
sufiqsebs. -la
la sufiqsi determinativad gvxvdeba zogierT arsebiT
saxelSi, mag.: ÃoÃ-la
la “kvercxi”; yoSa-la
la “tyufi”; muSa-la
la
“Widaoba”...
-ik
ik _ awarmoebs kninobiT saxelebs, magram zogierTi arsebiTi
saxelis ZirTan Sezrdilia (TiTqmis) ufunqciod, mag.: foˤfn-ik
ik
“qusli”; bizl-ik
ik “wveTiani”...
-i
i da -al
al sufiqsebi udiurSi awarmoebs sruli (-i
i
formantiani) da usruli (-al
al formantiani) saxis mimReobebs. am
sufiqsebis gamoyofa SesaZlebelia zogierT arsebiT saxelSic, mag.:
moz-i
i “xbo”; Cçl-i
i “Tevzi”; tur-i
i “Zafi”; viC-i
i “Zma”; xunC-i
i “da”... ;
tek-al
al “kalia”; jirjirk-al
al “WriWina”; cacbeRˤ-al
al “zRarbi”; kerw-al
al
“kaWkaWi”...
-un
un _ warmoSobiT naTesaobiTi brunvis formantia. es sufiqsi
ZirTan unda iyos Sezrdili iseT saxelebSi, rogoricaa: buq-un
un
“muceli”; Ãab-un
un “varskvlavi”; daˤv-un
un “mxali”; qej-un
un “tylapi”, Sdr.:
qeje “mJave”...
udiurs moepoveba saxelTa fuZeebis erTi jgufi, romelsac
boloSi uzis -in
in//-Án
in Án elementi. es elementi SeiZleba daukavSirdes
rogorc naTesaobiTi brunvis, ise ergativ-instrumentalisis
formants, mag.: gog-in
in “mwvane”, “mwvanili”; b-in
in “rZali”, “patarZali”;
Wç-Án
Án “cximi”, “qoni”; ko-Án
Án “qudi”; qo-Án
Án “saxelo”; kuˤ-Án
Án “boli”,
“kvamli”...
62
aseve, safiqrebelia, rom -o
o elementi determinativad
gvevlineba iseT sityvebSi, rogoricaa: laSk-o
laSk o “qorwili”; zid-o
zid o
“rkina”; nik-o
nik o “burTi”; has-
has-o “Rrubeli”; Sdr. udiurisaTvis
damaxasiaTebel masubstantivebel -o
o sufiqss.
gaqvavebul klasis eqsponatTa sakiTxi arsebiT saxelSi

udiurSi gavrcelebulia b- Tavkiduriani arsebiTi saxelebi.
es elementi (b
b- an xSirad bV-:
bV ba-
ba be-,
be bi-,
bi bo-,
bo boˤ-,
bo bu-,
bu buˤ-...)
bu nivTis
klasis gaqvavebuli eqsponenti unda iyos, mag.: b-er “baliSi”; b-eRˤ
‘mze”; b-oyˤ “Rori”; bu-qun
bu “muceli”; ba-Wˤan
ba “zurgi”; b-aWˤ “qvevrze
dasafarebeli qva”; bo-yo
bo “comi”...
zogierT arsebiT saxelSi xerxdeba v- (mamakacis klasis
aRmniSvneli eqsponenti) an Á- prefiqsis (qalis klasis aRmniSvneli
eqsponenti) gamoyofa, mag.: vi-Ci
vi “Zma”; Sdr.: hun-Ci
hun “da”; se-vv-Ce
“mazli”... ; se-Á
Á-ne “dedamTili”... naTesaobis aRmniSvnel saxelTa
amdagvari warmoeba dasturdeba udiuris monaTesave enebSi, Sdr.,
magaliTad, xunZ.: v-ac´ “Zma”//Á
Á-ac´ “da”; v-at¾ad “mamamTili”//Á
Á-at¾ad
“dedamTili”...
nawarmoebi fuZe. derivaciuli sufiqsebi
sakuTari mawarmoeblebi
-ik
ik _ awarmoebs kninobiT saxelebs, mag.: fu†Tl-ik
ik “buTxuza”;
foT-ik
ik “goWi”; miw-ik
ik “patara”, “pawawina”; xunC-ik
ik “daiko”; bin-ik
ik
“Tojina” (bin
bin “patarZali”)...
-nuT
nuT _ uaryofis bolosarTovani nawilakia, mniSvnelobiT
udris qarTul u- ... -o
o cirkumfiqss, mag.: bul-nuT
nuT “uTavo”; qul-nuT
nuT
“uxelo”; konjux-nuT
nuT “upatrono”; koj-mec-nuT
nuT “usaxlkaro”...
-la
la//-ba
la ba _ mniSvnelobiT udris qarTul -ian
ian,
ian -i
ier,
er -ovan
ovan
sufiqsebs, mag.: fof-la
la “Tmiani” (fof
fof “Tma”); ey-la
la//ey-ba
la ba “xorciani”
63
(ey
ey “xorci”); iy-la
la//iy-ba
la ba “nacriani” (iy
iy “nacari”); wi-la
la “saxelovani”
(wi
wi “saxeli”); uk-la
la “guliani” (uk
uk “guli”)...
-o
o _ daerTvis sxvadasxva metyvelebis nawils da axdens maT
gasubstantivebas, mag.: qala adamar arene “ufrosi adamiani movida”,
Sdr.: qalo-o
o (< qala-o
o) arene “ufrosi movida”...
udiurSi derivantis funqciiT xSirad gamoiyeneba agreTve
brunvis niSnebi, saxeldobr:
-en
en (ergativ-instrumentalisi): paˤ-elmuR-on
on < *paˤ-elmux-en
en
“orsuli” (pa
paˤ
pa “ori” + elmux [pl. tantum] “suli”); iJˤ-en
en “zamTari”,
Sdr.: iJˤ
iJ “Tovli”; iy-en
en “nacriani” (iy
iy “nacari”), Sdr.: iy-la
iy la
“nacriani”...
-un
un (naTesaobiTi brunva): daerTvis zmnisarTebsa da zmnur
fuZeebs da awarmoebs zedsarTav da arsebiT saxelebs, mag.: miÁa-un
un
“aqauri” (mi
miÁ
miÁa “aq”); tiÁa-un
un “iqauri” (t
tiÁa “iq”); bit-u
un “naTesi” (bit
bit-
bit
esun “Tesva”); kaWk-un
un “kevi” (kaW
kaW-f-esun
kaW “ReWva”, kaWk-al
kaWk “mReWavi”);
yˤayˤaf-un
un “erbo-kvercxi” (yyˤay
ayˤa
ay a-f
f-sun “xrCoba”, “gudva” ?); Wef-un
un
“gamonayari”, “muwuki” (We
We-f
We f-sun “gamoyra”)...
-ax
ax (micemiTi brunva): apin-ax
ax “ofliani” (ap
ap “ofli”); WçÁn-ax
ax
WçÁn “cximi”, “qoni”)...
“cximiani” (W
-ax
ax-o
ax o (ablativi): el-ax
ax-o
ax o “mlaSe” (el
el “marili”)...
nasesxebi mawarmoeblebi
m awarmoeblebi (azerbaijanulidan)
-lu _ mniSvnelobiT udris qarTul -ian

ian,
ian -ier
ier,
ier -ovan
ovan sufiqsebs
(Sdr. igive funqciiT udiur enaSi -la
la//-ba
la ba sufiqss) da agreTve
ixmareba sadaurobis aRmniSvneli formantis funqciiT, mag.: çÁz-lu
lu
“sofleli” (ççÁz “sofeli”); Sçhçr-lu Sçhçr “qalaqi”);
lu “qalaqeli” (S
borS-lu
lu < *borj-lu
lu “movale” (borj
borj “vali”)...
-Ci
Ci _ ZiriTadad awarmoebs xelobis, profesiis aRmniSvnel
sityvebs, mag.: naxir-Ci
Ci//naxàr-Ci
Ci Ci “menaxire” (naxir naxàr “naxiri”);
naxir//nax
naxir naxà
yorux-Ci
Ci “mevele” (yorux
yorux “mindori”, “veli”); yaraul-Ci
Ci “daraji”;
Ci “mwyemsi”; çrzø-Ci
Coban//Coban-Ci Ci “momCivani”...
64
-luR
luR//-lux
luR lux _ awarmoebs ganyenebul saxelebs da gamoxatavs
visame an risame Senacvlebas, magivrobas, mag.: viCi-luR
luR “Zmoba”, “Zmis
magivroba”, “geri Zma” (viCi
viCi “Zma”); nana-luR
luR “dedoba”, “dedinacvali”
(nana
nana “deda”); dost-luR
luR “megobroba” (dost
dost “megobari”); yonax-luR
luR
“stumroba”, “stumarTmaspinZloba”, “wveuleba” (yonax
yonax “stumari”);
Sel-luR
luR//Sel-lux
luR lux “sikeTe” (Sel
Sel “kargi”); agreTve aRniSnavs
krebiTobas, erTgan Tavmoyras, mag.: cac-luR
luR “eklnari” (cac
cac
“ekali”); maÃˤmaÃˤ-luR
luR “muxnari” (maÃ
maÃˤ
maÃ “muxa”, “rqo”); gçrømzç-luR
luR
gçrømzç
“sasaflao” (g mzç “samare”)...
-sus
sus//-suz
sus suz _ TiTqmis iseTive mniSvnelobis mawarmoebelia,
rogorc zemoT dasaxelebuli udiuri -nuT
nuT nawilaki, mag.: bul-sus
sus//
sus
bul-suz
suz “uTavo” (bul
bul “Tavi”); qul-sus
sus “uxelo” (qul
qul “xeli”);
namus-sus
sus “unamuso” (namus
namus “namusi”)...
rTuli (Txzuli) fuZeebi
erTcnebiani kompozitebi
reduplikacia: yum-yum
yum yum “lokokina”; dam-dam
dam dam “dila”; xˤa
a-x
xˤa
a
“gatexili”; biˤ-bi
bi biˤ
bi ‘xidi”; kow-kow
kow kow “moxrili”; xuri-xuri
xuri xuri “wvril-
wvrili” (xuri
xuri “wvrili”)...
zogjer fuZegaorkecebul kompozitebSi SemaerTebel
ba elementi, mag.: Sçhçr-ba
nawilakad gvxvdeba -ba
baba Sçhçr “qalaq-qalaq”
ba-S
Sçhçr “qalaqi”); Co-ba
(S Co ba-Co
ba Co “pirispir” (Co
Co//C
Co Cˤoo “piri”); usen-ba
usen ba-usen
ba usen
“wliTiwlad” (usen
usen “weliwadi”); xaS-ba
xaS ba-xaS
ba xaS “TveobiT” (xaS
xaS “Tve”)...
reduplikacia fonetikuri cvlilebebiT: qa-qala
qa qala (nij.)//
qal-qala
qal qala (varT.) < *qala
qala-qala
qala qala “did-didi”, “didroni”, “msxvili”
(qala
qala “didi”); kiw-kiwi
kiw kiwi < *kiwi
kiwi-kiwi
kiwi kiwi “cot-cota”, “mciredi” (kiwi
kiwi
“cota”); kori-mori
kori mori < *kori
kori-kori
kori kori “mixveul-moxveuli” (kori
kori “mrude”)...
ori an sami arsebiTi saxelis fuZisagan Txzuli
kompozitebi: xaS-baba
xaS baba “naTlia” (xaS
xaS “naTeli”, “sinaTle” + baba
“mama”); xaS-baba
xaS baba-Cubux
baba Cubux “naTlideda” (sinonimi: xaS-nana
xaS nana _ nana “deda”),
65
“naTliis coli” (xaS
xaS-baba
xaS baba + Cubux “coli”, “dedakaci”)... sami
arsebiTi saxelis fuZisagan Semdgari kompozitebi udiur enaSi
iSviaTad gvxvdeba.
kompozitebi, romelTa pirveli wevri arsebiTi
saxelis fuZea, xolo meore _ msazRvreli sityva: aÃˤ-mawi
aÃ mawi
“gulTeTra”, “TriTina” (aÃ
aÃˤ
aÃ “mkerdi” + mawi “TeTri”); bul-zapkal
bul zapkal
“meTauri”, “moTave”, “Tavmjdomare” (bul
bul “Tavi” + zapkal “gamwevi”);
uk-ÃaÁ
uk ÃaÁ “gulRia”, “gulaxdili” (uk
uk “guli” + ÃaÁ “Ria”)...
kompozitebi, romelTa pirveli wevri msazRvreli
sityvaa, xolo meore _ arsebiTi saxelis fuZe: muWˤa
muW a-nay
nay “rZe”
(muW
muWˤa xebaqi WçÁn “erbo” (xebaqi
muW a “tkbili” + nay “do”); xebaqi-W xebaqi “damdnari” +
WçÁn “cximi”, “qoni”); qal-nana
qal nana “bebia”, qal-baba
qal baba//qal
baba qal-papa
qal papa “babua” (qal
qal
< qala “didi” + nana “deda”; baba//papa
baba papa “mama”)...
kompozitebi, romelTa pirveli wevri naTesaobiT
brunvaSi dasmuli arsebiTi saxelia, xolo meore _
martivfuZiani arsebiTi saxeli: nepna-tik
nepna tik “Zilis guda” (nep
nep-na
nep na[Á
na Á]
“Zilis” + tik “guda”); baba-koj
baba koj “mamis saxli” (baba
baba-[Á
baba Á] “mamis” + koj
“saxli”); muWˤanayna
muW anayna-Co
anayna “naRebi” (muW
muWˤanay
muW anay-
anay-na[Á
Á] + Co/C
Co Cˤo
o “piri”); Jˤene
ene-el
ene el
“qvamarili” (J
Jˤee-ne
ne[Á
ne Á] “qvis” + el “marili”); uyna-xod
uyna xod “nigvzis xe”
(uy na Á] “nigvzis” + xod “xe”); WçÁna-xup
uy-na
uy na[Á WçÁn-a
Ána xup “erbos flavi” (W Án a[Á
Á]
“erbos”, “cximis” + xup “flavi”)...
kompozitebi, romelTa pirvel wevrad ixmareba
atributuli sityva, xolo meore wevrad _ arsebiTi
saxelidan nawarmoebi zedsarTavi saxeli: qala-ukla
qala ukla
“didgula”, (qala
qala “didi” + ukla “guliani”); qala-box
qala boxˤbox
box boxˤla
box la (qala
qala
“didi” + boxˤbox
box boxˤla
box la “cxviriani”); paˤ-Colla
pa Colla “orpira” (pa
paˤ
pa “ori”,
Colla “piriani”)...
kompozitebi
orcnebiani kom pozitebi
ori arsebiTi saxelis fuZisagan Sedgenilni: nana-baba

nana baba
“ded-mama”, “mSoblebi”; iSu-Cubux
iSu Cubux “col-qmari”; xunCi-viCi
xunCi viCi “da-Zma”;
66
koj-mec
koj mec “saxl-kari” (zedmiw. “saxl-bude”); ÁorRan-dèSag “saban-
leibi”...
arsebiTi saxelis fuZisa da msazRvreli sityvisagan
Sedgenilni: xe-zapkalo
xe zapkalo “wylis mzidveli”, “meTuluxe”; xorag-
xorag
boxalo “mzareuli” (zedmiw. “saWmlis mxarSveli”); Jˤomox
omox-berxalo
omox berxalo
“mewisqvile” (zedmiw. “wisqvilis mfqveli”)...
msazRvreli saxelisa da arsebiTi saxelisagan
Sedgenilni: camfi aRala “JuJuna wvima” (zedmiw. “Wreli wvima”);
camfi dadal “Wreli mamali”...
sakuTari saxelisagan da sazogado arsebiTi
saxelisagan Sedgenilni: mariam-nana
mariam nana//marÁam
nana marÁam-nana
marÁam nana “mariam-deda”,
“RvTismSobeli”...
naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli arsebiTi saxelisa da
martivfuZiani arsebiTi saxelisagan Sedgenilni: kokowun-
kokowun
koj “saqaTme” (zedmiw. “qaTmis saxli”); xalikun-Rar
xalikun Rar “biZaSvili”
[dedis mxridan]; Turin-leker
Turin leker “fexsacmeli” (zedmiw. “fexis
WurWeli”)...
ori mimReobisagan Sedgenilni: eRal-TaRalo
eRal TaRalo “momsvlel-
wamsvleli”; boxi-CoCalo
boxi CoCalo “mxarSvel-gamomtani”, “msaxuri”...
arsebiTi
rsebiTi saxelis bruneba
udiuri enis brunebis sistemis safuZvlad unda miviCnioT

Semdegi ZiriTadi principebi:
brunvebi da mravlobiTi ricxvi iwarmoeba aglutinaciurad.
mravlobiTSi dasturdeba igive brunvis niSnebi, garkveul
fonetikur cvlilebebs Tu ar CavTvliT, rac mxoloobiTSi
gamoiyofa: brunvis niSnebi daerTvis gauformebel fuZes (nominativs
emTxveva) an mravlobiTi ricxvis formantiT garTulebul fuZes.
brunebisas, sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa msgavsad, mravlobiTis
sufiqsi yovelTvis win uswrebs brunvis niSans.
67
udiiur enaSi gamoiyofa ZiriTadi (uTandebulo _ saxelobiTi,
ergativi, naTesaobiTi da micemiTi) da meoreuli (Tandebuliani _
ablativi, komitativi, adesivi, alativi, superisivi da benefaqtivi)
brunvebi. meoreul (Tandebulian) brunvebSi mawarmoebeli
Tandebulebi imgvaradaa Serwymuli brunvis formasTan, rom maTi
gamoyofa zogjer ver xerxdeba.
brunebis sistema erTgvaradaa warmodgenili udiuris orsave
dialeqtSi (varTaSnulsa da nijurSi), Tumca dasturdeba
gansvavebebic.
brunebis sistema udiur enaSi rTulia. SeiniSneba brunvis
niSanTa mravalferovneba, romelic ver aixsneba mxolod
fonetikuri procesebiT: zogierTi mkvlevris azriT (vl. fanCviZe,
evg. jeiraniSvili, v. gukasiani...), udiurSi dasturdeba mxolod erTi
brunebis tipi, xolo formantTa nairsaxeoba aixsneba oden
fonetikuri cvlilebebiT. samarTliani Cans mosazreba (a. Sifneri,
a. diri, t. sixaruliZe), romlis Tanaxmad udiuri enaSi arsebiTi
saxeli brunebis TaviseburebaTa mixedviT iyofa xuT jgufad,
esenia:
1) erTmarcvliani xmovanfuZiani saxelebi;
2) erTmarcvliani TanxmovanfuZiani saxelebi;
3) or an metmarcvliani xmovanfuZiani saxelebi;
4) or an metmarcvliani TanxmovanfuZiani saxelebi;
5) “pluralia tantum” saxelebi.
unda aRiniSnos, rom es sqema yovlismomcveli ar aris: gvrCeba

saxelebi, an saxelTa jgufebi, romlebic Znelia mivakuTvnoT am
zemoCamoTvlilTagan romelime brunebis tips.
jamSi, Cven viRebT formantTa ganawilebis Zalze rTul
sistemas, romelzec moqmedebs rogorc sabrunebeli saxelis fuZis
agebuleba: TanxmovanfuZiania Tu xmovanfuZiani; ramdenmarcvliania
fuZe _ erTmarcvlian saxelebs axasiaTebs, rogorc wesi, fuZesa da
brunvis niSans Soris Tanxmovnuri CanarTebis gaCena (iribi fuZe),
ZiriTadad, -n
n- elementisa; ise sxvadasxva fonetikuri procesi, mag.:
68
r, l, d//t
t bgerebze daboloebuli saxelTa fuZeebis dasaxelebuli
bolokiduriani Tanxmovnebi regularulad imsgavsebs momdevno -n
n-
CanarTs: *...r
r-n
n-... > ...r
r-r
r-...; *...l
l-n
n-... > ...l
l-l
l-...; *...d
d-n
n-...//...t
t-n
n-... > ...d
d-d
d-...).
amis garda, samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva safuZvliani
mosazreba, rom udiurSi saxelis brunebaze moqmedebs aw ukve
moSlili gramatikuli klas-kategoriac (t. sixaruliZe).
amas TvalnaTliv davinaxavT xala “deida” da xala “Cangali”
sityvebis magaliTze: orsave saxels saxelobiTSi erTi forma aqvs
(maSasadame _ erTi fuZec), xolo brunebisas vlindeba
Taviseburebebi, Sdr.:
sax. xala “deida” sax. xala “Cangali”

erg. xala-n erg. xal-in-en
naT. xala-Á naT. xal-in
mic. xala-x mic. xal-in-ax
abl. xala-x-o... abl. xal-in-ax-o...
pirveli tipis (xala

xala “deida”) mixedviT ibrunvis a//„ xmovanze
daboloebuli ormarcvliani saxelebi, romlebic adamians
aRniSnaven, anu es sityvebi istoriulad mamakacisa da qalis
klasebSi Semavali saxelebia: baba “mama”; nana “deda”; kada “ufrosi
Zma”; Áezna “siZe”; usta “xelosani”, “ostati”. am principiT ibrunvis
agreTve e xmovanze daboloebuli saxelebi: seÁde
seÁde “mamamTili”; seÁne
“dedamTili”; sevCe “mazli” (aq safiqrebelia: e < ç < *a
a; Sdr. nijis
seÁdç “mamamTili”; seÁnç
dialeqtSi dadasturebuls: seÁd seÁnç “dedamTili”;
sevCç “mazli”)...
sevCç
meore tipis (xala
xala “Cangali”) mixedviT ibrunvis zustad
aseTive struqturis (a
a//„ xmovanze daboloebuli ormarcvliani
saxelebi) nivTis aRmniSvneli saxelebi (e.i., istoriulad nivTis
klasSi Tu klasebSi Semavali leqsemebi): Toyˤa
Toy a “qamari”, ÃoÃla
“kvercxi”, oˤma
ma “marwyvi”, muWa “muWa”...
69
es viTareba mxolod imiT aixsneba, rom istoriulad udiur
enaSi saxelebi brunebis dros Taviseburebebs avlendnen maTi
klasovani kuTvnilebis mixedviT.
brunvaTa funqciebi
funqciebi
ZiriTadi brunvebi
brunva ø (uniSno) _ aRniSnavs subieqts gardauval

saxelobiTi brunva.
zmnasTan, mag.:
Coban onebbsin enesa kua “mwyemsi
mwyemsi tiriliT modis Sin [saxlSi]”...
nominativi gvevlineba realur obieqtad rogorc gardamaval
zmnebTan, ise micemiT-subieqtian da naTesaobiT-subieqtian
zmnebTanac, mag.:
elaxun kiwke ÁoldaSen Tanede xib Togix-lu Jˤee “wasvlisas
patara amxanagma misca sami Zvirfasi qva”
qva [gardamavali zmna];
za azaksa Sel, lçzçTlu faq “me (mic.) vxedav karg, lamaz baRs
(sax.)” [micemiT-subieqtiani zmna];
kua nanaÁ boxeci dadal-ta-baqsa
dadal “saxlSi dedas moxarSuli
mamali aqvs” [naTesaobiT-subieqtiani zmna].
ergativi.
ergativi formantebia -en
en,
en -in
in,
in -on
on:
on gamoiyeneba ori brunvis
moTxrobiTisa da moqmedebiTis (instrumentalisi) funqciiT.
asrulebs realuri subieqtis rols gardamaval zmnasTan da
Tanabrad ixmareba yvela dro-kilos formasTan (qarTul TargmanSi
mas Seesatyviseba xan moTxrobiTi, xan saxelobiTi, zogjer ki _
micemiTi), mag.:
vaˤ fine isus-en
isus en baCna kalatu “da uTxra iesom aseulis
ufross” (mT. 8, 13);
SeTabaxtin-Te har so besal-t
besal t-in
in aneysa “radganac yoveli
mTxovneli (erg.) miiRebs” (mT. 7, 8)...
ergativis forma xSirad gvevlineba realur subieqtad
micemiT-subieqtian zmnasTan. es procesi meoreulia da
damTavrebuli ar aris: fakultaturad gvxvdeba orive brunvis
forma (micemiTisa da ergativis), oRond tendencia miuTiTebs
70
ergativis gabatonebaze, mag.:
CubR-on
CubR on ekaTe itubaqsa, exne iSex “cols
cols (erg.) rac esmis,
eubneba qmars”...
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, udiuri ergativi instrumentalisis
funqciiT aris aRWurvili, mag.:
zu xaCzude eˤ†an xe-n
xe n-en
en “me mognaTleT Tqven wyliT (erg.)”
(mrk. 1, 4)...
naTesaobiTi brunvis formantebia -i
i, -in
in,
in -n
n-in
in,
in -un
un,
un -n
n-un
un,
un -a
a[Á
Á], -
n-a
a[Á
Á], -ee[Á
Á], -n
n-ee[Á
Á], -o
o[Á
Á], -n
n-u
u[Á
Á]: “qona”-“yolis” zmnasTan gadmoscems
realur subieqts, mag.:
zinov-in
zinov in butaÁ sa Rar ya sa xin„r “zinobis
zinobis (naT.) hyavda erTi
vaJi da erTi qaliSvili”...
naTesaobiTi brunva gamoxatavs kuTvnileba-gansazRvras, anu
aRWurvilia posesiuri funqciiT, mag.:
Sono baÁneci g‘nçhqçr adamar-i
adamar i toRol “da Sevida codvili
kacis saxlSi” (lk. 19, 7);

zorruyunbesaÁ Sotxo juRabux gèlèT-a
a baxtin “ZaliT
iTxovdnen misgan pasuxs bevris gamo” (lk. 11, 53)...
micemiTi brunvis formantebia -a
a[x
x], -ee[x
x], -u
u[x
x], -o
o[x
x], -i
i[x
x], -n
n-a
a[x
x],
-n
n-ee[x
x], -n
n-u
u[x
x]: micemiTi brunvis forma, micemiT-subieqtian zmnebTan
(verba sentiendi) SeiZleba subieqti gadmogvces, Tumca, arsaniSnavia,
rom amJamad es iSviaTi movlenaa, mag.:
me adamar-a
adamar a butuysa Cubux “am adamians uyvars coli”...
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, micemiTi brunvis formiT,
nominativTan paralelurad, pirdapiri obieqti gadmoicema yvela
dro-kilos formasTan, mag.:
zu Tassa †urufsan beRˤ-n
beR n-ux
ux ya xaS-n
xaS n-ux
ux “me mivdivar
saZebnelad mzisa da mTvarisa”...

mTvarisa
aseve, micemiTi brunviT iribi obieqti aRiniSneba, mag.:
CobanRon arzyunbesa te Coban-a
Coban a “mwyesebi saCivars miarTmeven am
mwemss”...
mwemss
micemiTi xSirad gamoyenebulia garemoebis (lokativis)
71
funqciiT Tandebulis daurTvelad, mag.:
beRˤsane, fasWaRun q…a laSkone-bu “xedavs, mefis saxlSi (mic.)
qorwilia
Tandebuliani (meoreuli) brunvebi

ablativi (daSorebiTi
daSorebiTi).
daSorebiTi es brunva micemiTze dayrdnobiT
iwarmoeba da misi formantebia -ax-
ax-o//-ox
ox-
ox-o (zogjer fonetikuri
cvlilebebiT; pirveli komponenti (-ax
ax//-ox
ax ox)
ox icvleba micemiTi
brunvis mixedviT). ablativs qarTuli -gan
gan Tandebulis msgavsi
funqcia aqvs, mag.:
Te un Wapnebu metux abatuR-ox
abatuR ox-o
ox o vaˤ hayullutuR-ox
hayullutuR ox-o
ox o “rom
Sen damale es brZenTagan da gonierTagan”
gonierTagan (lk. 6, 45)...
udiurSi ablativi SedarebiT xarisxsac gamoxatavs, mag.:
me xod te xod-ax
xod ax-o
ax o qalane “es xe im xeze (abl.; zedmiw. xisgan)
xisgan
didia”...
komitativi (TanaobiTi
TanaobiTi).
TanaobiTi ZiriTadi formantebia -ax
ax-al
ax al[an
al an]//-ox
an ox-ox
ol[an
ol an]
an (pirveli komponenti -ax
ax//-ox
ax ox icvleba micemiTi brunvis
mixedviT, anu komitativi micemiTis formas eyrdnoba). udiuri
komitativi udris qarTul -Tan
Tan Tandebuls iseT frazebSi,
rogoricaa: “xesTan dgas”... an kacTan erTad midis” da a.S., anu
komitativi gamoxatavs sagnis myofobas pirTan an saganTan da sagnis
moZraobas sxva pirTan an saganTan erTad, mag.:
Tanesa iC nana-x
nana x-ol
ol “d‘r‘sluRon” fesan “midis Tavis
dedasTan “mSvidobiT” saTqmelad” (rust.)...

adesivi (TanamyofobiTi
TanamyofobiTi).
TanamyofobiTi formantebia -a
a-s-ta
ta//-o
ta o-s-ta (zogjer
fonetikuri cvlilebebiT). adesivi micemiTze dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba,
Tumca -s
s- elementis warmoSoba naTeli araa. evg. jeiraniSvilis
varaudiT: *x
x (dativis formanti) > s. ver gaviziarebT aRniSnul
mosazrebas: savaraudod, -s
s- elementi uSualod Tandebuls unda
mivakuTvnoT (-sta
sta),
sta anda SesaZlebelia es elementi kavkasiis
albanur enaSi micemiTi brunvis damowmebul formantTa erT-erTi
seriisagan momdinareobdes. adesivi gamoxatavs moZraobas
72
obieqtisaken, garkveuli punqtis maxloblad miRwevas, agreTve
myofobas obieqtTan da gadmogvcems qarTuli -Tan
Tan Tandebulis
Sinaars imis msgavsad, rogoricaa frazebSi “xesTan mivida”, “xesTan
dgas” da a.S., mag.:
eTçr camne fexambarR-os
fexambarR os-ta
os ta “rogorc weria mociqulebTan”
mociqulebTan
(mrk. 1, 2)...
alativi (mimarTulebiTi
mimarTulebiTi).
mimarTulebiTi formantebia -a
a-W
W//-o
o-W
W (pirveli
komponenti -a
a//-o
o icvleba micemiTi brunvis mixedviT, anu alativi
micemiTze dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba). gamoiyeneba qarTuli -ken
ken da -mde
mde
Tandebulebis funqciiT, mag.:
vaˤ Taneci SçhçrRon vaˤ çÁzurRon, zombesin vaˤ Áay akestesin
erusalim-a
erusalim a-W
W “da wavida qalaqebiTa da soflebiT, swavlebiTa da
gzis CvenebiT ierusalimisaken [ierusalimamde
ierusalimamde]”
ierusalimamde (lk. 13, 22)...
superasivi (termintativi
termintativi;
termintativi zedaobiTi).
zedaobiTi formantebia -a
a-l
l//-o
o-l
l
(pirveli komponenti -a
a//-o
o icvleba micemiTi brunvis mixedviT, anu
superasivi dativis formas eyrdnoba). es brunva gadmogvcems
qarTuli -z
ze Tandebulis Sinaarss, mag.:
laCayta vi tur-e
tur e-l
l “Caicvi Sen fexze!”...
fexze
benefaqtivi (kauzativi
kauzativi1; gankuTvnebiTi).
gankuTvnebiTi formantebia -en
en-k
en k[ena
ena]//-
ena
on-k
on k[ena
ena]
ena (zogjer fonetikuri cvlilebebiT). varTaSnulSi es
brunva, rogorc Cans, ergativ-instrumentalisis formas eyrdnoba,
xolo nijis dialeqtis formis aÁnaq//-oÁna

-aÁna
aÁnaq oÁnaq
oÁnaq sarydeni brunva
naTeli araa. samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom
nijur kiloSi benefaqtivis forma micemiTze dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba
(vl. fanCviZe; evg. jeiraniSvili), Tumca eWvi gvepareba aRniSnuli
mosazrebis marTebulobaSi. gamoiyeneba qarTuli -Tvis
Tvis Tandebulis
funqciiT, mag.:
†ulan Wçlçgi un gçrçg uS-en
uS en-k
en k TaRan “ama da am tyeSi Sen unda
SeSisaTvis waxvide”...
1 am brunvis aRsaniSnavad es termini gamoyenebuli aqvs a. Sifners, a. dirs da

evg. jeiraniSvils.
73
brunvis niSnebi mxoloobiTSi
brunvebi varTaSnuli nijuri
1 saxelobiTi ø (aramarkirebulia) ø (aramarkirebulia)
2 ergativi -en, -in, -on igive da -ˆn
3 naTesaobiTi -i, -in, -n-in, -un, -n-un, -a[Á], igive da -ˆn, -n-ˆn
ZiriTadi
-n-a[Á], -e[Á], -n-e[Á], -o[Á],

-n-u[Á]
4 micemiTi -a[x], -e[x], -u[x], -o[x], -i[x], igive, im gansxvavebiT,
-n-a[x], -n-e[x], -n-u[x] rom -[x] elementi
TiTqmis ar ixmareba
5 ablativi -ax-o -ax-un
6 komitativi -ax-ol[an] -ax-un[an]
Tandebuliani
7 adesivi -a-sta -a-sTa

8 alativi -a-W -a-C
9 superisivi -a-l igive
10 benefaqtivi -en-k[ena] -aÁnaq, -eÁnaq
brunvis niSnebi mravlobiTSi

1 saxelobiTi -ux, -ur, -ur-ux, -m-ux, -ux//-xo, -ur, -ur-ux//
-ur-m-ux, -or -ur-xo, -m-ux, -ur-m-ux
2 ergativi -R//-oR, -m-uR, -ur-m-uR -R//-x, -ox, -ur-ux//-ur-x,

ZiriTadi
-ur-uR//-ur-R, + brunvis -m-ux, -ur-m-ux + brunvis

-on -on
3 naTesaobiTi igive, rac ergativSi + igive, rac ergativSi +
-o[Á] -o[Á]
4 micemiTi igive + -o[x] igive + -o[x]
5 ablativi igive + -ox-o igive + -ax-un
6 komitativi igive + -ox-ol[an] igive + -ax-un[an]
Tandebuliani
7 adesivi igive + -o-sta igive + -os-Ta

8 alativi igive + -o-W igive + -o-C
9 superisivi igive + -o-l igive + -o-l
10 benefaqtivi igive + -on-k[ena] igive + -oÁnaq
74
arsebiT saxelTa brunebis paradigmebi:
(varTaSnuli dialeqtisa)
erTmarcvlian xmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba
mx. mr.
sax. Co//Cˤo “saxe”, “zedapiri”, sax. Co-r-xox
“mxare”
erg. Co-en erg. Co-r-xon
naT. Co-e[Á] naT. Co-r-xo[Á]
mic. Co-e[x] mic. Co-r-xo[x]
abl. Co-ex-o abl. Co-r-x-ox-o
komit. Co-ex-ol[an] komit. Co-r-x-ox-ol[an]
ades. Co-e-sta ades. Co-r-x-o-sta
alat. Co-e-W alat. Co-r-x-o-W
super. Co-e-l super. Co-r-x-o-l
benefaqt. Co-en-k[ena] benefaqt. Co-r-x-on-k[ena]
egreve ibrunvis: xa “matyli”, Wa “matylis sabeli”, xo

“TrTvili”, mu “qeri”, Cu “palo”, “soli”, †u “amonasunTqvi”,
“amonaberi”, kaˤ
ka “Wirxli”, maˤ
ma “tvini”, xˤo
o “curi”... saxeli o “balaxi”,
romelic am principiT ibrunvis orgvarad awarmoebs micemiT
brunvas _ o-e[x]//o
o-a[x]. Sesabamisad, Tandebulian brunvebSi
(benefaqtivis garda) or-ori varianti gvaqvs: o-ex-o//o
o-ax-o (abl.), o-
es-ta//o
o-as-ta (ades.), o-e-W//o
o-a-W (alat.), o-e-l//o
o-a-l (super.).
Tavisebureburebas iCens am saxelis komitativis forma sadac gvaqvs
o-ex
ex-ol[an]//o-ix
ex ix-ol[an].
ix
75
mx. mr.
sax. xˤa “ZaRli” sax. xˤa-r-x-ox

erg. xˤe-Án erg. xˤa-r-x-on
naT. xˤe-Á naT. xˤa-r-x-o[Á]
mic. xˤa mic. xˤa-r-x-o[x]
abl. xˤa-x-o abl. xˤa-r-x-ox-o
komit. xˤa-x-ol[an] komit. xˤa-r-x-ox-ol[an]
ades. xˤa-x-o-sta ades. xˤa-r-x-ox-o-sta
alat. xˤa-W alat. xˤa-r-x-o-W
super. xˤa-l super. xˤa-r-x-o-l
benefaqt. xˤa-Án-k[ena] benefaqt. xˤa-r-x-on-k[ena]
mx. mr.
sax. ga “adgili” sax. ga-m-x-ox//ga-r-x-ox

erg. ga-n-en//ga-l-en erg. ga-m-x-on//ga-r-x-on
naT. ga-n-e[Á]//ga-l-a[Á] naT. ga-m-x-o[Á]/ga-r-x-o[Á]
mic. ga-n-u[x]//ga-l-a[x] mic. ga-m-x-o[x]//ga-r-x-o[x]
abl. ga-n-ux-o//ga-l-ax-o abl. ga-m-x-ox-o//ga-r-x-ox-o
komit. ga-n-ux-ol[an]//ga-l-ax- komit. ga-m-x-ox-ol[an]//ga-r-x-ox-
ol[an] ol[an]
ades. ga-n-u-sta//ga-l-a-sta ades. ga-m-x-ox-o-sta//ga-r-x-ox-o-
sta
alat. ga-n-u-W//ga-l-a-W alat. ga-m-x-o-W//ga-r-x-o-W
super. ga-n-u-l//ga-l-a-l super. ga-m-x-o-l//ga-r-x-o-l
benefaqt. ga-n-en-k[ena]//ga-l-en- benefaqt. ga-m-x-on-k[ena]//ga-r-x-on-
k[ena] k[ena]
76
mx. mr.
sax. me “dana” sax. me-r-x-ox

erg. me-n-en erg. me-r-x-on
naT. me-n-e[Á] naT. me-r-x-o[Á]
mic. me-n-a[x]//me-n-e[x] mic. me-r-x-o[x]
abl. me-n-ax-o abl. me-r-x-ox-o
komit. me-n-ax-ol[an] komit. me-r-x-ox-ol[an]
ades. me-n-a-sta ades. me-r-x-o-sta
alat. me-n-a-W alat. me-r-x-o-W
super. me-n-a-l super. me-r-x-o-l
benefaqt. me-n-en-k[ena] benefaqt. me-r-xo-en-k[ena]
aseve ibrunvis: Jˤee “qva”, te “wili”, xe “wyali”... am tips miekuTvneba

sityva pi “sisxli”, oRond, im gansxvavebiT, rom micemiTsa da
ablativSi es sityva paralelur formebs awarmoebs: pi-n-a
a[x
x]//pi-n-ee[x
x]
(mic.); pi-n-ax
ax-o
ax o//pi-n-eex-o
o (abl.).
mx. mr.
sax. wi “saxeli” sax. wi-r-x-ox//wi-m-x-ox

erg. wi-Á-en erg. wi-r-x-on//wi-m-x-on
naT. wi-Á-e[Á] naT. wi-r-x-o[Á]
mic. wi-Á-e[x]//wi-a[x] mic. wi-r-x-o[x]
abl. wi-Á-ex-o//wi-ax-o abl. wi-r-x-ox-o//wi-m-x-ox-o
komit. wi-Á-ex-ol[an]//wi-ax-ol[an] komit. wi-r-x-ox-ol[an]
ades. wi-Á-e-sta//wi-a-sta ades. wi-r-x-o-sta
alat. wi-Á-e-W//wi-a-W alat. wi-r-x-o-W
super. wi-Á-e-l//wi-a-l super. wi-r-x-o-l
benefaqt. wi-Á-en-k[ena]//wi-en-k[ena] benefaqt. wi-r-xo-en-k[ena]
aseve ibrunvis: mi “sicive”, yˤi

i “SiSi”...
77
mx. mr.
sax. Ri “dRe” sax. Ri-m-x-ox//Ri-r-x-ox

erg. Re-n-en erg. Ri-m-x-ox//Ri-r-x-ox
naT. Re-n-e[Á] naT. Ri-m-x-o[Á]
mic. Re-n-a[x] mic. Ri-m-x-o[x]
abl. Re-n-ax-o abl. Ri-m-x-ox-o
komit. Re-n-ax-ol[an] komit. Ri-m-x-ox-ol[an]
ades. Re-n-a-sta ades. Ri-m-x-o-sta
alat. Re-n-a-W alat. Ri-m-x-o-W
super. Re-n-a-l super. Ri-m-x-o-l
benefaqt. Re-n-en-k[ena] benefaqt. Ri-m-x-on-k[ena]
erTmarcvlian TanxmovanfuZian
TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba
mx. mr.
sax. mex “namgali” sax. mex-r-ux

erg. mex-en erg. mex-r-uR-on
naT. mex-n-a[Á] naT. mex-r-uR-o[Á]
mic. mex-n-u[x] mic. mex-r-uR-o[x]
abl. mex-n-ux-o abl. mex-r-uR-ox-o
komit. mex-n-ux-ol[an] komit. mex-r-uR-ox-ol[an]
ades. mex-n-us-ta ades. mex-r-uR-os-ta
alat. mex-n-u-W alat. mex-r-uR-o-W
super. mex-n-u-l super. mex-r-uR-o-l
benefaqt. mex-en-k[ena] benefaqt. mex-r-uR-on-k[ena]
78
aseve ibrunvis erTmarcvlian TanxmovanfuZian arsebiT saxelTa
umravlesoba.
mx. mr.
sax. tul “yurZeni” sax. tul-r-ux

erg. tul-en erg. tul-r-uR-on
naT. tul-l-a[Á] naT. tul-r-uR-o[Á]
mic. tul-l-u[x] mic. tul-r-uR-o[x]
abl. tul-l-ux-o abl. tul-r-uR-ox-o
komit. tul-l-ux-ol[an] komit. tul-r-uR-ox-ol[an]
ades. tul-l-u-sta ades. tul-r-uR-o-sta
alat. tul-l-u-W alat. tul-r-uR-o-W
super. tul-l-u-l super. tul-r-uR-o-l
benefaqt. tul-en-k[ena] benefaqt. tul-r-uR-o-en-k[ena]
aseve ibrunvis: kul “miwa”, gul “saceri”, cil “Tesli”, wil

“nakverCxali”, Cil “mZivi”, qol “buCqi”, Rˤol
ol “gube”, Cal “Robe”,
mal “saqoneli, qoneba”, Sal “Sali”, xel “tvirTi”, “bargi”, Jˤol
ol
“sacobi” da sxva erTmarcvliani TanxmovanfuZiani l aso-bgeraze
daboloebuli saxelebi.
mx. mr.
sax. gor “sari” sax. gor-r-ux

erg. gor-en erg. gor-r-uR-on
naT. gor-r-a naT. gor-r-uR-o[Á]
mic. gor-r-u[x] mic. gor-r-uR-o[x]
abl. gor-r-ux-o abl. gor-r-uR-ox-o
komit. gor-r-ux-ol[an] komit. gor-r-uR-ox-ol[an]
ades. gor-r-u-sta ades. gor-r-uR-o-sta
79
alat. gor-r-u-W alat. gor-r-uR-o-W
super. gor-r-u-l super. gor-r-uR-o-l
benefaqt. gor-en-k[ena] benefaqt. gor-r-uR-on-k[ena]
aseve ibrunvis sxva erTmarcvlian TanxmovanfuZian r aso-bgeraze

daboloebul saxelTa umetesoba.
mx. mr.
sax. xod “xe” sax. xod-r-ux

erg. xod-en erg. xod-r-oR-on
naT. xod-d-a[Á] naT. xod-r-oR-o[Á]
mic. xod-d-u[x]//xod-d-a[x] mic. xod-r-oR-o[x]
abl. xod-d-ux-o abl. xod-r-oR-ox-o
komit. xod-d-ux-ol[an] komit. xod-r-oR-ox-ol[an]
ades. xod-d-u-sta ades. xod-r-oR-o-sta
alat. xod-d-u-W alat. xod-r-oR-o-W
super. xod-d-u-l//xod-d-al super. xod-r-oR-o-l
benefaqt. xod-en-k[ena] benefaqt. xod-r-oR-on-k[ena]
aseve ibrunvis sxva erTmarcvliani TanxmovanfuZiani d//t

t aso-
bgerebze daboloebuli saxelebis umetesoba.
mx. mr.
sax. Rar “vaJi”, “biWi” sax. Rar-m-ux

erg. Rar-en erg. Rar-m-oR-on
naT. Rar-i naT. Rar-m-oR-o[Á]
mic. Rar-a[x] mic. Rar-m-oR-o[x]
abl. Rar-ax-o abl. Rar-m-oR-ox-o
komit. Rar-ax-ol[an] komit. Rar-m-oR-ox-ol[an]
ades. Rar-a-sta ades. Rar-m-oR-o-sta
alat. Rar-a-W alat. Rar-m-oR-o-W
80
super. Rar-a-l super. Rar-m-oR-o-l
benefaqt. Rar-en-k[ena] benefaqt. Rar-m-oR-on-k[ena]
mravlobiTSi agreTve ixmareba Semdegi formebi: Rar-m-u

uR-on
(erg.), Rar-m-u
uR-o[Á] (naT.), Rar-m-u
uR-o[x] (mic.), Rar-m-u
uR-ox-o (abl.),
Rar-m-u
uR-ox-ol[an] (komit.) da a.S.
mx. mr.
sax. çiz “sofeli” sax. çiz-r-ux

erg. çiz-en erg. çiz-r-uR-on
naT. çiz-un naT. çiz-r-uR-o[Á]
mic. çiz-i[x] mic. çiz-r-uR-o[x]
abl. çiz-ix-o abl. çiz-r-ox-o
komit. çiz-ix-ol[an] komit. çiz-r-oR-ox-ol[an]
ades. çiz-i-sta ades. çiz-r-oR-o-sta
alat. çiz-i-W alat. çiz-r-oR-o-W
super. çiz-i-l super. çiz-r-oR-o-l
benefaqt. çiz-en-k[ena] benefaqt. çiz-r-oR-on-k[ena]
mx. mr.
sax. koj “saxli” sax. koj-r-ux

erg. koj-en erg. koj-r-oR-on
naT. koj-in naT. koj-r-oR-on
mic. kua[x] mic. koj-r-oR-o[x]
abl. kua-x-o
komit. kua-x-ol[an] abl. koj-r-oR-ox-o
ades. kua-sta komit. koj-r-uR-ox-ol[an]
alat. kua-W ades. koj-r-uR-o-sta
81
super. kua-l alat. koj-r-uR-o-W
benefaqt. koj-en-k[ena] super. koj-r-uR-o-l
benefaqt. koj-r-uR-o-en-k[ena]
egreve ibrunvis: babakoj “mamis saxli”; burRokoj “gomuri”;

kokowunkoj “saqaTme”...
mx. mr.
sax. koÁ “qvevri” sax. koÁ-m-ux//koÁ-r-ux

erg. koÁ-en//koÁ-n-en erg. koÁ-m-uR-on//koÁ-r-oR-on
naT. koÁ-e[Á]//koÁ-n-a[Á]//koÁ-n-un naT. koÁ-m-uR-o[Á]
mic. koÁ-a[x]//koÁ-ex//koÁ-n-ux mic. koÁ-m-uR-o[x]
abl. koÁ-ax-o//koÁ-n-ux-o abl. koÁ-m-uR-ox-o//koÁ-r-oR-ox-o
komit. koÁ-a-x-ol[an] komit. koÁ-m-uR-ox-ol[an]
ades. koÁ-a-sta ades. koÁ-m-uR-o-sta
alat. koÁ-a-W alat. koÁ-m-uR-o-W
super. koÁ-a-l super. koÁ-m-uR-o-l
benefaqt. koÁ-en-k[ena] benefaqt. koÁ-m-uR-on-k[ena]
aseve ibrunvis: qoÁ[n

qoÁ n] “saxelo”, boÁ “simaRle” [adamianis]...
mx. mr.
sax. SeÁ “rame”, “nivTi” sax. SeÁ-r-ux

erg. SeÁ-en erg. SeÁ-r-uR-on
naT. SeÁ-na naT. SeÁ-r-uR-o
mic. SeÁ-n-ux mic. SeÁ-r-uR-ox
abl. SeÁ-n-ux-o abl. SeÁ-r-uR-ox-o
komit. SeÁ-n-iex-ol[an] komit. SeÁ-r-uR-ox-ol[an]
ades. SeÁ-a-sta ades. SeÁ-r-uR-o-sta
alat. SeÁ-n-ux-ol-a-W alat. SeÁ-r-uR-o-W
82
super. SeÁ-n-u-l super. SeÁ-r-uR-o-l
benefaqt. SeÁ-en-en-k[ena] benefaqt. SeÁ-r-uR-on-k[ena]
egreve ibrunvis: baÁ “bali”, SçÁ “Sauri”...
mx. mr.
sax. ful “Tvali” sax. ful-m-ux

erg. f-in erg. ful-m-uR-on
naT. f-in naT. ful-m-uR-o[Á]
mic. f-e[x] mic. ful-m-uR-o[x]
abl. f-ex-o abl. ful-m-uR-ox-o
komit. f-ex-ol[an] komit. ful-m-uR-ox-ol[an]
ades. f-e-sta ades. ful-m-uR-o-sta
alat. f-e-W alat. ful-m-uR-o-W
super. f-e-l super. ful-m-uR-o-l
benefaqt. f-en-k[ena] benefaqt. ful-m-uR-on-k[ena]
aseve ibrunvis: bul “Tavi” da qul “xeli”.
mx. mr.
sax. Tur “perangi” sax. Tur-m-ux

erg. Tur-en//Tur-in erg. Tur-m-uR-on
naT. Tur-e[Á]//Tur-in naT. Tur-m-uR-o[Á]
mic. Tur-a[x]//Tur-e[x]//Tur-r-ux mic. Tur-m-uR-o[x]
abl. Tur-ax-o//Tur-ex-o abl. Tur-m-uR-ox-o
komit. Tur-ex-ol[an] komit. Tur-m-uR-ox-ol[an]
ades. Tur-e-sta ades. Tur-m-uR-o-sta
83
alat. Tur-e-W alat. Tur-m-uR-o-W
super. Tur-e-l super. Tur-m-uR-o-l
benefaqt. Tur-en-k[ena] benefaqt. Tur-m-eR-on-k[ena]
mx. mr.
sax. Cur “furi”, “Zroxa” sax. Cur-ux//Cur-x-ox

erg. Cur-en erg. Cur-R-on
naT. Cur-e[Á]//Cur-a[Á] naT. Cur-R-o[Á]
mic. Cur-a[x]//Cur-e[x]//Cur-r-u[x] mic. Cur-R-o[x]
abl. Cur-ax-o//Cur-ex-o//Cur-r-ux-o abl. Cur-R-ox-o
komit. Cur-ax-ol[an]//Cur-ex-l[an] komit. Cur-R-ox-ol[an]
//Cur-r-ux-ol[an]
ades. Cur-a-sta//Cur-e-sta//Cur-r-u- ades. Cur-R-o-sta
sta
alat. Cur-a-W//Cur-e-W//Cur-r-u-W alat. Cur-R-o-W
super. Cur-a-l//Cur-e-l//Cur-r-u-l super. Cur-R-o-l
benefaqt. Cur-en-k[ena] benefaqt. Cur-R-on-k[ena]
mx. mr.
sax. aS “saqme” sax. aS-r-ux//aS-m-ux

erg. aS-en//aS-l-en erg. aS-r-uR-on
naT. aS-n-a[Á] naT. aS-r-uR-o[Á]
mic. aS-l-a[x]//aS-n-u[x] mic. aS-r-uR-o[x]
abl. aS-l-ax-o//aS-n-ux-o abl. aS-r-uR-ox-o
komit. aS-l-ax-ol[an]//aS-n-ux- komit. aS-r-uR-ox-ol[an]
ol[an]
ades. aS-l-a-sta//aS-n-u-sta ades. aS-r-uR-o-sta
84
alat. aS-l-a-W//aS-n-u-W alat. aS-r-uR-o-W
super. aS-l-a-l//aS-n-u-l super. aS-r-uR-o-l
benefaqt. aS-l-en-k[ena]//aS-en-k[ena] benefaqt. aS-r-uR-on-k[ena]
or an metmarcvlian xmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba
mx. mr.
sax. faSna “gogra” sax. faSn-i-[Á]-ux

erg. faSn-in-en erg. faSn-i-[Á]-uR-on
naT. faSn-in naT. faSn-i-[Á]-uR-o[Á]
mic. faSn-in-a[x] mic. faSn-i-[Á]-uR-o[x]
abl. faSn-in-ax-o abl. faSn-i-[Á]-uR-ox-o
komit. faSn-in-ax-ol[an] komit. faSn-i-[Á]-uR-ox-ol[an]
ades. faSn-in-a-sta ades. faSn-i-[Á]-uR-o-sta
alat. faSn-in-a-W alat. faSn-i-[Á]-uR-o-W
super. faSn-in-a-l super. faSn-i-[Á]-uR-o-l
benefaqt. faSn-in-en-k[ena] benefaqt. faSn-i-[Á]-uR-on-k[ena]
aseve ibrunvis sxva or da metmarcvlian xmovanfuZian a//çç da i

aso-bgerebze daboloebul saxelTa umetesoba, romelic
istoriulad nivTis klasis kuTvnileba unda yofiliyo.
mx. mr.
sax. nana “deda” sax. nana-ux

erg. nana-n erg. nana-R-on
naT. nana-[Á] naT. nana-R-o[Á]
mic. nana-[x] mic. nana-R-o[x]
abl. nana-x-o abl. nana-R-ox-o
85
komit. nana-x-ol[an] komit. nana-R-ox-ol[an]
ades. nana-sta ades. nana-R-o-sta
alat. nana-W alat. nana-R-o-W
super. nana-l super. nana-R-o-l
benefaqt. nane-n-k[ena] benefaqt. nana-R-on-k[ena]
aseve ibrunvis: baba “mama”, xala “deida”, dçdç “mamida”, kada

“ufrosi Zma”, Áezna “siZe”, usta “ostati”, “xelosani”... sevCe
“mazli”, seÁne “dedamTili”, seÁde “mamamTili”... da sxva or da
metmarcvliani xmovanfuZiani a//çç da e aso-bgerebze daboloebuli
saxelebis umetesoba, romelic istoriulad mamakacisa da qalis (an
adamianis) klasebis kuTvnileba unda yofiliyo.
mx. mr.
sax. vçdç “dro” sax. vçd-i-ux//vçd-i-m-ux

erg. vçdç-in-en erg. vçd-i-R-on//vçd-i-m-R-on
naT. vçdç-in naT. vçd-i-R-o[Á]//vçd-i-m-R-o[Á]
mic. vçdç-in-a[x] mic. vçd-i-R-o[x]//vçd-i-m-R-o[x]
abl. vçdç-in-ax-o abl. vçd-i-R-ox-o//vçd-i-m-R-ox-o
komit. vçdç-in-ax-ol[an] komit. vçd-i-R-ox-al[an]//vçd-i-m-R-
ox-ol[an]
ades. vçdç-in-a-sta ades. vçd-i-R-o-sta//vçd-i-m-R-o-sta
alat. vçdç-in-a-W alat. vçd-i-R-o-W//vçd-i-m-R-o-W
super. vçdç-in-a-l super. vçd-i-R-o-l//vçd-i-m-R-o-l
benefaqt. vçdç-in-en-k[ena] benefaqt. vçd-i-R-on-k[ena]//vçd-i-m-
R-on-k[ena]
aseve ibrunvis: kaSa “TiTi”, Tçqç “jixvi”...
86
mx. mr.
sax. bele “pirutyvi”, “saqoneli” sax. bele-ux

erg. bele-n-en erg. bele-R-on//ber-r-on
naT. bele-n-un naT. bele-R-o[Á]//ber-R-o[Á]
mic. bele-n-a[x] mic. bele-R-o[x]//ber-R-o[x]
abl. bele-n-ax-o abl. bele-R-ox-o//ber-R-ox-o
komit. bele-n-ax-ol[an] komit. bele-R-ox-ol[an]//ber-R-ox-
ol[an]
ades. bele-n-a-sta ades. bele-R-o-sta//ber-R-o-sta
alat. bele-n-a-W alat. bele-R-o-W//ber-R-o-W
super. bele-n-a-l super. bele-R-o-l//ber-R-o-l
benefaqt. bele-n-en-k[ena] benefaqt. bele-R-on-k[ena]//ber-R-
on-k[ena]
mx. mr.
sax. viCi “Zma” sax. viCi-m-ux

erg. viC-en erg. viCi-m-R-on
naT. viC-e[Á] naT. viCi-m-R-o[Á]
mic. viC-e[x] mic. viCi-m-R-o[x]
abl. viC-ex-o abl. viCi-m-R-ox-o
komit. viC-ex-ol[an] komit. viCi-m-R-ox-ol[an]
ades. viC-e-sta ades. viCi-m-R-o-sta
alat. viC-e-W alat. viCi-m-R-o-W
super. viC-e-l super. viCi-m-R-o-l
benefaqt. viC-en-k[ena] benefaqt. viCi-m-R-on-k[ena]
aseve ibrunvis: hunCi “da”
87
mx. mr.
sax. haso “Rrubeli” sax. haso-ux

erg. haso-n-en erg. haso-R-on
naT. haso-n-un naT. haso-R-o[Á]
mic. haso-n-a[x] mic. haso-R-o[x]
abl. haso-n-ax-o abl. haso-R-ox-o
komit. haso-n-ax-ol[an] komit. haso-R-ox-ol[an]
ades. haso-n-a-sta ades. haso-R-o-sta
alat. haso-n-a-W alat. haso-R-o-W
super. haso-n-a-l super. haso-R-o-l
benefaqt. haso-n-en-k[ena] benefaqt. haso-Ro-en-k[ena]
egreve ibrunvis: boyo “comi”, oyo “Zmari”, kiro “waldi”, niko

“burTi”, palto “palto”, hino “ina”... borzu “mosavali”, baru
“kedeli”, Seu “daTvi”...
or an metmarcvlian TanxmovanfuZian saxelTa bruneba
mx. mr.
sax. gurat “perangi” sax. gurat-ux

erg. gurat-en erg. gurat-R-on
naT. gurat-un naT. gurat-R-o[Á]
mic. gurat-a[x] mic. gurat-R-o[x]
abl. gurat-ax-o abl. gurat-R-ox-o
komit. gurat-ax-ol[an] komit. gurat-R-ox-ol[an]
ades. gurat-a-sta ades. gurat-R-o-sta
alat. gurat-a-W alat. gurat-R-o-W
super. gurat-a-l super. gurat-R-o-l
benefaqt. gurat-en-k[ena] benefaqt. gurat-R-on-k[ena]
88
egreve ibrunvis or an metmarcvlian TanxmovanfuZian arsebiT
saxelTa umetesoba.
mx. mr.
sax. adamar “adamiani” sax. adamar-ux

erg. adamar-en erg. adamar-R-on
naT. adamar-i naT. adamar-R-o[Á]
mic. adamar-a[x] mic. adamar-R-o[x]
abl. adamar-ax-o abl. adamar-R-ox-o
komit. adamar-ax-ol[an] komit. adamar-R-ox-ol[an]
ades. adamar-a-sta ades. adamar-R-o-sta
alat. adamar-a-W alat. adamar-R-o-W
super. adamar-a-l super. adamar-R-o-l
benefaqt. adamar-en-k[ena] benefaqt. adamar-R-on-k[ena]
egreve ibrunvis: xinçr “gogo”, “qaliSvili” da qarTuli enidan

an qarTulis SuamavlobiT nasesxebi ormarcvliani TanxmovanfuZiani
sakuTari saxelebi _ Tamar, omar, Tamaz, nodar...
mx. mr.
sax. yˤavan “mindori” sax. yˤavan-ux

erg. yˤavan-en erg. yˤavan-R-on
naT. yˤavan-un naT. yˤavan-R-o[Á]
mic. yˤavan-e[x] mic. yˤavan-R-o[x]
abl. yˤavan-ex-o abl. yˤavan-R-ox-o
komit. yˤavan-ex-ol[an] komit. yˤavan-R-ox-ol[an]
ades. yˤavan-e-sta ades. yˤavan-R-o-sta
alat. yˤavan-e-W alat. yˤavan-R-o-W
super. yˤavan-e-l super. yˤavan-R-o-l
benefaqt. yˤavan-en-k[ena] benefaqt. yˤavan-R-on-k[ena]
“pluralia tantum” saxelTa bruneba
mx. mr.
sax. ulux “kbili” sax. ul-xo

erg. ul-R-on erg. ul-x-on//ul-x-oR-on
naT. ul-R-o[Á] naT. ul-x-o[Á]
mic. ul-R-o[x] mic. ul-x-o[x]
abl. ul-R-ox-o abl. ul-x-ox-o
komit. ul-R-ox-ol[an] komit. ul-x-ox-ol[an]
ades. ul-R-o-sta ades. ul-x-o-sta//ul-x-oR-o-sta
alat. ul-R-o-W alat. ul-x-o-W
super. ul-R-o-l super. ul-x-o-l
benefaqt. ul-R-on-k[ena] benefaqt. ul-x-on-k[ena]//ul-x-oR-
on-k[ena]
SeniSvna: sityvebi bixajuR//bixoR

bixajuR bixoR “RmerTi” da elmux “suli”
Cveulebriv mravlobiTSi ar ixmareba. Taviseburad ibrunvis sityva
Cubux “coli”, romelsac mravlobiTSi daerTvis -yox
yox//-yoR
yox yoR sufiqsi:
Cub-yox
yox “colebi”, Cub-yoR-on (erg.), Cub-yoR
yoR-o[Á]
yoR (naT.), Cub-yoR
yoR-o[x]
yoR
(mic.), Cub-yoR
yoR-ox-o
yoR (abl.) da a.S.
msazRvrel-
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis bruneba
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis brunebisas _ msazRvreli ucvlelia,

xolo sazRvruli ibrunvis Cveulebriv, mag.:
mx. mr.
sax. Sel adamar “kargi adamiani” sax. Sel adamar-ux

erg. Sel adamar-en erg. Sel adamar-R-on
naT. Sel adamar-i naT. Sel adamar-R-o[Á]
mic. Sel adamar-a[x] mic. Sel adamar-R-o[x]
abl. Sel adamar-ax-o abl. Sel adamar-R-ox-o
komit. Sel adamar-ax-ol[an] komit. Sel adamar-R-ox-ol[an]
ades. Sel adamar-a-sta ades. Sel adamar-R-o-sta
alat. Sel adamar-a-W alat. Sel adamar-R-o-W
super. Sel adamar-a-l super. Sel adamar-R-o-l
benefaqt. Sel adamar-en-k[ena] benefaqt. Sel adamar-R-on-k[ena]
91
zedsarTavi saxeli
udiur enaSi zedsarTavi saxelis calke metyvelebis nawilad

gamoyofis safuZveli arc gveqneboda, misTvis damaxasiaTebeli rom
ar yofiliyo Taviseburi, arsebiTi saxelisagan gansxvavebuli
brunebis tipi, romelic, meores mxriv, mas nacvalsaxelsa da
ricxviT saxelTan aaxlovebs.
arsebiT da zedsarTav saxelebs Soris zRvaris dadeba
Zneldeba: zedsarTav saxels ar moepoveba raime mawarmoebeli
afiqsi; arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelebis sityvawarmoeba msgavsia _
gamoiyeneba erTi da igive sityvawarmoebiTi afiqsebi (-en
en,
en -un
un,
un -lu
lu...);
lu
erTi da igive saxeli zogjer gamoiyeneba atributivis da
substantivis mniSvnelobiT, mag., Sdr.: gogin “mwvane” da gogin
“mwvanili”...
zogierTi zedsarTavi saxelisa da zmnisarTis forma
identuria, mag.: Sel Rar “kargi vaJi” _ Sel besane “kargad
akeTebs”...
msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli zedsarTavi saxeli ar ibrunvis,
xolo substantivad gamoyenebuli, rogorx zemoT aRiniSna, misdevs
nacvalsaxelisaTvis da ricxviTi saxelisaTvis damaxasiaTebel
brunebas.
zedsarTavi saxeli erTnairad aris warmodgenili udiuri enis
orive kiloSi. nijur kiloSi zedsarTavi saxelis gauformebel
fuZes zogjer daerTvis -ja
ja elementi, romelic ricxviT saxelebSi
gvxvdeba. amasTan, nijurSi SeiniSneba zogierTi fonetikuri
xasiaTis Tavisebureba.
zedsarTavi saxeli agebulebis mixedviT
agebulebis mixedviT udiurSi martivi, nawarmoebi da

rTulfuZiani zedsarTavi saxelebi gvxvdeba.
92
martivfuZiani zedsarTavi saxeli. erTmarcvliani: Sel
“kargi”; fis “cudi”; biy “muqi”; ÃaÁ “Ria”, “baci”...
erTze met-marcvliani: g”l” “bevri”; qala “didi”; muWˤa
“tkbili”; mawi “TeTri”; WˤoWa “wiTeli”; neSˤum “yviTeli”; gogin

“mwvane”; maˤÁn “Savi”...
nawarmoeb-fuZiani zedsarTavi saxeli. -en
en mawarmoebliani
(warmoSobiT ergativ-instrumentalisis formanti): tam-en “gemrieli”;
Wem-en “WuWyiani”...
-un
un mawarmoebliani (warmoSobiT genitivis niSani): miÁa-un
“aqauri”; tiÁa-un “iqauri”...
-ax
ax mawarmoebliani (warmoSobiT micemiTis niSani): apin-ax
“ofliani”, “gaoflianebuli”; WÁn-ax “cximiani”, “cximovani”...
axo mawarmoebliani (warmoSobiT ablativis formanti): el-axo
-axo
“mlaSe”...
la mawarmoebliani: uk-la “guliani; fof-la “Tmiani”; wi-la
-la
“saxelovani”...
-ba la mawarmoebliani: ey-ba (//ey-la) “xorciani”; iy-ba (//iy-
ba (//-la
la)
la) “nacriani”...
lu mawarmoebliani: ala-lu “maRali”; oya-lu “dabali”; Áz-
-lu
lu “sofleli”; Shr-lu “qalaqeli”...

-miS
miS (varT.)//-ÁinS
ÁinS (nij.) mawarmoebliani: azara-miS
“daavadebuli”; yojal-miS “daberebuli”... gansakuTrebiT
gavrcelebulia nijur kiloSi.
ama oma mawarmoebliani: umuR-oma (< *umux-ama) “yurisodena”...
-ama
ama//-oma
-kena
kena mawarmoebliani: puri-kena “mkvdrisebri”; falaz-kena
“Cvarisebri”...
gr mawarmoebliani: kiwi-gr “cotaodeni”...

-g
-ja
ja mawarmoebliani: yˤiba-ja “mSiSara”, “SiSiani”; baÃi-ja
“Txeli”...
93
-nuT
nuT mawarmoebliani: xe-nuT “uwylo”; Sun-nuT “upuro”;
konjux-nuT “upatrono”...
sus suz mawarmoebliani: namus-sus “unamuso”, bul-suz//bul-
-sus
sus//-suz
sus “uTavo”; qul-sus “uxelo”...
qam qm- mawarmoebliani: qm-baxT “ubedo”, “ubeduri”... nijurSi
qam-//q
ufro gavrcelebulia qm- forma.

rTulfuZiani zedsarTavi saxeli. reduplikaciiT
miRebuli: xˤa-xˤa “gatexili”; kow-kow “moxrili”; qal-qala (varT.)//qa-
qala (nij.) “did-didi”, “msxvili”...
arsebiTi da zedsarTavi saxelisagan (msazRvreli sityvisagan)
Semdgari kompozitebi: uk-ÃaÁ “gulRia” (uk “guli” + ÃaÁ “Ria”);
bul-kow “Tavmoxrili” (bul “Tavi” + kow “moxrili”); aÃˤ-mawi
“gulTeTra” (aÃˤ “mkerdi” + mawi “TeTri”)...
ori zedsarTavi saxelisagan (msazRvreli sityvisagan)
Sedgenili kompozitebi: qala-ukla “didgula” (qala “didi” + ukla
“guliani”); ÃaÁ-ukla “gulRia”, “gulgaxsnili” (ÃaÁ “Ria” + ukla
“guliani”); paˤ-Colla “orpira” (paˤ “ori” + Colla “piriani”)...
ori arsebiTi saxelisagan Sedgenili kompozitebi: ful-deSik
“gaumaZRari”, “xarbi” (ful “Tvali” + deSik “naxvreti”)...
zedsarTavi saxeli msazRvrelad
zedsarTavi saxeli msazRvrelis funqciiT, rogorc wesi,

sazRvrulis win daismis, Tumca sazRvrulis Semdegac xvdeba.
brunebisas msazRvreli zedsarTavi ar icvleba arc brunvisa da
arc ricxvis mixedviT:
mx. ricxvi mr. ricxvi

sax. neSˤum gurat sax. neSˤum gurat-ux
“yviTeli perangi”
erg. neSˤum gurat-en erg. neSˤum gurat-R-on
94
naT. neSˤum gurat-un naT. neSˤum gurat-R-o[Á]
mic. neSˤum gurat-a[x] mic. neSˤum gurat-R-o[x]
abl. neSˤum gurat-ax-o abl. neSˤum gurat-R-ox-o
komit. neSˤum gurat-ax-ol[an] komit. neSˤum gurat-R-ox-ol[an]
ades. neSˤum gurat-a-sta ades. neSˤum gurat-R-o-sta
alat. neSˤum gurat-a-W alat. neSˤum gurat-R-o-W
super. neSˤum gurat-a-l super. neSˤum gurat-R-o-l
benefaqt. neSˤum gurat-en-k[ena] benefaqt. neSˤum gurat-R-on-k[ena]
zedsarTavi saxeli substantivis funqciiT
substantivis funqciiT gamoyenebuli zedsarTavi saxeli

nacvalsaxelebisa da ricxviTi saxelebis msgavsad ibrunvis.
gasubstantivebul zedsarTav saxels -o
o masubstantivebeli elementi
erTvis bolokidurad, xolo irib brunvaTa formebSi, fuZesa da
brunvis niSans Soris Cndeba determinati -t
t, romelic,
SesaZlebelia, warmoSobiT paleoergativis niSani iyos,1 anda te
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelisagan momdinareobdes.2 masubstantivebeli -o
o
sufiqsi zedsarTav saxelSi fuZes erwymis da gadayveba mas irib
brunvebSi -t
t elementis win, maT Soris mravlobiT ricxvSic.

sax. Sel-o “kargi” Sel-o-r
erg. Sel-o-t-in Sel-o-t-R-on
naT. Sel-o-t-a[Á] Sel-o-t-R-o[Á]
mic. Sel-o-t-u[x] Sel-o-t-R-o[x]
abl. Sel-o-t-uxo Sel-o-t-R-oxo
komit. Sel-o-t-uxol[an] Sel-o-t-R-oxol[an]
ades. Sel-o-t-usta Sel-o-t-R-osta
1
2
jeiraniSvili evg., udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia, leqsikoni), Tbilisi,
1971, gv. 69-70.
95
alat. Sel-o-t-uW Sel-o-t-R-oW
super. Sel-o-t-ul Sel-o-t-R-ol
ben. Sel-o-t-enk[ena] Sel-o-t-R-onk[ena]
-t
t elementis pozicia varTaSnulSi myaria, xolo nijurSi
arniSnuli elementi zogjer ikargeba.
zedsarTavi saxelis xarisxis warmoeba
zedsarTavi xarisxebis sawarmoeblad udiurSi specialuri

formanti ar dasturdeba. xarisxebis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebuli
ablativis forma: Sesadarebel saxelTagan erTi daismis
saxelobiTSi, meore ablativSi, xolo zedsarTavi ucvlelia, mag.:
me xod te xod-axo qala-ne “es xe im xeze (xisgan) didia”...
aRmatebiTi xarisxis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebulia damxmare
sityva laf “mTlad”, “yveleze”, mag.:
me xod laf alalu xod-de “es xe yvelaze maRali xea”...
SedarebiTi xarisxi zogjer iwarmoeba -gr sufiqsis
meSveobiT, mag.: g”l”-gr “mobevro”; WˤoWa-gr “mowiTalo”...
96
nacvalsaxeli
piris nacvalsaxeli
nacvalsaxeli
udiurSi dasturdeba I da II piris nacvalsaxelebi: zu “me”; un

(varT.)//hun (nij.) “Sen”; Áan “Cven”; vaˤn “Tqven”.
I piris II piris
mxoloobiTi mravlobiTi mxoloobiTi mravlobiTi
saxelobiTi zu Áan un*//hun** (n.) vaˤn//eˤ†an
ergativi _ _ _ vaˤn
naTesaobiTi bezi beSi vi eˤ†i*//e†i**
micemiTi za//zax* Áa//Áax va//vax* vaˤ//vaxˤ

ablativi zaxo*// Áaxo*// vaxo*// vaxˤo*//
zaxun** Áaxun** vaxun** vaxˤun**
komitativi zaxol[an]*// Áaxol[an]*// vaxol[an]*// vaxˤol[an]*//
zaxun** Áaxun** vaxun** vaxˤun**
adesivi zasta*// Áasta*// vasta*// vaˤsta*//
zasTa** ÁasTa** vasTa** vaˤsTa**
alativi zaW*//zaC** ÁaW*//ÁaC** vaW*//vaC** vaWˤ*//vaCˤ**
superasivi zal Áal val vaˤl
benefaqtivi zenk[ena]*// Áenk[ena]*// venk[ena]*// veˤnk[ena]*//
zaÁnaq** ÁaÁnaq** vaÁnaq** vaˤÁnaq**//
eˤ†aÁnaq**
SeniSvna:
* warmodgenili formebi mxolod varTaSnul kiloSi gvxvdeba;
** aRniSnuli formebi mxolod nijur kiloSi gvxvdeba.
97
udiur enas ar moepoveba III piris nacvalsaxelebi: am funqciiT
udiurSi CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi gamoiyeneba.
piris nacvalsaxelTa saxelobiTi da ergatiuli brunva ar
aris diferencirebuli, mag.:
zu isa laÁzuRo “me (NOM) axla aval”;
zu besazu aS “me (ERG) vakeTeb saqmes”...
aRsaniSnavia, rom mravlobiTi ricxvis I piris nacvalsaxeli
ar ganirCeva inkkluziurobisa da eqskluziurobis TvalsazrisiT.
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli
udiur enaSi mogvepoveba CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa sami saxeoba,

romelic imis mixedviT gansxvavdeba, Tu romel pirze migviTiTebs:
pirvel pirTan gvaqvs me; meore pirTan qa; mesame pirTan te. es
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi ibrunvis sxva atributiul sityvaTa
msgavsad, anu dasaxelebuli nacvalsaxelebi yovelTvis sazRvrulis
win dgas da ar icvleba brunvisa da ricxvis mixedviT, mag.:
saxelobiTi me adamar qa adamar te adamar

“es adamiani” “eg adamiani” “es adamiani”
ergativi me adamar-en qa adamar-en te adamar-en
naTesaobiTi me adamar-i qa adamar-i te adamar-i
micemiTi me adamar-a[x] qa adamar-a[x] te adamar-a[x]
ablativi me adamar-ax-o qa adamar-ax-o te adamar-ax-o
mr. ricxvi me adamar-ux qa adamar-ux te adamar-ux
rodesac CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli gamoyenebulia substantivis

funqciiT, maSin saxelobiT brunvaSi mis formas daerTvis ori
elementi: n- determinati1 da -o
o masubstantivebeli sufiqsi. aseT
1
es determinati, safiqrebelia, rom piris nacvalsaxelTa formaSic gvxvdeba:
u-n (< *vu-n) “Sen”, Áa-n “Cven”, vaˤ-n, eˤ†a-n “Tqven”; Sdr.: va[x] “Sens”, vi “Senis”; Áa[x]
“Cvens”; vaˤ[x] “Tqvens”, eˤ†i “Tqvenis”.
98
SemTxvevaSi, CvenebiTi nacvalsaxeli arsebiTi saxelis msgavsad
ibrunvis im gansxvavebiT, rom fuZesa da brunvis niSans Soris,
yvela irib brunvasTan Tavs iCens t- elementi (ix. zedsarTavi
saxeli).
mxol. ricxvi mravl. ricxvi

sax. mono “es” qano “eg” Sono “is” monor qanor Sonor
erg. me-t-in qa-t-in Se-t-in me-t-R-on qa-t-R-on Se-t-R-on
naT. me-t-aÁ qa-t-aÁ Se-t-aÁ me-t-R-oÁ qa-t-R-oÁ Se-t-R-oÁ
mic. me-t-u[x] qa-t-u[x] Se-t-u[x] me-t-R-o[x] qa-t-R-o[x] Se-t-R-o[x]
abl. me-t-ux-o qa-t-ux-o Se-t-ux-o me-t-R-ox-o qa-t-R-ox-o Se-t-R-ox-o
kom. me-t-ux-ol qa-t-ux-ol Se-t-ux-ol me-t-R-ox-ol qa-t-R-ox-ol Se-t-R-ox-ol
ades. me-t-u-sta qa-t-u-sta Se-t-u-sta me-t-R-o-sta qa-t-R-o-sta Se-t-R-o-sta
alat. me-t-u-W qa-t-u-W Se-t-u-W me-t-R-o-W qa-t-R-o-W Se-t-R-o-W
sup. me-t-u-l qa-t-u-l Se-t-u-l me-t-R-o-l qa-t-R-o-l Se-t-R-o-l
ben. me-t-enk qa-t-enk Se-t-enk me-t-R-onk qa-t-R-onk Se-t-R-onk
nijur kiloSi zogierTi movlena Taviseburadaa

warmodgenili: nijurSi, varTaSnulisagan gansxvavebiT, dasturdeba
orgvari CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebi _ me//mo “es”; qe//qo “eg”; te//So
“is”. aRsaniSnavia, rom nijurs moepoveba formebi qono da qeno,
romelic ar dasturdeba varTaSnulSi.
gansxvavebuli viTareba mJRavndeba CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebis
mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebisas: nij. mo-r-ox < mo-r-ux “eseni”; qo-
r-ox < qo-r-ux “egeni”; So-r-ox < So-r-ux “isini”, Sdr. varT. mo-n-or
< me-n-or “eseni”; qa-n-or “egeni”; So-n-or < Se-n-or “isini”.
aRsaniSnavia, rom varTaSnulSi masubstantivebeli -o
o sufiqsi
yovelTvis daerTvis -n
n elementiT gartulebul fuZes, xolo
nijurSi, mravlobiTi ricxvis warmoebisas, es -n
n elementi ikargeba.
99
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli
udiur enaSi mogvepoveba samive piris kuTvnilebiTi

nacvalsaxelebi: bezi “Cemi”; vi “Seni”; Seta < SetaÁ “misi”, “imisi”;
beSi “Cveni”; eˤ†i “Tqveni”; SetRo < SetRoÁ “maTi”, “imaTi”. sxva
nacvalsaxelebisagan gansxvavebiT, kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxelebi,
rodesac gamoyenebulia msazRvrel sityvaT, rogorc wesi, ekvecebaT
bolokiduri -i
i an -Á
Á (vi
vi nacvalsaxelis gamoklebiT), mag.:
bez (< bezi) koj “Cemi saxli”;
Seta (< SetaÁ) iSu “misi qmari”;
beS (< beSi) muz “Cveni ena”;
eˤ† (< eˤ†i) Áel “Tqveni bavSvi”;
SotRo (< SotRoÁ) faq “maTi baRi”...
msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli,

saerTo wesisamebr _ ucvlelia, xolo substantivad gamoyenebuli _
sxva atributiul saxelTa msgavsad ibrunvis:
sax. bezi--o “Cemi”

bezi beSi--o “Cveni”
beSi vi-
vi-o “Seni” eˤ†i-o “Tqveni”
erg. bezi-o-t-in beSi-o-t-in vi-o-t-in eˤ†i-o-t-in
naT. bezi-o-t-a[Á] beSi-o-t-a[Á] vi-o-t-a[Á] eˤ†i-o-t-a[Á]
mic. bezi-o-t-u[x] beSi-o-t-u[x] vi-o-t-u[x] eˤ†i-o-t-u[x]
abl. bezi-o-t-ux-o beSi-o-t-ux-o vi-o-t-ux-o eˤ†i-o-t-ux-o
kom. bezi-o-t-ux-ol beSi-o-t-ux-ol vi-o-t-ux-ol eˤ†i-o-t-ux-ol1
ades. bezi-o-t-u-sta beSi-o-t-u-sta vi-o-t-u-sta eˤ†i-o-t-u-sta

alat. bezi-o-t-u-W beSi-o-t-u-W vi-o-t-u-W eˤ†i-o-t-u-W
sup. bezi-o-t-u-l beSi-o-t-u-l vi-o-t-u-l eˤ†i-o-t-u-l
1 bezi-o-t-ux-olan
an, beSi-o-t-ux-olan
an, vi-o-t-ux-olan
an, eˤ†i-o-t-ux-olan
an
formebic gvxgvdeba.
100
ben. bezi-o-t-enk beSi-o-t-enk vi-o-t-enk eˤ†i-o-t-enk1
ix. agreTve sxva kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelTa bruneba:
sax. iCi iCior iCuRoÁ

“misi”, “Tavisi” “misni” “TavianTi”
erg. iCi-t-in// iCior-t-R-on iCuRoÁ-t-in//
iCi-o-t-in iCuRoÁ-o-t-in
naT. iCi-t-a[Á]// iCior-t-R-o[Á] iCuRoÁ-t-a[Á]//
iCi-o-t-a[Á] iCuRoÁ-o-t-a[Á]
mic. iCi-t-u[x]// iCior-t-R-o[x] iCuRoÁ-t-u[x]//
iCi-o-t-u[x] iCuRoÁ-o-t-u[x]
sax. SetaÁ--o “misi”

SetaÁ SotoRoÁ--o “maTi”
SotoRoÁ
erg. SetaÁ-t-in//SetaÁ-o-t-in SetoRoÁ-t-in//SetoRoÁ-o-t-in
naT. SetaÁ-t-o[Á]//SetaÁ-o-t-o[Á] SetoRoÁ-t-o[Á]//SetoRoÁ-o-t-o[Á]
mic. SetaÁ-t-u[x]//SetaÁ-o-t-u[x] SetoRoÁ-t-u[x]//SetoRoÁ-o-t-u[x]
nijur kiloSi dasturdeba igive kuTvnilebiTi
nacvalsaxelebi, rac varTaSnulSi, Tu SoTaÁ (“misi”) formas ar

miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, Sdr. varT. SetaÁ. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tu
varTaSnulSi msazRvrelad gamoyenebis dros SetaÁ “misi” da
SetRoÁ//SotRoÁ “maTi” nacvalsaxelebs bolokiduri Á Tanxmovani
xSirad ekveceba, nijurSi ki, rogorc wesi, ucvlelad rCeba, mag.:
Seta (< SetaÁ) Cubux (varT.) _ SoTaÁ Cuux (nij.) “misi coli”;
SotRo (< SotRoÁ) koj (varT.) _ SoToRoÁ qoJ (nij.) “maTi
saxli”...
1 bezi-o-t-enkena
ena, beSi-o-t-enkena
ena, vi-o-t-enkena
ena, eˤ†i-o-t-enkena
ena formebic
gvxgvdeba.
101
kiTxviTi nacvalsaxeli
udiurSi dasturdeba Semdegi kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebi da am
funqciiTYgamoyenebuli sityvebi: Su? “vin?”; eka? (varT.)//hiq? “ra?”;

mano? (varT.)//manu? (nij.) “romeli?”; ema?//emo? (varT.), hema?//hemo?
(nij.) “ramdeni?”; eyara?//eyaro? (varT.), heÃara? (nij.) “ramdeni?”;
ejšr?//ejšro?//ejšro? (varT.), hejšr? (nij.) “rogori?”;
evaxtun?//evaxtuno? (varT.), hevaxTuno? (nij.) “rodindeli?”,

SiÁ?//SiÁo? “visi?”, etaÁ?//etaÁo? “risi?”, mataÁ?//mataÁo? “romlis?”...
kiTxviT nacvalsaxelTa bruneba ar gansxvavdeba sxva
nacvalsaxelTa brunebisagan. Taviseburi bruneba axasiaTebs Su?
“vin?” nacvalsaxels, romelic -o
o masubstantivebel sufiqss ar
irTavs:
sax. Su “vin?”
erg. Sin
naT. Si
mic. Su[x]
abl. Suxo
komit. Suxol[an]
ades. Susta
alat. SuW
super. Sul
benefaqt. Sink[ena]
samecniero literaturaSi aRniSnulia,1 rom Ziriseul

elementad Su? formaSi unda gamoiyos S- Tanxmovani, Sdr.: S-in
(ERG); S-i (GEN) da S-ink[ena] (BEN).
1
1971, gv. 43; fanCviZe vl., uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 90.
102
Su? nacvalsaxeli mravlobiTSi TiTqmis ar ixmareba da
xSirad -a
a kiTxviT nawilaks irTavs, mag.: me adamar Su-a? “es
adamiani vin aris?”...
eka? (varT.)//hiq? “ra?” nacvalsaxelis fuZe unda daiSalos

Semdegnairad: e? (varT.)//hi < he (nij.) “ra?” + ka (varT.)//q (nij.)
T- determinativi.
“erTi”. irib brunvaTa formebSi vlindeba t-//T
saxelobiTSi mosalodneli iyo -o
o masubstantivebeli elementi,
magram is ar dasturdeba:
varTaSnuli nijuri
sax. e-ka “ra?” hi-q “id”
erg. e-t-in he-T-in
naT. e-t-a[Á] he-T-a[Á]
mic. e-t-u[x] he-T-u[x]
abl. e-t-uxo he-T-uxun
komit. e-t-uxol[an] he-T-uxun
ades. e-t-usta he-T-usTa
alat. e-t-uW he-T-uC
super. e-t-ul he-T-ul
ben. e-t-enk[ena] he-T-aÁnaq
mravlobiTi ricxvi eka?//hiq? nacvalsaxelisaTvis ar
dasturdeba. nijurSi mowmdeba hiq? nacvalsaxelis gamartivebuli
q forma, mag.: q-n-haÃsa? “ras yidulob?”; q-n-Curesa? “ra gsurs?”...

nacvalsaxeli mano? “romeli” (nij. manu) unda daiSalos
Semdegnairad _ ma-n-o, ris Sesaxebac irib brunvaTa formebi
metyvelebs: ma-t-in (ERG); ma-t-a[Á] (GEN) da a.S. mano? forma ibrunvis
sxva nacvalsaxelTa msgavsad:
103
sax. ma-n-o “romeli?” ma-n-o-r
erg. ma-t-in ma-t-R-on
naT. ma-t-a[Á] ma-t-R-o[Á]
mic. ma-t-u[x] ma-t-R-o[x]
abl. ma-t-uxo ma-t-R-oxo
komit. ma-t-uxol[an] ma-t-R-oxol[an]
ades. ma-t-usta ma-t-R-osta
alat. ma-t-uW ma-t-R-oW
super. ma-t-ul ma-t-R-ol
ben. ma-t-enk[ena] ma-t-R-onk[ena]
mano? nacvalsaxeli damoukideblad iSviaTad gvxvdeba.

Cveulebriv mas daerTvis Te “rom” maqvemdebarebeli kavSiri, xolo
forma mano-Te gamoiyeneba rogorc mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis, ise
maqvemdebarebeli kavSiris funqciiTac. arsaniSnavia, rom zogjer
forma mano mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelad gvxvdeba.
mano?//manu? da eka?//hiq? nacvalsaxelTa msgavsad sxva

kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebic ibrunvis: yvela maTgani (ema?//emo? (varT.),
hema?//hemo? (nij.) “ramdeni?”; eyara?//eyaro? (varT.), heÃara? (nij.)

“ramdeni?”; ejšr?//ejšro?//ejšro? (varT.), hejšr? (nij.) “rogori?”;
evaxtun?//evaxtuno? (varT.), hevaxTuno? (nij.) “rodindeli?”,

SiÁ?//SiÁo? “visi?”, etaÁ?//etaÁo? “risi?”, mataÁ?//mataÁo? “romlis?”)
mravlobiTi ricxvis formebs awarmoebs. ejšr?//ejšro?//ejšro?
“rogori?”, SiÁ?//SiÁo? “visi?”, etaÁ?//etaÁo “risi?”, mataÁ//mataÁo

“romlis” nacvalsaxelebi irib brunvebSi or-ori variantiTaa
warmodgenili, mag.:
sax. ejšr?//ejšro?//ejšro? SiÁ?//SiÁo? etaÁ?//etaÁo mataÁ//mataÁo
104
erg. ejšr-t-in, SiÁ-t-in, etaÁ-t-in, mataÁ-t-in,
SiÁ-o-t-in etaÁ-o-t-in mataÁ-o-t-in
ejšro-t-in
naT. ejšr-t-a[Á], SiÁ-t-a[Á], etaÁ-t-a[Á], mataÁ-t-a[Á],

SiÁ-o-t-a[Á] etaÁ-o-t-a[Á] mataÁ-o-t-a[Á]
ejšro-t-a[Á]
mic. ejšr-t-u[x], SiÁ-t-u[x], etaÁ-t-u[x], mataÁ-t-u[x],

SiÁ-o-t-u[x] etaÁ-o-t-u[x] mataÁ-o-t-u[x]
ejšro-t-u[x]
ema?//emo? (“ramdeni?”) nacvalsaxeli brunebisas mxoloobiTSi

or fuZes eyrdnoba, xolo mravlobiTSi _ erTs:
sax. ema?//emo? emo-r

erg. ema-t-in, emo-t-in emo-t-R-on
naT. ema-t-a[Á], emo-t-a[Á] emo-t-R-o[Á]
mic. ema-t-u[x], emo-t-u[x] emo-t-R-o[x]
eyara?//eyaro? da evaxtun?//evaxtuno? nacvalsaxelTa irib

brunvaTa forma unificirebulia:
sax. eyara?//eyaro? evaxtun?//evaxtuno?

erg. eyaro-t-in evaxtun-t-in
naT. eyaro-t-a[Á] evaxtun-t-a[Á]
mic. eyaro-t-u[x] evaxtun-t-u[x]
mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli
mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxeli, rogorc wesi, iwarmoeba kiTxviTi

nacvalsaxelisagan Te (“rom”) kavSirisa anda -al
al klitikis
c nawilaks udris) meSveobiT: Su-Te, Su-al “vinc”; eka-
(qarTulSi -c
Te, ekal (< eka-al) “rac”; mano-Te, mano-al “romelic”, mag.:
105
matin-Te
matin Te nÁnqulayo bšTšntxo, eka-Te
eka Te butaÁ, Tetubaqo baqes
bez Sgird “romelmac

romelmac xeli ar aiRos yvelaferze, rac aqvs, ver
SesZlebs Cems mowafeobas” (lk. 14, 33)...
forma mano (nij. manu), kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelis garda,
zogjer mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelis funqciiTac gvxvdeba.
mimarTebiTi nacvalsaxelebis brunebisas mTlianad
gameorebulia kiTxviT nacvalsaxelTa formebi:
sax. Su-Te “vinc” eka-Te “rac” mano-al “romelic”

erg. Sin-Te etin-Te matin-al
naT. Si-Te etaÁ-Te mataÁ-al
mic. Su[x]-Te etu[x]-Te matu[x]-al
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxeli
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelebi iwarmoeba kiTxviTi

nacvalsaxelebisagan kal elementis meSveobiT: Su-kal “aravin”;
ekal//ekkal (< *eka-kal) “araferi”; mano-kal “arc romeli”; ema-kal
“arc ramdeni”... samecniero literaturaSi gamoTqmulia mosazreba,
rom kal elementi zmna fes “Tqma”, “laparaki” awmyo-myofadis
(usruli saxis) mimReobas unda warmosdgendes (“saTqmeli”).1
uaryofiTi nacvalsaxelis gamoyenebisas, winadadebaSi
aucilebelia uaryofis klitika (Te
Te-,
Te nuT-
nuT “ara”), mag.:
Su-kal
Su kal irhlu Te-ne,
Te Tqs sa bixajuR “aravin
aravin saxieri (zedmiw.
ucodveli) ar aris, garda erTi RmerTisa (mxolod erTi RmerTi)”
(lk. 18, 19)...
masubstantivebeli sufiqsi -o
o am nacvalsaxelebs zogjer
daerTvis, zogjer ki _ ara. amis mixedviT, uaryofiT
nacvalsaxelebs axasiaTebs brunebis orgvari tipi: saxeluri da
nacvalsaxeluri, Sdr.:
1
106
sax. Sukal Sukal-o ekal ekal-o
“aravin” “id” “araferi” “id”
erg. Sukal-en Sukal-t-in ekal-en ekal-t-in
naT. Sukal-i Sukal-t-a[Á] ekal-un ekal-t-a[Á]
mic. Sukal-a[x] Sukal-t-u[x] ekal-a[x] ekal-t-u[x]
gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxeli
gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebis funqciiT udiurSi
mogvepoveba: har-o “yoveli”; harsa//harso “yoveli” (nij. hrs);

bšTšn//bšTšn-o “yvela”. harsa//harso forma Sedgenilia: har “yoveli”
+ sa “erTi”//sa-o > so.

gansazRvrebiTi nacvalsaxelebi sxva nacvalsaxelTa msgavsad
ibrunvis:
sax. har-o harsa//harso bšTšn//bšTšno

“yoveli” “id” “yvela”
erg. har-o-t-in harsa-t-in bšTšn-t-in
har-t-in harso-t-in
naT. har-o-t-a[Á] harsa-t-a[Á] bšTšn-t-a[Á]
har-t-a[Á] harso-t-a[Á]
mic. har-o-t-u[x] harsa-t-u[x] bšTšn-t-u[x]
har-t-u[x] harso-t-u[x]
ganusaz RvrelobiTi nacvalsaxeli
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelis funqciiT ZiriTadad

gamoyenebulia ricxviTi saxeli sa “erTi” da misgan nawarmoebi
formebi. udiurSi mogvepoveba Semdegi ganusazRvrelobiTi
nacvalsaxelebi: sa//so < sa-o “vinme”, “viRac”, “rame”, “raRac”; sun <
107
*sa-un//suno “vinme”, “viRac”; sa-emo “romelime”, “romeliRac”, “zogi”;
tesun < *te-sa-un “sxva [vinme, viRac]”.
ganusazRvrelobiTi nacvalsaxelebi sxva nacvalsaxelTa
msgavsad ibrunvis:
sax. so < sa-o sun//suno saemo

erg. so-t-in sun-t-in saemo-t-in
naT. so-t-a[Á] sun-t-a[Á] saemo-t-a[Á]
mic. so-t-u[x] sun-t-u[x] saemo-t-u[x]
ukukceviTi nacvalsaxeli
udiurSi amgvari funqciiT dasturdeba nacvalsaxeli iC

“TviT”, “TviTon”. iC nacvalsaxeli substantivis mniSvnelobiT
gamoiyeneba da arsebiTi saxelebis msgavsad ibrunvis. sayuradReboa,
rom qarTulisagan gansxvavebiT, am nacvalsaxels aqvs mravlobiTi
ricxvis forma. aRsaniSnavia, rom mravlobiTSi ar aris garCeuli
saxelobiTisa da ergativis formebi:

sax. iC “TviTon” iC-R-on
erg. iC-en//iC-in iC-R-on
naT. iC-i iC-R-o[Á]
mic. iC-u[x] iC-R-o[x]
abl. iC-uxo iC-R-oxo
komit. iC-uxol[an] iC-R-oxol[an]
ades. iC-usta iC-R-osta
alat. iC-uW iC-R-oW
super. iC-ul iC-R-ol
ben. iC-enk[ena] iC-R-onk[ena]
108
iC nacvalsaxeli mxolod III piris aRmniSvnelia, xolo I da II
pirs ver iguebs. udiurSi ar gvxvdeba “me TviTon”, “TviT me”, “Sen
TviTon”, “TviT Sen” sintagmebi.
msazRvrel sityvad gamoyenebuli iC (< iCi) nacvalsaxeli
gvevlineba kuTvnilebiT nacvalsaxelad, Sdr.: iC bu-ne “TviTon
aris” da iC nana “Tavisi [misi] deda”... iCi kuTvnilebiTi
nacvalsaxeli substantivis mniSvnelobiTac gvxvdeba (ix.
kuTvnilebiTi nacvalsaxeli).
vl. fanCviZes iC nacvalsaxeli gansazRvrebiT
nacvalsaxelebSi Sehyavs, Tumca aRniSnavs, rom “zog SemTxvevaSi mas
SeiZleba hqondes ukuqceviTi nacvalsaxelis mniSvnelobac”.1
saurTierTo nacvalsaxeli
am funqciiT udiurSi gvevlineba sun-sun//sun-sun-o

“erTmaneTi”. es rTuli Sedgenilobis fuZea, romelic
un sufiqsiT garTulebul sa
reduplikaciis Sedegad miRebul -un
“erTi” ricxviT saxels warmoadgens (sun-sun < *sa-un-sa-un).
brunebisas, es nacvalsaxeli mxolod micemiTis, ablativis,
komitativis, alativis, superasivisa da benefaqtivis formebs
awarmoebs. am nacvalsaxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis forma ar
dasturdeba:
varT. nij.
sax. sun-sun//sun-sun-o sun-sun//sun-sun-o
“TviTon” “id”
mic. sunsun-a[x] sunsun-a
abl. sunsun-axo sunsun-axun
komit. sunsun-axol[an] sunsun-axun
alat. sunsun-aW sunsun-aC

109
super. sunsun-al sunsun-al
ben. sunsun-enk[ena] sunsun-aÁnaq
vl. fanCviZesTan aRniSnulia ergativisa da naTesaobiTis

formebi sunsun-en “erTmaneTma” da sunsun-aÁ “erTmaneTisa”,1 Tumca
Cven es formebi udiurSi ver davimowmeT.

110
ricxviTi saxeli
varTaSnul kiloSi, sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa msgavsad,

Tvlis sistema ocobiTia. nijurSi ki, romelmac aTeulebis
aRmniSvneli ricxviTi saxelebi (30-dan 90-is CaTvliT)
azerbaijanilidan isesxa, aTobiTi Tvlis sistema daimkvidra.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aTeulebis aRsaniSnavad nijurSi sakuTari
leqsikuri erTeulebic gamoiyeneba.
rodesac ricxviTi saxeli msazRvrel sityvadaa gamoyenebuli,
igi, wesisamebr, ar icvleba, xolo substantivs gatolebuli
ricxviTi saxeli zedsarTavi saxelisa da nacvalsaxelis msgavsad
ibrunvis.
raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli
udiurSi dasturdeba rogorc martivi, ise rTuli (Txzuli)

raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxeli. martiv ricxviT saxelebs
miekuTvneba: sa “erTi”; paˤ ‘ori”; xib “sami”; bip “oTxi”; Ão “xuTi”;
uÃˤ “eqvsi”; vuRˤ “Svidi”; muRˤ “rva”; vuÁ “cxra”; viw “aTi”; baCˤ “asi”;
hazar “aTasi”; milÁon “milioni”; milÁiard “miliardi”. danarCeni
raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi ori, sami an oTxi martivi
fuZisagan Semdgar sityvebs warmoadgenen:
varTaSnuli nijuri
1 sa sa
2 paˤ faˤ
3 xib xib
4 bip bif
5 Ão Ão
6 uÃˤ uÃ//uÃˤ
7 vuRˤ vuRˤ
111
8 muRˤ muRˤ
9 vuÁ vuÁ
10 viw vic
11 sawwe sacce
12 paˤwwe faˤcce
13 xibewwe xibecce
14 bipewwe bifecce
15 Ãowwe Ãocce
16 uÃˤewwe uÃˤecce
17 vuRˤewwe vuRˤecce
18 muRˤewwe muRˤecce
19 vuÁewwe vuÁecce
20 ya ya//iÁirmi
30 sayoviw oTuz//xibvic
40 paˤyo yÊrx//bifvic//faÃa
50 paˤyoviw lli//Ãovic
60 xibyo alTmiS//uÃˤvic
70 xibyoviw eÁTmiS//vuRˤvic
80 bipyo sqsn//muRˤvic
90 bipyoviw doxsan//vuÁvic
100 sabaCˤ//baCˤ sabaCˤ//baCˤ//vicaovic
101 sabaCˤsa sabaCˤsa
110 sabaCˤviw sabaCˤvic
111 sabaCˤsawwe sabaCˤsacce
200 paˤbaCˤ faˤbaCˤ
300 xibbaCˤ xibbaCˤ
1000 sa hazar//hazar sa hazar//hazar
1001 sahazarsa sahazarsa
10 000 viw hazar vic hazar

100 000 baCˤ hazar baCˤ hazar
112
TerTmetidan cxrametis CaTvliT ricxviTi saxelebi
miRebulia fonetikuri cvlilebebis Sedegad. es saxelebi
Sedgenilia amdagvarad: win erTvis erTeulebis aRmniSvneli
saxelebi, Semdeg viw “aTi” da *sa > se “erTi”:
*sa-viw-sa > *sa-viw-se > sa-w-se > sa-w-we “TerTmeti”;
*paˤ-viw-sa > *paˤ-viw-se > paˤ-w-se > paˤ-w-we “Tormeti”;
*xib-viw-sa > *xib-viw-se > xib-ew-se > xib-ew-we “cameti”...
aRsaniSnavia, rom a. dirs udiurSi dadasturebuli aqvs
Semdegi formebi: sawse “TerTmeti”; paˤwse “Tormeti”; xibewse
“cameti”; bipewse “ToTxmeti” da a.S.1
oceulebisa da aTeulebis warmoebis TvalsazrisiT kiloebis
mixedviT dasturdeba sxvadasxvagvari viTareba: varTaSnulSi, sxva
iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa msgavsad, oceulebis aRsaniSnavad
gamoyenebulia saTanado ricxviTi saxeli da sityva ya//yo
ya yo “oci” _
paˤ-yo “ormoci” (“ori” + “oci”); xib-yo “samoci” (“sami” + “oci”); bip-
yo “oTxmoci” (“oTxi” + “oci”); 30, 50, 70 da 90 leqsemebis
aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebulia saTanado oceulebi da sityva viw “aTi”:
sa-yo-viw “ocdaaTi” (“erTi oci” + “aTi”); paˤ-yo-viw “ormocdaaTi”
(“ori oci” + “aTi”); xib-yo-viw “samocdaaTi” (“sami oci” + “aTi”);
bip-yo-viw “oTxmocdaaTi” (“oTxi oci” + “aTi”).
nijur kiloSi, rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, Tvlis ocobiTi
sistema moSlilia. aTeulebis aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebulia
azerbaijanulidan nasesxebi ricxviTi saxelebi: iÁirmi “oci”; oTuz
“ocdaaTi”; yÊrx “ormoci”; lli “ormocdaaTi”; alTmiS “samoci”;
eÁTmiS “samocdaaTi”; sqsn “oTxmoci”; doxsan “oTxmocdaaTi”. garda

amisa, nijurSi dasturdeba sakuTari warmoebis aTeulebis
aRsaniSnavi saxelebi: xib-vic “ocdaaTi” (“sami” + “aTi”); bif-vic
“ormoci” (“oTxi” + “aTi”); Ão-vic “ormocdaaTi” (“xuTi” + “aTi”);
1
Дирр А. М., Грамматика удинского языка, Тифлис, 1903, gv. 29.
113
uÃˤ-vic “samoci” (“eqvsi” + “aTi”); vuRˤ-vic “samocdaaTi” (“Svidi” +
“aTi”); muRˤ-vic “oTxmoci” (“rva” + “aTi”); vuÁ-vic “oTxmocdaaTi”
(“cxra” + “aTi”). erTaderTi ricxviTi saxeli, romelic Tvlis
ocobiTi sistemis uqonlobis pirobebSi nijurs naStad SemorCa _
aris paˤ-ya “ormoci” (“ori” + “oci”).
aseulebisa da Semdgomi raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelebis
warmoeba erTgvaradaa warmodgenili udiuri enis orive kiloSi.
msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli ricxviTi saxeli ar icvlis
brunvisa da ricxvis mixedviT. aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc wesi,
sazRvruli ar eTanxmeba ricxviT saxels ricxvSi:
saxelobiTi sa adamar paˤ adamar viw adamar

“erTi adamiani” “ori adamiani” “aTi adamiani”
ergativi sa adamar-en paˤ adamar-en viw adamar-en
naTesaobiTi sa adamar-i paˤ adamar-i viw adamar-i
micemiTi sa adamar-a[x] paˤ adamar-a[x] viw adamar-a[x]
zogjer ricxviTi saxeli iTanxmebs msazRvruls [mravlobiT]

ricxvSi, mag.:
telan te Cˤo Taci, atuki Sotu yeÁri paˤ viCimuRox “iqidan
iqiT mxares wavida ra, dainaxa man sxva ori Zma (Zmebi)” (mT. 4, 21)...
substantivad gamoyenebul ricxviT saxels daerTvis -o
o
sufiqsi: so < so-o < sa-o “erTi”; poˤ < poˤ-o < paˤ-o “ori”; xib-o
“sami”, bip-o “oTxi” da a.S.
varTaSnulSi, amasTan, ricxviTi saxelisaTvis “erTi”
gavrcelebulia forma sun < *sa-un. nijurSi saxelobiTSi ricxviTi
saxelis fuZes zogjer daerTvis -ja Ro sufiqsebi: sa-ja, so-Ro
ja an -Ro
< sa-Ro “erTi”; paˤ-ja, poˤ-Ro < paˤ-Ro “ori”...
ricxviTi saxeli nacvalsaxelisa da zedsarTavi saxelis
msgavsad ibrunvis:
114
mx. ricxvi mr. ricxvi mx. ricxvi mr. ricxvi
sax. so-o “erTi” so-o-r xib-o “sami” xib-o-r
erg. soo-t-in soo-t-R-on xibo-t-in xibo-t-R-on
naT. soo-t-a[Á] soo-t-R-o[Á] xibo-t-a[Á] xibo-t-R-o[Á]
mic. soo-t-u[x] soo-t-R-o[x] xibo-t-u[x] xibo-t-R-o[x]
abl. soo-t-uxo soo-t-R-oxo xibo-t-uxo xibo-t-R-oxo
komit. soo-t-uxol[an] soo-t-R-oxol[an] xibo-t-uxol[an] xibo-t-R-oxol[an]
ades. soo-t-usta soo-t-R-osta xibo-t-usta xibo-t-R-osta
alat. soo-t-uW soo-t-R-oW xibo-t-uW xibo-t-R-oW
super. soo-t-ul soo-t-R-ol xibo-t-ul xibo-t-R-ol
ben. soo-t-enk[ena] soo-t-R-onk[ena] xibo-t-enk[ena] xibo-t-R-onk[ena]
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebi udiuri enis varTaSnul kiloSi

iwarmoeba raodenobiTi ricxviTi saxelis gauformebel fuZeze
azerbaijanulidan nasesxebi -mm-ji
ji,
ji -um
um-ji
um ji, un ji sufiqsebisa,1 an
ji -un
un-ji
zogjer -un
un,
un -um
um sufiqsebis darTviT.2 aRiniSneba am mawarmoebelTa
paraleluri xmarebac, mag.:
sa-m-ji < sa-um-ji < sa-un-ji; sa-um < sa-un...
nijur kiloSi rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli, rogorc wesi,
pirveli jgufis (rTul) sufiqsTa meSveobiT iwarmoeba, oRond
SeiniSneba fonetikuri xasiaTis Taviseburebebi, Sdr.:
varT. nij.
“pirveli” sa-mji; sš†t-unji; saÁ-umji; saÁ-imji; sš†t-in
1
SesaZlebelia, rom azerbaijanulidan am sufiqsTa oden meore nawili iyos
nasesxebi (-ji
ji elementi), xolo pirveli warmoSobiT genitivis niSani iyos.
2 -un
un sufiqsi warmoSobiT naTesaobiTi brunvis formanti unda iyos. am
sufiqsis gamoyeneba rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelebisaTvis jer kidev kavkasiis
albanurisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli.
115
sš†t-umji; sš†t-un-o
“meore” paˤ-unji; paˤ-umji; faˤÁ-imji

paˤ-un-o
“mesame” xib-unji; xib-umji; xib-imji
xib-un-o
“meoTxe” bip-unji; bip-umji; bif-imji
bip-un-o
“mexuTe” Ão-unji; Ão-umji; ÃoÁ-imji; ÃoÁ-mji
Ão-un-o
“meaTe” viw-unji; viw-umji; vic-imji
viw-un-o
“mease” baCˤ-unji; baCˤ-umji; baCˤ-umji; baCˤ-Êmji

baCˤ-un-o
rigobiTi ricxviTi saxelis msazRvrel sityvad gamoyenebisas,

igi, wesisamebr, ar icvleba:
sax. sa-
sa-mji adamar paˤ-umji adamar viw-
viw-umji adamar
“pirveli adamiani” “meore adamiani” “meaTe adamiani”
erg. sa-mji adamar-en paˤ-umji adamar-en viw-umji adamar-en
naT. sa-mji adamar-i paˤ-umji adamar-i viw-umji adamar-i
mic. sa-mji adamar-a[x] paˤ-umji adamar-a[x] viw-umji adamar-a[x]
xolo rigobiTi ricxviTi saxeli substantivis funqciiT

zedsarTavi saxelisa da nacvalsaxelis msgavsad ibrunvis.
substantivad gamoyenebul rigobiT ricxviT saxelebSi -un
un
sufiqsiani warmoeba Warbobs.
sax. paˤ-un-o, paˤ-umjio xib-un-o, xib-umji-o

“meore” “mesame”
116
erg. paˤ-un-t-in, paˤ-umji-t-in, xib-un-t-in, xib-umji-t-in,
paˤ-umji-o-t-in xib-umji-o-t-in
naT. paˤ-un-t-a[Á], paˤ-umji-t-a[Á], xib-un-t-a[Á], xib-umji-t-a[Á],
paˤ-umji-o-t-a[Á] xib-umji-o-t-a[Á]
mic. paˤ-un-t-u[x], paˤ-umji-t-u[x], xib-un-t-u[x], xib-umji-t-u[x],
paˤ-umji-o-t-u[x] xib-umji-o-t-u[x]
krebiTi ricxviTi saxeli
krebiTi ricxviTi saxelebi iwarmoeba raodenobiTi ricxviTi

saxelis fuZeze -l
l-in
in//-b
in b-alal-in
al in,
in -l
l-en
en//b
en b-al
al-en
al en rTuli sufiqsis
darTviT,1 mag.:
paˤ-l-in//paˤ-l-en “orive”, “orive erTad”;

xib-al-in//xib-al-en “samive”, “samive erTad”;
bip-al-in//bip-al-en “oTxive”; “oTxive erTad”;
Ão-b-al-in//Ão-b-al-en “xuTive”, “xuTive erTad”;
vuÁ-b-al-in//vuÁ-b-al-en “cxrave”, “cxrave erTad”;
viw-b-al-in//viw-b-al-en “aTive”, “aTive erTad”...
am ori variantidan pirveli (-l

l-in
in//-b
in b-alal-in
al in)
in orive kiloSia
gavrcelebuli, xolo meore (-l
l-en
en//-b
en b-alal-en
al en)
en mxolod varTaSnulSi
gvxvdeba. amis garda nijurSi -aran
aran sufiqsiani warmoeba dasturdeba:
xib-aran “samive”, “samive erTad”; bif-aran “oTxive”, “oTxive

erTad”...
1 evg. jeiraniSvilis azriT, bolokiduri -en//-in elementi warmoSobiT ergativ-

instrumentalisis formanti unda iyos; -al
al//-l
al l elements mkvlevari =al al klitikas
(“c”, “ca”, “mca”) ukavSirebs, xolo Tavkidur b- elements gaqvavebul
klasifikatorad miiCnevs _ jeiraniSvili evg., udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia,
leqsikoni), Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 36.
117
sxva ricxviTi saxelebis msgavsad msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli
krebiTi ricxviTi saxeli ucvlelia, xolo substantivis funqciiT
_ sxva atributul saxelTa msgavsad ibrunvis:

sax. paˤ-l-en-o “orive”, paˤ-l-en-o-r
“orive erTad”
erg. paˤ-l-en-t-in paˤ-l-en-t-R-on
naT. paˤ-l-en-t-a[Á] paˤ-l-en-t-R-o[Á]
mic. paˤ-l-en-t-u[x] paˤ-l-en-t-R-o[x]
wiladi ricxviTi saxeli
wiladi ricxviTi saxeli iwarmoeba aRweriTad. amisTvis

varTaSnulSi gamoyenebulia sityvebi bar “wili”, jok “id”.
konstruqcia Sedgeba naTesaoTsa an ablativis formiT
warmodgenili ricxviTi saxelisagan, msazRvrelad gamoyenebuli
ricxviTi saxelisa da “wili”-s aRmniSnvneli zemoT dasaxelebuli
sityvebisagan:
Ãotxo (an ÃotaÁ) xib bar (an jok) “sami mexuTedi” (zedmiw.
“xuTisagan (an “xuTisa”) sami wili”);
bipotxo (an bipotaÁ) sa bar (an jok) “erTi meoTxedi” (zedmiw.
“oTxisagan (an “oTxisa”) erTi wili”)...
nijurSi dasturdeba sxvagvari konstruqcia: mniSvnelis
sawarmoeblad aq gamoiyeneba -ar
ar sufiqs darTuli ablativis
formiT warmodgenili ricxviTi saxeli, romelsac sityva faÁ
“wili” erTvis.
wiladi ricxviTi saxelebis sawarmoeblad udiurSi aseve
gamoiyeneba sityvebi Ãˤi “naxevari” da urub “meoTxedi”:
sa-n-Ãˤi “erTnaxevari”; paˤ-n-Ãˤi “ornaxevari”; sa-urub “erTi
meoTxedi”; paˤ-urub “ori meoTxedi”; xib-urub “sami meoTxedi”...
118
jerobis ricxviTi saxelebi
jerobis ricxviTi saxelebi aseve aRweriTiwarmoebisa.
amisTvis gamoyenebulia azerbaijanulidan nasesxebi sityva qrn
(varT.)//qrm (nij.) “gzis”, “-jer”: sa-qrn “erTxel”, “erTgzis”; paˤ-
qrn “orjer”, “orgzis”; xib-qrn “samjer”, “samgzis” da a.S. (nij.

sa-qrm, paˤ-qrm, xib-qrm).
jerobis ricxviTi saxelis sawarmoeblad gamoiyeneba aseve
sityva Áay “gza”: sa-Áay “erTgzis”; xib-Áay “samjer”, “samgzis”...
daSliT-
daSliT - danawi lebiTi ( wyvilobiTi)
wyvilobiTi ricxviTi saxeli
es ricxviTi saxeli iwarmoeba gasubstantivebul ricxviT

saxelTa reduplikaciiT: so-so < so-o + so-o < sa-o + sa-o “TiTo-
TiTo”, “TiTo-TiTod”; poˤ-poˤ < poˤ-o + poˤ-o < paˤ-o + paˤ-o “or-
ori”; xib-xibo < xib-o + xib-o “sam-sami” da a.S.
119
zmn
zm n a
daRestnuri jgufisa da lezgiuri qvejgufis sxva enaTagan

gansxvavebiT udiur zmnas ar axasiaTebs morfologiur kategoriaTa
mravalferovneba. finitur da infinitur formaTa paradigma udiur
enaSi sam aTeul erTeuls ar aRemateba da, maT Soris, Warbadaa
warmodgenili kavSirebiTi da pirobiT-natvriTi kilos formebi.
TvalSi sacemia analitikur formaTa ararseboba da konverbTa
simcire, maSin rodesac es formebi Zalze gavrcelebulia
daRestnur enebSi.
udiurSi zmnisaTvis sistemebr niSandoblivia mxolod piris
[da ricxvis] kategoriisa da dro-kiloTa formebis arseboba.
mravlobiTi ricxvi zmnaSi specialuri afiqsiT ar gamoixateba.
piris kategoriac axali Seqmnili Cans, xolo piris formantTa
ganawileba friad saintereso suraTs gviCvenebs. gramatikuli klas-
kategoria moiSala, Tumca TvalSi sacemia misi naSTi gaqvavebuli
prefiqsebis saxiT. gvari Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi imyofeba, xolo
aspeqtis kategoria moSlis pirasaa misuli da mxolod zmnebis
erTi jgufis mixedviT SeiZleba vimsjeloT am kategoriis Sesaxeb.
preverbis xasiaTis elementebi gadmonaSTis saxiT gvxvdeba mxolod
ramdenime zmnaSi.
zmnuri sityvaformis struqtura
martivi agebulebis zmnebi
aranawarmoeb (sinqronul doneze), anu martivi agebulebis

zmnebis ricxvi udiur enaSi ar aris didi da 60-70 erTeuls ar
aRemateba. maTi didi nawili erTmarcvliania da VC, VCC, CVC, CVCC
struqturisaa.
120
VC: ak-es
ak “naxva”, “danaxva”, “gamoCena”; ay-es
ay “aReba”, “ayvana”; uq-
uq
es “Wama”; uRˤ-es
uR “daleva”; ew-es
ew “SeSroba”; ow-es
ow “garecxva; e†-
es “daWera”, “dakaveba”...
VCC: arc-es
arc “dajdoma”; usk-es
usk “gazomva”...
CVC: baq-es
baq “yofa”, “arseboba”, “gaxdoma”; bix-es
bix “Soba”,
“dabadeba”; bok-es
bok “wva”, “xrukva; box-es
box “xarSva”; boyˤ-es
boy
“krefa”; Wur-es
Wur “grexa”; Cur-es
Cur “gavla”, “gaseirneba” (nij.
“yvareba”, “Seyvareba”); Jal-es
Jal “duReba”; gur-es
gur “waqceva”; jar-
jar
es “wva”, “xrukva; Sam-es
Sam “kvla”; doˤf
do f-es “skdoma”...
CVCC: bask-es
bask “dawola”, “daZineba”; burÃ-es
burÃ “dawyeba”; baSy-es
baSy
“moparva”; mand-es
mand “darCena”; Calx-es
Calx “gacnoba”...
iSviaTad gvxvdeba ormarcvliani martivi agebulebis fuZeebi,
mag.: woro-es
woro “dineba” [wurwuriT, wveT-wveTad]; axa-es
axa “akideba”,
“zurgze Camokideba”; Covaq

ovaq-es (nij.; < varT. We-baq
We baq-es)
baq “gadavla”...
b-es “keTeba” da f-es “Tqma”, “qmna” fuZes calkeuli Tanxmovani
warmoadgens, Tumca, safiqrebelia, rom istoriulad erTi
Tanxmovnisagan Semdgari fuZeebi udiuri zmnisaTvis unda yofiliyo
damaxasiaTebeli.
rTuli agebulebis zmnebi
udiur enaSi zmnuri leqsemebis didi nawili kompozitebs

warmoadgens. zmnuri kompozitebis pirveli ingredienti martiv
arauRvlebad fuZes warmoadgens, xolo meore Semadgeneli nawili _
meSvel zmnas. am damxmare zmnebisagan calke aRebuli mxolod sami
zmna warmoadgens damoukidebel leqsemas, esenia: baq-es “yofa”,
“arseboba”, “gaxdoma”; b-es “keTeba” da f-es “Tqma”, “qmna”. maT ricxvs
SesaZloa mivumatoT erTi leqsemac _ ec-es, romelic moZraobis
aRmniSvnel defeqtur zmnad unda miviCnioT da, amasTan erTad, igi
dekauzativsac awarmoebs (sxva Tvalsazrisis mixedviT vnebiTi
gvaris mawarmoebels warmoadgens _ evg. jeiraniSvili).
121
baq--es _ gardauval zmnebs awarmoebs, mag.: qala-baqes “gazrda”
baq
(qala “didi”); WˤoWa-baqsun “gawiTleba” (WˤoWa “wiTeli”)...
b-es _ gardamaval zmnebs awarmoebs, mag.: aS-bes “muSaoba” (aS
“saqme); bar-besun “darigeba”, “danawileba” (bar “wili)...
f-es _ ZiriTadad semantikurad metyvelebasTan, xmasTan
dakavSirebul moqmedebebis aRmniSvnel da sxva gardamaval
zmnebsac awarmoebs, mag.: „ÁT-fes “laparaki” („ÁT “sityva); maRˤ-
fes “mRera” (maRˤ ‘simRera”); ÃˤoÃ-fes “daxveleba”, axSum-fes
“gacineba”; magram: aCi-fes “TamaSoba” (aCi “TamaSi”); ox-fes
“varcxna” (ox “savarcxeli”); cam-fes “wera” (cam “naweri”)...
forma f-es iSviaTad awarmoebs gardauval zmnebsac, Sdr.:
Cur-fes “dgoma”, “gaCereba”...
ec-
ec-es _ awarmoebs dekauzativs, mag.: ak-e-ne “naxa” _ ak-ec
ec-e-ne
ec
“daenaxa”; Tad-e-ne “misca” _ Tad-ec
ec-e-ne
ec “mieca”... miuxedavad
amisa, es forma, Cveni azriT, warmoadgens ara mawarmoebels,
aramed meSvel zmnas, Sdr.: cam-f
f-e-ne “wers” _ cam-ec
ec-e-ne
ec
“iwereba”; gam-ne-d
d-e “acxelebs” _ gam-ec
ec-e-ne
ec “cxeldeba”; gir-b
b-
e-ne “Tavs uyrian” _ gir-ec
ec-e-ne
ec “Tavs iyris”... es magaliTebi
cxadyofs, rom forma ac-es
ac pirvel ingredients daerTvis
rogorc meSveli zmna da sxva uRvlebad komponentebs (b
b-es, f-
es, d-es) enacvleba (udiurSi dauSvebelia ori damxmare zmnis
erTad Tavmoyra).
rTuli agebulebis zmnebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli meore

uRvlebadi komponenti, romelsac amJamad damoukidebeli leqsikuri
mniSvneloba ar gaaCnia, aris d- (yru Tanxmovnebis Semdes xSirad
gvaZlevs t-s, mag.: akes-e-d
d-i “daanaxa” _ akes-t
t-es “danaxva”), mag.:
Jol-d-es “dacoba” (Jol “sacobi”); Tog-des “gayidva” (Tog “fasi”).
es elementi gvevlineba aseve kauzativis mawarmoeblad (-evk
evk
mawarmoebelTan erTad), mag.: b-e-s “keTeba” _ b-es-t
t-es “keTebineba”;
uq-es “Wama” _ uqes-d
d-es “Wmeva”; uRˤ-es “daleva” _ uRˤes-d
d-es
“dalevineba”...
122
udiuris Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi, rTuli
agebulebis zmnebSi gamoiyofa aseve sxva elementebi: k-, Ã-, y-, x-. am
elementebis gamoyofa xerxdeba mxolod sityvawarmoebiTi analizis
an etimologiuri Ziebis saSualebiT, mag.: baT-k
k-es “xrCoba”,
“CaZirva”, “wyalSi daSveba”; Sdr. azerbaijanuli: baT “xrCoba”.
rTuli agebulebis zmnebis pirveli komponenti, rogorc wesi,
warmoSobiT saxels an adverbialur sityvas warmoadgens. iSviaTad
pirvel ingredientad SeiZleba Segvxvdes zmnuri fuZe. xSiria
SemTxvevebi, rodesac pirvel komponentsac _ arauRvlebad fuZes,
amJamad ar aqvs damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvneloba, mag.: ba-fes
“Casxma”, “Cayra”; Sam-fes “dakvla”; ti-tes “daZaxva”; Wur-des
“mogrexa”, “moRreca” da sxva.
gvxvdeba idiomaturi mniSvnelobis kompozitebi, mag.: xabar-ay-
es “SekiTxva” (xabar “axali ambavi” + ay-es “aReba”); „†Ci-duR-es
“motyueba” („†Ci “tyuili” + duR-es “dartma”, “cema”); gom-duR-es
“Rebva” (gom “feri” + duR-es “dartma”, “cema”); iSex-TaÁ-es

“gaTxoveba” (iSex “qmari” [mic.] + TaÁ-es “wasvla”); nepax-es “daZineba”
(nepax “Zili” [mic.] + es-un “mosvla”)...
piris [da ricxvis] kategoria
udiuri enisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia zmnis uRvlileba piris

mixedviT. sayuradReboa, rom iseve rogorc gardauval zmnasTan,
gardamaval zmnasTanac aRiniSneba mxolod subieqtis piri. am mxriv
udiurSi dasturdeba monaTesave enaTagan gansxvavebuli
mdgomareoba: ivaraudeba, rom iberiul-kavkasiur enebisaTvis,
rogorc klas-kategoriis, ise piris kategoriis TvalsazrisiT,
gardamavali zmnis formaSi pirveladi unda iyos obieqtis asaxva
[arn. Ciqobava]. amasTan, aRsniSnavia, rom yvela iberiul-kavkasiur
enaSi, sadac ganviTarda pirovani uRvlileba (Tabasaranuli ena
[samxruli kilo], qarTveluri enebi, Cerqezuli enebi da ubixuri),
123
gardamaval zmnasTan aRiniSneba rogorc subieqtis, ise realuri
obieqtis piri, xolo im enebSi, sadac klasovani an klasovan-
pirovani uRvlileba gvaqvs (Tabasaranuli ena [Crdilouri kilo],
lakuri da darguuli enebi, bacburi ena) gardamaval zmnasTan
pirdapiri obieqtis klasi aRiniSneba.
zmnebis TiToeul jgufs udiurSi axasiaTebs piris niSanTa
sakuTari seriis yola. subieqtis piri zmnasTan (an, SesaZloa,
winadadebis sxva wevrebTanac; ix. qvemoT) aRiniSneba winadadebis
konstruqciis mixedviT, anu Tu romel brunvaSi moiTxovs zmna
masTan Sewyobil realur subieqts. udiurSi zmnas axasiaTebs piris
gamoxatvis samgvari sistema:
I jgufSi Sedis zmnebis absoluturi umravlesoba, esaa
gardauvali da gardamavali zmnebi, romelic moiTxoven subieqts
saxelobiT brunvasa da ergativSi.
II jgufs ganekuTvneba grZnoba-aRqmis semantikis gamomxatveli
zmnebi (verba sentiendi), romlebic moiTxoven subieqts micemiT
brunvaSi, Tumca dRes udiurSi, rogorc wesi, grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebis
subieqti ergativis formiT gvevlineba. bunebrivia, es meoreuli
movlenaa. nijurSi es procesi (micemiTis Secvla ergativiT)
dasrulebulia, xolo varTaSnulSi _ dasrulebis stadiaSia.
III jgufs ki erTi defeqturi zmna bu “yola”, “qona”
miekuTvneba (is mxolod awmyosa da namyo-uwyvetelis droebs
awarmoebs, xolo danarCen paradigmas baq-es “yofa”, “arseboba”
“gaxdoma” zmnis dro-kiloebi awarmoeben). es zmna subieqts
naTesaobiT brunvaSi moiTxovs (zmna bu “yofnis” mniSvnelobiT
gamoiyeneba, mag.: zu bu=zu
bu “me var”. aseT SemTxvevaSi, aRniSnuli
zmna subieqts saxelobiT brunvaSi moiTxovs da Sesabamisad I
jgufSi Sedis).
gansxvavebuli viTareba dasturdeba nijis dialeqtSi.
varTaSnul kiloSi “qona”-“yolis” zmnisaTvis (varT. bu; nij. fu )

damaxasiaTebeli III (posesiuri; genetiuri) seriis piris niSnebi
Seicvala II (micemiTsubieqtiani) piris niSnebiT. varTaSnulSi
124
damowmebuli datiuri konstruqcia grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebTan nijurSi
Seicvala ergatiuliT da verba sentiendi zmnebi I seriis piris niSnebs
irTavs. maSasadame, erTi zmnis Cvenebas (fu “yola”, “qona”) Tu ar

miviRebT mxedvelobaSi, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom nijurSi moxda
unifikacia piris aRniSvnis sistemebis.
miuxedavad amisa, unda aRiniSnos, rom uRvlilebis zogadi
principebi principulad msgavsad aris warmodgenili udiuri enis
orsave kiloSi. TiTqmis erTgvaradaa warmodgenili piris niSnebic.
gvxvdeba mcire, fonetikuri xasiaTis gansxvavebani.
piris niSnebi I-sa da II pirSi ueWvelad nacvalsaxeluri
warmoSobisaa. piris niSnebi zogjer fonetikur cvlilebebs
ganicdian, zogjer ki ucvlelad imeoreben I da II piris
nacvalsaxelTa formas.
rogorc aRiniSna, I jgufis zmnebi gramatikul subieqts
moiTxoven saxelobiTsa an ergativSi. amis miuxedavad, piris niSnebi
orive konstruqciasTan warmodgenilia erTnairad. gardamavali
zmnis subieqti udiurSi yovelTvis dasmulia ergatiul brunvaSi,
xolo gardauvali zmnis subieqti, iSviaTi gamonaklisebis garda _
saxelobiTSia.
zmnebis I jgufis (subieqti saxelobiTsa an ergativSi) piris niSnebi

varTaSnul kiloSi
piri mxolobiTi ricxvi mravlobiTi ricxvi

I p. =zu
zu,
zu =z
z, > =su, =s =Áan
II p. =nu (=ru, =lu, =du, =tu)// =nan (=ran, =lan, =dan, =tan)
=n
n (=r, =l, =d, =t)
III p. =ne
ne (=re, =le, =de, =te) =yun
SeniSvna: muqi feriT aRniSnulia ZiriTadi (gavrcelebuli)

piris niSnebi; danarCeni variaciebi miRebulia fonetikuri
cvlilebebis safuZvelze. reduqciis Sedegad miRebulia: =zu
zu > =z
z;
125
=nu
nu > =n ne > =ee; formebi =su, =s winamaval an momdevno yru
n; =ne
TanxmovanTan asimilaciis Sedegad aris miRebuli: =zu
zu > =su
su;
su =z
z >
s, mag.: Ta=z
=s z=ci > Ta=s
s=ci “me wavedi”... Tu piris niSani iwyeba n
TanxmovniT da moxvdeba winamavali fuZiseuli r, l, d, T//t
t
Tanxmovnebis uSualo mezoblobaSi, igi srul regresul
asimilacias ganicdis da viRebT Semdeg formebs:
mxol. ricxvi II p. =nu > =ru, =lu, =du, =tu; =n > =r, =l, =d,
=t
III p. =ne > =re, =le, =de, =te
mxol. ricxvi II p. =nan > =ran, =lan, =dan, =tan
nominativ-ergativiani seriis piris niSnebi nijur kiloSic

warmodgenilia varTaSnuli dialeqtis msgavsad, Sdr.:
zmnebis I jgufis (subieqti saxelobiTsa an ergativSi) piris niSnebi

nijur kiloSi

I p. =zu
zu,
zu =ˆz, =uz, =z
z > =s =Áan
II p. =nu,
nu =n
n, =ˆn, =un =nan
nan
III p. =ne,
ne =ee Tun
=T
SeniSvna: SeiniSneba zogi Tavisebureba: Tu piris niSnis

darTvisas Tavs iyris ramdenime Tanxmovani, maSin Tanxmovnebs Soris
Cndeba Tanxmovangasayari -ˆˆ- > -u
u- elementi: =zu z > =ˆˆz//=uz
zu > =z uz;
uz
varTaSnulSi gavrcelebuli regresiuli asimilacia nijurSi ar

dasturdeba; varTaSnulis mxoloobiTi ricxvis III piris ZiriTad
formants (=ne
ne)
ne nijurSi ori ZiriTadi formanti Seesatyviseba
(=ne
ne//=e
ne e). amaTgan =ne
ne formanti xmovniT dasrulebul fuZes
daerTvis, xolo =ee _ TanxmovniT; mravlobiTi ricxvis III
126
pirisaTvis nijurSi dasturdeba sxva formanti, Sdr.: varT. =yun
yun da
Tun.
nij. =T un
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, udiurSi zmnebis absoluturi

umravlesoba misdevs saxelobiT-ergativiani uRvlilebis sistemas,
xolo micemiT-subieqtiani uRvlileba daaxloebiT TxuTmetiode
zmnas axasiaTebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom nijur kiloSi datiuri
konstruqcia amJamad ar aris warmodgenili, xolo varTaSnulSi igi
moSlis pirasaa misuli: dRes, rogorc wesi, verba sentiendi zmnebis
subieqti dasmulia ergatiul brunvaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSic ki zmna
inarCunebs micemiT-subieqtiani seriis piris niSnebs, rac gvaZlevs
kidec datiuri konstruqciis gamoyofis safuZvels varTaSnul
kiloSi.
zmnebis II jgufis (micemiT-

(micemiT-subieqtiani) piris niSnebi varTaSnul
kiloSi
I p. =za
za,
za =zax
zax,
zax =z =Áa,
Áa =Áax
Áax
II p. =va
va,
va =vax
vax,
vax =v =vaˤ,
va =vax
vaxˤ,
vax =va-nan
III p. =tu,
tu =tux
tux =yo
yo,
yo =yox
yox
SeniSvna: micemiT-subieqtiani zmnebis I da II piris niSnebi

warmoadgens saTanado nacvalsaxelTa micemiTi brunvis formas;
mxoloobiTSi III pirisaTvis gamoyenebulia =tu
tu formanti, romelic
determinativad gvxvdeba CvenebiT nacvalsaxelTa dativis formaSi,
Sdr.: Se-tu
tu,
tu Se-tux
tux.
tux gasarkvevi rCeba =yo
yo//=yox
yo yox piris niSanTa
sakiTxi; formebi =z
z da =vv reduqciis Sedegadaa miRebuli: =za
za > =z
z;
va > =vv; II piris niSani mravlobiTSi (=vaˤ), zogierT SemTxvevaSi
=va
kargavs faringalizacias =va
vaˤ
va > =va
va.
va amis Sedegad, es forma
emsgavseba II piris niSans mxoloobiTSi. safiqrebelia, rom
gansxvavebis aRsadgenad mas damatebiT erTvis saxelobiT-
127
ergativiani seriis II piris aRmniSvneli klitika (mravlobiTi
ricxvis) =nan
nan,
nan mag.: bu=va
va=ysa
va > bu=va
va=ysa
va > bu=va
va=ysa=nan
va nan
Tavisebur viTarebas gviCvenebs nijis dialeqti, sadac

micemiT-subieqtiani seriis piris niSnebi mxolod erT zmnasTan
SemogvrCa _ fu “qona”, “yola”. sayuradReboa, rom aRniSnul

zmnasTan piris niSnebi, rogorc wesi, prefiqsur pozicias ikaveben,
mag.: zax=fu “me myavs”, “me maqvs”; vax=fu “Sen gyavs”, “Sen gaqvs”;
Tux=fu “imas yavs”, “imas aqvs” da a.S.
zmnebis II jgufis (micemiT-

(micemiT-subieqtiani) piris niSnebi nijur ki
kiloSi

I p. =zax
zax =Áax
Áax
II p. =vax
vax =vax
vaxˤ
vax
III p. Tux
=T Tuxˤ,
=T ux =TToxˤ,
ox =TTooxˤ
oox
miuxedavad imisa, rom piris niSnebi nijur kiloSi micemiTis

formiTaa warmodgenili (micemiT-subieqtian serias ganekuTvnebian),
qona-yolis zmnis realuri subieqti, varTaSnulis msgavsad, aqac
naTesaobiT brunvis formiTaa gadmocemuli, mag.: bezi koJ zax=fu

zax
“me (naT.) saxli maqvs”.
zmnebis III jgufis (naTesaobiT-

(naTesaobiT-subieqtiani) piris niSnebi
varTaSnul kiloSi

I p. =bez
bez =beS
beS
II p. =vi
vi †
=eeˤ†
III p. =taÁ
taÁ,
taÁ =ta
ta =yyˤo
o, =yo
yo
128
SeniSvna: zmnis genetiuri (posesiuri) konstruqciis piris
niSnebi nijur kiloSi ar gvxvdeba.
samive seriis piris niSnebi, rogorc zemod aRiniSna,

geneturad ama Tu im brunvaSi dasmuli piris nacvalsaxelebia. es
TvalsaCino gaxdeba, Tu piris mawarmoeblebs Sesadareblad
saTanado piris nacvalsaxelTa brunvis formebs muvuyenebT, Sdr.:
piris nacvalsaxelTa bruneba udiur enaSi
brunvebi I piris II piris

mxoloobiTi mravlobiTi mxoloobiTi mravlobiTi
saxelobiTi zu Áan un//hun (nij.) vaˤn//eˤ†an
ergativi _ _ _ vaˤn
naTesaobiTi bezi beSi vi eˤ†i
micemiTi za//zax Áa//Áax vax vaxˤ
sayuradReboa, rom kavkasiis albanurSi mogvepoveba III piris

aRmniSvneli enklitika mxoloobiTSi =n(e) [i. giperti, v. Sulce, z.
aleqsiZe, J.-p. mae]. es forma (ne) kavkasiis albanuSi, SesaZloa,
CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelic iyos.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom II piris niSanTa (=nu mxoloobiTSi da
=nan mravlobiTSi) nacvalsaxelur warmoSobas ukeT gviCvenebs
kavkasiis albanuri enis II piris nacvalsaxelebis forma, Sdr.: kavk.-
alb. nun “Sen”; nan “Tqven” da ud. un “Sen” da vaˤn//eˤ†an “Tqven”.
rogorc aRiniSna mravlobiT ricxvs sakuTari mawarmoebeli

ar gaaCnia. mravlobiTis pirveli da meore piris niSnebi saTanado
pirisa da ricxvis nacvalsaxelebs warmoadgenen.
III piris mravlobiTis =yun
yun,
yun =yox
yox//=yo
yox yo,
yo =yoÁ
yoÁ//=yo
yoÁ yo
mawarmoeblebis warmoSobis sakiTxi naTeli ar aris.
129
samecniero literaturaSi tradiciulad miiCneoda, rom udiur
enaSi, sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa msgavsad, piris niSnebi afiqsebs
warmoadgenen. 90-iani wlebis miwuruls a. harisma axali
Tvalsazrisi warmogvidgina, romelic vrclad gaSuqda mis
monografiaSi “Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax” (Oxford, 2002).
es Tvalsazrisi udiuri enis zogierTma Tanamedrove mkvlevermac
gaiziara (v. Sulce, t. maisaki...). a. harisis mosazrebis Tanaxmad,
udiuri enis piris niSnebi klitikebs warmoadgenen. garda piris
formantebisa, zmnis morfemaTagan aseTive kvalifikacia mieca
iusivis (kategoriul kilo an “nawilakovan-kavSirebiTi I” evg.
jeiraniSvilis mixedviT) da pirobiT-natvriTi kilos (“nawilakovan-
kavSirebiTi II” evg. jeiraniSvilis mixedviT)O=ya
ya da =gi
gi
mawarmoeblebs da namyos =Á
Á mawarmoebelsac.
udiuri enaSi piris formantebis moqmedeba mTel rig
SemTxvevebSi uCveuloa afiqsTaTvis. piris niSnebi winadadebaSi
xSirad sxva metyvelebis nawilebs erTvis (arsebiTi saxeli,
zedsarTavi saxeli, nacvalsaxeli, zmnizeda, Tandebuli, nawilaki).
sayuradReboa, rom piris niSani SeiZleba sxva klitikas daerTos,
rac SeuZleblad miiCneva afiqsTaTvis1. aRsaniSnavia, rom, rogorc
wesi, sityvis leqsikuri mniSvneloba, romelsac daerTvis piris
niSani, ar ganicdis cvlilebas.
Tu winadadebaSi Semasmeneli ar imyofeba fokusSi, aseT
SemTxvevaSi piris niSani daerTvis ara predikats, aramed fokusSi
myof winadadebis wevrs2. kiTxviT winadadebebSi, magaliTad, es,
1 es SeiZleba iyos uaryofis aRmniSvneli klitikebi Te=, Te nu=,

nu ma=;
ma iusivisa an
pirobiT-natvriTi kilos mawarmoebeli klitikebi ya= ya da gi=
gi (nijurSi Ái-);
klitika =alal (qarTul -cc nawilaks udris). piris niSnebi da aRniSnuli klitikebi
erTad adgenen proklitikur (mag.: Te Te=ne
ne=besa “ar akeTebs”), enklitikur (mag.:
ne
bal=TeTe=ne
Te ne “ar gaakeTebs”) da endoklitikur (mag.: ba=Te Te=ne
Te ne=qo “SesaZloa
ne
(vinicobaa) iyos, gaxdes”) kompleqsebs. xSirad aseT kompleqsebSi SeiZleba sami
klitikac ki iyos gaerTianebuli, mag.: ma ma=ya
ya=nn=baqe “aucileblad ar viqnebodi,
ya
gavxvdebodi”; u=alal=Te
al Te=ne
Te ne=q-sa, u=al
ne al=Te
al Te=ne
Te ne=Rˤ-sa “ar SevWam kidec, ar davlev
ne
kidec [arc SevWam da arc davlev]” da a.S.
2 fokusSi myofi winadadebis wevris (ara predikatis) piris niSniT markirebis
asaxsnelad gamoiTqva ori gansxvavebuli hipoTeza: a. harisis varaudiT,

130
rogorc wesi, kiTxvis gamomxatveli sityvebia (mag.: eka=n
n besa “ras
akeTeb?”; =n
n II piris niSania mxoloobiTSi da, am SemTxvevaSi, is
ueWvelad kiTxviT nacvalsaxels daerTvis. am SesityvebaSi piris
niSniT predikatis markireba iqneba gaumarTavi da araswori);
uaryofiT winadadebebSi piris niSani daerTvis uaryofis
gamomxatvel sityvebs (mag.: udin çliFba bu=Te
Te=ne
Te ne “udiuri anbani ar
(+ 3 SG) arsebobs”;
arsebobs uk-es Te=z
Te z=baq-sa “Wama ar (+ 1 SG) SemiZlia”);
SemiZlia
winadadebebSi, romelic kiTxvaze pasuxs Seicavs, fokusSi moiqceva
is sityvebi, romlebic uSualod pasuxoben dasmul kiTxvas, mag.: Tu
udiurisaTvis istoriulad unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli kleftis tipis

winadadeba, anu iseTi rTuli winadadeba, romelSic mTavari nawili mTlianad
remas miekuTvneba, xolo damxmare _ Temas, mag.: ing. It is John who speaks “es joni
laparakobs [es aris joni, romelic laparakobs]”, an rus. Что касается меня, то я
ухожу... aRsaniSnavia, rom aseTi tipis winadadeba Zalze gavrcelebulia daRestnur
enebSi.
pirobiTad a. harisis mier navaraudebi konstruqcia udiurSi SegviZlia aseTi
saxiT gadmovceT:
xorag COP [PROX xunCi-muR-on h„zir-b-i]

saWmeli
saWmeli aris es da_PL_ERG
da saWmlis momzadeba
momzadeba_LV_PTCP
es saWmelia, romelic moamzades debma [zedmiw. saWmelia es debis (erg.)
momzadebuli]
SemdgomSi, a. harisis varaudiT, meSveli zmna (COP) dakargul iqna, xolo

rTuli winadadeba, romelic mTavari (es saWmelia) da damxmare (romelic
moamzades debma) Sesityvebebisagan Sedgeboda gardaiqmna martiv winadadebad.
damxmare zmnis dakargvis gamo Seicvala SeTanxmebis kontroliori _ am funqciiT
aRiWurva mTavari zmnis qvemdebare (debma) da ara meSveli zmnis subieqti, xolo
nacvalsaxeli, romelsac qvewyobili winadadeba Sehyavda, gardaiqmna piris
SemaTanxmebel elementad, romelic enklitikurad daerTvoda fokusSi mdgom
meSveli zmnis yofil subieqts, xolo gadalagebul winadadebaSi _ damatebas;
mTavari zmna mogvevlina dro-kiloiani da ara mimReobis formiT, ix. Tanamedrove
udiurisagan:
xunCi-muR-on xorag-ax=yun h„zir-b-esa

da_PL_ERG
da saWmeli_DAT=3
saWmeli PL saWmlis momzadeba_LV_PRS
momzadeba
debi (erg.) amzadeben saWmels
v. Sulces varaudiT ki, fokusis markireba specialuri niSniT (*-nini)

ni saerTo
lezgiurisaTvis unda yofiliyo damaxasiaTebeli. Tavdapirvelad *-ni ni formanti
yvela pirTan Tanabrad gamoiyeneboda, xolo Semdgom, I piris konteqstSi, daiwyo
misi Secvla I piris nacvalsaxeliT. II da III piris formebi Camoyalibda
mogvianebiT, *-ni
ni formis fonetikuri gavleniT.
131
winaswar cnobili iyo, rom viRacam aiRo ori vaSli, winadadebaSi
“bavSvma aiRo ori vaSli” fokusSi moeqceva saxeli “bavSvi”,
rogorc naTqvamis momentSi araprognozirebadi da logikurad
auxsneli. Sesabamisad, piris niSani (=ne
ne IIIPpiris formanti
mxoloobiTSi) am winadadebaSi daerTvis ara predikats (“aiRo”),
aramed subieqts (“bavSvi”):
ne
„Áel-en=ne ay-e paˤ eSˤ-n-ux
bavSvi_ERG=III
III SG aReba_PERF ori vaSli_O_DAT
bavSvma aiRo ori vaSli
Tu daismis kiTxva, ra aiRo bavSvma, an ramdeni vaSli aiRo

bavSma, Cven miviRebT, magaliTad, aseT pasuxs:
„Áel-en paˤ eSˤ=ne

ne ay-e
bavSvi_ERG ori vaSli=III
III SG aReba_PERF
Cveulebriv TxrobiT winadadebaSi ki es fraza aseT saxes

miiRebs:
„Áel-en paˤ eSˤ-n-ux a=ne=

ne=y-e
ne=
bavSvi_ERG ori vaSli_O_DAT aReba=III
III SG=ST_PERF
piris niSani daerTvis agreTve im sityvebs, romlis gamoyofa

mTxrobelis surviliT xdeba da romelic gamonaTqvamis ZiriTad
azrs gamoxatavs, mag.:
Áan sa qala çÁz-e=Áan
Áan baqsa “Cven erT did sofelSi (+ 1 PL)
vcxovrobT”;
çÁWa zu Tbilisi-n-a=z
z TaÁsa “me xval TbilisSi (+ 1SG)
132
mivdivar”;
ba=ne=qe, Te=ne=baqe, sa iSu-Cubux=ne
ne baqe “iyo da ara iyo ra,
iyo erTi col-qmari
col qmari (+ 3 SG)”...
aqedan gamomdinare, unda davaskvnaT, rom sintaqsuri
urTierTobebi uSualod moqmedebs piris niSanTa ganawilebaze.1
fokusSi myofi sityva, Tu winadadebaSi gvaqvs Semasmeneli,
rogorc wesi, Semasmenelia an Semasmenels uswrebs.
zmnaSic piris niSans ar aqvs Camoyalibebuli pozicia. erTsa
da imave zmnur formaSi, erTi da igive piris formanti SeiZleba
imyofebodes sxvadasxva poziciaSi: statikur zmnebSi piris niSani,
rogorc wesi, postfiqsur pozicias ikavebs, mag.: bu=ne
ne “aris”;
arci=ne
ne “zis”; Curfi=ne
ne “dgas”; baski=ne
ne “wevs”; arci=Te=ne
ne “ar zis”
(+ 3SG) ...
gardamaval da gardauval dinamikur zmnebTan piris niSani
gamoiyeneba sxvadasxva adgilas, mag.: ba=ne
ne=qsa
ne , baqsa=ne
ne “aris
xolme”, “arsebobs”, “xdeba”, Te=ne
ne=baqsa
ne “ar aris xolme...”; e=ne
ne=sa
ne ,
esa=ne
ne “modis”, Te=ne
ne=esa
ne “ar modis”; aS=ne=b[e]sa
ne , aS-besa=ne
ne
“muSaobs”, Te=ne
ne=aS-besa
ne “ar muSaobs”...
zogjer piris niSnis poziciis SecvliT sityvis gramatikuli
mniSvnelobac icvleba, mag.: bo=ne
ne=xsa
ne “xarSavs” _ box=ne
ne=sa
ne
“ixarSeba”; bi=ne
ne=xsa
ne “Sobs”, “badebs” _ bix=ne
ne=sa
ne “ibadeba”...
rodesac piris niSani fuZis momdevno poziciaze imyofeba, is,
1 pirdapiri obieqtis brunvis forma aseve nawilobriv aris damokidebuli

sintaqsur urTierTobebze. cnobilia, rom pirdapiri obieqti udiurSi micemiTi an
saxelobiTi brunvis formebiT aris gadmocemuli. Tu pirdapiri damateba
Semasmenels misdevs, maSin is fakultaturad iyenebs micemiTisa da saxelobiTis
formebs (Tumca micemiTi Warbobs). Tu pirdapiri damateba Semasmenels win
uswrebs, aseT SemTxvevaSi, gamoTqmis momentSi ucnobi, ganusazRvreli nominativis
formiT iqneba warmodgenili, xolo cnobili, gansazRvruli _ dativiT.
ganusazRvreli, naTqvamis momentSi ucnobi saxeli, rogorc wesi, fokusSi
moeqceva (anu fokusSi myofi uaxloesi obieqti saxelobiTSi gveqneba), magram
aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac Semasmenlis win mdgari da fokusSi myofi pirdapiri
obieqti micemiTis formiT iyos warmodgenili.
133
rogorc wesi, bolokidur elementad gvevlineba1, anda, iSviaTad
SeiZleba imyofebodes zmnuri fuZis Semdeg, magram win uswrebdes
romelime mawarmoebels, mag.: bix=ne
ne=sa
ne “ibadeba”, box=ne
ne=sa
ne
“ixarSeba”2.
prefiqsur (fuZis wina) poziciaze yofnisas piris niSani zmnis
absolutur dasawyisSi ar gvxvdeba: igi ueWvelad unda misdevdes
sxva Tavkidur morfemas (rogorc wesi, es aris zmnaSi uaryofis
gamomxatveli elementebi: Te=,
Te ma=,
ma nu=).
nu
yvela rTuli agebulebis zmnaSi piris niSani SeiZleba
interfiqsur poziciaSi imyofebodes: is arauRvlilebad fuZesa da
meSvel zmnas Sorisaa, anu komponentebs Sua ikavebs adgils, mag.: aS-
b-es “muSaoba” (aS “saqme” + b-es “keTeba”) _ aS=ne
ne=b[e]sa
ne “muSaobs”;
azaru-baq-es “avad gaxdoma” (azaru “avdmyofi”, “sneuli” + baq-es
“yofa”, “arseboba”, “gaxdoma”) _ azaru=ne
ne=baqsa
ne “avad xdeba”,
“avaddeba”...
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, piris niSani martivi agebulebis
zmnebSic gvevlineba infiqsur poziciaSi. aseT SemTxvevaSi, igi
fuZis bolo Tanxmovnis win ikavebs adgils anu zmnur fuZes xleCs,
baq-es “yofa”, “arseboba”, “gaxdoma” _ ba=ne=q
mag.: baq ba q-sa “aris xolme”,
bix-es “Soba”, “dabadeba” _ bi=ne=x
“xdeba” (+ 3 SG); bix bi x-sa “Sobs”,
“badebs”; u=ne=qq-esa, u=ne=R
Rˤ-esa “Wams, svams”, Sdr.: uq-es
uq “Wama”; uRˤ-
1 zogierT dro-kilosTan piris niSnis postfiqsuri ganlageba aucilebelia:

aseT dro-kiloTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba: myofadi ZiriTadi da misgan nawarmoebi
myofadi aucileblobiTi, myofadi nawilakovani, namyo-myofadi ZiriTadi, namyo-
myofadi aucileblobiTi da agreTve koniunqtivi, namyos koniunqtivi da
brZanebiTi kilo (imperativi).
2 piris niSanTa aRniSnuli ganlageba udiur enaSi ewinaaRmdegeba erT-erT
e.w. universalias. samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom klitikas

SeuZlebelia misdevdes romelime afiqsi. Tu udiuri enis piris niSnebs
klitikebad miviCnevT, rac, Cveni azriT, sakmaod damajerebelia, aseT SemTxvevaSi
saxeze gvaqvs friad saintereso viTereba: warmodgenil magaliTebSi, piris niSans
misdevs awmyos mawarmoebeli -sa
sa [< -esa
esa], romelic diaqroniul doneze SeiZleba
davyoT martiv-mawarmoebliani masdaris sufiqssa (-ss < -es
es) da uSualod prezensis
mawarmoebelze (-aa). moyvanil leqsemebSi piris niSans SeiZleba misdevdes sxva
dro-kiloTa mawarmoeblebi, romelTa kvalifikacia rogorc afiqsebis _ eWvs ar
iwvevs.
134
es “sma”... safiqrebelia, rom zogierT zmnur leqsemaSi, piris niSani
zmnis istoriuli Ziris SigniTac ki gvxvdeba. aseT leqsemaTa
ricxvs ganekuTvneba: ak-es
ak “naxva”, “danaxva”, “gamoCena”; ay=es
ay “aReba”;
e†-es “Senaxva”; es-un
es “mosvla”; Sdr.: a=tu=k
k-sa “xedavs”, “dainaxavs”,
†-esa “inaxavs”; e=ne=s

“gamoCndeba” (+ 3 SG); a=ne=yy-sa “iRebs”; e=ne=† s-a
“modis” (ukanasknel zmnas, safiqrebelia, rom dakarguli aqvs
Ziriseuli Tanxmovani Á < *R
R da misi fuZe martiv-mawarmoebliani
masdaris sufiqsis formas emTxveva).
martivi agebulebis zmnebis umravlesobas moepoveba piris
niSnisaTvis infiqsuri pozicia. gamonaklisia zmnebi b-es “keTeba” da
f-es “Tqma”, romelTa fuZec calkeuli Tanxmovnisagan Sedgeba da
kidev ori zmna: bu “yofna”, “qona”, “yola” da bi[Á
bi Á]-es “mokvdoma”.
Tu udiur enaSi piris niSnebs klitikebad miviCnevT, aseT
SemTxvevaSi saxeze gvaqvs unikaluri viTareba: msoflios
Seswavlil enaTagan arsad ar aris damowmebuli endoklitika, anu
iseTi klitika, romelic erTiani sityvaformis, an, miT ufro,
morfemis SigniT gvxvdeba. zogierT SemTxvevaSi, piris niSani zmnis
istoriul Zirsac ki xleCs (ix. zemoT).
udiur enaSi piris formantTa endoklitikebad Camoyalibebis
asaxsnelad a. harisma gamoiTqva ori hipoTeza. pirvelis Tanaxmad,
saxelisa da zmnisagan Semdgar SesityvebaTa Serwymis Sedegad
udiurSi gamxorcielda piris niSanTa “garSemortymis” (“trapping”)
procesi. a. harisis azriT, es procesi Semdeg etapebs moicavda:
Semasmenelisa da mis win mdgomi piris niSniT markirebuli
damatebisagan Semdgari fokusuri konstruqciebi ganicdida
leqsikologizacias da gvaZlevda idiomaturi Sinaarsis
Sesityvebebs, romelic morfologizaciis Sedegad yalibdeboda
rTuli agebulebis zmnebad. am procesis gamo, piris niSnebi
aRmoCenil iqna erTiani sityvis SigniT, damxmare zmnasa da
inkorporirebul saxels Sua.
135
am hipoTezis safuZvelze a. harisi cdilobs martivi agebulebis
zmnebSi piris niSanTa intramorfemuli poziciis warmoqmnis axsnas.
mkvlevris varaudiT, am SemTxvevaSi piris niSnebi ki ar
Camoyalibdnen am poziciaze, rogorc rTuli agebulebis zmnebSi,
aramed moxda maT mier TandaTanobiT am poziciis dakaveba.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom udiur enaSi meSveli zmnebis umravlesoba
(b-es “keTeba”; f-es “Tqma”; d-es _ calke aRebuls ar gaaCnia
damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvneloba da sxva) calkeuli
Tanxmovnisagan Sedgeba, pozicia fuZis bolo Tanxmovnis win aRqmul
iqna rogorc piris niSnis adgili. amis Sedegad, piris niSnebma,
analogiiT, martivi agebulebis zmnebSic daikaves infiqsuri
pozicia.
a. harisma warmogvidgina alternatiuli varaudic, romlis
Tanaxmad piris niSnebs yvela pozicia klasifikatorebisagan
memkvidreobiT ergoT: klasovani uRvlilebis moSlis Semdeg,
klasis eqsponentTa nawili daikarga, magram maTi adgili daikaves
axladwarmoqmnilma piris niSnebma.
samecniero literaturaSi ar iyo ganxiluli klasovan-pirovani
uRvlilebis funqcionirebis SesaZlebloba. am varaudis
sasargeblod metyvelebs: udiur enaSi martivi zmnebis
umravlesobas fuZeSi SeiZleba gamoeyos gramatikuli klas-
kategoriis gaqvavebuli eqsponenti (b
b-, ba-,
ba be-,
be bi-,
bi bo-,
bo boˤ-,
bo bu-,
bu buˤ-,
bu
d-, du-,
du u- [< *vu
vu-],
vu uˤ- [< *vu
vuˤ-]...),
vu romlis Semdegac fiqsirdeba piris
niSanTa infiqsuri pozicia. warmodgenili klasovani prefiqsebi
zmnis ZirTan sinqronul doneze erT morfemas warmoadgenen, Tumca
maTi gamoyofa monaTesave enebis monacemTa gamoyenebiT xerxdeba,
mag.: ud. baq-es “yofa”, “arseboba”, “gaxdoma”; ba=ne=q
baq ba q-sa “aris”,
“arsebobs”, “xdeba” (+ 3SG); Sdr.: ruT. Ái-q
Ái q-is//ri
ri-q
ri q-is//vi
vi-q
vi q-is//di
di-q
di q-is
“yofna” [gramatikuli klasebis mixedviT]; arC. vi-q
vi q-ir//di
di-q
di q-ir//bi
bi-q
bi q-
ir//ii-qq-ir “yofna”; wax. ˆx½-aÁ//Ái
Ái x½-aÁ//vu
Ái-x vu x½-aÁ “yofna”;
vu-x
136
bix-es “Soba”, “dabadeba”; bi=ne=x
ud. bix bi x-sa “Sobs”, “badebs” (+ 3SG);
Sdr.: ruT. Áu-x
Áu x-ˆn//ru
ru-x
ru x-ˆn//vu
vu-x
vu x-ˆn “Soba”, “dabadeba” [gramatikuli
klasebis mixedviT]; wax. u-x

x-i//Áu
Áu-x
Áu x-i//vu
vu-x
vu x-i “id”; Sdr. agreTve: lezg.
x-un “id”;
ud. bok bo k-sa “iwvis” (+ 3SG); Sdr.: arC. u-kk´-as//do
bok-es “wva”; bo=ne=k do-
do
k´-as//bo
bo k´-as “wva” [gramatikuli klasebis mixedviT];
bo-k
duR-es “rtymeva”, “dartyma”; du=ne=R

ud. duR du R-sa “urtyams” (+ 3SG);
Sdr.: ruT. Áˆ-x rˆr-x
x-ˆn//r x-ˆn//vvˆr-x
x-ˆn “rtymeva” [gramatikuli klasebis
mixedviT]; Tab. u-x
x-uz//Áu
Áu-x
Áu x-uz “dartyma”; Sdr. agreTve: xunZ. vu-x
vu x-
ize//Áu
Áu-x
Áu x-ize//bu
bu-x
bu x-ize//ru
ru-x
ru x-ize “cema”...
eWvi gvepareba, rom piris niSnebs klasovani uRvlilebis
moSlis da, Sesabamisad, klasovani prefiqsisa da zmnuri Ziris
(diaqroniul doneze _ fuZis) erT fuZed Camoyalibebis Semdeg
daekavebinaT intramorfemuli pozicia. amasTan erTad,
sayuradReboa, rom piris niSnebi Tavkidur poziciaSi (absolutur
anlautSi) ar gvxvdeba, rac aseve uaryofs klasifikatorTa piris
niSnebiT Canacvlebis hipoTezas. Tu piris niSani prefiqsur
poziciaze imyofeba, is, ueWvelad, sxva romelime morfemas unda
misdevdes, arada klasifikatorTa Tavkiduri ganlageba yvelaze
gavrcelebulia iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi da, maT Soris,
daRestnursa da lezgiur enebSi.
sayuradReboa, rom udiurSi piris niSnebiT gamoixateba mxolod
subieqtis piri, maSin rodesac pirdapiri obieqtis aRniSvna unda
iyos pirveladi yvela iberiul-kavkasiuri enisaTvis [arn. Ciqobava].
amis axsna SesaZlebelia, Tu davuSvebT, rom klasovani
uRvlilebidan pirovan uRvlilebamde udiurma gaiara klasovan-
pirovani uRvlilebis safexuri, romelic obieqtis klasisa da
subieqtis piris aRniSvnas gulisxmobda (rogorc es aris yvela
iberiul-kavkasiur enaSi, sadac klasovan-pirovani uRvlileba
gvaqvs). gramatikuli klas-kategoriis moSlis Semdeg obieqturi
pirovani uRvlileba, gansxvavebiT, magaliTad, qarTveluri da
137
adiRuri enebisagan, udiurSi, safiqrebelia, rom garSemomyof
aramonaTesave enaTa gavlenis gamo ar warmoiqmna.
Cveni azriT, piris niSnebi yalibdeboda ara intramorfemul
(klasovani prefiqsisa da zmnis Ziris Soris) poziciaze, aramed
TandaTanobiT xdeboda maT mier am poziciis dakaveba. Cveni
varaudiT, Tavdapirvelad piris niSani enklitikurad erTvoda
zmnas, xolo mis mier infiqsuri (//interfiqsuri) poziciis dakaveba
gamowveuli unda yofiliyo sxvadasxva sintaqsuri da
morfologiuri procesebiT (kauzativisa an dekauzativis warmoeba;
gansazRvruloba-ganusazRvrelobis gamoxatva), romlis reliqtebi
Semonaxuli unda iyos Tanamedrove udiur enaSi, ase, magaliTad,
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, zogjer piris niSnis poziciis SecvliT
sityvis gramatikuli mniSvnelobac icvleba: bo=ne
ne=xsa
ne “xarSavs” _
box=ne
ne=sa
ne “ixarSeba”; bi=ne
ne=xsa
ne “Sobs”, “badebs” _ bix=ne
ne=sa
ne
“ibadeba”... am magaliTebSi, piris niSnis poziciis SecvliT xdeba
dekauzativis warmoeba.
gamomdinare iqidan, rom udiur enaSi zmnuri Zirebisa da
meSveli zmnebis umravlesoba calkeuli Tanxmovnisagan Sedgeba,
pozicia fuZis bolo Tanxmovnis win (rTul zmnebSi _ meore
ingredientis win) aRqmul iqna rogorc piris niSnis adgili. amis
Sedegad, analogiiT, piris niSnebma yvela kompozitur zmnaSi
daikaves interfiqsuri pozicia, xolo iseT martiv zmnebSi,
rogoricaa: ak-es “xedva”, ay-es “aReba”, “ayvana”, “yidva”, es-un
“mosvla”, e†-es “Senaxva”... _ infiqsuri pozicia, Sdr.: a=tu=k-sa
“xedavs”, a=ne=y-sa “iRebs”, “iyvans”, “yidulobs”, e=ne=s-a “modis”,

e=ne=†e-sa “inaxavs” (moyvanil leqsemebSi ar gamoiyofa gaqvavebuli
klasovani prefiqsi).
Cveni azriT, warmodgenili mosazreba ar ewinaaRmdegeba sxva
ramdenime hipoTezas, mag.: a. harisis mier gamoTqmul piris niSanTa
“garSemortymis” hipoTezas. amasTan erTad, unda aRiniSnos, rom
SeuZlebelia, daveTanxmoT mis mier gamoTqmul gramatikuli klas-
138
kategoriis formantTa poziciis Canacvlebis (e.w. memkvidreobiTi
poziciis) hipoTezas. Cveni azriT, “endoklizisis” (piris niSanTa
mier zmnuri fuZeebis gaxleCis) movlena aixsneba mxolod klasisa
da piris formantTa paraleluri funqcionirebiT da ara
klasifikatorebis ubralo CanacvlebiT piris niSnebiT.
dro-
dro - kiloTa sistema
udiuri zmnis dro-kiloTa warmoebis ZiriTadi principebia:

dro-kiloTa warmoeba xdeba sufiqsebisa da klitikebis
meSveobiT; klitikTa meSveobiT iwarmoeba:
iusivi (kategoriul kilo an “nawilakovan-kavSirebiTi I” evg.
jeiraniSvilis mixedviT) _ ya=
ya klitika awarmoebs;
pirobiT-natvriTi kilo (“nawilakovan-kavSirebiTi II” evg.
jeiraniSvilis mixedviT) _ gi=
gi klitika (nijurSi =Ái
Ái)
Ái awarmoebs;
namyo drois aRmniSvneli ramdenime forma _ =ÁÁ klitikis
darTviT iwarmoeba;
myofadi nawilakovani da II koniunqtivi =al
al klitikis
meSveobiT iwarmoeba.
ya=
ya da gi=
gi mawarmoeblebi SesaZloa infiqsurs (an
interfiqsurs), prefiqsursa da postfiqsur poziciebzec
imyofebodes, namyo droebis mawarmoebeli =Á
Á da =al
al klitika
zmnaSi postfiqsur poziciaze gvxvdeba, Tumca iSviatad =al
al
klitika SeiZleba infiqsur (interfiqsur) poziciazec Segvxvdes.
oTxive mawarmoebeli klitika SesaZlebelia, rom sxva metyvelebis
nawilebsac daerTos.
amosavals dro-kiloTa warmoebisaTvis warmoadgens martivi
(pirveladi, neitraluri) fuZe. uSualod masze dayrdnobiT
iwarmoeba pirvelad finitur formaTa mozrdili nawili.
sawarmoebeli (sayrdeni) fuZis mixedviT udiuriSi dro-kiloiani
formebi SegviZlia davyoT oTx jgufad, esenia:
martiv-mawarmoeblian masdaris formaze dayrdnobiT
139
nawarmoebi zmnuri formebi: awmyo; imperfeqti;
martiv fuZeze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi zmnuri formebi:
perfeqti; pluskvamfperfeqti; perfeqtis formaze dayrdnobiT
nawarmoebi iusivi; perfeqtis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi
pirobiT-natvriTi kilo (es forma mxolod varTaSnulSi gvxvdeba);
myofadi potenciuri; namyo-myofadi potenciuri; II koniunqtivi (es
forma mxolod varTaSnulSia gavrcelebuli); imperativi;
koniunqtivi, namyos koniunqtivi, kondicionali; (es forma mxolod
nijur kiloSi gvxvdeba);
gamoyenebuli mawarmoeblebis mixedviT es jgufi SegviZlia
davyoT dro-kiloTa sam qvejgufad:
zmnuri fuZe + -ee mawarmoebeli: perfeqti; pluskvamfperfeqti;
perfeqtis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi iusivi; perfeqtis
formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi kilo;
zmnuri fuZe + -o
o mawarmoebeli: myofadi potenciuri; namyo-
myofadi potenciuri; II koniunqtivi;
zmnuri fuZe + -a
a mawarmoebeli: imperativi; koniunqtivi; namyos
koniunqtivi; kondicionali.
sruli saxis mimReobis formaze dayrdnobiT
nawarmoebi formebi: aoristi; II perfeqti; aoristis formaze
dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi iusivi; aoristis formaze dayrdnobiT
nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi kilo (es forma mxolod
varTaSnulisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli); II plukvamperfeqti;
kontrafaqtivi (orive forma mxolod nijur kiloSia
gavrcelebuli);
usruli saxis mimReobis formaze dayrdnobiT
nawarmoebi formebi: myofadi ZiriTadi; namyo-myofadi ZiriTadi;
myofadi aucileblobiTi; namyo-myofadi aucileblobiTi; myofadi
nawilakovani (ukanaskneli forma mxolod varTaSnilisTvisaa
damaxasiaTebeli);
sxvagvari klasifikaciiT dro-kiloebi udiur enaSi SeiZleba
davyoT pirvelad da meorad formemad: pirveladi formebia _
140
uSualod zmnis fuZeze, sruli da usruli saxis mimReobebsa da
martiv-mawarmoebliani masdaris formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi
formebia, xolo meoradi _ pirveladi formebisagan nawarmoebi dro-
kiloebi. meoradi formebi klitikebis meSveobiT iwarmoeba (ya
ya=,
ya gi=
gi
[nij. Ái-],
Ái =Á Á, =al
al)
al da, rogorc wesi, namyo drois, iusivis, pirobiT-
natvriTi kilosa da ori drois mijnaze ganviTarebul moqmedebaTa
aRmniSvnel (namyo-myofadi an myofadi namyoSi) formebs warmoadgens.
pirvelad (aranawarmoeb) formebs ganekuTvneba: awmyo;
perfeqti; aoristi; II perfeqti; myofadi ZiriTadi; myofadi
aucileblobiTi; myofadi potenciuri; koniunqtivi; imperativi;
meorad (nawarmoeb) formebs ganekuTvneba: imperfeqti;
pluskvamperfeqti; perfeqtis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi
iusivi; perfeqtis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi
kilo; aoristis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi iusivi; aoristis
formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi kilo; II
plukvamperfeqti; kondicionali; kontrafaqtivi; namyo-myofadi
ZiriTadi; namyo-myofadi aucileblobiTi; namyo-myofadi potenciuri;
myofadi nawilakovani; namyos koniunqtivi; II koniunqtivi.
SeniSvna: udiuris Sesaxeb specialur literaturaSi dro-

kiloTa sxvagvari dayofa aris miRebuli. vl. fanCviZe da evg.
jeiraniSvili zmnur fuZeTa modelebisa da struqturis
xasiaTis mixedviT finitur konstruqciebs sam jgufad
hyofdnen:
I jgufSi “infinitiv-masdarisagan” (masdari I; martiv-
mawarmoebliani masdari) nawarmoebi formebi Sedioda (awmyo
da namyo-uwyveteli);
II jgufSi mimReobisagan nawarmoebi formebi;
III jgufSi uSualod zmnis fuZeze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi
formebi Sedioda.
Cven viziarebT aRniSnul klasifikacias im SeniSvniT, rom
mimReobisagan nawarmoeb formebs vyofT or jgufad,
141
gamomdinare iqidan, rom sayrdeni fuZis TvalsazrisiT am or
jgufs araferi aqvs saerTo rogorc sinqronul doneze, ise
diaqroniulad, esenia: sruli saxis mimReobis formaze
dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi formebi (mawarmoebeli -i
i) da usruli
saxis mimReobis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi formebi
(mawarmoeblebi -al
al da -ala
ala);
ala
sxvagvar klasifikacias iyeneben Tanamedrove ucxoeli
mkvlevrebi _ a. harisi, v. Sulce, t. maisaki. es klasifikacia
metwilad areregularuli zmnebis Cvenebas eyrdnoba da
udiuri enis zmnis finitur da infinitur formebs oTx
jgufad hyofs:
I jgufSi sruli saxis mimReobisagan nawarmoebi formebi
Sedis;
II jgufSi _ “infinitivis” (martiv-mawarmoeblian masdari)
formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi formebi (prezensi da
imperfeqti);
III jgufSi _ mxolod imperativi, anu brZanebiTi kilo Sedis;
IV jgufSi _ usruli saxis mimReobisagan nawarmoebi formebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom aRniSnuli klasifikacia diaqroniuli
movlenebis asaxvasac cdilobs, mainc ver gaviziarebT
perfeqtisa da misgan nawarmoebi formebis (pluskvamperfeqti;
perfeqtis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi iusivi; perfeqtis
formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi kilo)
Seyvanas sruli saxis mimReobisagan nawarmoebi formebis (I)
jgufSi, maSin rodesac -i
i mawarmoebeli (sruli saxis
mimReobas awarmoebs) istoriuladac ar unda yofiliyo
damaxasiaTebeli perfeqtis formisaTvis.
amis garda, diaqroniuli TvalsazrisiTac gaugebaria myofadi
potenciurisa da misgan nawarmoebi formebis (namyo-myofadi
potenciuri; II koniunqtivi) Seyvena IV (usruli saxis
mimReobisagan nawarmoebi formebis) jgufSi. Cveni azriT,
sinqronuli TvalsazrisiT gaumarTlebelia -a
a mawarmoebliani
142
qvejgufis (imperativi; koniunqtivi, namyos koniunqtivi,
kondicionali) Seyvana imave (IV) jgufSi.
-a
a mawarmoebliani qvejgufis zmnebs Tu SevadarebT,
imperativis forma ramdenime araregularul zmnur
leqsemasTan gansxvavebul sawarmoebel fuZes gviCvenebs,
esenia: zmna f-es “Tqma” da misgan nawarmoebi rTuli
agebulebis zmnebi da zmna ec-es (moZraobis aRmniSvneli
defeqturi zmna) da misgan nawarmoebi eqvsi istoriulad
prefiqsiani forma da rTuli agebulebis zmnebi, Sdr.: f-es
“Tqma” _ uf-a
uf “Tqvi!”; Ta-[ÁÁ]-es “wasvla”, Ta-c
c-i “wavida” _ Ta-qq-
i “wadi!”; ba-[ÁÁ]-es “asvla”, ba-c
c-i “Sedis” _ ba-qq-i “Sedi!”; gam-
ec-es
ec “Tboba” _ gam-eq
eq-i
eq “gaTbi!” da a.S. anu, faqtobrivad, ori
zmnis Cvenebas (f-es “Tqma” da ec-es) Tu ar miviRebT
mxedvelobaSi, safuZvels moklebulia imperativis gamoyofa
calke jgufad.
zmnaTa umetesoba dro-kiloTa paradigmas erTiani fuZis

principiT awarmoebs. gamonakliss warmoadgens ramdenime moZraobis
an moZraobis kauzaciis aRmniSvneli zmna da leqsemebi f-es “Tqma”,
uq-es
uq “Wama” da bi[Á
bi Á]-es “mokvdoma”. dasaxelebuli zmnebis dro-
kiloTa paradigma warmodgenilia ramdenime (oridan-oTxamde)
supleturi fuZeebiT. jamSi, martivi agebulebis araregularuli
zmnebis raodenoba or aTeuls ar aRemateba, ix.:
araregularuli martiv-
martiv-mawarmoebliani zmnebi
leqsemebi aoristi masdari inperativi myofadi I

“wasvla” Tac-i Ta[Á]-es Taq-i TaR-al
“Sesvla” bac-i ba[Á]-es baq-i baR-al
“asvla” lac-i la[Á]-es laq-i laR-al
“mosvla” ar-i e[Á]-es eq-i eR-al
143
“gasvla” Wer-i We[Á]-es Weq-i WeR-al
“Casvla” Cir-i Ci[Á]-es Ciq-i CiR-al
“waReba” TaSer-i TaS-es TaS-a TaS-al
“motana” eCer-i eC-es eC-a eC-al
“amoReba” CiCer-i CiC-es CiC-a CiC-al
“adgoma” aÁzer-i aÁz-es aÁz-a aÁz-al
“sirbili” titer-i tit-es tit-a tit-al
“mokvdoma” pur-i bi[Á]-es biÁ-a biÁ-al
“Wama” qçÁ-i uq-es uq-a uq-al
“Tqma” f-i f-es uf-a uk-al
[awmyo: ex//e]
gacilebiT didia rTuli agebulebis araregularuli zmnebis

raodenoba (daaxl. 100-s Seadgens). es gamowveulia zmnur
kompozitebSi meSveli zmnebis f-es “Tqma” da ec-es (safiqrebelia,
rom moZraobis aRmniSvneli defeqturi zmnaa) xSiri gamoyenebiT.
araregularuli rTulmawarmoebliani zmnebi
leqsemebi aoristi masdari awmyo inperativi myofadi I

“Tboba” gam-ec-i gam-ec-es gam-e-s-a gam-eq-i gam-eR-al
“tirili” oˤne-f-i oˤne-f-es oˤne-ne oˤne-f-a oˤne-k-al
“kiTxva” kal-f-i kal-f-es kal-e kal-f-a kal-k-al
“gaSveba” bar-T-i bar-T-es bar-e bar-T-a bar-k-al
erT zmnas _ bu (varT.)//fu (nij.) “yofna”, “qona”, “yola”

axasiaTebs dro-kiloTa defeqturi paradigma. es zmna mxolod
awmyosa (bu) da namyo-uwyvetel (bu=Á
bu Á) droebs awarmoebs, xolo
baq-es “yofa”, “arseboba”, “gaxdoma” dro-
danarCen paradigmas zmna baq
kiloebi avseben.
144
dro-
dro - kiloTa warmoeba
I jgufi
udiuris Sesaxeb samecniero literaturaSi Camoyalibebuli

tradiciis gaTvaliswinebiT I jgufSi Segvyavs martivmawarmoeblian
masdarze (masdari I) dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi zmnuri formebi,
kerZod: awmyo da namyo-uwyveteli (imperfeqti).
awmyo (prezensi). iwarmoeba -es

es formatian masdarze -a
a sufiqsis
darTviT, mag.: b-es-a
a=(ne) “akeTebs” (+ 3SG); aS=(ne)=b-s-aa < *aS=(ne)=b-
es-aa//aS-b-es-aa=(ne) “muSaobs”; qar=(re)=x-s-aa < *qar=(re)=x-es-aa
“cxovrobs”; baq-s-aa=(ne)//ba=(ne)=q-s-aa < *baq-es-aa=(ne)//*ba=(ne)=q-es-aa
“aris”, “xdeba”, “arsebobs”.
-es
es sufiqsis Semadgeneli xmovani xSirad ikveceba, rodesac am
sufiqsis win gvxvdeba daxuruli marcvali. am reduqciis Sedegad
zogjer viTardeba fonetikuri cvlilebebi, mag.: Tog-d-es “gayidva”:
*Tog=(zu)=d-es-a > *Tog=(zu)=d-s-a > Tog=(zu)=st-a (bgeraTa gadasma
ds > st)
st “vyidi”. a. Sifnerma awmyos mawarmoeblad gamoyo -sa
sa//-esa
sa esa
formanti (diaqroniul doneze amdagvari formantis gamoyofa
aramarTebulia, Tumca sinqronul doneze _ SesaZlebelia). a. diri
ukve “swor” -a
a sufiqss gamoyofs, magram mawarmoebeli fuZis
sakiTxi masac ara aqvs naTlad gaTvaliswinebuli.
awmyos formasa da mowarmoeblis warmoSobis Sesaxeb
samecniero literaturaSi sxvadasxva mosazrebebi gamoiTqva: evg.
jeiraniSvilma axlomonaTesave enebis (saxeldobr, ruTulurisa da
waxuris) monacemTa moxmobiT, udiuri zmnis awmyos -a
a mawarmoebeli
daaxasiaTa rogorc “yofis” aRmniSvneli meSveli zmnis naSti: *ya
ya >
*‡‡a > a.
t. maisakis TvalsazrisiT, awmyos forma warmoSobiT micemiT

brunvaSi dasmuli “infinitivis” (martiv-mawarmoebliani masdari)
145
forma unda iyos, romelsac CamoSorda awmyo drois mawarmoebeli
meSveli zmna (anu, t. maisakis azriTac, istoriulad awmyo
analitikurad iwarmoeboda).
unda aRiniSnos, rom kavkasiis albanur enaSi awmyo dros aseve
-a sufiqsi awarmoebs, im gansxvavebiT, rom albanurSi awmyos
formanti uSualod zmnis fuZes daerTvis.
namyo--uwyveteli (imperfeqti). warmoSobiT meoreuli formaa.

namyo
iwarmoeba awmyos formaze =Á
Á enklitikis darTviT (es klitika
zmnaSi yovelTvis postfiqsur pozicias ikavebs), mag.: b-es-a=(ne)=Á
Á
“akeTebda” (+ 3 SG); aS=(ne)=b-s-a=Á
Á < *aS=(ne)=b-es-a=Á
Á//aS-b-es-a=(ne)=Á
Á
“muSaobda”; qar=(re)=x-s-a=Á
Á < *qar=(re)=x-es-a=ÁÁ “cxovrobda”; baq-s-
a=(ne)=ÁÁ//ba=(ne)=q-s-a=ÁÁ < *baq-es-a=(ne)=ÁÁ//*ba=(ne)=q-es-a=ÁÁ “iyo”,
“arsebobda”, “xdeboda”.
evg. jeiraniSvilis azriT, namyo-uwyveteli arsebiTad
(warmoSobiT) aris reinterpretirebuli awmyo-zogadi. am mosazrebas
SeuZlebelia daveTanxmoT. kavkasiis albanur enaSi gvxvdeba
aRniSnuli forma. is, udiuris msgavsad, awmyos formas eyrdnoba, im
gansxvavebiT, rom albanurSi awmyos forma uSualod zmnis fuZeze
dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba (ix. zemoT).
II jgufi
II jgufSi Segvyavs uSualod zmnis fuZeze nawarmoebi zmnuri

formebi (zmnis fuZes miviRebT, Tu martiv-mawarmoebliani masdaris
mawarmoebels _ -es
es sufiqss movaSorebT). rogorc zemoT aRiniSna,
mawarmoeblebis mixedviT es jgufi SegviZlia davyoT dro-kiloTa
sam qvejgufad:
-ee mawarmoebliani qvejgufi: perfeqti (-ee formanti awarmoebs)
da misgan nawarmoebi meoradi formebi: pluskvamfperfeqti (-ee + =Á
Á),
perfeqtis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi iusivi (-ee + ya=),
ya
perfeqtis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi kilo
146
(-ee + gi=);
gi
-o
o mawarmoebliani qvejgufi: myofadi potenciuri (-o
o) da
misgan nawarmoebi meoradi formebi: namyo-myofadi potenciuri (-o
o +
=Á
Á); II koniunqtivi (-o
o + =al
al);
al
-a
a mawarmoebliani qvejgufi: imperativi (-a
a); kondicionali (-a
a +
Ái-
Ái < *gi
gi=);
gi koniunqtivi (-a
a) da misgan nawarmoebi namyos koniunqtivi
(-a
a + =Á
Á).
perfeqti (namyo wyvetili). aoristis mawarmoeblisagan

gansxvavebiT, perfeqtis mawarmoebeli (-ee) mxolod finitur formebs
awarmoebs. specialur literaturaSi udiuris Sesaxeb es forma
tradiciulad aoristad miiCneoda da “Cveulebrivi” aoristisagan
gansxvavebiT, “II aoristad” iwodeboda (vl. fanCviZe, evg.
jeiraniSvili da sxva). marTlac, TiTqosda erTi mniSvnelobis
formebi gvqondes, xolo maTi diferenciacia mxolod zmnis usruli
da sruli aspeqtis gadmocemaSi mdgomareobdes. Targmnisas, aoristi
gadmoscems qarTulis namyo-wyvetilis usruli aspeqtis
mniSvnelobas, xolo perfeqti Seefardeba namyo-wyvetilis sruli
saxis (preverbian) formas. ufro metic: zogjer es formebi
enacvleba erTmaneTs.
miuxedavad amisa, ver gaviziarebT am mosazrebas. aoristisagan
gansxvavebiT perfeqtis formaSi aisaxeba moqmedebis lokalizacia
droSi; igi yovelTvis, ueWvelad namyo drois mniSvnelobiT
gamoiyeneba. am formisaTvis ar aris damaxasiaTebeli aoristis
mniSvnelobis Tanamdev gangrZobiTobasa da ganusazRvrelobas (a-
oristos).
perfeqts awarmoebs -ee sufiqsi da, rogorc aRiniSna zemoT,
igi gadmoscems qarTulis namyo-wyvetilis sruli aspeqtis
mniSvnelobas, mag.: b-e=(ne) “gaakeTa” (+ 3 SG); aS=(ne)=b-e//aS-b-e=(ne)
“imuSava”; qar=(re)=x-e < *qar=(ne)=x-e “icxovra” (ukve); baq-
e=(ne)//ba=(ne)=q-e “iyo” (ukve), “iarseba”, “gaxda”.
147
winadadebaSi, sadac predikatis funqciiT gamoyenebulia
perfeqti, xSirad piris aRmniSvneli klitika zmnuri sityvaformis
gareT gvxvdeba, xolo zogjer, saerTod ar mogvepoveba
winadadebaSi.
perfeqtis mawarmoebeli -ee sufiqsi, piris formantis
pur=tun “mokvdnen” (+ 3
darTvisas zogjer reduqcias ganicdis, mag.: pur
PL); ar=tun
ar “movidnen”; Wer=tun
Wer “gamovidnen”... es movlena
gansakuTrebiT nijur kilos axasiaTebs.
kavkasiis albanur enaSi mogvepoveba forma, romlis
mawarmoebelia -ee sufiqsi. es forma Tavisi mawarmoebliTa da
sintaqsuri funqciis mxriv udiuri enis perfeqtis identuria.
myofadi potenciuri (myofadi II). myofadi II iwarmoeba -o

o
sufiqsis meSveobiT, romelic uSualod zmnis fuZes daerTvis. es
forma gamoxatavs SesaZlo, potenciur moqmedebas momavalSi, mag.: b-
o=(ne) “gaakeTebs (vinicobaa, vTqvaT-da)” (+ 3SG); aS=(ne)=b-o//aS-b-
o=(ne) “imuSavebs (vinicobaa, vTqvaT-da)”; qar=(re)=x-o < *qar=(ne)=x-o
“icxovrebs (vinicobaa, vTqvaT-da)”; baq-o=(ne)//ba=(ne)=q-o “iqneba”,
“iarsebebs”, “gaxdeba” (vinicobaa, vTqvaT-da). garda amisa, unda
aRiniSnos, rom es forma xSirad gvaZlevs awmyos gagebas.
mniSvnelobis mixedviT myofadi ZiriTadi da myofadi
potenciuri zogjer zustad ar ganirCeva erTnmaneTisagan. amis gamo
nijurSi dasturdeba saintereso movlena: xSir SemTxvevaSi es
formebi piris mixedviT nawildeba _ I pirisaTvis Cveulebriv
gamoyenebulia myofadi potenciuri, xolo II da III pirisaTvis _
myofadi ZiriTadi.
brZanebiTi kilo (imperativi). imperativi iwarmoeba uSualod

zmnis fuZeze -a
a sufiqsis darTviT (moZraobis aRmniSvnel eqvs
zmnasa da im rTulmawarmoeblian zmnebSi, romlebSic meore
komponemtad -ec
ec meSveli zmna warmogvidgeba, imperativis niSania -i
i
sufiqsi). imperativis forma koniunqtivis formas emTxveva, Tu ar
148
CavTvliT II pirs mxoloobiTSi, sadac imperativi, koniunqtivisagan
gansxvavebiT, ar irTavs pirSi SemaTanxmebel klitikas, Sdr.: baq-a
“iyavi” (imperativi) _ baq-a=n “iqnebi albaT, SesaZloa iqnebi”
(koniunqtivi). garda amisa, ramdenime aTeul zmnaSi imperativisa da
koniunqtivis formebi aris gansxvavebuli, esenia: moZraobis
aRmniSvneli prefiqsiani zmnuri formebi (Ta[Á]-es “wasvla”; ba[Á]-es
“Sesvla”; la[Á]-es “asvla” da a.S.); zmna f-es “Tqma”; meSveli
zmnisagan f-es da ec-es nawarmoebi orkomponentiani zmnebi.
imperativisa da koniunqtivis mawarmoeblebisa da sayrdeni fuZis
igiveobis miuxedavad, warmoSobiT sxvadasxva formebTan unda
gvqondes saqme.
imperativi, rogorc wesi, II pirSi gamoiyeneba, Tumca udiurSi
brZanebiTi kilo III pirsa da I piris mravlobiTSic mogvepoveba.
gasarkvevia I piris formis sakiTxi mravlobiTSi. gamoiTqva
mosazreba, rom saqme gvaqvs sxva formasTan _ e.w. hortativTan (t.
maisaki), rac aramarTebulad migvaCnia. gasaziarebeli Cans vl.
fanCviZis mosazreba, rom am piris forma fonetikuri cvlilebis
Sedegad unda iyos miRebuli mag.: qarx-en < *qarx-a=Áan (=Áan
Áan _ I
piris aRmniSvneli klitika mravlobiTSi), ix. imperativis formaTa
sqema:
varTaSnul kiloSi
I mx. piri __ I mr. piri baq=en
II mx. piri baq-a “iyavi”, “gaxdi”, II mr. piri baq-a=nan
“iarsebe”
III mx. piri baq-a=ne III mr. piri baq-a=yun
nijur kiloSi
I mx. piri __ I mr. piri baq=en
II mx. piri baq-a II mr. piri baq-a=nan
III mx. piri baq-a=ne III mr. piri baq-a=Tun
149
kavkasiis albanurSi davimowmeT imperativi da mas agreTve -a
a
sufiqsi awarmoebs.
kavSirebiTi I kilo (koniunqtivi). imperativis msgavsad

koniunqtivic -a
a sufiqsis meSveobiT iwarmoeba, magram imperativisan
gansxvavebiT, sxva warmoSobisaa unda iyos _ absolutivi (usruli
saxis) + meSveli zmna, romelic dRes oden piris niSniTaa
warmodgenili. amas nawilobriv adasturebs is faqti, rom
koniunqtivis forma yovelTvis piris klitikebiTaa markirebuli.
TargmanSi koniunqtivis formas Seesatyviseba: “albaT”, “SesaZloa”,
“iqneb”//”iqneba” + zmna; mag.: b-a=z “gavakeTeb” [albaT, SesaZloa],
“iqneba gavakeTo” (+ 1SG); b-a=ne “gaakeTebs” [albaT, SesaZloa] (+
3SG); aS-b-a=z “vimuSaveb” [albaT, SesaZloa]; aS-b-a=ne “imuSavebs”
[albaT, SesaZloa]; qarx-a=z “vicxovreb” [albaT, SesaZloa]; qarx-a=ne
“icxovrebs” [albaT, SesaZloa]; baq-a=z “viqnebi, viarsebeb, gavxdebi”
[albaT, SesaZloa]; baq-a=ne “iqneba”, “iarsebebs”, “gaxdeba” [albaT,
SesaZloa].
III jgufi
III jgufSi Segvyavs sruli saxis mimReobisagan nawarmoebi

zmnuri formebi, esenia: aoristi (-i
i mawarmoebeli; warmoadgens
sruli saxis mimReobis formas + piris niSans); II perfeqti (-i
i + Á-o
o;
warmoadgens substantivad gamoyenebul sruli saxis mimReobis
formas + piris niSans); aoristis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi
iusivi (-i
i + ya=);
ya aoristis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi
pirobiT-natvriTi kilo (-i
i + gi=);
gi II plukvamperfeqti (-i
i + =Á
Á);
kontrafaqtivi (-i
i + Ái-
Ái < *gi
gi=
gi + =Á
Á//=iÁ
iÁ).
iÁ
aoristi. misi mawarmoebelia -ii sufiqsi, romelic uSualod

daerTvis zmnur fuZes, mag.: b-i=(ne) “akeTa”, “qmna" (+ 3 SG); aS=(ne)=b-
150
i//aS-b-i=(ne) “muSaobda”; qar=(re)=x-i < *qar=(ne)=x-i “cxovrobda”;
baq-i=(ne)//ba=(ne)=q-i “iyo”, “arsebobda”, “xdeboda”.
yuradRebas ipyrobs is faqti, rom aoristi da sruli saxis
mimReoba iwarmoeba erTi da igive -i
i sufiqsiT, anu aoristi sruli
saxis mimReobis formas imeorebs. gansxvaveba imaSi mdgomareobs,
rom aorists SeuZlia piris niSnis darTva, Tumca, xSirad aoristis
forma piris niSnis gareSe ixmareba, xolo zogjer, winadadeba,
sadac predikatad aoristis forma gvevlineba, sulac piris niSnis
gareSe aris warmodgenili.
safiqrebelia, rom istoriulad aoristi analitikur formas
warmoadgenda: absolutivi + meSveli zmna. meSveli zmna amJamad
oden piris niSniTaa warmodgenili.
II perfeqti. iwarmoeba zmnis fuZeze -iÁo//-io

iÁo io sufiqsis
darTviT (metyvelebaSi pirveli varianti ufro gavrcelebulia).
warmoSobiT es forma gasubstantivebuli (masubstantivebeli -o
o
sufiqsdarTuli) sruli saxis mimReobisagan warmoiSva da formiT
mas emTxveva kidec. rogorc wesi, aRniSnavs warsulSi raime
moqmedis gamo damdgar Sedegs, magaliTad, Sdr.: bask-i-Á-o
“daZinebuli” (daZineba_AOP_O_NA) da bas=e=k-iÁo “daeZina”, “sZinavs
(ukve)” (daZineba=3 SG=ST_ PERF2).
IV jgufi
IV jgufSi Segvyavs usruli saxis mimReobisagan nawarmoebi

zmnuri formebi, esenia: myofadi ZiriTadi (-al
al mawarmoebeli;
warmoadgens usruli saxis mimreobis formas + piris niSans) da
misgan nawarmoebi namyo-myofadi ZiriTadi (-al
al + =Á
Á) da myofadi
nawilakovani (-al
al + =al
al);
al myofadi aucileblobiTi (-ala
ala;
ala
warmoadgens usruli saxis mimReobis atributul formas + piris
niSans) da misgan nawarmoebi namyo-myofadi aucileblobiTi (-ala
ala +
=Á
Á).
151
myofadi ZiriTadi (myofadi I). iwarmoeba zmnur fuZeze -al
al
sufiqsis darTviT. sayuradReboa, rom myofadi I da usruli saxis
mimReoba iwarmoeba erTi da imave -al
al sufiqsis meSveobiT, rac
naTels xdis am formis warmoSobas. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom
zogadad iberiul-kavkasiur enebSi myofadis warmoebisas
Cveulebrivia mimReobis gamoyeneba, romelsac erTvis meSveli zmna.
unda vivaraudoT, rom udiur enaSic myofadi miRebulia aseTi
procesis Sedegad. safiqrebelia, rom es forma damxmare zmnis
meSveobiT iwarmoeboda, romlisagan dRes oden piris niSania
Semonaxuli.
am mosazrebas nawilobriv adasturebs is sayuradRebo faqtic,
rom am formasTan piris aRmniSvneli klitika mxolod postfiqsur
poziciaze gvxvdeba, mag.: b-al=(le) < *b-al=(ne) “gaakeTebs” (+ 3SG.);
aS-b-al=(le) < *aS-b-al=(ne) “imuSavebs”; qarx-al=(le) < *qarx-al=(ne)
“icxovrebs”; baq-al=(le) < *baq-al=(ne) “iqneba”, “iarsebebs”,
“gaxdeba”. TvalSi sacemia, rom III piris niSani mxoloobiTSi (=ne
ne),
ne
rogorc wesi, ganicdis fonetikur cvlilebas (asimilacias
winamavali l-s gavleniT): =ne
ne > =le
le.
le unda aRiniSnos, rom II pirSi,
rogorc mxoloobiTSi, iseve mravlobiTSi, piris niSnebis
Tavkiduri n Tanxmovani ucvlelad Semonaxuli aqvs, Sdr.: karx-
al=le
le “icxovrebs” (3SG); karx-al=nu
nu “icxovreb” (2SG) da karx-
al=nan
nan “icxovrebT” (2PL).
es forma, diaqroniulad an awmyosa anda “awmyo-myofads” unda
warmoadgendes.
myofadi aucileblobiTi (myofadi III). es dro moqmedebis

ganxorcielebis aucileblobas gamoxatavs da qarTul TargmanSi
mas Seesatyviseba leqsema unda + zmna. am drois mawarmoebelia -ala
ala
sufiqsi da warmoSobiT usruli aspeqtis mimReobis atributul
formas + meSvel zmnas unda warmoadgendes (meSveli zmnis naSti
mxolod piris niSnebiTaa warmodgenili, xolo TviT am drois
152
forma, piris niSnebis daurTvelad, usruli aspeqtis mimReobis
atributiul formas emTxveva), mag.: b-ala=(z) “unda gavakeTo” (+
1SG), b-ala=(ne) “unda gaakeTos” (+ 3SG); aS-b-ala=(z) “unda vimuSao”
aS-b-ala=(ne) “unda imuSaos”; qarx-ala=(z) “unda vicxovro” qarx-
ala=(ne) “unda icxovros”; baq-ala=(z) “unda viyo, viarsebo, gavxde”,
baq-ala=(ne) “unda iyos”, “unda iarsebos”, “unda gaxdes”.
myofadi ZiriTadis msgavsad es dro piris aRmniSvnel
klitikebs mxolod postfiqsur poziciaze irTavs.
meoreuli (klitikebis meSveobiT nawarmoebi) dro-

dro-kiloebi
meoradi formebi _ pirveladi formebisagan nawarmoebi dro-

kiloebia. meoradi formebi klitikebis meSveobiT iwarmoeba (ya
ya=,
ya gi=
gi
[nij. Ái-],
Ái =Á Á, =al
al)
al da, rogorc wesi, namyo drois, iusivisa, pirobiT-
natvriTi kilosa da ori drois mijnaze (namyo-myofadi) formebs
warmoadgens.
meorad (nawarmoeb) formebs ganekuTvneba:
imperfeqti (awmyo + =Á
Á); pluskvamperfeqti (perfeqti + =Á
Á); II
plukvamperfeqti (aoristi + =Á
Á); namyo-myofadi ZiriTadi (myofadi
ZiriTadi + =Á
Á); namyo-myofadi aucileblobiTi (myofadi
aucileblobiTi + =Á
Á); namyo-myofadi potenciuri (myofadi
potenciuri + =Á
Á); namyos koniunqtivi (koniunqtivi + =Á
Á);
perfeqtis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi iusivi (perfeqti +
ya=);
ya aoristis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi iusivi (aoristi +
ya=);
ya
aoristis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi
kilo (aoristi + gi=);
gi perfeqtis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi
pirobiT-natvriTi kilo (perfeqti + gi=);
gi kondicionali (? + Ái-);
Ái
kontrafaqtivi (aoristi + Ái-
Ái + =iÁ
iÁ//=Á
iÁ Á);
myofadi nawilakovani (myofadi ZiriTadi + =al
al);
al II
koniunqtivi (myofadi potenciuri + =al
al).
al
153
=Á (=i
i; =iÁ
iÁ)
iÁ klitikis meSveobiT nawarmoebi namyos aRmniSvneli
meoreuli formebi
=Á
Á klitika namyo drois aRmniSvnel ramdenime formas
awarmoebs. es formanti, rogorc wesi, zmnas enklitikurad
daerTvis, Tumca dasaxelebuli mawarmoebeli SesaZlebelia sxva
metyvelebis nawilebsac daerTos.
rogorc zemoT iqna naCvenebi, udiurs moepoveba mxolod ori
`pirveladi~, anu uSualod zmnis fuZeze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi na-
myos drois forma, esenia: aoristi (-i formantiani) da perfeqti (-e
formantiani), xolo danarCeni formebi (imperfeqti, pluskvamperfeq-
ti da sxva) =Á formantis meSveobiT iwarmoeba.
=Á enklitikis awmyos formaze darTvisas xdeba moqmedebis dro-
is Secvla: awmyos formaze =Á mawarmoeblis darTviT viRebT namyo
uwyvetels (imperfeqts). Tu es mawarmoebeli isedac namyo drois
formas daerTvis, maSin miRebul formas moqmedeba winarewarsulSi
gadaaqvs. garda amisa, =Á enklitika myofadze darTviT awarmoebs
formebs, romelic ori drois mijnaze ganviTarebul moqmedebas
(myofads namyoSi).
= Á (=i
i ; = iÁ ) enklitikis meSveobiT nawarmoebi namyos aR-
mniSvneli meoreuli formebi b -es `keTeba~ zmnis magaliT-
ze:
sawyisi forma nawarmoebi forma

awmyo b-es-a=(ne) àkeTebs~ imperfeqti b-es-a=(ne)=Á
“akeTebda”
perfeqti b-e=(ne) “gaakeTa” pluskvamperfeqti b-e=(ne)=Á
“gaakeTa” [didi xnis win]
aoristi b-i=(ne) “akeTa” pluskvamperfeqti II
b-i=(ne)=Á “akeTa” [didi xnis win]
perfeqti II (SedegobiTi) ------------------------------
154
b-iÁo=(ne)
myofadi I (ZiriTadi) namyo-myofadi I (ZiriTadi)
b-al=(ne) “gaakeTebs” b-al=(ne)=Á “gaakeTebda”
myofadi aucileblobiTi namyo-myofadi aucileblobiTi
b-ala=(ne) b-ala=(ne)=Á
“gaakeTebs” [aucileblad] “gaakeTebda” [aucileblad]
myofadi II (potenciuri) namyo-myofadi II (potenciuri)
b-o=(ne) “gaakeTebs” [vinicobaa] b-o=(ne)=Á “gaakeTebda” [vinicobaa]
koniunqtivi b-a=(ne) namyos koniunqtivi b-a=(ne)=Á
“gaakeTebs” [SesaZloa, albaT] “gaakeTebda” [SesaZloa, albaT]
*kondicionali b-a-Ái=(n) ------------------------------
------------------------------ *kontrafaqtivi b-i-Ái=(n)=iÁ
* warmodgenili formebi mxolod nijur kiloSi gvxvdeba.
=Á
Á formantiT nawarmoebi formebisagan evg. jeiraniSvilTan oden
namyo-uwyvetelia (imperfeqti) aRniSnuli, xolo vl. fanCviZesTan am
formis garda gvaqvs: namyo-winarewarsuli (pluskvamperfeqti) da
masze nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi kavSirebiTi (awarmoebs gi= kli-
tika), kavSirebiTi II (namyos koniunqtivi), myofadi ZiriTadisa da
myofadi potenciurisagan nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi kilos ori
forma.
myofadi ZiriTadisa da myofadi potenciurisagan nawarmoeb
formebs unda daematos mesame forma, romelic myofadi aucileblo-
biTisagan iwarmoeba, mag.: zu tiÁa baq
baq-ii=gi
gi=zu
gi zu=Á
zu Á Sotin meno uk-
uk
ala=Te
ala Te=ne
Te ne=Á
ne Á `me rom mand vyofi
vyofili
filiya
liyavi
yavi,
vi is amas ar ityoda
ityoda [ueWve-
lad]~, xolo nawyo-winarewarsulisagan nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvri-
Ti kavSirebiTis gamoyofa, piriqiT, saeWvod moCans. unda aRiniSnos,
rom =Á
Á enklitikis darTviT an CamoSorebiT am formis mniSvneloba
ar icvleba, Sdr.: gi=n=qarx-e=Á
gi Á “rom ecxovra” da b-e=gi
gi=n
gi “rom
ekeTebina”...
155
unda aRiniSnos, rom myofadisagan nawarmoebi sami forma, garda
pirobiT-natvriTi kilos mniSvnelobis gamoxatvisa, ori drois mi-
jnaze ganviTarebul moqmedebasac aRniSnavs. gramatikulad es for-
mebi myofads warmoadgens, magram maTi moqmedeba viTardeba namyo
droSi myofadze [zogjer _ awmyoze] miTiTebiT, mag.: Seno hçÁsç
baska=le
baska le=Á
le Á “is axlaxan apirebda dawolas”;
dawolas
zu vaenk nçÁni zengbal=zu
zengbal zu=Á
zu Á “me SenTan guSin vapirebdi
darekvas”
darekvas [myofadi ZiriTadisagan nawarmoebi forma];
geSluRa sa hema baW adamare baqo=ÁÁ
baqo “xeobaSi iyo albaT
[SesaZloa
SesaZloa]
SesaZloa asiode adamiani”;
sa Samate Wovaqi baqo=Á
baqo Á, Áoxsa viw Rine Wovaqi baqo=Á
baqo Á “sadRac
erTi kvira gavida (zedmiw. gasuli iyo),
iyo an SesaZloa aTi dRe
gavida”
gavida [myofadi potenciurisagan nawarmoebi forma];
meno baq
baq-ala
ala=ne
ala ne=Á
ne Á, ama baTeneqi ès unda
unda momxda
momxdari
mxdariyo
riyo,
yo magram ar
moxda~;
sawwe iSu davina TaRala=ne
TaRala ne=Á
ne Á “TerTmeti kaci unda
gamgzavrebuliyo omSi” [myofadi aucileblobiTisagan nawarmoebi
forma].
safiqrebelia, rom =Á formanti istoriulad namyos mawarmoebe-
li meSveli zmna unda yofiliyo da aseTi funqciiT is dasturdeba
kidec zogierT lezgiur enaSi, Sdr. aRuluri: mehemed m‘‡elim e `muha-
medi maswavlebelia~ da mehemed m‘‡elim iÁ `muhamedi maswavlebeli
iyo~ (aul tpiukis Tqma). lezgiur enaSic namyo drois aRmniSvneli

sxvadasxva formebis sawarmoeblad gamoyenebulia -Á mawarmoebeli,
romelic, udiuris msgavsad, aqac enklitikas warmoadgens, mag.: raxaz-
va àmbobs~ _ raxazva=ÁÁ àmbobda~, iÁizma àkeTebs~ _ iÁizma=ÁÁ àkeTeb-
da~, iÁida `gaakeTebs~ _ iÁida=Á
Á `gaakeTebda~. -Á formanti namyos ma-
warmoeblad gvevlineba kavkasiis albanurSic, mag.: q[risto]sen buya
buyana
yana-
na-
biÁ-a
biÁ a-ÁÁ haWink eklesiax `rogorc (viTarc) qristes (erg.) Seuy
Seuyvar
uyvarda
varda ek-
lesia (mic.)~ (ef. 5, 25);
po(‡)e e(c)ex biÁ
biÁ-aa-ÁÁ hana(c) “xolo romlisgan yovelive gakeTda”
gakeTda
156
(ebr 3. 4);
iCeÁ bul T[aa]faR
faR-ee-Á “Tavisi Tavi misca”
faR misca (ef. 5, 25);
haÁbok-eeˤ-Á oenux “aiyvana
haÁbok aiyvana isini” (mT. 17, 1).
aRsaniSnavia, rom kavkasiis albanurSi am mawarmoeblis meSveli

zmnis funqciiT gamoyeneba ver davadastureT.
sayuradReboa, rom =Á mawarmoebeli udiurSi SeiZleba sxva me-
tyvelebis nawilebsac daerTos, magram mxolod piris formantis Se-
mdgom, postfiqsur poziciaze. namyos mawarmoeblisa da piris niSni-
sagan Semdgari kompleqsi faqtobrivad meSveli zmnis funqcias
iZens, mag.: Sair Te=zu
zu=Á
zu Á, vçzTadalo=zu
zu=Á
zu Á `poeti ar viyavi, maswav-
lebeli viyavi~, jçÁil=zu=Á

zu Á “axalzazrda viyavi”...
ya= klitikis meSveobiT nawarmoebi iusivis formebi
klitika ya=
ya iusivis (kategoriuli kilo; nawilakovan-
kavSirebiTi I _ evg. jeiraniSvili; nawilakovan-kavSirebiTi _ vl.
fanCviZe) or sinonimur formas awarmoebs. pirveli _ aoristis
formaze dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba ya=
ya klitikis darTviT, xolo meore
_ perfeqtis formaze igive mawarmoeblis darTviT.
piris niSani iusivis orive formaSi ueWvelad ya=
ya klitikas
misdevs. aRniSnuli kompleqsi, rogorc wesi, perfeqtis formas
daerTvis enklitikurad, xolo aoristis formasTan _
gavrcelebuli proklitikuri, anda endoklitikuri ganlageba.
udiuri zmnis dro-kiloTa umetesobisagan gansxvavebiT
(imperativisa da koniunqtivis garda), iusivis formebTan gamoiyeneba
uaryofis klitika ma=.
ma iusivis formebze am uaryofis aRmniSvneli
klitikis darTvis SemTxvevaSi iqmneba sami klitikisagan Semdgari
kompleqsebi: ma=
ma + ya=
ya + piris niSani. aseTi kompleqsi, rogorc
wesi, zmnur formasan prepoziciaSi gvevleneba, Tumca aoristis
formasTan dasaSvebia misi endoklitikuri ganlagebac, mag.:
za gal=ma
ma=ya
ma ya=n
ya n=d-i
157
me:DAT
me Sexeba=PROH=JUSS=3SG=LV_AOR
Sexeba
ar Semexos
ya=
ya klitika SesaZlebelia sxva zmnur formebs da metyvelebis
nawilebs daerTos. es mawarmoebeli maerTebeli kavSiris
funqciiTac gamoiyeneba.
TargmanSi iusivis formeni Seesatyviseba zmnas +
“aucileblad”, “ueWvelad”, “uTuod” da a.S.
gi= (Ái
(Ái-) klitikis meSveobiT nawarmoebi pirobiT-
pirobiT-natvriTi kilos
(kondicionali) formebi
klitika gi=
gi pirobiT-natvriT kilos (kondicionali;
nawilakovan-kavSirebiTi II _ evg. jeiraniSvili; pirobiT-natvriTi
nawilakovani _ vl. fanCviZe), iusivis msgavsad, or sinonimur formas
awarmoebs. pirveli _ aoristis formaze dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba gi=
gi
mawarmoeblis darTviT, xolo meore _ perfeqtis formaze
dayrdnobiT. pirobiT-natvriTi kilos es formebi mxolod
varTaSnuli dialeqtisaTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli.
gi=
gi klitikas dRes udiurSi, ya=
ya mawarmoeblisagan
gansxvavebiT (ix. zemoT), damoukidebeli leqsikuri mniSvneloba ar
gaaCnia.
piris niSani pirobiT-natvriTi kolos orsave formaSi
ueWvelad gi=
gi klitikas misdevs. aRniSnuli kompleqsi SeiZleba
daerTos zmnas enklitikurad, proklitikurad, anda
endoklitikurad.
udiuri zmnis dro-kiloTa formebisagan kondicionalis
formebi erTaderTia, romlebTanac gamoiyeneba uaryofis klitika
n„=. pirobiT-natvriTi kilos formebze am klitikis darTvis
SemTxvevaSi iqmneba sami klitikisagan Semdgari kompleqsebi: n„= +
gi=
gi + piris niSani. aseTi kompleqsi, rogorc wesi, zmnur formasan
prepoziciaSi gvevleneba, mag.:
158
Se-t-in n„=gi=n=cam-f-e=Á
wera_LV_PERF=PST
wera
DIST_O_ERG PROH=COND=3SG=wera
mas rom ar daewera
TargmanSi pirobiT-natvriTi kilos formeni Seesatyviseba
“rom” + zmnas.
nijur kiloSi kondicionalis forma sxvagvarad iwarmoeba:
igi, rogorc Cans, koniunqtivis formas eyrdnoba. amasTan,
aRsaniSnavia, rom mawarmoebelic nijurSi fonetikurad
saxecvlilia: *gi
gi > *Ri
Ri > Ái.
Ái
Ái-
Ái formanti nijurSi aseve kantrafaqtivs awarmoebs.
kondicionalisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic pirobiT, magram realur
moqmedebas aRniSnavs, kontrafaqtivi gamoxatavs irealur moqmedebas,
mag.:
Cur-f-i-Ái=n=iÁ “rom darCeniliyo”
darCena_LV_(AOR)_CTRF=3SG=PST
darCena
ava-baq-i-Ái=n=iÁ “rom scodnoda”

codna_LV_(AOR)_CTRF=3SG=PST
codna
metyvelebaSi, kondicionalisa da kontrafaqtivis

Ái SeiZleba amovardes, mag., Sdr.: f-i
mawarmoebeli Ái- i-Ái
Ái=n=iÁ
Ái _ f-
i=n=iÁ “rom eTqva”...
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom kondicionalisagan gansxvavebiT,
kontrafaqtivi aoristis formas eyrdnoba.
Tu varTaSnulSi gi=
gi klitika SeiZleba sxva zmnur formebs da
metyvelebis nawilebs daerTos, nijurSi Ái-
Ái mawarmoebeli mxolod
zmnaSi, kondicionalisa da kontrafaqtivis formebSi gvxvdeba.
=al klitikiT nawarmoebi formebi
myofadi nawilakovani (myofadi IV). myofadi nawilakovani

myofadi ZiriTadis formaze dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba da mas klitika
159
=al
al awarmoebs, romelic calke aRebuli qarTuli -c
c nawilakis
msgavsi mniSvnelobisaa. TargmanSi am formas Seesatyviseba
kompoziti zmna + “kidec”, “amasTanave”, mag.: b-al=al
al=(le)
al < *b-
al=al
al=(ne)
al “gaakeTebs kidec, gaakeTebs amasTanave” (+ 3SG); aS-b-
al=al
al=(le)
al < *aS-b-al=al
al=(ne)
al “imuSavebs kidec, imuSavebs
amasTanave”; qarx-al=al
al=(le)
al < *qarx-al=al
al=(ne)
al “icxovrebs kidec,
amasTanave”; baq-al=al
al=(le)
al < *baq-al=al
al=(ne)
al “iqneba”, “iarsebebs”,
“gaxdeba (kidec, amasTanave)”. unda aRiniSnos, rom klitika =al
al am
formaSi, rogorc wesi, sufiqsur poziciaze gvevlineba piris
aRmniSvneli klitikasTan kompleqsSi, romelic =al
al klitikas
uSualod misdevs, Tumca gamonaklisic gvxvdeba, mag.: cam=al
al=k-
al
al=(le
le)
le “dawers kidec”. aq klitika =al
al interfiqsur poziciaze
gvevlineba, xolo piris formanti _ postfiqsurze.
klitika =al
al sxva zmnur formebsac SeiZleba daerTos, mag.:
cam=al
al=fi=(ne)
al “dawera kidec”; u=al
al=Te=ne=q-sa
al , u=al
al=Te=ne=R
al ˤ-sa
“ar SevWam kidec [da] ar davlev kidec [arc SevWam da arc davlev]”.
unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari formebi iSviaTia: im winadadebebSi,
sadac predikatis funqciiT awmyosa an namyos forma gvaqvs, rogorc
wesi, klitika =al
al sxva metyvelebis nawilebs daerTvis.
nawilakovan--kavSirebiTi III
kavSirebiTi II kilo (konunqtivi II; nawilakovan
_ evg. jeiraniSvili). varTaSenul kiloSi dasturdeba meoradi
forma, romlis sayrdeni fuZea myofadi potenciuris forma, xolo
mawarmoemeli =al
al klitika unda iyos. samecniero literaturaSi
gamoiTqva gansxvavebuli mosazreba am kilos formantis
warmomavlobis Sesaxeb, romlis Tanaxmad am formis mawarmoebeli -
o=al
al ori myofadi drois _ myofadi potenciurisa da myofadi
ZiriTadis -o
o da -al
al formantebis SerwymiT unda iyos miRebuli
(vl. fanCviZe) _ -o
o-al
al.
al TargmanSi II koniunqtivis formas
Seesatyviseba: zmna + “kidec-da”; “iqneb”//”iqneba” + zmna + “kidec-da”;
mag.: b-o=al=(le) < *b-o=al=(ne) “gaakeTebs kidec-da”, “iqneba
gaakeTos kidec-da” (+ 3SG); aS-b-o=al=(le) < *aS-b-o=al=(ne)
160
“imuSavebs kidec-da”, “iqneb imuSavebs kidec-da”; qarx-o=al=(le) <
*qarx-o=al=(ne) “icxovrebs kidec-da”, “iqneb icxovros kidec-da”;
baq-o=al=(le) < *baq-o=al=(ne) “iqneba kidec-da”, “iyos kidec”...
xSirad, metyvelebaSi -o
o=al
al formanti ganicdis fonetikur
cvlilebas: -o
o=al ol mag.: zu qar=zu=x=ol “vicxovro kidec-
al > =ol
ol;
da”, “iqneba vicxovro kidec-da”, un qar=ru=x=ol “icxovro kidec-
da”, “iqneba icxovro kidec-da” da a.S.
zmnis dro-
dro-kiloTa warTqmiT-
warTqmiT-uaryofiTi formebis paradigma
zmnis baq-es//baq
baq baq-sun
baq “yofa”, “arseboba”, gaxdoma” magaliTze (dro-
kiloebi warmodgenilia III mx. piris formiT mxoloobiTSi; piris
niSnebia: =ne
ne//=n
ne n > [...l
l]=le
le).
le TiToeul dro-kilosTan piris niSnis
yvelaze gavrcelebuli ganlagebaa mocemuli:
dro-
dro-kilos warTqmiTi forma uaryofiTi forma
saxelwodeba
awmyo ba=ne=q-s-a Te=ne=baq-s-a
imperfeqti ba=ne=q-s-a=Á Te=ne=baq-s-a=Á
perfeqti baq-e=ne baq-e=Te=ne
pluskvamperfeqti baq-e=ne=Á baq-e=Te=ne=Á
perfeqtze nawarmoebi baq-e=ya=n ma=ya=n=baq-e
iusivi
* perfeqtze ba=gi=n=q-e n„=gi=n=baq-e
nawarmoebi pirobiT-
natvriTi kilo
** kondicionali baq-a-Ái=n nu=baq-a-Ái=n
koniunqtivi baq-a=n(e) nu=baq-a=n(e)
*ma=baq-a=n(e)
namyos koniunqtivi baq-a=ne=Á nu=baq-a=ne=Á
*** imperativi baq-a ma=baq-a
161
myofadi potenciuri ba=ne=q-o//ba=ne=q-on ba=Te=ne=q-o//
ba=Te=ne=q-on
namyo-myofadi ba=ne=q-o=Á ba=Te=ne=q-o=Á
potenciuri
* II koniunqtivi baq-o=al=le// baq-o=al=Te=ne//
baq=ol=le baq=ol=Te=ne
aoristi baq-i=ne baq-i=Te=ne
II perfeqti baq-iÁo=ne baq-iÁo=Te=ne
** II pluskvamperfeqti baq-i=ne=Á baq-i=Te=ne=Á
aoristze nawarmoebi baq-i=ya=n ma=ya=n=baq-i
iusivi
* aoristze nawarmoebi ba=gi=n=q-i n„=gi=n=baq-e
pirobiT-natvriTi
kilo
** kontrafaqtivi baq-i-Ái=n=iÁ nu=baq-i-Ái=n=iÁ
myofadi ZiriTadi baq-al=le baq-al=Te=ne
*nuT baq-al=le
namyo-myofadi baq-al=le=Á baq-al=Te=ne=Á
*nuT baq-al=le=Á
myofadi baq-ala=ne baq-ala=Te=ne//
aucileblobiTi nu=baq-ala=ne
*nuT baq-ala=ne
namyo-myofadi baq-ala=ne=Á baq-ala=Te=ne=Á//
aucileblobiTi nu=baq-ala=ne=Á
*nuT baq-ala=ne=Á
* myofadi baq-al=al=le nuT baq-al=al=le
nawilakovani baq-al=al=Te=ne
* aRniSnuli formebi mxolod varTaSnul kiloSi gvxvdeba.

** warmodgenili formebi mxolod nijur kiloSi gvxvdeba.
*** imperativi mocemulia II piris formiT mxoloobiTSi.
162
saxelzmnuri formebi
udiurSi saxelzmnuri formebidan dasturdeba: masdarisa da

mimReobis or-ori forma da absolutivis oTxi forma.
yvela saxelzmnur formas axasiaTebs rogorc zmnuri, ise
saxeluri Tvisebebi; zmnuri Tvisebebia:
moqmedebisa an mdgomareobis gamoxatva;
zmnis piriani formebis msgavsad, masTan dakavSirebuli
saxelis marTvis unari, anu saxelzmnuri formebi sintagmaSi
predikatis funqciiT gvevlineba.
umTavresi saxeluri Tviseba, romelic nazmnar saxels
axasiaTebs, aris brunvisa da ricxvis kategoriaTa qona.
masdari
udiurSi gvxvdeba ori TiTqos gardamavali, erTgvari

funqciis mqone forma: orive forma ibrunvis, rac maT aaxlovebs
masdarTan da orive forma SesityvebaSi marTavs saxels brunvaSi,
rac infinitivis Tvisebas warmoadgens. gamomdinare iqidan, rom am
formebs infinitivis sxva niSnebi ar axasiaTebs (es formebi ar
ganarCeven drosa da gvars; gansazRvrebad masTan gamoyenebulia
zedsarTavi saxeli, iseve, rogorc Cveulebriv saxelTan) maT
vuwodebT masdars, Tumca SesaZlebeli iyo infinitiv-masdari-c
gvewodebina, ise rogorc es aris evg. jeiraniSvilis naSromebSi
udiuris Sesaxeb.1
pirveli iwarmoeba zmnis fuZeze dayrdnobiT -es
es sufiqsis2
darTviT (martiv-mawarmoebliani masdari; masdari I), xolo meore _
1 ix.: jeiraniSvili evg., udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia, leqsikoni),

Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 104-107.
2 -ees, rogorc Cans, saerTo lezgiuris micemiTi brunvis niSans (*-s s)
ukavSirdeba _ Алексеев М. Е., Вопросы сравнительно-исторической грамматики лезгинских
языков. Морфология. Синтаксис, Москва, 1985, gv. 45, 100.
163
martiv-mawarmoebliani masdaris formaze -un
un sufiqsis1 darTviT
(rTul-mawarmoebliani masdari; masdari II).
martiv-
martiv - maw armoebliani masdari
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, masdaris es forma -es

es sufiqsis
meSveobiT iwarmoeba: b-es “keTeba”, “qmna”; f-es “Tqma”, “laparaki”;
baq-es “yofa”, “arseboba”, “gaxdoma”, “SeZleba”; uq-es “Wama”; uRˤ-es
“sma”, “daleva”; bix-es “Soba”; box-es “xarSva”; bask-es “wola”; Curf-
es “dgoma”...
es forma winadadebaSi gamoxatavs moqmedebis mizan-mizezs,
miswrafebasa da mizan-dasaxulobas, mag.:
un bavaqo qatux f-es
es “Sen SegiZlia amis (mic.) Tqma
Tqma”;
za baqal Teza me aSlax b-es
es “me ar SemiZlia am saqmis (mic.)
keTeba”;
keTeba
melin WeR
WeR-es
es oxari Tene “aqedan gasvla advili ar aris”;
evaxtvabuysa TaÁ
TaÁ-es
es “rodis ginda (gsurs) wasvla”...
wasvla
martiv-mawarmoebliani masdari yvela brunvis niSans ver
iguebs (naTesaobiTisa da Tandebuliani brunvebis, ablativisa da
komitativis garda):
sax. b-es “keTeba” f-es “Tqma”

erg. (instr.) bes-in fes-in
mic. bes-a[x] fes-a[x]
abl. bes-axo fes-axo
kom. bes-axol[an] fes-axol[an]
martiv-mawarmoebliani masdaris formantiseuli e xmovani irib

brunvata formebSi zogjer reduqcias ganicdis, mag.:
1 rogorc araerTgzis aRiniSna samecniero literaturaSi (a. Sifneri, a. diri,

n. trubeckoi, vl. fanCviZe, evg. jeiraniSvili), es niSani warmoSobiT naTesaobiTi
brunvis formants unda warmoadgendes.
164
sax. baq-es “yofa”, “arseboba”, qarx-es “cxovreba”
“gaxdoma”, “SeZleba”
mic. baq’s-a[x] qarx’s-a[x]
abl. baq’s-axo qarx’s-axo
kom. baq’s-axol[an] qarx’s-axol[an]
masdaris aRniSnuli forma mastan Sewyobil saxels marTavs

iseve, rogorc zmnis piriani forma, mag.:
bavaqo me aS-l
aS l-ax
ax b-es
es “SegiZlia am saqmis (mic.) keTeba
keTeba”...1
irib brunvaTa formebSic martiv-mawarmoebliani masdari
SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli predikatis funqciiT, mag.:
qa xabar
xabar-ax
ax fes
fes-axo
axo “mag ambis (mic.) Tqmamde”...
Tqmamde
saxelobiTisa da micemiTis garda, martiv-mawarmoebliani
masdaris danarCen brunvaTa formebi TiTosda absolutivis gagebas
gvaZlevs, mag.:
vaˤ qarozneTasta f-es
es-in
es in “qadagebda da ityoda (INS)” (mrk. 1, 7);
qatux f-es
es-axo
es axo “magis Tqmamde (ABL)”;
qa xabar-ax f-es
es-axo
axolan
es axo lan “mag ambis TqmisTanave
TqmisTanave (COM)”...
rTul - mawarmoebliani masdari
meore tipis masdari (rTul-mawarmoebliani masdari; masdari

II) iwarmoeba martiv-mawarmoebliani masdaris formaze -un
un sufiqsis
darTviT; am dros xSirad viTardeba formantiseuli e bgeris
reduqcia: b-es-un “keTeba”, “qmna”; f-es-un “Tqma”, “laparaki”; baq’s-un
< baq-es “yofa”, “arseboba”, “gaxdoma”, “SeZleba”; uq’s-un < uq-es-un
“Wama”; uRˤ’s-un < uRˤ-es-un “sma”, “daleva”; bix’s-un < bix-es-un
1 aq masdari predikatis funqciiT gvxvdeba: igi marTavs masTan Sewyobil

pirdapir damatebas micemiT brunvaSi, maSin rodesac saxelTan Sewyobili es
sityva (aS
aS “saqme”) naTesaobiTi brunvis formiT iqneboda warmodgenili.
165
“Soba”; box’s-un < box-es-un “xarSva”; bask-es-un “wola”; Curf-es-un
“dgoma”...
rTul-mawarmoebliani masdaris warmoebisas gavrcelebulia
Tanxmovan bgeraTa gadasmac: bist-un < *bit-s-un < bit-es-un “Tesva”;
bisT-un < *biT-s-un < biT-es-un “vardna”, “gdeba’...
rTul-mawarmoebliani masdari, masdari I-sagan gansxvavebiT,
Cveulebrivad ibrunvis, anu yvela brunvas awarmoebs mxoloobiTSi;
mravlobiTs masdaris formebi ar awarmoeben:
sax. b-es-un “keTeba” f-es-un “Tqma”

erg. bes-un-en fes-un-en
naT. bes-un-un fes-un-un
mic. bes-un-a[x] fes-un-a[x]
abl. bes-un-axo fes-un-axo
kom. bes-un-axol[an] fes-un-axol[an]
ades. bes-un-asta fes-un-asta
alat. bes-un-aW fes-un-aW
super. bes-un-al fes-un-al
ben. bes-un-enk[ena] fes-un-enk[ena]
rTul-mawarmoebliani masdaris formis mniSvneloba emTxveva

pirveli tipis masdaris mniSvnelobas. martiv-mawarmoeblian
masdarTan SedarebiT, rTul-mawarmoeblian masdars aqvs
gamoxatuli zmnis (moqmedebis) saxelis (rus. «Имя глагола») Sinaarsi.
es forma qarTuli enis masdarisagan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom
SesityvebaSi mas, martiv-mawarmoebliani masdarisa da zmnis piriani
formebis msgavsad, aqvs predikatuli daniSnuleba; masdaris am
formas SeuZlia saxelis marTva, mag.:
aS//aS-l-ax b-es-un “saqme//saqmes keTeba”;
†i//†i-n-ax uRˤ-s-un “Rvino//Rvinos daleva”...
166
samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva sxvadasxva mosazrebebi
masdaris formebis Sesaxeb: a. Sifneri da a. diri orive formas
infinitivad ganixilaven;1 evg. jeiraniSvili, rogorc zemoT
aRiniSna, am formebs infinitiv-masdars uwodebs;2 a. harisi da t.
maisaki -es sufiqsian formas infinitivad miiCneven, xolo -es-un
formatians _ masdarad;3 vl. fanCviZisa da v. Sulces azriT ki,
orive SemTxvevaSi masdarTan gvaqvs saqme.4
udiurisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli unda yofiliyo masdaris kidev
erTi forma, romlis naSti dRes arsebiT saxelSi gvxvdeba. am
formis mawarmoebeli -un
un sufiqsi unda yofiliyo, romelic
uSualod zmnis fuZes daerTvoda bolokidurad:
bit-un “naTesi”, Sdr. bit-es “Tesva”;
uq-un “saWmeli”, Sdr. uq-es “Wama”;
ned-un “sadedi”, Sdr. ned-es “Sededevba”;
Caf-un “gamonayari”, Sdr. Caf-es “gamoyra”;
†uf-un “amosunTqva”, Sdr. †uf-es “sunTqva”, “Seberva”...
1
Schiefner A., Versuch über die Sprache der Uden, Mémoires de ľacadémie impériae des sciences de
St. Pétersbourg, VII ͤ S., P. VI, #8, 1863, gv. 28; Дирр А. М., Грамматика удинского языка, Тифлис,
1903, gv. 39.
2
jeiraniSvili evg., udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia, leqsikoni), Tbilisi,
1971, gv. 104-107.
3
Alice C. Harris., Endoclitics and the Origins of Udi Morphosyntax, Oxford, 2002; Майсак Т.А.,
Глагольная парадигма удинского языка (ниджский диалект), Удинский сборник (грамматика,
лексика, история языка), Москва, 2008, gv. 115-116.
4 vl. fanCviZe, “infinitivis” formaTa warmoeba da mniSvneloba udur enaSi,
mecn. akad. moambe, t. III, #2 da #4, Tbilisi, 1942; misive, uduris gramatikuli
analizi, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 193-200; Schulze W., Die Sprache der Udin in Nord-Azerbaidzan,
Wiesbaden, 1982 da sxva.
167
mimReoba
udiur enaSi dasturdeba mimReobis ori ZiriTadi forma;

esenia: sruli saxis mimReoba da usruli saxis mimReoba, romelic,
Sesabamisad, dasrulebuli (sruli saxis) an dausrulebeli
(usruli saxis) moqmedebisaTvis an mdgomareobisaTvis gamoiyeneba.1
udiurSi mimReobas gaaCnia sxvadasxvagvari funqciebi, romelic
ufro vrcelia, vidre, magaliTad, qarTuli enis mimReobisa.
mimReobis warmoeba da funqciebi principulad erTgvaria udiuri
enis orive kiloSi.
sruli saxis mimReoba
sruli saxis mimReoba zmnis fuZeze dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba -i

i
sufiqsis meSveobiT, mag.:
b-i “nakeTebi”; f-i “naTqvami”; baq-i “namyofi”; qarx-i
“nacxovrebi”; uq-i “naWami”; mand-i “darCenili”; arc-i “damjdari”;
box-ec-i “moxarSuli”; bask-i “dawolili”...
sruli saxis mimReoba ucvlelia, rodesac igi msazRvreladaa
gamoyenebuli:
sax. ari adamar mandi adamar

“mosuli adamiani” “darCenili adamiani”
erg. ari adamar-en mandi adamar-en
naT. ari adamar-i mandi adamar-i
mic. ari adamar-a[x] mandi adamar-a[x]
abl. ari adamar-ax-o mandi adamar-ax-o
mr. ricxvi ari adamar-ux mandi adamar-ux
1 samecniero literaturaSi (vl. fanCviZe, evg. jeiraniSvili da sxva) Semdegi

terminebic gvxvdeba: namyos mimReoba (sruli saxis mimReoba) da awmyo-myofadis
mimReoba (usruli saxis mimReoba). unda aRiniSnos, rom drois kategoria
mimReobaSiwarmodgenilia mkrTalad.
168
Tu mimReoba substantivadaa gamoyenebuli, mas daerTvis -o
o
masubstantivebeli elementi da ibrunvis zedsarTavi saxelebis,
nacvalsaxelebisa da ricxviTi saxelis msgavsad:
sax. ari--o
ari ari--o-r
ari mandi--o
mandi mandi--o-r
mandi
“mosuli” “darCenili”
erg. ari-o-t-in ari-o-t-R-on mandio-o-t-in mandi-o-t-R-on
naT. ari-o-t-a[Á] ari-o-t-R-o[Á] mandi-o-t-a[Á] mandi-o-t-R-o[Á]
mic. ari-o-t-u[x] ari-o-t-R-o[x] mandi-o-t-u[x] mandi-o-t-R-o[x]
abl. ari-o-t-uxo ari-o-t-R-oxo mandi-o-t-uxo mandi-o-t-R-oxo
kom. ari-o-t- ari-o-t-R- mandi-o-t- mandi-o-t-R-
uxol[an] oxol[an] uxol[an] oxol[an]
ades. ari-o-t-usta ari-o-t-R-osta mandi-o-t-usta mandi-o-t-R-osta
alat. ari-o-t-uW ari-o-t-R-oW mandi-o-t-uW mandi-o-t-R-oW
sup. ari-o-t-ul ari-o-t-R-ol mandi-o-t-ul mandi-o-t-R-ol
ben. ari-o-t-enk[ena] ari-o-t-R-onk[ena] mandi-o-t-enk[ena] mandi-o-t-R-onk[ena]
aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi mkvlevris azriT (a. Sifneri,

a.diri, t. maisaki), sruli saxis mimReoba zogjer absolutivis
funqciiT gvevlineba, mag.:
isus-en, qex boxod
boxod-ii, la†nedi Setul vaˤ fine “iesom, gaSala
ra xeli, Seexo mas da Tqva” (rus. «Иисус простерши руку, коснулся его
и сказал») (mT. 8, 2);
adamarRox ak-i
ak i, Sono laÁneci burRol “dainaxa ra xalxi, is
avida mTaze” («увидев народ, он взошел на гору») (mT. 5, 1)...
safiqrebelia, rom am da msgavs magaliTebSi, saqme gvqondes
ara mimReobisa an absolutivis formasTan, aramed aoristis
formasTan, romelsac gamotovebuli aqvs piris niSani (aseTi
169
movlena udiurSi ar warmoadgens iSviaTobas; ix. zmna). Sesabamisad
arniSnuli winadadebebi unda iTargmnos aseTnairad:
“iesom gaSala xeli, Seexo mas da Tqva”;
“dainaxa xalxi [da] is avida mTaze”...
usruli saxis mimReoba
usruli saxis mimReoba zmnis fuZeze dayrdnobiT -al

al//-ala
al ala
sufiqsebis darTviT iwarmoeba. amasTan aRsaniSnavia, rom -al
al
sufiqsi, rogorc wesi, moqmedebiTi gvaris Sinaarsis mimReobas
awarmoebs, xolo -ala
ala _ vnebiTi gvaris Sinaarsis (Tumca -al
al
sufiqsiani warmoebac aRiniSneba),1 Sdr.:
b-al “mkeTebeli” b-ala “sakeTebeli”

baq-al “myofi” baq-ala “samyofi”, “samyofeli”
uq-al “mWameli” uq-ala “SesaWmeli”
akest-al “maCvenebeli” akest-ala “saCvenebeli”
arc-al “mjdomi”, “damjdomi” arc-ala “dasajdomi”...
usruli saxis mimReoba ucvlelia, Tu igi msazRvrelis

funqciiT gvxvdeba:
sax. eRal adamar TaRal adamar

“momsvleli adamiani” “wamsvleli adamiani”
erg. eRal adamar-en TaRal adamar-en
naT. eRal adamar-i TaRal adamar-i
mic. eRal adamar-a[x] TaRal adamar-a[x]
abl. eRal adamar-ax-o TaRal adamar-ax-o
mr. ricxvi eRal adamar-ux TaRal adamar-ux
1 gvaris kategoria udiurSi Canasaxovan mdgomareobaSi imyofeba.

170
substantivad gamoyenebuli am tipis mimReoba sruli saxis
mimReobis msgavsad ibrunvis:

sax. eRal--o
eRal eRal--o-r
eRal TaRal--o
TaRal TaRal--o-r
TaRal
“momsvleli” “wamsvleli”
erg. eRal-o-t-in eRal-o-t-R-on TaRal-o-t-in TaRal-o-t-R-on
naT. eRal-o-t-a[Á] eRal-o-t-R-o[Á] TaRal-o-t-a[Á] TaRal-o-t-R-o[Á]
mic. eRal-o-t-u[x] eRal-o-t-R-o[x] TaRal-o-t-u[x] TaRal-o-t-R-o[x]
abl. eRal-o-t-uxo eRal-o-t-R-oxo TaRal-o-t-uxo TaRal-o-t-R-oxo
kom. eRal-o-t- eRal-o-t-R- TaRal-o-t- TaRal-o-t-R-
uxol[an] oxol[an] uxol[an] oxol[an]
ades. eRal-o-t-usta eRal-o-t-R-osta TaRal-o-t-usta TaRal-o-t-R-osta
alat. eRal-o-t-uW eRal-o-t-R-oW TaRal-o-t-uW TaRal-o-t-R-oW
sup. eRal-o-t-ul eRal-o-t-R-ol TaRal-o-t-ul TaRal-o-t-R-ol
ben. eRal-o-t- eRal-o-t-R- TaRal-o-t- TaRal-o-t-R-
enk[ena] onk[ena] enk[ena] onk[ena]
mimReoba droTa sawarmoeblad
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, udiur enaSi sruli an usruli

mimReobis formaze dayrdnobiT dro-kiloTa didi nawili iwarmoeba.
sruli saxis mimReobis formaze dayrdnobiT
nawarmoebi formebi: aoristi (sruli saxis mimReobis formas
emTxveva + piris niSani); II perfeqti (+ Á-o
o; substantivad
gamoyenebuli sruli saxis mimReobis formas emTxveva + piris
niSani); aoristis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi iusivi (aoristi +
ya=);
ya aoristis formaze dayrdnobiT nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi
kilo (aoristi + gi=);
gi II plukvamperfeqti (aoristi + =Á
Á);
kontrafaqtivi (aoristi + Ái-
Ái [< *gi
gi=]
gi + =Á
Á//=iÁ
iÁ).
iÁ
usruli saxis mimReobis formaze dayrdnobiT
nawarmoebi formebi: myofadi ZiriTadi (-al
al mawarmoebliani
171
usruli saxis mimreobis formas emTxveva + piris niSani) da misgan
nawarmoebi namyo-myofadi ZiriTadi (myofadi ZiriTadi + =Á
Á) da
myofadi nawilakovani (myofadi ZiriTadi + =a
al); myofadi
aucileblobiTi (usruli saxis mimReobis -ala
ala mawarmoeblian formas
emTxveva + piris niSani) da misgan nawarmoebi namyo-myofadi
aucileblobiTi (myofadi aucileblobiTi + =Á
Á).
sqematurad es SegviZlia ase warmovadginoT:
II perfeqti
sruli
saxis
mimReoba
aoristis formaze dayrdnobiT
nawarmoebi iusivi;
aoristis formaze dayrdnobiT
aoristi nawarmoebi pirobiT-natvriTi
kilo (varT.);
II plukvamperfeqti (nij.);
kontrafaqtivi (nij.);
usruli myofadi
saxis aucileb-
mimReoba lobiTi
myofadi
ZiriTadi namyo- namyo-myofadi
myofadi aucileblobiTi
ZiriTadi
myofadi
nawilakovani
(varT.)
172
saxelis marTva mimReobis mier
mimReoba marTavs saxels im formaSi, romelsac moiTxovs

zmnis piriani forma: masdarisagan gansxvavebiT, aseTi marTva
dasturdeba rogorc obieqtis, ise subieqtis SemTxvevaSi:
vaˤ ixnebaqi petren isus en fi ÁT-ax

isus-en ÁT ax “da gaixsena petrem iesos
(erg.) naTqvami sityva (mic.)” (mT. 14, 72); Sdr. aoristis formiT: isus-
en fi=ne ÁT-ax “iesom Tqva sityva”;

te vaxta Tamnebaqi eremia fexambar
fexambar-en
en fi-o
fi o “maSin aRsrulda
eremia winaswarmetyvelis (erg.) naTqvami”
naTqvami (mT. 12, 17);
a†refanan eˤ†ax bifarkal-t
bifarkal t-R
R-ox
ox!
ox “daloceT Tqveni (mic.)
mawyevarni”
mawyevarni (mT. 5, 44)...
173
absolutivi
absolutivi I
specialur literaturaSi aRniSnuli supinis an I supinis (a.

Sifneri), anda supinumis saxeliT aris cnobili (evg. jeiraniSvili).
es forma martiv-mawarmoebliani masdaris formaze
dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba -an
an sufiqsis darTviT. savaraudod, es
mawarmoebeli warmoSobiT benefaqtivis niSans warmoadgens.1 am
varaudis sasargeblod metyvelebs: q. varTaSenSi dadasturebuli
iyo am mawarmoeblis -anq
anq forma; nijurSi I absolutivis nacvlad
benefaqtivis forma ixmareba, Sdr.:
varT. CˤovalRo kaW Tast-an
Tast an serÁanbe daxtakaxo yuTi
“beRurisaTvis sakenkis misacemad (ABS I) ficrisagan yuTi
gavakeToT”;
nij. Cˤovalxo qaC TasTeÁnaq doxTaq

doxT aqaxun (BEN)
ÃuTiÁanserbio “id”...
absolutivis aRniSnuli forma mizez-mizansa da
mizandasaxulobis gamosaxatavad gamoiyeneba:
b-es-an “keTebad”, “sakeTeblad”, “qmnad”; f-es-an “Tqmad”,
“saTqmelad”; uq’s-an < uq-es-an “Wamad”, “saWmelad”; uRˤ-es “sma”,
“daleva”; box’s-an < box-es “xarSvad”, “saxarSavad”; bask-es-an
“wolad”, “dasawolad”; Curf-es “dgomad”, “dadgomad”; asbes-an
“muSaobad”, “samuSaod”...
winadadebaSi aRniSnuli forma miznis damatebad gamoiyeneba,
mag.: arrece camfes
camfes-an
an “dajda sawerad (werad)”;
iSu Tanesa Cli biys-an
biys an “kaci modis Tevzis dasaWerad
(saWerad)”...
1 vl. fanCviZe, uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 212-213.

174
absolutivi II
absolutivis meore formas sxvadasxva sufiqsebi awarmoebs;

varTaSnulSi dasturdeba: -ama
ama;
ama -amin
amin;
amin -ta
ta-ama
ta ama > -t
t-ama
ama;
ama -t
t-amin
amin;
amin
nijurSi yvelaze gavrcelebulia -amin
amin;
amin -amun
amun da reducirebuli -am
am;
am
aseve dasturdeba: -ama
ama;
ama -am
amÊn
am n; -am
amÊn
am n-ja
ja...
ja
iwarmoeba es forma zmnis pirvelad fuZeze dayrdnobiT, an,
zogjer, sruli saxis mimReobis formaze dayrdnobiT, mag.:
qarx-es “cxovreba”; qarx-ama//qarx-amin; qarxi-ama//qarxi-t-ama//
qarxi-ta-amin “cxovrebamde”, “vidre cxovrobs”...
mniSvnelobiT es forma gadmogvcems qarTuli -mde
mde Tandebulis
semantikas, zogjer ki vidre, manam kavSiris semantikas:
tiÁa baqa zu vax uk-ama
uk ama!
ama “iq iyavi vidre me getyvi (Tqmamde)”
(mT. 2, 13);
tiÁa baneqi irod bi-ama
bi ama “iq iyo herodes sikvdilamde” (mT. 2,
15);
Sotu nut akaltu biesuna xristos bixoRo ak-ama
ak ama “igi ver
ixilavs sikvdils qriste RmerTis naxvamde” (lk. 2, 26)...
absolutivi III
aRniSnuli forma uSualod zmnis pirvelas fuZeze

dayrdnobiT iwarmoeba -axun
axun//-xun
axun xun sufiqsis darTviT da gamoxatavs
moqmedebis Tanadroulobas, mag.: b-axun “keTebisas”, “keTebis dros”;
baq-axun “yofnisas”, “yofnis dros”; uq-axun “Wamisas”, “Wamis dros”.
aRsaniSnavia, rom araregularul zmnebTan am formis
warmoebis dros gamoiyeneba usruli mimReobis (= myofadis) fuZe,
mag.: uk-axun “Tqmisas”, Tqmis dros”; eR-axun “mosvlisas”, mosvlis
dros”...
galileun drianaxo iSˤa Webaq

Webaq-axun
xun Setu atuki paˤ viCex
“galileas zRvis axlos gasvlisas man dainaxa ori Zma” (mT. 5, 18)...
nijur kiloSi absolutivis es forma ar dasturdeba.
175
absolutivi IV
IV absolutivic gamoxatavs moqmedebis Tanafardobas, anu

Tavisi semantikiT III absolutivs Seesatyviseba. gansxvaveba imaSi
mdgomareobs, rom III absolutivi dausrulebel moqmedebaze
migviTiTebs, xolo IV _ dasrulebulze.1
aRniSnuli forma -atan
atan//-tan
atan tan sufiqsis meSveobiT iwarmoeba an
uSualod zmnis pirvelad fuZeze dayrdnobiT, anda sruli saxis
mimReobis formaze dayrdnobiT, mag.: b-atan “keTebisas”, “keTebis
dros”; baq-atan “yofnisas”, “yofnis dros”; uq-atan “Wamisas”, “Wamis
dros”...
rustamen exne, Te ey qambaqi
qambaqi-tan
tan iC budduxo bonete “rustami
eubneba, rom xorcis daklebisas [gaTavebisas] Tavisi barZayidan
moiWra”...
garda aRniSnuli formebisa, udiurSi gvxvdeba forma,

romelic “Zvel” absolutivad unda miviCnioT. safiqrebelia, rom am
formisaganac warmoqmnilia absolutivis oTxive produqtiuli
forma. am formis mawarmoebelia -a
a sufiqsi, romelic uSualod
zmnis fuZes daerTvis bolokidurad. aRniSnuli forma
gavrcelebulia nijurSi, xolo varTaSnulSi aqa-iq gvxvdeba,
ZiriTadad xalxur zepirsityvierebaSi, mag.:
Wurk-aa-Wurk
Wurk Wurk-aa lanesa, gamaT-gamaT cinesa “xveul-xveul adis,
Wurk
Caf-Cafad Camodis” (gamocana)...
1 samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad am

SemTxvevaSi erT formasTan unda gvqondes saqme _ jeiraniSvili evg., udiuri ena
(gramatika, qrestomaTia, leqsikoni), Tbilisi, 1971, gv. 110-111.
176
saxelis marTva absolutivis
absoluti vis mier
absolutivi oTxive forma masTan Sewyobil saxels marTavs

brunvaSi, zmnis piriani saxelis msgavsad:
vaˤ areÁan Sotu bulkowbes-an
bulkowbes an “da movediT mas (mic.)
Tayvanissacemad [mas Tavi movuxaroT]” (mT. 2, 2)...
tiÁa baqa zu vax uk-ama
uk ama!
ama “iq iyavi vidre me Sen (mic.) getyvi
[Tqmamde]” (mT. 2, 13);
Sono eR-axun
eR axun me aSlax CxarzuksaÁ “misi (sax.) mosvlisas am
saqmes vamTavrebdi”;
baba-x
baba x ak-i
ak i-tan
tan zu kuazu “mamis (mic.) danaxvisas me Sin
(saxlSi) viyavi”...
177
formaucvleli sityvebi
zmnisarTi
agebulebis mixedviT udiurSi gamoiyofa martivi (pirveladi)

da metyvelebis sxva nawilebisagan nawarmoebi zmnisarTebi.
nawarmoeb zmnisarTebSi SeiZleba gamovyoT rTuli agebulebis
(Txzuli) zmnisarTebi.
udiur enaSi naklebadaa warmodgenili martivi agebulebis
zmnisarTebi. aseTebad unda miviCnioT iseTi zmnisarTebi, romlis
daSla amJamad Semadgenel nawilebad ver xerxdeba, mag. beSˤ “win”,
ÃoS “ukan”, boS “Sig”, toS (varT.)//C”S (nij.) “gareT”, cina “qvemoT”,
bula “zemoT”, g”l” “bevri”...
warmoSobiT zmnizeda, Cveulebriv, saxelia da warmodgenilia
romelime brunvis formiT (nominativis garda, romelic
gauformebel fuZes warmoadgens). es, rogorc wesi, naTesaobiTis,
micemiTisa an Tandebuliani brunvebis formaa, mag.:
bul “Tavi” > bul-a “zeviT”, “TavSi”; oy “Ziri”, “fskeri”, “qveda
mxare” > oy-a “dabla”, qveviT”, “Zirs”, “fskerze”; oS “bolo” > oS-a
“Semdeg” (DAT)...
biÁas “saRamo” > biÁas-un “saRamos”; blzr “SuadRe” > blzr-

un “SuadRes” (GEN)...
beSˤ “win” > beSˤ-tan “winidan”; ÃoS “ukan” > ÃoS-tan “uknidan”
(INS ?)...
Wot “napiri”, “kiduri” > Wot-el “napiras”, “kideze”, “kidurze”;
toRˤ “gverdi”, “ferdi” > toRˤ-ol “Tana”, “gverdiT”; biRˤ “Sua”,
“SuaTana” > biRˤ-il “Sua”, “SuaSi”, “Soris” (SUPER);
ala “maRla” > al-axo “zemoTgan”; oy “Ziri”, “fskeri”, “qveda
mxare” > oy-axo “qvemoTgan” (ABL)...
unda aRiniSnos, rom xSirad emTxveva zedsarTavi saxelisa da
zmnisarTis forma, mag.: Sel “kargi” da Sel “kargad”...
178
rTuli agebulebis zmnisarTebSi gamoirCeva reduplikaciis
gziT warmoqmnili zmnisarTebi, mag.: dam-dam “dilas”; usin-usin
“Cqar-Cqara”; jok-jok “cal-calke”...
orfuZiani zmnisarTebi, mag.: me-Co “aqeT”, “am mxares” (me “es” +
Co//Cˤo “mxare”, “piri”); qa-Co “mag mxares” (qa “eg” + Co//Cˤo “mxare”,
“piri”); te-Co “iqiT”, “mag mxares” (te “is” + Co//Cˤo “mxare”, “piri”);
bip-Co “oTxmxriv”, “irgvliv”, “garSemo” (bip “oTxi” + Co//Cˤo “mxare”,
“piri”); tiÁa-miÁa “aqeT-iqiT”, “aqa-iq” (tiÁa “aq”, miÁa “iq”)...
a dgilis zmnisarTebi
warmoeba-agebulebis mixedviT adgilis zmnisarTebi udiurSi

ramdenime jgufad iyofa:
1) zmnisarTebi, romelic istoriulad micemiTsa an romelime
Tandebulian brunvaSi dasmul saxels warmoadgens:
bul-a “zeviT”, “TavSi” (bul “Tavi”); oy-a “dabla”, qveviT”,
“Zirs”, “fskerze” (oy “Ziri”, “fskeri”, “qveda mxare”); oS-a “Semdeg”
(oS “bolo”)... [DAT];
Wot-el “napiras”, “kideze”, “kidurze” (Wot “napiri”, “kiduri”);
toRˤ-ol “Tana”, “gverdiT” (toRˤ “gverdi”, “ferdi”); biRˤ-il “Sua”,
“SuaSi”, “Soris” (biRˤ “Sua”, “SuaTana”)... [SUPER];
al-axo “zemodan” (ala “maRla”); oy-axo “qvemodan” (oy “Ziri”,
“fskeri”, “qveda mxare”; oy-a “dabla”, qveviT”, “Zirs”, “fskerze”)...
[ABL].
2) pirveladi agebulebis zmnisarTebi (istoriulad _
gauformebeli fuZiT warmodgenilni): mag. beSˤ “win”, ÃoS “ukan”, boS
“Sig”, toS (varT.)//C”S (nij.) “gareT”... yvela am zmnisarTis fuZeSi

oS, -S
saerToa -oS S elementi.
SeniSvna: aRniSnul zmnisarTebze -tan
tan elementis darTviT
(safiqrebelia, rom warmoSobiT ergativ-instrumentalisis
niSania) warmoiqmneba zmnisarTTa erTi saxeoba: boS-tan
179
“Signidan”, toS-tan (nij. C”xixun) “garedan”, ÃoS-tan
“uknidan”, beSˤ-tan “winidan”...
3) mV-,
mV qV,
qV tV-
tV elementiani adverbialuri mniSvnelobis
sityvebi:
miÁ-a < mi-a “aq” qa < qa-a “mand” tiÁ-a < ti-a “iq”
mi-x “aq”
tiÁa-miÁa “iqa-aq”
ma-Ra “aqeT” ta-Ra “iqeT”
taRa-maRa “iqiT-aqeT”
me-l-an//me-l-in qa-l-an//qa-l-in te-l-an//te-l-in
“aqedan” “mandedan” “iqidan”
mel-cirik “aqamde” tel-cirik “iqamde”
me-Co “aqeT”, “aqeTken” qa-Co “mandeT”, te-Co “iqeT”,
“mandeTken” “iqiTken”.
SeniSvna: samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva safuZvliani

mosazreba mV-,
mV qV-,
qV tV-
tV elementebis nacvalsaxeluri
warmoSobis Sesaxeb, kerZod, CvenebiTi nacvalsaxelebisgan
me “es”, qa “eg” da te “is”.1
4) reduplikaciiTa da fuZesTan Serwymuli -ba
ba infiqsis
gamoyenebiT miRebuli zmnisarTebi: ga-ba-ga “yvelgan”, “yovel
mxares” (ga “adgili”); Co-ba-Co “pirispir” (Co//Cˤo “piri”, “mxare”)...
drois zmnisarTebi
am mniSvnelobis zmnisarTebi warmoeba-agebulebis mixedviT

1 vl. fanCviZe, uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974, gv. 219-220;

jeiraniSvili evg., udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia, leqsikoni), Tbilisi, 1971,
gv. 114-115.
180
1) rogorc wesi, nawarmoebi drois zmnisarTebi micemiTsa am
naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli arsebiTi saxelisagan warmoqmnili
sityvebia: Re-n-ax “yoveldRe” (Ri > Re “dRe”); usen-ax
“yovelwliurad” (usen “weliwadi”) [DAT];
biÁas-un “saRamos” (biÁas “saRamo”); blzr-un “SuadRes” (blzr

“SuadRe”) [GEN]...
zogjer amgvari drois zmnisarTi garTulebulia baˤ- ba gr-

ba an baˤ-g
elementebiT, mag. baˤ-Re-na “guSinwin”, baˤ-gr-Rena “guSinwiniswin”...

iSviaTad drois zmnisarTs orive brunvis (dativisa da
genitivis) gaqvavebuli formanti aqvs, mag.: Re-n-ax-un “dRisiT”...
zogierT sityvaSi micemiTi brunvis sufiqsis gamoyofa mxolod
anologiiT xerxdeba, mag.: is-a “exla”... zogi zmnisarTis agebuleba
naTeli ar aris, mag.: narzux “wuxel”, naˤÁne “guSin”, Tumca,
savaraudoa, rom aqac micemiTis forma iyos.
2) rTulfuZiani drois zmnisarTebi
a. reduplikaciiT miRebuli: dam-dam “dilas”, “diliT”; biÁas-

biÁas “saRamoobiT”, “yovel saRamos”...
xSirad fuZis gaormagebiT miRebuli drois zmnisarTebi
dakavSirebulia -ba
ba elementiT: usen-ba-usen “wlidan wlamde”,
“yovelwliurad”; Ri-ba-Ri “dRiTi dRe”, “yoveldRiurad”...
b. Txzuli zmnisarTebi. 1. arsebiTi saxelis fuZisa da
mimReobisagan Sedgenili: Ri-Wurdi “dRe-gamoSvebiT” (Ri “dRe” +
Wurdi “dagrexili” > “gamotovebuli”)...
2. ricxviTi da arsebiTi saxelebisagan Semdgari: sa-vaxt “erT
dros”, “odesme”, “odesRac”; sa-ema-vaxt “erT xans” (sa “erTi” + ema
“ramdeni” + vaxt “dro”)...
3. nacvalsaxelisa da arsebiTi saxelisagan Sedgenili: me-Su
“amaRam” (me “es” + Su “Rame”); te-vaxt “im dros”, “maSin (te “is” +
vaxt “dro”)...
181
4. “lokativSi” (micemiTsa an ablativSi) dasmuli saxelisa da
zmnisarTisagan Semdgari: qaÁx-iSa “uTenia”, “alionze” (qÁ-x

“Tenebas”, “TenebaSi” [DAT] + iSa “axlos”); Reunaxo-taRa “dReis
iqiT” (Re-un-axo “dReisagan”, “dReidan” [ABL] + taRa “iqiT”,
“iqiTken”)...
viTarebis zmnisarTebi
warmoeba-agebulebis mixedviT udiuris viTarebis zmnisarTebi

1. viTarebis gamomxatveli zmnisarTebi, romlebic
miiRebian zedsarTavi saxelis adverbializaciiT, Sdr.: Sel “kargi”;
Sel “kargad”; g”l” “bevri”; g”l” “Zalian”, “bevrad”, “friad”...
2. fuZis gameorebiT miRebuli zmnisarTebi, mag.: g”l-g”l”
“bevr-bevri”, “blomad”; kiw-kiwi “cot-cota”, “cotaTi”...
3. saxelis fuZeze raime formantis, anda romelime sityvis
darTviT miRebuli zmnisarTebi, mag.: sal < sa-al “erTic”, “sulac”,
“erTxelac”, “kidev”, “kvlav” (sa “erTi” + =al _ -c
c nawilakis
funqciiT gamoiyeneba)...
4. nasesxebi viTarebis zmnisarTebi: ÁavaS “nela”, “auCqarebliv”;
ÁavaS-ÁavaS “nel-nela”; dinj “dinjad”, “wynarad”; Áegin “aCqarebiT”,
“swrafad”; Áegin-Áegin “Cqar-Cqara”; mehkŽm//m”hkŽm, ostavar “magrad”,
“mWidrod”; yoWaR//yoCCaR “yoCaRad”, “mxned”; fis “cudad”; SavaT
(nij. SahaT//SaaT) “lamazad”, “moxdenilad”; ŽÁbejŽr “uSnod”...
mizan - mizezis zmnisarTebi
udiurSi ar aris garCeuli miznisa da mizezis zmnisarTebi:

erTi da igive zmnisarTi SeiZleba orive mniSvnelobiT ixmarebodes.
mizan-mizezis zmnisarTebia: Sete < Seten[k]//Setabaxtin[k] “imitom”,
“imisTvis”, “radganac”; metabaxtin “amitom”; qatabaxtin “magitom”;
182
SeteTe//SetetenkTe//SetebaxtinkTe “imitom, rom”, “imisTvis, rom”.
warmoSobiT es formebi Seno//Sono “igi”, me “es” da qa “eg” CvenebiT
nacvalsaxelTa benefaqtivis formas warmoadgens, xolo zogjer
igive formebi garTulebulia Te “rom” kavSiriT.
zoma - odenobis zmnisarTebi
aseTTa rigs unda mivakuTvnoT: ema “ramdeni”, “oden”; ema-Te

“ramdenic”; tema “imdeni”; a-tema “ai imdeni”; mema “amdeni”; a-mema “ai
amdeni”; qama “magdeni” saki < sa-kiwi? “cotaTi”, “odnav” (sa “erTi” +
kiwi? “patara”, “cota”); sa-qrn “erTxel”, paˤ-qrn “orjer”; bšTšm

“mTlad”, “sul”, “yvela”; eyara//eyyara “ramdeni”...
kiTxviTi zmnisarTebi
am jgufis zmnisarTebi warmoiqmneba kiTxviTi nacvalsaxelebisa
e “ra?” da ma “sad?” da sxvadasxva elementTa kombinaciiT: e-Tr

“rogor”, “viTar”; etenq//etenk[ena] “ratom”, “risTvis”, “ris gamo”
(benefaqtivis forma) etuxo/eTxo (ablativis
forma)//etuxolan//eTxolan (komitativis forma) “ratom”, “risTvis”,
“risgan”; ek-al “raze” (superasivis forma); ekal-ux “raze”,
“risTvis”; evax “rodis” (< vaxt “dro”); ete “ratom”; eta-baxtin
“risTvis” (< baxtinq “Tvis” Tandebuli); ma-a “sad”, “saiT” (< -a
kiTxviTi nawilakia); ma-Co “saiT”, “saiTken” (< Co “piri”, “saxe”); ma-
lin-a “saiTgan”... oSte “ratom”...
183
Tandebuli
Tandebulebi udiurSi or jgufad iyofa:

1. Serwymuli (sufiqsuri mniSvnelobis) Tandebulebi, romelic
daerTvian saxels (Tandebuliani brunvebis formantebi); maT amJamad
damoukidebeli mniSvneloba ar aqvT da es Tandebulebi imgvaradaa
Serwymuli brunvis formasTan, rom maTi gamoyofa saZnelo xdeba:
Serwymuli Tandebulebi mxoloobiTSi

ablativi -(ax)-o -(ax)-un
komitativi -(ax)-ol[an] -(ax)-un[an]
adesivi -(a)-sta -(a)-sTa
alativi -(a)-W -(a)-C
superisivi -(a)-l igive
benefaqtivi -(en)-k[ena] -(aÁ-n)-aq, -(eÁ-n)-aq
Serwymuli Tandebulebi mxoloobiTSi

ablativi -(ox)-o -(ax)-un
komitativi -(ox)-ol[an] -(ax)-un[an]
adesivi -(o)-sta -(os)Ta
alativi -(o)-W -(o)-C
superisivi -(o)-l -(o)-l
benefaqtivi -(on)-k[ena] -(oÁ-n)-aq
2. Serwymuli, calke xmarebuli Tandebulebi. am jgufs

miekuTvneba: a. Tandebulis mniSvnelobiT gamoyenebuli adgilis
184
zmnisarTebi: beSˤ “win”, ÃoS “ukan”, toRˤol “Tan”, boS “-Si”, “Sig”,
“SigniT”, toS “gareT”, oSa “Semdeg”, “Semdgom”; jok “gare”, “garda”...
b. iseTi Tandebulebi, romelic warmoSobiT zmnisarTs
warmoadgens, Tumca dRes, mxolod Tandebulis funqciiT
gamoiyeneba: -cirik “mde”, -laxo “zeda”, “zed”, “ze”...
adverbialuri (zmnisarTuli) warmoSobis es Tandebulebi,
mosdeven-ra saxels da marTaven mas ama Tu im brunvis formaSi.
yvelaze xSirad Tandebuli marTavs saxels naTesaobiT brunvaSi,
Semdeg ablativsa da komitativSi, xolo erT SemTxvevaSi
superasivSi:
naTesaobiT brunvaSi saxels marTavs Semdegi Tandebulebi: ama
“mde”, “oden”; baxtin//baxtinq “Tvis”; beSˤ “win”; bipCo “irgvliv”,
“garSemo”; hrmina “garSemo”; boS “Si”, “Sig”, “SigniT”; gala

“magivrad”; laxo “zeda”, “zed”, “ze”; oSˤexo “bolodan; oya “qveS”;
oyaxo “qvemoTgan”; teCo “iqiT”; teCoxo “iqiTgan”; toRˤol “Tan”;
toRˤoxo “gverdidan”; toStan “garedan”; yaTi “Sua”; ÃoStan
“uknidan”...
ablativs an komitativs moiTxoven Semdegi Tandebulebi: axˤil
“Sors”, oSa “Semdeg”, “Semdgom”; maRa “aqeT”; jok “gare”, “garda”;
toS “gareT”, “gare”; toRˤ “gare”, “gareSe”...
superasivs moiTxovs erTi Tandebuli: -cirik “mde”.
185
nawilaki
udiurs moepoveba nawilakTa mTeli seria: zogi maTgani

mxolod saxelTan ixmareba, zogi _ zmnasTan; zogi ki saxelTan,
zmnasTan da metyvelebis sxva nawilebTanac. zogierTi nawilaki sxva
sityvasTan SerwymiT ixmareba, xolo zogierTi _ sxva sityvasTan
Seurwymelad, calke ixmareba. met wilad gvxvdeba erTmarcvliani,
Ria an daxuruli marcvlisagan Semdgari nawilakebi, Tumca
mogvepoveba or an orze met marcvlisagan Semdgari nawilakebi.
funqciis mixedviT gvxvdeba Semdegi nawilakebi:
kiTxviTi nawilaki -a
a. es nawilaki gamoiyeneba metyvelebis
TiTqmis yvela nawilTan, saxeldobr: arsebiT da zedsarTav
saxelebTan, gasubstantivebul sityvebTan, kiTxviT da III piris
nacvalsaxelebTan, zmnisarTebTan, zmnasTan da saxelzmnur
formebTan (mxolod III subieqtur pirTan mxoloobiTSi; -a
nawilakis gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi piris niSani (-ne) ar daerTvis
zmnas.
uaryofis gamomxatveli nawilakebi: Te-
Te “ar”, nu-
nu “ar”, ma-
ma “nu”,
“ar”, nŽ- “rom”, “ar”, nuT//nut

nuT nut “ar”. gamoxatavs uaryofas zmnaSi.
gaqvavebuli saxiT gvxvdeba saxelSic.

modalobis gamomxatveli nawilaki ya.
ya awarmoebs kategoriul
kilos (e.w. nawilakovan-kavSirebiTi I) zmnaSi da gamoiyeneba agreTve
makavSirebeli sityvis mniSvnelobiT.
nawilaki -al
al.
al mniSvnelobiT udris qarTul -c
c, -ca
ca nawilakebs.
gamoiyeneba arsebiT, ricxviT saxelebTan, nacvalsaxelTan,
gasubstantivebul sityvebTan, zmnisarTebTan. iSviaTad zmnaSic.
nawilaki ha.
ha es nawilaki Cveulebriv ixmareba miTiTebiT
nacvalsaxelebTan da zmnisarTebTan SerwmiTac da Seurwmeladac.
pirvel SemTxvevaSi igi dasawyisSi moudis sityvas, meore
SemTxvevaSi ki _ bolos. amasTan erTad: SerwymiT gamoyenebis dros
es nawilaki gamoxatavs kategoriulobas, dadasturebas,
186
eWvmiutanlobas da aqvs aseTi mniSvneloba: “maincdamainc”, “swored”,
“ai”; Seurwymelad (bolos) gamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ki gamoxatavs
emociurobas (dadebiTs an uaryofiTs).
nawilaki -ne
ne.
ne es nawilaki gamooyeneba mxolod brZanebiTis an
brZanebiTad gamoyenebuli kavSirebiTi kilos formasTan da aqvs
mniSvneloba, rac qarTul “ra”, “raRa”, “da” nawilakebs.
sxva nawilakebidan aRsaniSnavia: vaˤ “gind”; burim “Turme”;
blig “egebis”; gena “ki”; kena “ki”, “viT”; haˤlbaT “rasakvirvelia”;
ukone “Tqmula”; grg “unda”; maufa “nu ityvi” [Turme];
fesunne//fsunne “ese igi”; migila “ai”; hoÁ “maS”; de “dae”, “ha”; gh
“xan”; gr “ve”; ho “ho”, “ki”, “diax”; sa “erTi”; TŽqsa “oRond”, barTa
“dae”...
187
kavSiri
kavSiri funqciis mixedviT SeiZleba davyoT Semdeg jgufebad:

1. maerTebeli. ya//yan; va//vaˤ; ba (yvela qarTuli “da” kavSiris
mniSvnelobis); kavSiri ya amasTan modalobis aRmniSvneli
nawilakicaa da awarmoebs kategoriul kilos (e.w. nawilakovan-
kavSirebiTi I) zmnaSi.
2. maqvemdebarebeli. Te “rom”; qi “rom”; mano-Te “romelic” (mano
“romeli” + Te “rom”); eka-Te “rac” (“ra” + “rom”); ma-Te “sadac”,
“sadac ki” (“sad” + “rom”); Su-Te “vinc”; (“vin” + “rom”); evaxTe <
*evaxt-Te “rodesac”, “roca” (“rodis” + “rom”); eTr-Te “rogorc”

(“rogori” + “rom”); ete-Te “radganac”; Setabaxtin-Te “radganac”
(“radgan” + “rom”); mal < *ma-al “sadac” (ma “sad” + al -c
c nawilaki)
SeniSvna: udiur enaSi aRsaniSnavia maqvemdebarebeli kavSirebis
xSiri gamoyeneba da simravle, rac am enis (rogorc kavkasiis
albanuris reliqtis) uZvelesi werilobiTi istoriiT unda aixsnas.
kavkasiis albanurSi SeiniSneba maqvemdebarebel kavSirTa simravle
da maTi xSiri gamoyeneba. kavSirTa umetesoba nacvalsaxeluri an
zmnizeduri warmoSobisaa. mawarmoeblad, aseT SemTxvevaSi,
gamoiyeneba ke “rom”, “Tu” da, savaraudod, nawilaki -al
al.
al kavSiri ke
“rom” erTvis nacvalsaxelsa Tu zmnizedas, aqcevs mas kavSirad da
kompozitSi qarTuli nawilakebis -c
c, -ki
ki,
ki msgavs mniSvnelobas iZens,
mag. haWin-ke “rogorc”, “viTarc”; ana-ke//hana-ke “romelic”...
3. Semapirobebeli. gnm, gr “Tu”, “Tuki”; gi//gin “Tu”; Áosxam

“Torem”... kavSiri gi awarmoebs nawilakovan pirobiT kilos zmnaSi.
4. mapirispirebeli. Áa, Áe “an”, “anda”; Áe-gena “an-ki”; Áe-Te, Áa-Te
“an ara-da”; ama “magram”, ema “sanam”, “vidre”...
aRsaniSnavia nasesxeb kavSirTa simravle: qi, va//vaˤ, ba, gnm,
gr, Áosxam, Áa, Áe, ama...
188
Sorisdebuli
Sorisdebuli udiurSi araa mravlad warmodgenili.

dasturdeba Semdegi Sorisdebulebi (an am funqciiT gamoyenebuli
sxva sityvebi):
aÁ//haÁ “ei”, “oi”; poÁ “rao?!”, “rogor?!”, “biWos!”; ho “diax!”;
basta “kmara!”; barTa “dae”; migila “ai”; tigila “ai” [iq]; tige “ai”
[iq!]...
189
sintaqsi
atributuli sintagmis analizi
atributuli sintagma saxelur Sesityvebas warmoadgens. es

Sesityveba sazRvrulisa da msazRvrelisagan Sedgeba. msazRvreli
sazRvrulis raime niSanze, Tvisebaze miuTiTebs, gansazRvravs mas.
sazRvruli yovelTvis arsebiTi saxelia, an masTan gaTanabrebuli,
gasubstantivebuli saxelia, xolo msazRvrelad SeiZleba gvqondes
zedsarTavi saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli, mimReoba, nacvalsaxeli an
naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli arsebiTi saxeli.
udiurisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia formaucvleli msazRvreli,
anu msazRvruli ar ibrunvis da, maSasadame, ar eTanxmeba
sazRvruls brunvasa da ricxvSi, mag.:
sax. qala xod “didi xe” sax. qala xod-rux

erg. qala xod-en erg. qala xod-roR-on
naT. qala xod-daÁ naT. qala xod-roR-o[Á]
mic. qala xod-da[x] mic. qala xod-roR-o[x]
abl. qala xod-daxo abl. qala xod-roR-oxo
komit. qala xod-daxol[an] komit. qala xod-roR-oxol[an]
ades. qala xod-dasta ades. qala xod-roR-osta
alat. qala xod-daW alat. qala xod-roR-oW
super. qala xod-dal super. qala xod-roR-ol
benef. qala xod-enk[ena] benef. qala xod-roR-onk[ena]
ix. agreTve ricxviTi saxeli da nacvalsaxeli msazRvrelad:
sax. sa xod “erTi xe”
190
erg. sa xod-en
naT. sa xod-daÁ
mic. sa xod-da[x]
abl. sa xod-daxo...
* * *
sax. me xod “es xe”

erg. me xod-en
naT. me xod-daÁ
mic. me xod-da[x]
abl. me xod-daxo...
SeniSvna: rodesac zedsarTavi saxeli, ricxviTi saxeli,

mimReoba an nacvalsaxeli gamoyenebulia substantivis
funqciiT, aseT SemTxvevaSi es saxelebi Cveulebrivad
ibrunvis (substantivad gamoyenebul dasaxelebul saxelebs -o
o
sufiqsi daerTvis da brunebisas, irib brunvebSi, -t
t
CanarTovani elementi iCens Tavs), Sdr.:
sax. qala-o//qalo-o “didi”

erg. qala-t-in//qalo-t-in
naT. qala-t-aÁ//qalo-t-aÁ
mic. qala-t-u[x]//qalo-t-u[x]
abl. qala-t-uxo//qalo-t-uxo...
* * *
sax. so-o < sa-o “erTi”

erg. so-o-t-in
naT. me so-o-t-aÁ
mic. me so-o-t-u[x]
191
abl. me so-o-t-uxo...
* * *
sax. me-n-o “es”

erg. me-t-in
naT. me-t-a[Á]
mic. me-t-u[x]
abl. me-t-uxo
msazRvreli udiurSi, rogorc wesi, daismis sazRvrulis win.

iSviaTad postpoziciuri wyoba SeiZleba gvqondes. aseT SemTxvevaSi
msazRvreli zogjer eTanxmeba ricxvSi sazRvruls, xolo brunvaSi
SeTanxmeba arc maSin dasturdeba, mag. (1):
(1) adamar-ux ar-c-i-o-r buˤinyun-a a=yo=k-e qala xaS

adamiani_PL damsxdari_LV_AOP_NA_PL bneli_DAT
xilva=3Pl=ST_PERF didi naTeli
“adamianebma damsxdarTa bnelSi ixiles didi naTeli” (mT. 4,
16)...
unda aRiniSnos, rom ricxviTi saxeli da simravlis

aRmniSvneli sityvebi (gèlè “bevri” da sxva) Cveulebriv ar
iTanxmebs sazRvruls mravlobiT ricxvSi, mag. (2); (3):
(2) ex=ne, Te †ulan Wçlçg-i xib dèv=ne qarx-esa
Tqma:PRS=3SG COMP ama da am tye_DAT xuTi devi=3SG

cxovreba_PRS
“eubneba, rom ama da am tyeSi sami devi cxovrobs” (rustami);
(3) vaˤ gèlè yeÁri diJam ex=yun=i Se-t=al=axo
192
da bevri sxva lanZRva Tqma:PRS=3PL=PST DIST_NO=ADD=ABL
“da bevr sxva lanZRvas eubnebodnen mas [misTvisac]” (lk. 22,
65)...
zogjer gamonaklisis saxiT msazRvrel ricxviT saxelTan

sazRvruli arsebiTi saxeli ixmareba mravlobiT ricxvSi, mag. (4):
(4) telan te Co Tac-i, a=tu=k-i So-t-u yeÁri paˤ viCi-m-R-ox

iqidan DIST mxare wasvla:AOP_AOR naxva=3PL=ST_AOR
DIST_NO_DAT ori Zma_O_PL_DAT
“iqidan im mxares wavida, dainaxa man sxva ori Zma [Zmani]” (mT.
4, 21)...
msazRvrel-sazRvrulis adgilis SenacvlebiT xSirad

warmoiqmneba erTgvari kompozituri warmonaqmni, romelic ibrunvis
rogorc erTiani sityva (arsebiTi saxeli), Sdr.:
sax. fulWeRal yoÁnSi yoÁnSi-fulWeRal “id”

“Tvalamosavardni mezobeli”
erg. fulWeRal yoÁnSi-n-en yoÁnSi-fulWeRal-en
naT. fulWeRal yoÁnSi-n yoÁnSi-fulWeRal-un
mic. fulWeRal yoÁnSi-n-a[x] yoÁnSi-fulWeRal-a[x]
abl. fulWeRal yoÁnSi-n-axo... yoÁnSi-fulWeRal-axo
rogorc aRiniSna zemoT, iSviaTad msazRvreli da sazRvruli

SeiZleba ricxvSi SeTanxmebuli iyos. garda amisa, xSiria
SemTxvevebi sazRvrulis mier msazRvrelis marTvisa naTesaobiT
brunvaSi, mag.:
sax. udi-n muz “udiuri ena” [zedmiw. “udis ena”]

erg. udi-n muz-en
naT. udi-n muz-n-a[Á]
193
mic. udi-n muz-n-u[x]
abl. udi-n muz.-n-uxo..
* * *
sax. durutun koj “xis saxli”

durut “xe” [masala]
erg. durutun koj-en
naT. durutun koj-un
mic. durutun kua[x]
abl. durutun kuaxo...
sazRvruli SeiZleba marTavdes msazRvrels postpoziciuri

wyobis drosac, mag. (5-7):
(5) vaˤ wi-ax=al Se-t-aÁ la=yun=x-o: emmanuil

da saxeli_DAT=ADD DIST_NO_GEN dadeba=3PL=LV_POT emanuel
“da saxelsac missa dasdeben: emanuel” (mT. 1, 23);
(6) Setabaxtin-Te iSa=ne baq-e fasCaR-luR gèg-n-çÁ

radgan_COMP axlos=3SG COP_PERF mefe_ABSTR ca_O_GEN
“radgan moaxlovda meufeba cisa” (mT. 4, 17);
(7) vaˤn bu=nan el qul-l-aÁ

Tqven COP=2PL marili miwa_O_GEN
“Tqven xarT marili miwisa” (mT. 5, 13).
SeniSvna: sazRvrulis mier msazRvrelis marTvis sakiTxi

specialur literaturaSi udiuris Sesaxeb ar aris ganxiluli. vl.
fanCviZis mosazrebiT, msazRvreli amdagvar magaliTebSi nagenitivar
saxels warmoadgens [fanCviZe 1974: 104-105], rasac SeuZlebelia
daveTanxmoT. Cveni azriT, moyvanil magaliTebSi msazRvreli ar aris
nagenitivari zedsarTavi saxeli, aramed warmoadgens naTesaobiT
194
brunvaSi dasmul arsebiT saxels, Sdr. qarTuli xis saxli, bavSvis
sawoli da sxva mravali. Semdegi magaliTebi TvalnaTliv cxadyofs
amis Sesaxeb:
(8) nuT uRˤ-al=zu tul-l-a b‘hçr-axo bixoR-o fasWaR-luR eR-ama
NEG daleva_FUT=1SG yurZeni_O_GEN nayofi_ABL RmerTi_GEN

mefe_ABSTR mosvla_ABS
“ar davlev yurZnis nayofisagan RvTis meufebis mosvlamde” (lk.
22, 18);
(9) vaˤ Ãabun-ux bar-al=yun gèg-ixo vaˤ zor gèg-n-aÁ gal-k-al=le

da varskvlavi_PL Camocvena_FUT=3PL ca_ABL da Zala ca_O_GEN
Seryeva_LV_FUT=3SG
“da varskvlavni Camoscvivian cidan da Zala cisa Seiryeva” (mrk.
13, 25);
(10) vaˤn-gena ser=ran=b-e So-t-ux bina abazak-R-oÁ

Tqven_COMP qmna=2PL=LV_PERF DIST_NO_DAT bina avazaki_PL_GEN
“Tqven ki SehqmeniT is binad avazakTa” (mT. 21, 13);
aseTi msazRvrel-sazRvruli xSirad qmnis kompozitebs (Composita

determinativa), romelTa pirveli wevri naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli
arsebiTi saxelia, xolo meore _ absolutivis (saxelobiTi brunvis)
formiT warmodgenili arsebiTi saxeli: nepna-tik “Zilis guda” (nep-na[Á]
“Zilis” + tik “guda”), baba-koj “mamis saxli”, “deduleTi” (baba-[Á]
“mamis” + koj “saxli”), muWˤanayna-Co “naRebi” (muWanayna[Á] “rZis” +
Co//Cˤo “piri”), Jˤene-el “qvamarili” (Je-ne[Á] “qvis” + el “marili”), uyna-
xod “nigvzis xe” (uy-na[Á] “nigvzis” + xod “xe”) WçÁna-xup “erbos flavi”
(WçÁn-a[Á] “erbos”, “cximis” + xup “flavi”), kokowun-koj “saqaTme”
(zedmiw. “qaTmis saxli” kokow-un “qaTmis” + koj “saxli”), xalikun-Rar
“biZaSvili” [dedis mxridan] (xalik-un “biZis” + Rar “Svili”), Turin-
195
leker “fexsacmeli” (zedmiw. “fexis WurWeli” Tur-in “fexis” + leker
“WurWeli”)...
zogjer sazRvrulis mier marTul msazRvrels naTesaobiTi
brunvis niSani -Á
Á//-i
i dakarguli aqvs da igi gauformebeli fuZiTaa
warmodgenili da, Sesabamisad, nominativis formas emTxveva, mag.: baba-
koJ (< babaÁ-koj) “mamis saxli”...
196
predikatuli sintagmis analizi
predikatuli sintagma Sedgeba predikatisagan (Semasmeneli) da

subieqtisagan (qvemdebare): Semasmeneli da qvemdebare predikatuli
sintagmis mTavari wevrebia; maT garda SeiZleba sxva wevrebic gvqondes,
esenia: damateba (pirdapiri da iribi), gansazRvreba da garemoeba
(adgilisa, droisa, viTarebisa, miznisa da mizezisa).
predikatuli sintagmis konstruqciebi
udiur enaSi predikatuli sintagmis oTxi tipis konstruqcia

gamoiyofa; esenia: nominatiuri, ergatiuli, datiuri (inversiuli),
posesiuri (genitiuri). piris nacvalsaxelTa subieqtad gamoyenebis
SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba vilaparakoT indefinituri konstruqciis Sesaxeb
(udiur enaSi piris nacvalsaxelTa saxelobiTisa da ergativisaTvis
erTi forma gvaqvs).
nominatiur konstruqciaSi, sxva iberiul-kavkasiur enaTa msgavsad,
udiurSi predikats gardauvali zmna warmoadgens, xolo subieqts _
nominativiT warmodgenili saxeli (gauformebeli fuZe).
ergatiuli konstruqciis Semadgeneli nawilebia: gardamavali zmna
da masTan dakavSirebuli ori saxeli _ realuri subieqti ergativSi
da pirdapiri obieqti micemiTsa an saxelobiTSi. pirdapiri obieqtis
gadmocema micemiTis formiT mTis iberiul-kavkasiur enaTagan mxolod
udiurisTvisaa damaxasiaTebeli. aRsaniSnavia, rom ergativSi dasmuli
saxeli ramdenime erTpirian (axSum-es “sicili”; axSum-f-es “gacineba”)
da grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebTanac gvevlineba realur subieqtad.
datiur (inversiul) konstruqcias ociode zmna qmnis. unda
aRiniSnos, rom nijur kiloSi datiuri konstruqcia mTlianad
moSlilia, xolo varTaSnulSi igi moSlis pirasaa misuli _ amJamad,
rogorc wesi, verba sentiendi-s tipis zmnebis subieqti dasmulia ergatiul
brunvaSi, Tumca XIX s. dasasrulsa da XX s. dasawyisSi, rogorc
197
udiuri teqstobrivi masalidan irkveva (udiuri oTxTavi, zRapari
“rustam”, udiuri saanbano-sakiTxavi wigni “samji d„s” da sxva),
varTaSnulSi Tanabrad gamoiyeneboda micemiTi da ergatiuli brunvis
formebi (bunebrivia, grZnoba-aRqmis zmnaTa subieqtis dasma ergativSi
meoreuli movlenaa):
(1) te vaxta isus

isus--a andax=tu
tu=b-i
tu iC-en iC-boS, Te Wer-i=ne iC-xo
zor
DIST maSin ieso_DAT grZnoba=3SG=LV_AOR TviTon_ERG TviTon_LOC
COMP warTmeva:AOP_AOR=3SG TviTon_LOC Zala
“maSin iesom igrZno Tavis TavSi, rom mas Zala gamosvlia
(warTmevia)” (mrk. 5, 30);
magram:
(2) Setabaxtin-Te irod tu = y-sa „Áel-ax †uruk-a=ne

irod-- en bu=tu
radgan_COMP herode_ERG survili=3SG=ST_PRS bavSvi_DAT

moZebna_SUBJ=3SG
“radganac herodes surs bavSvi moZebnos” (mT. 2, 13).
miuxedavad imisa, rom subieqti ergativSia dasmuli, grZnoba-aRqmis

zmnebi varTaSnulSi inarCuneben micemiT-subieqtiani seriis piris
niSnebs, rac gvaZlevs kidec datiuri konstruqciis gamoyofis
safuZvels.
udiur enaSi datiuri konstruqcia Taviseburebas iCens: predikatad
aseT konstruqciaSi, grZnoba-aRqmis gardauvali zmnebis garda,
gardamavali zmnebic gvevlineba: ababaq-es “codna”; ak-es “xedva”; andaxb-
es “grZnoba”; baq-es (rodesac gamoiyeneba “SeZlebis” mniSvnelobiT);
buy-es (rodesac gamoiyeneba “Seyvarebis”, “ndomis”, “mosurvebis”
mniSvnelobiT); ibaq-es “mosmena”; ixb-es “mogoneba”, “gaxseneba”; Calx-es
“cnoba”.
198
realuri obieqti, ergatiuli konstruqciis msgavsad, aqac
saxelobiTsa an micemiTSi gveqneba.
posesiur (genitiur) konstruqcias mxolod erTi defeqturi zmna
bu “qona”, “yola” qmnis (is mxolod awmyosa da namyo-uwyvetelis
droebs awarmoebs, xolo danarCen paradigmas baq-es “yofa”, “arseboba”
“gaxdoma” zmnis dro-kiloebi avseben). posesiuri konstruqciis
subieqtia naTesaobiT brunvaSi dasmuli saxeli. zmna bu “yofnis”
mniSvnelobiTac gamoiyeneba da, aseT SemTxvevaSi, igi nominatiur
konstruqcias qmnis, mag. (3):
(3) zu bu=zu
bu
me COP=1SG
“me var”.
gansxvavebuli viTareba dasturdeba nijis dialeqtSi. varTaSnul
kiloSi “qona”-“yolis” aRmniSvneli zmnis konstruqciisTvis (nij. fu)

damaxasiaTebeli posesiuri (genetiuri) seriis piris niSnebi Seicvala
micemiT-subieqtiani seriis piris niSnebiT, Tumca misi subieqti,
varTaSnulis msgavsad, naTesaobiTi brunvis formiTaa warmodgenili,
mag. (4):
T  ux-i
(4) z ø q ø r - ø Á fu-T ux sa Cuvux, iC ci ÁeTør
zaqaria_DAT yola=3SG=PST erTi coli Tavisi saxeli eTeri
“zaqarias hyavda coli, misi [Tavisi] saxelia eTeri”...
grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebis Semcvleli datiuri konstruqcia nijurSi,

varTaSnulisagan gansxvavebiT, Seicvala ergatiuliT: subieqtad verba
sentiendi zmnebTan mxolod ergativSi dasmuli saxeli gvxvdeba da,
amasTan, gamoiyeneba saxelobiT-ergativiani seriis piris niSnebi.
udiurSi iribi obieqtis brunva yvela konstruqciasTan aris
micemiTi. amas garda, irib obieqtad SeiZleba superasivisa da -laxo
“ze”, “zeda” TandebuldarTuli naTesaobiTis formiT Segvxdes.
199
predikati
Semasmeneli udiurSi gamoixateba, rogorc wesi, zmnis piriani

formiT (Tumca nazmnarsaxeliani konstruqciebi dasturdeba), mag. (5):
be=ne=R--sa, ay=ne=sa
(5) fasWaR We=ne=sa, be=ne=R
mefe gamosvla=3SG=PRS xedva=3SG=ST_PRS aReba=3SG=PRS
“mefe gamodis
gamodis, xedavs
xedavs, hkvirdeba
hkvirdeba” (rust.).
udiurs moepoveba orgvari agebulebis Semasmeneli _ martivi da

rTuli. martivi agebulebisaa, magaliTad: baneqsa//baqsane “aris”,
“xdeba”, besane “akeTebs”, enesa//esane “modis”, atuqsa “xedavs” da a.S.
martivi agebulebis zmnebis ricxvi udiurSi ar aris didi _ igi eqvs-
Svid aTeuls ar aRemateba.
rTuli agebulebis Semasmenlebia: azaru-ne-baqsa “avad xdeba”,
“avadmyofobs” (azaru “avadmyofi” + baq-es “yofa”, “gaxdoma”); aS-ne-
besa//aS-besa-ne “muSaobs” (aS “saqme” + b-es “keTeba”)...
udiurs moepoveba rTuli Semasmenlis ramdenime saxeoba:
1. subieqtSerwymuli Semasmeneli, mag.: aRala=ne=sa <
*aRala=ne=esa “wvima modis”, “wvims”...
2. obieqtSerwymuli Semasmeneli, mag.: aS=ne=besa “saqmes
akeTebs”, “muSaobs”...
3. adieqtivSerwymuli (adverbSerwymuli) Semasmeneli, mag.:
Sel=le=besa “kargad xdis” (zedmiw. “kargad akeTebs”,
arCens”...
4. infinitivSerwymuli Semasmeneli, mag.: aS-bes=ne=desa
“muSaobas akeTebinebs”, “amuSavebs”...
5. mimReoba//absolutivSerwymuli Semasmeneli, mag.: ari-
ar=re=cesa “mosuli (zedmiw. “modis ra”) jdeba”...
garda aseTi Semasmenlisa udiurSi pirian zmnas advilad
daerTvis sxva sityvebi da iqmneba erTi mTliani sintagma (Txzuli
Semasmeneli), mag. (6-9):
200
(6) Se-n-o e-sa-
sa-beˤR-sa=n
sa=ne=TaÁ
e=TaÁ--sa
e=TaÁ
DIST_O_NA mosvla_PRS_yureba_PRS=3SG=mosvla_PRS
“is modis, uyurebs, [da
da] midis”;
da midis
(7) Se-t-in me xup-ax uq-

uq-sa=ne=marc
sa=ne=marc--evk
evk-esa
DIST_NO_ERG PROX flavi Wama_PRS=3SG=gaTaveba_CAUS_PRS
“is am flavs Wams
Wams--da-
da-aTavebs
aTavebs”;
(8) me Tømbøl-en uq-

uq-al-
al-boS
boS--al-
al-bask
bask--al=le
PROX zarmaci_ERG Wama_FUT_ZRoma_FUT_dawola_FUT=3PL
“es zarmaci SeWams
SeWams--gaZReba, wamowveba
wamowveba”;
(9) te xinør-en beRˤ-i-beRˤ-i=ne=Tac

i=ne=Tac--i
DIST qaliSvili_ERG yureba_AOR_yureba_AOR=3SG=wasvla:AOP_AOR
“is qaliSvili uyura
uyura--uyura [da
da] wavida”.
da wavida
Txzul SemasmenelSi piris niSani Cveulebriv bolosa da

boloswina komponentebs Soris ikavebs adgils.
SesaZlebelia, rom rTulma Semasmenelma inkorporacia moaxdinos
romelime sagaremoebo an msazRvruli sityvisa, absolutivis.
inkorporirebuli ingredienti win daerTvis zmnis pirian formas _
amasTan ise, rom piris niSani aqac moeqceva xolme Serwymul fuZe-
formaTa Soris, mag. (10):
kiwi=ne=aS
(10) Se-t-in kiwi=n e=aS--b-e
e=aS
DIST_NO_ERG cota=3SG=muSaoba_LV_PERF
“man cota imuSava
imuSava”.
udiurSi Semasmeneli SeiZleba garTuldes raime klitikis

(nawilakis) darTviT (uaryofiTi, kiTxviTi da a.S.), mag. (11):
201
(11) aRala Te=ne=esa
Te
wvima NEG=3SG=mosvla_PRS
“wvima ar modis”...
udiurSi sinqroniul doneze calke arsebuli piris niSani

SeiZleba Semasmenlis funqciiT mogvevlinos. es viTareba, rogorc wesi,
gamowveulia meSveli zmnis (bu “yofna”) dakargviT, ise, rom mis
funqciiT oden piris niSani gvrCeba, mag. (12):
(12) un=nu So-n-o, mano-Te gørøg eR=a=ne?

Sen=3SG DIST_O_NA romeli_COMP saWiro mosvla:PART=Q=3SG
“Sen xar is, romelic unda movides?” (mT. 11, 3).
Semasmenlis funqciiT zogjer gamodis nazmnari saxeli _

mimReoba da absolutivi. amis gamo udiurSi dasturdeba specifikuri
konstruqciebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom am konstruqciebSi nazmnari saxeli
iseve marTavs qvemdebaresa da damatebas brunvaSi, rogorc zmnis
piriani forma.
Semasmenlis funqciiT Cveulebrivia sruli saxis mimReoba. sxva
enebze Targmanis dros Semasmeneli-mimReoba absolutivis mniSvnelobas
gvaZlevs, mag. (13-15):
(13) adamar-R-ox ak-

ak-i, So-n-o laÁ=ne=c-i burR-ol
adamiani_PL_DAT danaxva_AOP DIST_O_NA asvla:AOP=3SG=LV_AOR
mTa_SUPER
“dainaxa
dainaxa ra (zedmiw. danaxuli
danaxuli) xalxi, is avida mTaze” (mT. 5, 1);
(14) isus-en, qex boxo-

boxo-d-i, la†=ne=d-i Se-t-ul vaˤ f-i=ne
ieso_ERG xeli:DAT gaSla_LV_AOP Sexeba=3SG=LV_AOR

DLOG_NO_SUPER da Tqma_AOR=3SG
“iesom, gaSala ra xeli, Seexo mas da Tqva” (mT. 8, 3);
202
(15) rustam, dûv-n-ux bes-
bes-b-i, e=ne=sa kua
rustami devi_O_DAT mokvla_LV_AOP mosvla=3Sg=PRS saxli:DAT
“rustams moekla ra devi, modis saxlSi” (rust.).
mimReoburi konstruqciebi udiurSi Zalze gavrcelebulia.

absolutivi, rodesac gamoyenebulia Semasmenlis funqciiT, iseve
marTavs subieqtsa da obieqts im brunvaSi, ra brunvasac moiTxovs
maTgan zmnis piriani forma, mag. (16-17):
bul--kow
(16) vaˤ ar-e=Áan So-t-u bul kow--b-esan
esan
da mosvla_PERF=1PL DIST_NO_DAT Tavi_moxra_LV_ABS
“da movediT mas Tavi movuxaroT [mosaxrelad
mosaxrelad]” (mT. 2, 2).
mosaxrelad
(17) tiÁa baq-a, zu vax uk-

uk-ama
iq yofa_IMP me Sen:DAT Tqma:PART_ABS
“iq iyav, vidre me Sen getyvi [Tqmamde
Tqmamde]” (mT. 2, 13).
Tqmamde
realuri subieqti
udiur enaSi realuri subieqti oTxi brunvis formiTaa

gadmocemuli, esenia: saxelobiTi (absolutivi); ergativi; micemiTi;
naTesaobiTi.
saxelobiTi brunva _ gauformebelia. absolutivis formiT
gadmocemulia gardauvali zmnis realuri subieqti, mag. (18-20):
(18) amma usin gûg ya=n oCaˤl fas=ne=baq-o, zakon-axo sa xaz aCˤ-ama
magram Cqara ca da=3SG dedamiwa darRveva=3SG=LV_POT kanoni_ABL
erTi xazi dakargva_ABS
“magram ufro adre ca da dedamiwa dairRveva kanonis erTi
pwkaris dakargvamde” (lk. 16, 17);
203
(19) barTa, Tam=ya=n=baq-i fexambar-un f-i-o
INTJ asruleba=JUSS=3SG=LV_AOR mociquli_GEN Tqma_AOP_NA
“dae, aRsruldes mociqulis naTqvami
naTqvami” (mT. 2, 23);
biliji--ux beˤRWeR-al aˤm-exo

(20) ar-i=yun erusalim-a biliji
mosvla:AOP=3PL ierusalimi_DAT brZeni_PL aRmosavleTi_(AOP)
mxare_ABL
“movidnen ierusalims brZenni aRmosavleTis [mzis amosvlis]
mxridan” (mT. 2, 1).
ergatiuli brunva _ misi formiT gadmocemulia gardamavali

zmnis realuri subieqti. ergativis forma Tanabrad ixmareba yvela
dro-kilos formasTan da qarTul TargmanSi mas Seesatyviseba xan
moTxrobiTi, xan saxelobiTi, xolo zogjer _ micemiTi brunvac, mag.
(21-23):
isus--en baˤC-n-a qala-t-u
(21) vaˤ f-i=ne isus
da Tqma:AOP_AOR=3SG ieso_ERG aseuli_O_GEN ufrosi_O_DAT
“da uTxra iesom aseulis ufross [asisTavs]” (mT. 8, 13);
bes--al-
(22) Setabaxtin-Te harsa bes al-t-in a=ne=y-sa
radgan_COMP yoveli Txova_AOP_NO_ERG miReba=3SG=ST_PRS
“radganac yoveli mTxovneli [mi]iRebs” (mT. 7, 8);
SeÁTan--en So-t-u gûlû ala-l-u burR-ol

(23) puran Ta=ne=sa SeÁTan
kvlav misvla:MSD=3SG=PRS eSmaki_ERG DIST_NO_DAT bevri
maRali_O_DAT mTa_SUPER
“kvlav mihyavs eSmaks igi Zalian maRal mTaze” (mT. 4, 8).
204
ramdenime SemTxvevaSi ergativis forma realur subieqtad
erTpirian gardauval zmnasTanac dasturdeba, mag.: axSum-es “sicili”;
axSum-f-es “gacineba”, mag. (24):
(24) Se-
Se-t-in axSum=ne=sa
DIST_NO_ERG sicili=3SG=PRS
“igi
igi icinis”...
safiqrebelia, rom forma axSum-es “sicili” ergativSi dasmul

subieqts moiTxovs kompozituri zmnis axSum-f-es “gacineba”-s
analogiiT, romlis meore komponenti _ f-es (calke aRebuls “Tqmis”
mniSvneloba aqvs), Cveulebrivad gardamaval zmnebs awarmoebs.
micemiTi brunva _ misi formiT gadmocemulia grZnoba-aRqmis
(verba sentiendi) zmnebis realuri subieqti. am zmnebis ricxvi udiurSi or
aTeuls ar aRemateba, esenia: ababaq-es “codna”; ak-es “xedva”; andaxb-es
“grZnoba”; baq-es (rodesac gamoiyeneba “SeZlebis” mniSvnelobiT); buy-es
“yvareba”, “ndoma”, “survili”, “wadili”; ibaq-es “mosmena”; iRarib-es
“civeba”; ixb-es “mogoneba”, “gaxseneba”; mib-es “civeba”; otb-es
“darcxvena”; qe†illa†t-es “wyena”; yiˤb-es “SeSineba”; Calx-es “cnoba”...,
mag. (25-27):
(25) te vaxta isus
isus--a andax=tu
tu=b-i
tu iC-en iC-boS, Te Wer-i=ne iC-xo
zor
DIST maSin ieso_DAT grZnoba=3SG=LV_AOR TviTon_ERG TviTon_LOC
COMP warTmeva:AOP_AOR=3SG TviTon_LOC Zala
“maSin iesom (mic.) igrZno Tavis TavSi, rom mas Zala gamosvlia
(warTmevia)” (mrk. 5, 30);
(26) vaˤ Te=tu=aba=Á Se-

Se-t-ux, eT„r axrax Se-t-in bi=ne=x-i iC
da NEG=3SG=codna=PST DIST_NO_DAT rogori bolos DIST_NO_ERG
Soba Tviton
beS-umji Rar-ax
205
me:GEN_COLL Svili_DAT
“da ar icoda igi
igi, Tu man rogor Soba bolos Tavisi pirveli
Svili” (mT. 1, 25);
(27) talan te-Cˤo Ta-c-i, a=tu=k-i So-

So-t-u yeÁri paˤ viCi-m-uR-on
iqidan DIST+mxare wasvla:AOP_LV_AOR danaxva=3SG=ST_AOR
DIST_NO_DAT sxva ori Zma_O_PL_ERG
“iqidan im mxares wavida, dainaxa man sxva ori Zma” (mT. 4, 21).
grZnoba-aRqmis zmnebis subieqti amJamad xSirad gvxvdeba

ergatiuli brunvis formiT, mag. (28):
irod--en bu=tu=y-sa „Áel-ax †uruk-a=ne
(28) Setabaxtin-Te irod
radgan_COMP herode_ERG survili=3SG=ST_PRS bavSvi_DAT

moZebna_SUBJ=3SG
“radganac herodes surs bavSvi moZebnos” (mT. 2, 13).
micemiTis Secvla ergativiT axal movlenas warmoadgens da

gamowveulia uRvlilebis unifikaciis tendenciiT. varTaSnulSi
micemiTis Secvla ergativiT xSir movlenas warmoadgens, xolo
nijurSi es procesi dasrulebulia _ micemiT-subieqtiani uRvlileba
moSlilia, da Tu mxedvelobaSi ar miviRebT erT SemTxvevas, ar
dasturdeba micemiT-subieqtiani seriis piris niSnebi.
naTesaobiTi brunva _ misi formiT gadmocemulia “qona”_“yolis”
aRmniSvneli zmnis (bu _ am zmnas “yofnis” mniSvnelobac aqvs. am
SemTxvevaSi igi nominatiur konstruqcias hqmnis) realuri subieqti. (bu
zmnis paradigma defeqturia _ igi mxolod awmyosa da imperfeqtis
baq--es zmnis formebi
formebs awarmoebs, xolo danarCen paradigmas baq
avseben), mag. (29-31):
ioan--i iCi bu=ta=Á farTal buS-e fofn-uxo
(29) ioan
ioane_GEN TviTon qona=3SG=PST Tanisamosi aqlemi_GEN bewvi_ABL
“ioanes
ioanes TviTon hqonda tanisamosi aqlemis bewvisagan” (mT. 3, 4);
206
(30) te-Tør e†i isa bu=e† dørd
DIST+COMP Tqven axla qona=2PL mwuxareba

“imgvaradve Tqven axla gaqvT mwuxareba” (in. 16, 22);
Coban--i ba=ta=q-e=Á sa Cibux

(31) me Coban
PROX mwyemsi_GEN yola=3SG=ST_PERF=PST erTi coli
mwyemss
“am mwyemss hyavda erTi coli (rust.).
sayuradRebo viTareba dasturdeba nijur kiloSi. “qona”-“yolis”

aRmniSvnel zmnas daerTvis micemiT-subieqtiani piris niSnebi, xolo
subieqti, msgavsad varTaSnulisa, naTesaobiTi brunvis formiTaa
warmodgenili, mag. (32):
(32) zøqør-øÁ fu=Tux=

ux i sa Cuvux, iC ci ÁeTør
zaqaria_DAT yola=3SG=PST erTi coli Tavisi saxeli eTeri
“zaqarias (naT.) hyavda coli, misi [Tavisi] saxelia eTeri”...
realuri obieqti
predikatul sintagmaSi realuri obieqti realur subieqtze

aranaklebi mniSvnelobisaa. realuri obieqti udiurSi ori brunvis
formiT aris gadmocemuli, esenia: saxelobiTi da micemiTi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom saxelobiTi brunva mxolod pirdapir obieqts
gadmogvcems, xolo micemiTis forma rogorc pirdapir, ise irib
obieqtad gvevlineba.
obieqtis brunvaTa TvalsazrisiT mniSvneloba ar aqvs dro-
kiloTa jgufebs:
pirdapiri obieqti saxelobiTSi (33-34):
(33) rustam-en ex=ne: Sel! hazir-b-a=nan vuˤR yaTir, sa Tavar,

rustami_ERG Tqma:PRS=3SG kargi momzadeba_LV_IMP=2PL Svidi
207
saxedari
sa kiro, haro paˤwwe fuT
erTi culi TiTo Tormeti fuTi
“rustami eubneba: kargi! moamzadeT Svidi saxedari
saxedari, erTi culi
culi,
erTi kiro
kiro, TiTo Tormeti fuTi
fuTi” (rust.);
(34) h‘nçr rustam-en=ne b-esa
sagmiro saqme rustami_ERG=3SG keTeba_PRS

“sagmiro saqmes rustami akeTebs (rust.).
pirdapiri obieqti micemiTSi (35-36):
(35) migila, zu Áaya=z=b-esa bez †çriStin

riStin--a vi-beˤS
am wams me gagzavna=1SG=LV_PRS Cemi angelozi_DAT Sen_LOC

“am wams me vgzavni Cem angelozs Sens winaSe!” (mrk. 1, 2).
azar--uR-
(36) u=yun=Cer-i Se-t-a-toRoˤl b‘T‘n azar uR-ox vaˤ jinbat
jinbat--R-ox
moyvana=3PL=ST_AOR DIST_NO_DAT_LOC yvela avadmofi_PL_DAT da

Sepyrobili_PL_DAT
Sepyrobili
“moiyvanes masTan yvela avadmyofi da avi suliT Sepyrobili [avi
suliT]” (mrk. 1, 32).
iribi obieqti micemiTSi (37-38):
apostol--R-o
(37) vaˤ Sot-R-oxo=al yeÁri=or, me-t-R-on-Te f-i=yun apostol
da DLOG_PL_ABL=ADD sxva_PL PROX_NO_PL_ERG_COMP
Tqma:AOP_AOR=3PL mociquli_PL_DAT
mociqulebs
“da maTganac sxvani, romelTac uTxres mociqulebs” (lk. 24, 10);
ioan--ax, eka-vaˤ-i-baq-sa
(38) Taq-e=nan, uf-a=nan ioan
wasvla:IMP_PERF=2PL Tqma:IMP_IMP=2PL ioane_DAT
208
ra_Tqven_smena_LV_PRS
“wadiT [da] uTxariT ioanes, rac Tqven gesmiT” (mT. 11, 4).
garda amisa, irib obieqtad SeiZleba superasivis da -laxo “ze”,

“zeda” TandebuldarTuli naTesaobiTis formiT Segvxdes.
superasiviT gadmocemulia, mag. (39-40):
(39) qa-t-in za-

za-l Te=ne=ex-a
MED_NO_ERG me:DAT_SUPER NEG=3SG=Tqma:PRS_PRS
“eg Cemze (super.) arafers meubneba”
Cur--al
(40) Tçqç Cur lar-i=ne
jixvi furi_SUPER msgavseba_AOR=3SG
“jixvi furs (zedmiw. furze) hgavs.
-laxo “ze”, “zeda” adverbialuri TandebuliTa da mis mier

marTuli saxeliT (naTesaobiTSi) gamoxatuli, mag. (41):
(41) un bez-
bez-laxo usin-usin qçRiz-cam-f-a
Sen me:GEN_LOC Cqara+Cqara werili_mowera_LV_IMP
“Sen me (zedmiw. Cemze) xSirad (Cqara-Cqara) momwere werili”...
rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, pirdapiri damateba ori brunvis

formiTaa gadmocemuli _ dativiTa da absolutiviT (saxelobiTi).
samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom saxelobiTis
formiT gadmocemulia am damatebis ganusasazRvreli forma, xolo
micemiTiT _ gansazRvruli forma (h. Suxarti). es debuleba SegviZlia
mxolod nawilobriv gaviziaroT: rodesac pirdapiri damateba
Semasmenels win uswrebs da warmodgenilia dativiT, gveZleba
damatebas gansazRvruli forma, mag.: ustan kuax ser-re-be “ostatma
saxli (mic.) aago” _ is “saxli”, razedac ukve iTqva...
209
rodesac Semasmenels misdevs pirdapiri damateba, igi
fakultaturad daismis saxelobiTsa da micemiT brunvaSi, masTan ise,
rom am ori brunvis funqcia aseT SemTxvevaSi ar gansxvavdeba
erTmaneTisagan, mag.: Rara butuysa xinççr-a//xin
xin xinççr
xin “vaJs uyvars
qaliSvils//qaliSvili
qaliSvils qaliSvili”...
samecniero literaturaSi gamoiTqva mosazreba, rom udiurSi
akuzativi (a. diri; zogierTi mkvlevari am “brunvas” afeqtivs uwodebs
_ a. Sifneri, f. miuleri, r. erkerti) an ori micemiTi brunva unda
gvqondes (vl. fanCviZe, v. Sulce...). Cveni azriT, orive SemTxvevaSi es ar
aris gasaziarebeli. aRsaniSnavia am “brunvaTa” funqciuri toloba _
“orive” erTnairad gamoyenebulia subieqtad verba sentiendi zmnebTan,
pirdapir da irib obieqtad da lokativad. sayuradReboa, rom am
“formaTa” fakultaturad xmareba leqsikuri mniSvnelobis
Seucvlelad da, aseve, ar warmoadgens sirTules micemiTi brunvis
niSanTa ori jgufis (x TanxmovniT da mis gareSe) erTmaneTTan
fonetikurad dakavSireba. ueWvelia, rom sinqronul doneze udiurSi
erTi micemiTi brunva gvaqvs. sayuradReboa micemiT-subieqtiani zmnebis
piris niSnebis =zax, =vax, =Áax, =vaˤx, =tux, =yox... Cveneba, romelic
gvafiqrebinebs, rom istoriuladac udiurSi erTi micemiTi unda
gvqonoda.
predikatuli sintagmis wevrTa marTva-

marTva-Setanxmebis sakiTxi
marTva
udiurSi Semasmeneli Cveulebriv misdevs qvemdebares, marTavs

qvemdebaresa da damatebas brunvaSi da imarTvis subieqtis mier piris
mixedviT. udiurSi qvemdebaresa da damatebas marTavs saxelzmnuri
formebic. maSasadame, udiurSi predikatuli mniSvnelobis wevrebad
gvevlineba rogorc zmnis piriani forma, ise masdari (orive forma),
mimReobisa da absolutivis formebi.
210
Tu winadadeba Seicavs sruli saxis mimReobas an absolutivis ama
Tu im formas da win uZRvis mas, maSin is imarTvis sasaxelebuli
saxelzmnuri formebisagan brunvaSi. Tu zmnis piriani forma
gardauvali zmna da winadadebaSi gvaqvs gardamavali zmnis mimReoba an
absolutivi, romelic qvemdebares misdevs (qvemdebaresa da Semasmenlis
Soris imyofeba), maSin qvemdebare infinituri formis Sesabamisad
ergatiul brunvaSi daismis da piriqiT, Tu zmnis piriani forma
gardamavali zmnaa, xolo mis win gardauvali zmnis absolutivi an
mimReoba. qvemdebare am SemTxvevaSi am ukanasknelis Sesabamisad
saxelobiT brunvaSi daismis, mag. (42-44):
(42) Se-t-in=al ay-

ay-i ar=re=s-c-a
DIST_NO_ERG=ADD aReba_AOR dajdoma=3SG=PRS(MSD)_ST_PRS
“isic iRebs [da] jdeba”;
(43) Se-t-in me-t-ux f-i Ta=ne=sa

DIST_NO_ERG MED_NO_DAT Tqma:AOP_AOR misvla:MSD=3SG=PRS
ambobs--ra [da] midis”;
“is amas ambobs
(44) me çÁT-ax Se-t-in uk-

uk-axun bie-sa=ne
PROX sityva_DAT DIST_NO_ERG tqma:PART_ABS mokvdoma_PRS=3SG
“am sityvis Tqmisas is kvdeba” (zedmiw. am sityvas igi (man)
ambobs--ra, kvdeba)...
ambobs
SeTanxmeba
qvemdebare-Semasmenlis SeTanxmeba xdeba ricxvis mixedviT, xolo

obieqtis ricxvi zmnaSi sruliad ar aisaxeba, mag., Sdr. (45-46) da (47-48):
(45) usta-n ser=re
re=b-e
re
ostati_ERG ageba=3SG=LV_PERF
“ostatma aago” (“aaSena”);
211
(46) usta-R-on ser=yun
yun=b-e
yun
ostati_PL_ERG ageba=3PL=LV_PERF
“ostatebi ageben” (“aSeneben”);
(47) adamar qar=re

re=x-sa
re
adamiani cxovreba=3SG=ST_PRS
“adamiani cxovrobs” (“cocxlobs”);
(48) adamar-ux qar=yun

yun=x-esa
yun
adamiani_PL cxovreba=3PL=ST_PRS
“adamianebi cxovroben” (“cocxloben”)...
udiurSi qvemdebare-Semasmenlis ricxvSi SeuTanxmeblobis

araerTi faqti SeiniSneba _ xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac III piris
subieqtis mravlobiToba ar aisaxeba zmnaSi da es movlena ufro
SesamCnevia nijur kiloSi, mag. (49):
(49) beSi ÃonaR-ux=ne

ne fu
Cveni stumari_PL=3SG COP
“Cveni stumrebia”
unda yofiliyo (50):
Tun fu
(50) beSi ÃonaR-ux=T
Cveni stumari_PL=3PL COP
Sdr. (51-52):
(51) beS quv-a Tun fu

ÃonaR-ux=T
Cveni saxli:DAT_DAT stumari_PL=3PL COP
“Cven saxlSi stumrebi arian”;
212
(52) faq-i bele-ux=ne
ne fu
baRi_DAT pirutyvi_PL=3SG COP
“baRSi pirutyvia”
unda yofiliyo (53):
Tun
(53) faq-i beleux=T fu
baRi_DAT pirutyvi_PL=3PL COP
“pirutyvebi arian”...
es movlena Tavis droze SeniSna a. Sifneri da mas warmodgenili

aqvs Semdegi magaliTebi: buzur=ne
ne “yinulis [natexebi] aris”; qulur
uyenal=le
le Wureci “xelebi Zvlad iqca”.
213
metyvelebisa da folk loris nimuSebi
varTaSnuli dialeqti
sof. oqtomberi (zinobiani)
beS „Áz
Áz Cemi sofeli
zu „Áziz qarxesa. beS „Ázun wi me vcxovrob sofelSi. Cveni

bune zinobiani. zinobiani soflis saxelia zinobiani.
xaStine zinovin wien _ Sin-Te zinobians daerqva (zedmiw.
miÁa eneWere. zinovinen miÁa moinaTla) zinobis saxeli _
eneWereÁ beS insana hazar vuÁ- vinc aq mogviyvana. zinobim aq
baCˤ vuRˤewunji _ hazar sayo- moiyvana Cveni xalxi 1917-1921
samji usena. Áax TayundesaÁ wlebSi. Cven gvaZlevdnen
qarxesan kul gagrina. ama beS sacxovrebel miwas gagraSi,
insan gagrina Teyun Tace, magram Cveni xalxi gagraSi ar
miÁanun kulrux larine wavida. aqauri miwa msgavsi iyo
varTaSenun kulruRu _ oÃ varTaSenis miwis _ mdinare
iSanebaqe, W„l„g, Jˤeal oÃal axlos iyo, tye, qvac mdinareSi
g”l” _ mamyunde miÁa. „Ázun bevri iyo _ darCnen aq. sofels
wia xaSyunde zinobiani. saxeli daarqves (zedmiw.
zinovin butaÁ sa Rar _ aZik monaTles) zinobiani. zinobis
silikaSvili ya sa xin„r _ hyavda erTi vaJi _ aZik
leÁla. silikaSvili da erTi

qaliSvili _ leila.
zu „Áz-i=z qarx-esa. beS „Áz-un wi bu=ne

me sofeli_DAT_1SG cxovreba_PRS Cveni sofeli_GEN saxeli
COP=3SG
me vcxovrob sofelSi. Cveni soflis saxeli aris
214
zinobiani. zinobiani xaS-t-i=ne zinov-in wi-en
zinobiani. zinobiani monaTvla_LV_AOR=3SG zinobi_GEN
saxeli_INS
zinobiani. zinobians daerqva zinobis saxeli [zedmiw. zinobiani
moinaTla zinobis saxeliT]
Sin-Te miÁa e=ne=Wer-e. zinovin-en miÁa

COMP aq moyvana=3SG=ST_PERF zinobi_ERG aq
vinc aq mogviyvana. zinobim aq
e=ne=Wer-e=Á beS insan-a hazar vuÁ+baCˤ

moyvana=3SG=ST_PERF=PST Cveni xalxi_DAT aTasi cxra+asi
moiyvana Cveni xalxi aTas cxraas
vuRˤew-unji hazar sayo+sa-mji usen-a. Áax

Cvidmeti_COLL aTasi oci+erTi_COLL weli_DAT Cven
Cvidmet-aTas cxraas ocdaerT wels. Cven
Ta=yun=d-esa=Á qarxesan kul gagr-in-a.

micema=3SG=LV_PRS=PST sacxovrebeli (< *AOC) miwa gagra_O_DAT
gvaZlevdnen sacxovrebel miwas gagraSi,
ama beS insan gagr-in-a Te=yun Ta-c-e,

magram Cveni xalxi gagra_O_DAT NEG=3PL wasvla_LV_PERF
magram Cveni xalxi gagraSi ar wavida
miÁanun kul-r-ux lari=ne varTaSen-un kul-r-uR-u

aqauri miwa_O_PL msgavsi=3SG varTaSeni_GEN miwa_O_PL_DAT
aqauri miwa [miwebi] msgavsi iyo varTaSenis miwis [miwebis]
215
oÃ iSa=ne=baqe, W„l„g, Jˤe=al oÃ-al
mdinare axlos yofna=3SG=LV_PERF tye qva=ADD mdinare_SUPER
mdinare axlos iyo, tye, qvac mdinareSi
g”l”. mam=yun=d-e miÁa. „Áz-un wi-a

bevri darCena=3PL=LV_PERF aq sofeli_GEN saxeli_DAT
bevri iyo. darCnen aq. sofels saxeli daarqves [monaTles]
xaS=yun=d-e zinobiani. zinov-in bu=ta=Á

monaTvla=3PL=LV_PERF zinobiani zinobi_GEN yola=3SG=PAST
zinobiani. zinobis hyavda
sa Rar aZik silikaSvili ya sa xin„r leÁla

erTi vaJi aZik silikaSvili da erTi qaliSvili leila
erTi vaJi _ aZik silikaSvili da erTi qaliSvili _ leila
kojin boS1 saxlSi [ojaxSi]
beS nanaÁ baneqe muR d„n„ „Áel deda Cems hyavda rva Svili _
_ bip Rar, bip xin„r. Áan kojin oTxi biWi, oTxi gogo. Cven
boS sunaxo g”l” Sel-Áen baqe, ojaxSi Zalian kargad viyaviT
muWˤa-Áan baqe. beSi baneqe da tkbilad veqceodiT
g”l”, g”l” qala qulrux. iC erTmaneTs. Cven gvqonda bevri,
wabuluxne baqe, uyˤne baqe. bevri didi nakveTi [miwa]. Cveni
sagala girÁanbe, sagala [Tavisi] wabli gvqonda, Tavisi
aSÁanbe. aSle muÃˤÁan be kakali. erTad vkrefdiT [maT],
h„miS„. erTad vmuSaobdiT. saqmes

yovelTvis sixaruliT
vasrulebdiT.
1 aRniSnuli teqsti cawerilia ruseTis federaciis mecnierebaTa akademiis

aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis mecnier TanamSromelTan i. landerTan erTad.
216
beS nana-Á ba=ne=q-e muR d„n„ „Áel, bip Rar, bip xin„r
Cemi deda_GEN yola=3SG=ST-PERF rva cali bavSvi oTxi biWi oTxi
gogo
deda Cems hyavda rva Svili _ oTxi biWi, oTxi gogo.
Áan koj-in boS suna-x-o g”l” Sel=Áen baq-e, muWˤa=Áan baq-e

Cven saxli_GEN SigniT erTmaneTi_PL_DAT kargi=1PL yofa_PERF
tkbili=1PL yofa_PERF
Cven ojaxSi Zalian kargad viyaviT da tkbilad veqceodiT
erTmaneTs.
beSi ba=ne=q-e g”l”, g”l” qala qul-rux
Cveni qona=3SG=ST-PERF bevri bevri didi miwa_PL
Cven gvqonda bevri didi nakveTi [miwa].
iC wabul-ux=ne baq-e, uyˤ=ne baq-e
Tavisi wabli_PL=3SG qona_PERF kakali=3SG qona_PERF
Cveni wabli gvqonda, kakali gvqonda.
sagala gir=Áan=b-e, sagala aS=Áan=b-e
erTad krefa=1PL=LV_PERF erTad muSaoba=1PL=LV_PERF
erTad vkrefdiT [maT], erTad vmuSaobdiT.
aS-l-e muyˤ=Áan b-e h„miS„

saqme_O_DAT sixaruli=1PL keTeba_PERF yovelTvis
saqmes yovelTvis sixaruliT vasrulebdiT.
217
demonsrtracina
demonsrtracina1 demonstraciaze
zu kalzuxaÁ viwumji klasa. me vswavlobdi meaTe klasSi.

sa Ri zax qallexa raÁkomin erT dRes gamomiZaxa raikomis
sekretaren. exneTe: eqe, exne... mdivanma. meubneba: “modi,
Re maÁsun paˤni, maÁsun paˤtu un miTxari [momiyevi Seni ambavi]”.
deRˤallu demonsrtacina, “dRes ori maisia, or maiss Sen
udin muzin gire etqanu. oSa gamoxval demonstraciaze, Sen
zu ene Tace uruzi simani kua. unda ilaparako udiurad”. amis
tiÁa SotRo azye sa kinega, Semdeg me wavedi kidec simani
zomzubaqe beS udin insaneaxo uruzisTan saxlSi. iq, masTan
eT„ryun te v„din„ qarxe, aviRe erTi wigni, viswavle is,
eT„ryun iCoRo qarxesuna, Tu rogor cxovrobda Cveni udi
ejur„ baqe CubyoRoÁ, xalxi Zvelad [im dros],
iSyarmuRoÁ. xaSna paˤtu Cerez rogori iyo TviT cxovreba,
qala demonstracina. rogori iyo qalisa [da]
lamandaxun g”l” zax insane, mamakacis [cxovreba]. [im] Tvis
g”l” Sel muÃˤ prinimatebe. or ricxvSi gamovedi did
udin muzin eÁTzufe, demonstraciaze. Sexvedrisas,
Cixarzuke. oSa zax raÁkomin xalxma mimiRo Zalian kargad,
sekretaren zax padarkane sixaruliT. udiurad vilaparake
Tade, g”l” dirisbaqane fe. [da] davamTavre. Semdeg raikomis
zual ene Ceri Tace kua. mdivanma saCuqari momca, didi

madloba miTxra. xolo me,
gamovedi da wavedi saxlSi.
zu kal=zu=x-a=Á viw-umji klas-a
me swavla=1SG=ST_PRS=PST aTi_COLL klasi_DAT
me vswavlobdi meaTe klasSi.
1 aRniSnuli teqsti cawerilia ruseTis federaciis mecnierebaTa akademiis

aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis mecnier TanamSromelTan i. landerTan erTad.
218
sa Ri zax qal=le=x-a raÁkom-in sekretar-en
erTi dRe me:DAT gamoZaxeba=3SG=ST_PRS raikomi_GEN mdivani_ERG
sa Ri zax qallexa raÁkomin sekretaren
ex=ne=t-e eqe, ex=ne
Tqma:PST=3SG=LV_PERF Semosvla:IMP Tqma:IMP=3SG
meubneba: “modi, miTxari [momiyevi Seni ambavi]”.
Re maÁs-un paˤ-ni, maÁs-un paˤ-t-u un deRˤ-al=lu
dRes maisi_GEN ori_COLL maisi_GEN ori_NO_DAT Sen
gamosvla:FUT_FUT=3SG
demonsrtaci-n-a, udi-n muz-in gi=re1 etq-a=nu
demonstracia_O=DAT udiuri_GEN ena_GEN COND=3SG
Tqma:PRS_PRS=2SG
“dRes ori maisia, or maiss Sen gamoxval demonstraciaze, Sen unda

ilaparako udiurad”.
oSa zu ene Tac-e uruzi siman-i kua
Semdeg me kidev wasvla_PERF uruzi simani_GEN saxli:DAT
amis Semdeg me wavedi kidec simani uruzisTan saxlSi.
tiÁa So-t-Ro a=z=y-e sa kinega
iq DIST_NO_ABL aReba=1SG=ST-PERF erTi wigni
1 gi=
gi pirobiT-natvriTi kilos mawarmoebeli klitika. am SemTxvevaSi mosalodneli
iyo forma gi=ne
gi ne.
ne gaugebaria, Tu riT aris gamowveuli III piris aRmniSvneli klitikis
fonetikuri cvlileba: =ne
ne > =re
re.
re
219
iq, masTan aviRe erTi wigni
zom=zu=baq-e beS udi-n insane-axo eT„r=yun te v„d-in-„ qarx-e
swavla=1SG=LV_PERF Cveni udi_GEN xalxi_ABL rogor=3PL DIST
dro_O_DAT cxovreba_PERF
viswavle is, Tu rogor cxovrobda Cveni udi xalxi Zvelad [im

dros].
eT„r=yun iC-oR-o qarx-esun-a
rogor=3PL TviTon_PL_DAT cxovreba_MSD II_DAT?1
rogori iyo TviT cxovreba.
ejur„ baq-e Cub-yoR-oÁ, iSyar-muR-oÁ
rogori yofa_PERF qali:PL_PL_GEN kaci_PL_GEN2
rogori iyo qalisa [da] mamakacis [cxovreba].
xaS-n-a paˤ-t-u Cer-e=z qala demonstraci-n-a
Tve_O_DAT ori_NO_DAT gamosvla:PST_PERF=1SG didi
demonstracia_O_DAT
[im] Tvis or ricxvSi gamovedi did demonstraciaze.
laman-d-axun g”l” zax insan-e, g”l” Sel muÃˤ prinimat=e=b-e
Sexvedra_LV_ABS bevri me:DAT xalxi_DAT bevri kargi sixaruli
miReba=3SG=LV_PERF
1
gramatikulad gaumarTavi winadadeba. gaugebaria dativis gamoyeneba rogorc
formasTan iC-oR, ise masdarTan qar-x-esun.
2
gaumarTavi winadadeba: aklia subieqti.
220
Sexvedrisas, xalxma mimiRo Zalian kargad, sixaruliT.
udi-n muz-in eÁT=zu=f-e, Cixar=zu=k-e
udiuri_GEN ena_INS laparaki=1SG=LV_PERF dasruleba=1SG=LV_PERF
udiurad vilaparake [da] davamTavre.
oSa zax raÁkom-in sekretar-en zax padark-a=ne Tad-e
Semdeg me:DAT raikomi_GEN mdivani_ERG me:DAT saCuqari_DAT=3SG
mocema_PERF
g”l” dirisbaqa=ne f-e
didi madloba=3SG Tqma:MSD_PERF
Semdeg raikomis mdivanma saCuqari momca, didi madloba miTxra.
zu=al ene Cer-i Tac-e kua
me=ADD kidev gamosvla:PST_AOR wasvla:PST_PERF saxli:DAT
xolo me [mec kidev], gamovedi da wavedi saxlSi.
aRala sel Zlieri wvima

(xalxuri leqsi)
aRala sel baÁnece, Zlieri wvima movida [zedmiw.

Sevida],
kokow xodal laÁnece, qaTami xeze avida,
d„l„gun xin„r Wenebaqe, dalaqis qaliSvili wavida
[zedmiw. gadavida],
bez ukin W„Án xenebaqe, Cemi guli [gulis cximi] dadna
221
aÁ xin„r, xin„r ma-Taqe, o, gogov, gogov, nu waxval
bez ukin W„Án xenebaqe Cemi guli [gulis cximi] dadna
burxoRoÁ maral mTis iremi

(xalxuri simRera)
aman, oxˤalji, un za maduRa, hei, monadirev, Sen me nu mesvri,

zu me burxoRoÁ nana maral- me am mTis deda iremi var,
zu,
maral-zu, zu ham Áaralu, iremi var, Tanac daWrili,
zu me burxoRoÁ nana maral- me am mTis deda iremi var,
zu, deda iremi var, deda irmi var,
nana maral-zu, nana maral-zu, am mTis iremi seirnobs,
me burxoRoÁ marale †uruko, Tavisi fexebiT qvebs isvris
iC TurmuRo Jˤene-ne tapko, [zedmiw. icems],
me burxoRoÁ nana maral-zu, am mTis deda iremi var,
nana maral-zu, nana maral-zu deda iremi var, deda iremi var
mamuSˤak
mamuS ak ia
(xalxuri simRera)
oCˤalun SavaTluR Colle miwis silamaze maRla amovida

Were, [zedmiw. gamovida],
jeÁranux puranal dšzšna-ne jeiranebi kidevac mindorze
gamovidnen,
Were, dšzšnane Were, mindorze gamovidnen,
WˤoWa mamuSˤakux kaˤkapene Were, wiTeli iebi muxlebamde

amovidnen,
mono dšnÁa-ne, mono dšnÁa-ne, es qveyana, es qveyana aris
SavaTluRo tRoÁ lamazebis.
222
naizustux leqsebi
puran JˤoRule are, bez doRda isev movida gazafxuli Cems

nana Áurdu, mSobliur mxareSi,
buruRo wiwik, Wˤomol wiwik tyis yvavilebi, ezos yvavilebi
ÃaÁnece har sagala, gaixara yvelgan,
vardu xoSel... JˤoRla xoSel vardze ukeTesi... gazafxulze
eka baqo? vardu xoSel eka ukeTesi ra SeiZleba iyos?
baqo? vardze ukeTesi ra SeiZleba
iyos?
dš... doRma nana xoSel me mSobel dedaze ukeTesi amqveynad
dšnÁani eka baqo? ra SeiZleba iyos?
vax b„stlamiSSube zu sa me rogorc irems geferebodi, Sen
maral kena, ki gayviTldi rogorc qaTami,
neSˤumnu baqe kokow kena,

bez papiros boksin-boksin, Cemi papirosi iwvis-iwvis, gulSi
aruxne biTe ukel, momxvda cecxli,
barTi TazRo zu va, aÁ hin„r! migatoveb, Sen, oi gogov!
manudo boksin-boksin. daixrukebi cecxlSi.
vax b„stlamiSSube zu sa me rogorc irems geferebodi, Sen
maral kena, ki gayviTldi rogorc mawoni,
neSˤum banqo nayel kena,

gogin kabinen bezi banuqo, mwvane kabaSi gaxdebi Cemi,
aÁ, elmux! jan elmux! buyal oi sulo! sulo jan! rogorc
varTaSen kena. sayvareli varTaSeni.
bez papiros dšzšn„ne mande, Cemi papirosi mindorSi darCa,
223
dšzšn„ne †uruko, mindorSi seirnobs,
xanWalal xin„ri qene †uruko. xolo xanjali gogos xelSi.
udin pasWaRluR
pasWaRluR udiuri samefo
Áan buÁan udin millŽT. udin Cven varT udi eri (rjuli). udi
eri warmoiqmna (zedmiw. gasuqda)
millŽT ŽmŽlŽxne are, g™l™
uZvelesi droidan Cvens
bisi vŽdinaxo, beS erinal welTaRricxvamde. es eri movida
im dros. am ers hyavda mefe;
wirik me millŽT enesa te
Tavisi samefo hqonda, Tavisi
vŽdina... me millŽTun pasWaRne soflebi hqonda, ena hqonda,
baqe iC fadCaRluRne baqe, iC damwerloba hqonda. Semdeg, nel-
ŽÁluxne baqe, muzne baqe, nela, nel-nela am udiebis Zvel

miwaze modiodnen TaTrebi,
camfesune baqe. oSa ene kiw-
sparselebi, arabebma,
kiwi, kiw-kiwi, kiw-kiwi me bisi
monRolebma, romlebmac es udi
udiRom laxo areyuni
eri gadaagvares (gaafuWes).
TaTarmux, sparselux, arabux,
udiur ers hyavda Tavisi mefe.
mongolux. matinTe me udin
mas hyavda ori (cali) vaJi. erTi
millŽTŽ fuCne be. udin
vaJis saxeli iyo oroisi, [xolo]
millŽTun baneqe iC pasWaR. erTi [meore] vaJis saxeli iyo
arine. arine iyo Zalian zarmaci
bataqe paˤ dŽnŽ Rar, sa Rari wi
(vaJi). is arafers akeTebda,
baneqe oroÁs, sa Rari wi
nadirobis garda araferi
baneqe arine. arine baneqe g™l™ moswonda: marto Wamda, svamda,
TŽnbŽl Rar. metin ekal beTene, qeifSi iyo, sanadirod dadioda.

umcrosi Svili oroisi iyo
oxˤalaxo savaÁ iC qe†il ekal
Zalian Wkviani da Zalian alali,
224
Teta are. TŽqsŽ uqaneÁ, uRˤaneÁ, mSromeli, rTul situaciebSi
poulobda gamosavals (zedmiw.
qe† baneÁ, oxˤala TaRaneÁ.
mefis moednidan gamomsvleli
kiwke Rar oroÁs baneqe g™l™ [iyo]). mefe iyo Zalian moxuci
hayulu, g™l™ halal, aSpalo, adamiani. rodesac es mefe

daberda, gaigo ra, rom
pasWaRluRa meÁdani CiCalo
sikvdilis dro mouvida, mas
pasWaR baneqe g™l™ yoja
mounda umcrosi Svilis taxtze
adamar. evaxTe ene me pasWaR ayvana (dajdoma), magram didma
yojane baqe, ene abatu Te vaJma gaugo, erT dRes Tavis
biÁal vŽdŽ arene, metin botuye amxanagebTan erTad ifiqra, Tu
ra gaakeTos, rom aiRos mefoba
kiwke Rarax arcestane taxt-a
Tavis xelSi. dauZaxa Tavis
laxo, amma qala RarenTe
amxanagebs, amxanagebTan erTad
abatu baqe metu sa Ri iC
moiaparakes, aiyvanes (aiRes) es
ÁuldaSmuRoxo sagala
patara biWi da waiyvanes TaviTan
†iqirebe zu eTŽr baz=Te
[erTad] sanadirod. isini
pasWaRluRa bez qe ayaz wavidnen sanadirod, amaT ki
kalefe iC ÁuldaSmuRo, moifiqres, aTasnairad gazomes,
ÁuldaSmuRoxo sagala Tu rogor ganexorcieebinaT am
maslahate be, ayi me kiwke umcrosi Zmis mokvla _ RoriviT
Raraxal TayunSere iCxo dakles, Tavi mianebes da
oxˤala oxˤala=Te Tayunce wamovidnen. mefes gaego ra es,
menor, metRon ene †iqirbi rom patara biWi mokles, Zalian
hazar jšrŽ uski me kiwke viCex udardia (Tavisi dardi ganicada,
sulierad daavadda,) da
biyi besyunbe, boyˤ kena
momkvdara. xelmwifeba gadavida
Sˤamyunfe braxyunde Weriyun
(darCa) didi vaJis xelSi. didi
are. pasWaRen Te atuke Te
Zma mxolod moqeife adamiani iyo.
kiwke Rar bespine iC dŽrd-uxo
nel-nela am samefos saqme ukan-
mŽrŽz-ixo bineTe purene ukan (dangrevisaken) wavida da
225
pasWaRluR manede qala Rari Zala aq hqonda SeeCerebina
qe. qala Rar te TŽqsŽ qe†na albaneTis samefos dangreva.
adamare baqe kiw-kiwi ÃoS Taci

pasWaRluR fasne baqe. zor
Teta baqe Te ene Curkaneda
pasWaRluR fasne baqe
albaniÁa.
va gšrjistan
udiux vaˤ udiebi da saqarTvelo
bisi znaCiT (rus.) udiRo Zvelad, ese igi, udiebis samefo

pasWaRluR albaneT baneqe albaneTi saqarTvelosTan erTad
gšrjistanaxo sagala manuTe iyo [Sedioda erT saxelmwifoSi],

romelsac winad uwodebdnen
beSˤ si†tŽ exyuniÁ iberiÁa.
iberias. iberia gadaWimuliyo
iberinen za†tebe dšršs maˤÁn (mTianad moicavda) Savi zRvisa
da kaspiis zRvis Soris. es
dŽrŽnunya kaspi dŽrŽnun
miwebi mTlianad iyo erTi mefis.
biRˤil. me kulurux baneqe mesame saukuneSi taxtze avida
bšTšm sa dŽnŽ pasWaRluR. Tamari (zedmiw. Tamaris mefoba
xibimji erina Tamar pasWaRTe movida) (?). im dros ukve cal-

calke iyo... Cven droSi
arene taxt-u te vŽdinŽ ene j™k
[welTaRricxvaSi] samefo ukve
baqine baqe... beS vŽdinŽl wirik daSlili (calke) iyo; iberia
pasWaRlux j™kne baqe; iberiÁa calke iyo... albaneTisagan

saqarTvelo [calke iyo].
j™kne baqe, albaneTaxo
albaneTma miiRo (aiRo)
gšrjistana. albaneTen aneye qristianoba mesame saukuneSi
xaSparazlux xibimji erina Cveni welTaRricxvis. amis Semdeg
226
beS vŽdinŽl wirik, Sotxo oSa saqarTvelom miiRo (aiRo)
qristianoba. ase wavida maTi
gšrjistanene aye,
saqme. meTormete saukunemde
xaSparazlux. hameTŽr metRo albaneTi iyo Zalian Zlieri,
aSurux Tanece. pawwimji yvelanairad (yvela mxridan) iyo
veqnul wirik albaneT baneqe Zlieri. marTalia mefe daiRupa,

imis Semdeg mefe gaxda es
g™l™ zoru, g™l™ har sa aˤm-
ufrosi vaJi, [romelmac]
exo... doRrine pasWaR purene,
mTlianad daSala (daangria) es
Sotxo oSa yeri pasWaRne baqe
saxelmwifo, magram mas [mainc]
me qala Raren me pasWaRluRa
hyavda jari, romeli jaric
dšršs fuCne be, ama iz daqiravebuli iyo [fuliT
saldatta baqe. manuTe muSaobda, akeTebda saqmes] da
saldatux Tžnginenyun aSbi msaxurobda somxur jarSi. es

jariskacebi exmarebodnen
dšršs armenistanaya ŽrmenRo
(qomagobdnen) saqarTvelos. es
hetuale baqe me saldatRon iyo daqiravebuli jari. Cveni
q™mŽqyunbe gšrjinaxalyun q™mŽq welTaRricxvis meTormete
saukuneSi albaneTi mTlianad
be nu buneTe naemni (rus.),
monRolebma daSales (daangries).
menor. pawwemji veqnu beS
soflebi mTlianad dawves,
TarÊRal wirik mungoleTRon
gadaaqcies ferflad, xalxi
dšršs albaneTa fasyunbe, daxoces, daikaves mTeli miwa
(miwebi). mere movidnen
dšršs ŽÁzurRo bokesyunbe,
azerbaijanelebi (azerebi) da
iyˤnulyun Wurevke. da, insana
dRevandeli azerbaijani aris
kawyunfe, iCRon quluruxRo
Zveli albaneTi. eg azerbaijani,
za†Tyunde oSa azeruxyun are,
eseni arian TaTrebi, romlebmac
da, manuTe haÁsa bisi albaneT daikaves [Cveni] miwa Cveni
baneqesa azerbeÁjan ma welTaRricxvis meTormete
azerbeÁjan qano bune saukuneSi. mere, ukve am
227
TaTarmuRon ayi kul pawwemji azerbaijanSi movidnen samxebi. es
veknu beS vŽdinŽl wirik oSa somxebi SeuerTdnen TaTrebs.

somxebma, bevr TaTarTan erTad,
ene me azerbeÁjana areyuni
mxardamxar, bevr Woraobdnen
Žrmenux, me ŽrmenuxTe gŽryun
udiebze, iWoraves, xalxi bevric
baqe TaTarmuRoxo. ŽrmenRon gadaagvares (gaafuWes). xalxi
(ukve) iZulebuli Seiqmna
g™l™ TaTarmuRoxo sagala
(gasuliyo da) wasuliyo.
baWˤan-baWˤane duRi g™l™ azerbaijanidan udiebi (gavidnen
udiRo laxo ŽÁTyunfe, gileÁ- da) wavidnen. wavidnen, daiSalnen

es udiebi aTas cxraas xuT _
yunbe, insana g™l™yun fuC be.
aTas cxraas Tormet wlebSi.
insan ene mŽjbšRe baqe WeRane ukve aTas cxraas Cvidmeti wlis
Semdeg aTas cxraas ocdaerT
TaRane, azebaÁjanaxo udiux
wlamde udiebi saerTod wavidnen.
Weri Tayunce. Tayunce
udiebSi gamoCnda (gamovida)
fasyunbaqe me udiux si†tŽ
iseTi kaci, romelmac saTaveSi
hazar vuÁ baCˤumji TarÊRa, vuÁ Caudga Cven xalxs da
saqarTveloSi moiyvana udiebi.
baCˤ, vuÁ baCˤ Ãomji TarÊRa.
saqarTveloSi moiyvana es udiebi.
oSa ene hazar vuÁ baCˤ
am adamianis saxeli iyo zino,
vuRˤewemji ene voobSe (rus.).
siliki [silikaSvili] zino
sayosamji TarÊRa, udiRo yaTi [zinobi] andros Ze (zedmiw.
Werene, te jšrŽ, Werene te Tavisi mama andro). moiyvana

saqarTveloSi, rodesac
jšrŽ adamarTe matinTe iCin
Camovidnen saqarTveloSi, aman
bule zafe insana, eneCere [zinom] uTxra [udiebs]: _ Tu
udiRox gšrjistana. gindaT davrCeT, Tqven mogcemen
nakveTebs Savi zRvis sanapiroze.
gšrjistanaTe eneCere me
wadiT iq! kargi miwebia,
udiRox. me adamari wi baneqe icxovreT! xalxi zinosTan
228
zino, siliki zino, iC baba erTad dajda, [da] moiaparakes _
Žndiri. eneCere gšrjistana, rogor moviqceT (gavakeToT)? ra

gavakeToT? sad wavideT? radgan
evaxTe areyuni menor
varTaSeni iyo Zalian qviani
gšrjistana, metRo feyuni: _
adgili, tyec (mTac) axlos iyo,
ŽgŽnŽm eˤ†an buvaxsanani, eˤ†ax es xalxi dafiqrda _ sadac
varT, aq davrCeT. zinobianSi, aq
Taden kulurux maˤÁn dŽrŽnun
tyec axlos aris, qva mdinareSic
Wotel. Taqenan tiÁa! Sel
axlos, vicxovroT aq, saxlebi
kuluruxne, qarxanani! insanen
avaSenoT, masala movitanoT,
zinovinaxo sagala aryunce
vicxovroT aq. ai, ase es xalxi
maslahatyunbe _ eTŽrÁanbo? darCa saqarTveloSi, yvarlis
ekaÁanbo? maÁan TaRo? eTŽrTe rionSi, [adgilSi] romelic exla

zinobiania, zinobis saxeliT
varTaSen baneqe g™l™ Jˤela ga
[aris darqmeuli], sadac exla
buruxal iSˤane baqe, me insanen cxovroben [udiebi]. zinom aq rom
†iqirebeTe, eRen hamiÁa maTe Camoasaxla udiebi, aq moawyo
maÁande, haÁsanun zinobianina, (moitana) axali aguris qarxana,

abreSumis qarxana gaxsna,
miÁa WŽlŽgale bu, JˤeÁal oÃal
gvqonda Tavisi abreSumi, sadac
iSˤane, qarxeni miÁa, kojurux
[risganac] qsovilebs qsovdnen.
biyeni mŽsŽlŽ eCen, qarxeni miÁa. gaxsna kramitis qarxana,
haqa-jšrŽluRen ben, insan kramitebs akeTebdnen. amis Semdeg

gamoiyvanes deni (Suqi). mTel
manede kvareli raÁ...
raionSi deni arsad ar iyo,
gšrjistana, yvarelin raÁona,
magram zinobianSi amis Semdeg
manoTe haÁsa zinobiani, deni iyo. zinobi (zino) iyo
zinobin wiÁen, malTe haÁsal iseTi [Zalian] niWieri da Wkviani
qaryunxesa zinonenTe eneCere kaci. Cven (Tavis) sofelSi mere
miÁa udiRo, eCeri miÁa TŽzŽ wina planze gamovida (win waiRes
da gamovidnen) iseTi xalxi,
qŽrfšCšn zavodeSEtI ÃaÁfe,
229
arbeSˤumun zavode ÃaÁfe, romelTac ise warmoadgines
bataqe iC arbeSˤum, maTe yÊw- (gamoiyvanes) saqme, rom TiTqosda

is (zinobi) partiis winaaRmdeg
ruxyun serbeÁ kiramitun
midioda, rom is (TiTqosda)
zavode ÃaÁfe, kiramituyun
saxelmwifos mteri iyo. da
hebe, hamejšrŽ xaSne CiCeste
zinobi miwasTan gaaswores da
dšršs raÁona xaS Tene baqe, waiyvanes, amis Semdeg igi aravis
unaxavs. am zinobis darCa erTi
ama zinobianina xaS baneqe oSa
(cali) vaJi da erTi (cali)
ene. me zinovinaxTe ayukeTe
qaliSvili, romebic exlac ki
g™l™ mejšrŽ bula maˤ-la
cocxebi arian. vaJis saxelia
adamare, iC ŽÁzixTe beSˤne aZik (andro). [is] iyo ministri _
TaSSa Wereyun adamarux, kavSirgabmulobis ministri.
matRonTe metu WeyunCere qaliSvili muSaobs
protiv partii (rus.), Te mono konservatoriis leqtorad, hyavs
h™qmŽTun dšSmŽnne. da, SviliSvili, romelic amerikaSi

pianistad muSaobs.
zinovinax oCˤalaxo aWesyunbe
ayi Tayunce TayunSere, me
zinobi manede sa dŽnŽ Rar sa
dŽnŽ xinŽr manorTe haÁsal
dšršsyuni, Rari wi bune aZik.
baneqe ministerane,
ministerstvinane aSbe sviazi,
radio i sxiazi (rus.) xinŽren
gena aSnebe konservatorina

lektor. da, iC Rar mataÁTe
bune haÁsa pianist, amerikinane
aSbesa.
230
avtobiogra†ia
avtobiogra† avtobiografia
avtobiografia
zu nanaxo basqe hazar vuÁ baCˤ me davibade aTas cxraas
paˤyo uyˤumji TarÊRa, ormocda eqvs wels, varTaSenis
raionSi, SigniT [qalaq]

varTaSenun raÁonu, varTaSenun
iC boS varTaSen bune sa qala varTaSenSi. varTaSeni aris erTi
ŽÁz, iC boS qaryunxesa udiux, didi sofeli, iq cxovroben
udiebi, lekebi, TaTrebi, somxebi,

lekurux, TaTarmux, Žrmenux,
rusebi, ebraelebi. (es) udiebi am
uruzux, juuturux. me
xalxTan (xalxisagan) kargad
insanRoxo udiux g™l™ Sel
cxovrobdnen, yvelasTan
TarayunexaÁ, bšTšmtxo, hartxo naxulobdnen saerTo enas. Cveni
muzyun buRˤafsaÁ, hartxo heyun raikomis mdivani iyo TaTari,
besaÁ. mdedrobiTi sqesis, [gvarad]
raÁkomun samjiÁo baneqe beSi dibirova. [aTas cxraas]
TaTar, CubRo asil, dibirova.
ormocdaToTxmet wels wavedi
paˤyoxibewwemji TarÊRa
pirvel klasSi, seqtembris TveSi
baÁzuce samji klasa, iyo Zalian didi miwisZvra _
sentabrun xaSi baneqe g™l™ Tormetbaliani (?!). miuxedavad am
qala oCˤal galfesun, pawwe Tormetbaliani miwisZvrisa, Cveni
bal. me pawwe balu beRˤi beS, varTaSeni ar daingra (miwaSi ar
beS varTaSena g™l™ qala Cavarda), radgan aris Zalian
JˤeruxTe bune, oCˤal baTqe didi qviani adgili da saxlic

Tene, hebe Tene, da, insan saR- saR-salamaTi gadarCa. (am)
salamaT Cxareke skolaSi swavlis periodSi me
paˤyobipewwemji TarÊRa Skola yvelgan viyavi mowinave, raikomis
baÁci, Cxarzuke xibyˤoÃomji mdivnidan dawyebuli,
231
TarÊRa me Skola kalfesunun damTavrebuli komkavSiris
mdivniT, yvela mcemda pativs,

mamentRo, zu bšTšm gala
skolaSi bavSvebTanac vmuSaobdi,
raÁkomun sekretar½axo burÃi,
gazeTis redaqtori viyavi,
kamsamolun sekretar½axo
raionis komkavSiris biuros
burÃi, bšTšmtin zax h™rmŽTyun
wevri viyavi. iqac vmuSaobdi,
be, aSSube ham Skola ŽÁluRo Tanac bavSvebs komkavSirSi
laxo, gazeTun ridaktorzu misaRebad vamzadebdi,
baqe, bazqe raÁonun vexmarebodi. rogorc skolaSi
kamsamolun bšronun Clenzu viyavi pirveli bavSvi, yvela me
jerovan (rogorc saWiro iyo)

baqe, tiÁalzu aSpe, ŽÁluRo
pativs mcemda. baqoSi viyavi,
kamsamolzu prinimat (rus.)
sumgaiTSi viyavi, Sekrebebze
besaÁ, q™mŽq besaÁ. oSal bazqe
davdiodi (vseirnobdi),
e(t)jšrŽTe Skola samji aÁel,
sportsmeni viyavi. varTaSenis
bšTšm gala zax h™rmŽTyun be, skolaSi swavlis periodSi, Tu
bšTšm gala bazqe ejšrŽTe sadme mitingi iyo, Tu sadme
sityviT gamodiodnen, yvelgan

lazÊmne. bazqe bŽqšnŽ, sumgaiTa,
raikomis mdivani amomirCevda
hetoRoz †urufe spartsmenzu
xolme (sityvis saTqmelad).
baqe, ŽgŽnŽm varTaSena Skola
imitom rom, Cemi bebia, deda, mama,
kalkal mamenta sa dŽnŽ qŽrŽm Cven yvelani udiebi viyaviT.
miting baneqe, ŽgŽnŽm Wereyun udiebis mxridan yovelTvis me
gamovdiodi, yovelTvis me
ŽÁTurRon si†tŽmji raÁkomun
gamovdiodi moxsenebiT. skolis
sekretaren zaxne Wˤaqfe.
periodSi, Cven, skolis bavSvebi,
SetabaxtingTe bez tati, nana,
piesas vdgavdiT TeatrSi,
baba, bšTšm Áan udiuxÁan baqe
romeli piesiTac Cven [Semdgom]
232
udiRo TŽrŽ†axo hŽmmŽSŽ zuz gamovdiodiT xalxis winaSe.
Cveni raikomis mdivani iyo Cveni

vÊstupat (rus.) besaÁ, hŽmmŽSŽ
gvaris, me var tiRiri (tiRirova)
zuz ŽÁtexaÁ, ekaTe lazÊmne.
olga akonis asuli da raikomis
Skolun momentRo, Áan Skolun mdivani iyo dibirova sofia. Tu
ŽÁluRon fÁesaÁan laxsaÁ sadme erTad mivdiodiT,
teatra, manoTe pÁesoRon Áan mekiTxebodnen, me veubnebodi _
vÊstupatÁan (rus.) besaÁ Cemi biZaSviliao. ufro did
insanun beSˤm beS raÁkomun
pativs mcemdnen, is qalic (kidec)
divani (qarT.) baneqe bez
mcemda pativs. me did pativs
†amilinen, zu buzu tÊRÊri
mcemdnen, yvelgan (yvela
akonin xinŽr. da, raÁkomun adgilas) meZaxodnen,
divani baneqe dibirova sa†iÁa meaparakebodnen, _ rogor
ho, da, zuTe sagala TassaÁda gavakeToT?), ra gavakeToT? _
zaxo xabaryun aysaÁ, zu hŽmmŽSŽ ambavs mekiTxebodnen. [aTas
cxraas] samocdaxuT wels me

exzuÁ Sono bez Žmikun xinŽre.
davamTavre skola, mindoda
saÁal zax g™l™yun uvaJat
swavla gamegrZelebina, magram
(rus.) besaÁ. da, malTe heneÁ
Camovedi saqarTveloSi da mama
puran hate iCinal te CubRon
Cemma gamaTxova. aq myavs meuRle,
zax g™l™ h™rmŽte besaÁ, bšTšm
xuTi Svili _ sami vaJi, ori
gala kallexaÁ, exneÁ, _
qaliSvili, dedamTili myavs,
eTŽrÁanbo? ekaÁanbo? zaxo
mamamTili myavs. gaTxovebis
xabare aysaÁ. xibyˤoÃomji Semdeg, me varTaSenidan
TarÊRaTe zu Cxarzuke Skola, Camosuls (mosuls), radgan
zu buzayeÁ kalkazuÁ oSa ene vicodi eqvsi (cali) ena, raikomis
te jšrŽne baqeTe ene arez komitetSi raikomis mdivanTan
meZaxodnen da mawerinebdnen,
233
gšrjistana iSene Tade bez kaxidan meZaxodnen, baqodan
baban miÁa bubezi bez iSu, Ão modiodnen, sxvadasxva (yvela)
lozungs mawerinebdnen
aÁel, xib Rar, paˤ xinŽr, zu,
azerbaijanul (TaTrul) da
bez seÁnene baqe, seÁdene baqe.
rusul enebze. aqac raionSi
ariTxo oSa zax raÁona
vsargebobdi didi pativiscemiT,
eTŽrTe zu varTaSenaxo ari
magram radgan ena da wera
abazaÁ uyˤ tŽnŽ muz, raÁkomun
[qarTuli] ar vicodi, verafers
kamitetaTe raÁkomun
mivaRwie. [rodesac] vTamaSobdiT
sekretarenTe itubaqe zax
”vuyvarvar ar vuyvarvar”
kalyunfe raÁona. kaxnuxoyun
yvavilebiT, erT dRes, dasvenebis
esaÁ, da, bŽqšnaxoyun esaÁ,
dros, bavSvebs rom eZinaT, erTma
lozungRo bšTšm te hetRo
didma gvelma gadaiara bavSvebze,
zaxyun camfestesaÁ, TaTaruRo erTi-orze gadaiara da wavida.
uruzin muzin da, miÁal
raÁona puran babezqe g™l™
Sel h™rmŽT, ama muz
camfesununTe Teza abbaqe, zu

makala bapes Teza baqe
dizik gvel
gveli
Skola kalkal mamenta ene (ukve) skolaSi swavlis periodSi

viwwumji klasaÁaniÁ, beSi meaTeklaseli viyavi, Cven rom
baneqe sa Ão-Ão gektar gvqonda ocdaxuTi heqtari baR-
yarfuzun-bostanun ga, baneqe
bostani (sazamTvro-bostanis
sal jalRa-luRÁan beRˤsaÁ me
nakveTi) da kidev namyeni xe-xili.
234
aSla TaRaxun Áan tiÁa rodesac Cven mivdiodiT
ŽÁluRon pereliva besaÁaniÁ samuSaod, iq Cven, bavSvebi
dRisiT vakeTebdiT Sesvenebas,

birŽzŽrun arci aWiÁanexaÁ
vjdebodiT, vTamaSobdiT. Semdeg
liubit-neliubit cicikux ayi
biWebi wavidnen, aiRes da mokles,
hebi, sa RiÁal heÁanbe
baskiyuniÁ aÁluxda sal mkvdari gveli daawvines
beRˤsaÁan sa Áeqa dizik arene maswavlebis gverdiT,

aÁluRo laxo, sa poˤtaÁ laxo maswavebelma gaiRviZa da dainaxa
Webaqene Tace Tanece, oSa gverdiT didi gvei wevs. arada
RarmuRon gireci besyunbe,
gveli biWebma mokles [ar icoda]
icodabesyunbe, eCeri layunxe
da daiwyo kivili. Semdeg naxa,
uSˤtelun toRˤol baskesyunde,
rom Cven, bavSvebi viciniT, mixvda
uStelTe aÁnezere moRorebaqe,
(gaigo) rom gveli mkvdaria,
beRˤsane iC toRˤol sa Áeqa
dizik baskine Tu arada (qarT.) maswavebelma ar icoda ra eqna.
bespine baqe ene, RarmuRon bevr karg dros vatarebdiT
besyunbeÁ. aÁnezeri beRˤi skolaSi swavlis periodSi,

wiRˤinefe oSaTe ayuke Áan vxumrobdiT, vTamaSobdiT.
aÁluRon axSˤumfesin, ocdaxuTi heqtari baRidan, kargi
axSˤumÁanexaÁ, da, uStelen-gena baRi gvqonda, CavabareT,
Tetu abaÁ, eka baneÁ. da, g™l™ saxelmwifos CavabareT. Cven
Sel vŽdŽmuxÁan WebaqestesaÁ qa miviReT premiebi, simindic
zara†ate, aWine, Skolun CavabareT, xe-xilidan vaSli
mamentRo. sa Ão-Ão gektar CavabareT. wlis bolos
bostanexo, Sel bostanbeS kolmeurneobam kargi pativi gvca,
baqe, TaÁande h™qmŽteÁan Tade Cven premiebi mogvca. jildo-
Áax premiuxyun Tade, sigelebi misces skolas Zalian
yarRodaliÁan sdavatbi (rus.). kargi muSaobisaTvis. da

jalRaluRbeS baqe, telan davikaveT pirveli adgili Cven
235
eSˤÁan boyˤi sdavatbe (rus.). da, raonSi.
usenun axÊra Áaxo kalxozen
Sel h™rmŽtebe, Áax premiuxne
Tade eCeri paxvalni list

(rus.) uruxne TadeTe Skolin
g™l™ Sel aSne be. da, g™l™
si†tŽmji gaÁan biye Áan
raÁona.
bez naizustux Cemi leqsebi
Skola kalkal mamentRo Áax skolaSi swavlis periodSi, Cven

raÁkomun sekretaren kalexaÁ, raikomis mdivanma gviTxra, rom
hŽmmŽSŽ vÊstupatÁan (rus.) besaÁ gamovsuviyaviT klubSi. am
kuluba. miÁa kuluba eRaxon klubSi, rodesac movdiodi,
zu hŽmmŽSŽ udin muzinzu WesaÁ, yovelTvis udiur enaze
tiÁa bez camfi naizust-Roz gamovdiodi, iq Cem daweril

(rus.) kalexaÁ, bez camfi leqsebs vambobdi, Cem daweril
maRˤne Áa perevodbine udin simRerebs. Cven vakeTebdiT
muzin hŽmmŽSŽ vÊstupatzube Targmans da udiur enaze
(rus.) udin muzin sa tejšrŽ sa gamovdiodiT. erTi aseTi leqsi,
[romelic] me davwere, aris

dŽnŽ ŽgŽrTe naizustTe (rus.)
(dawerili) sofelze da
camzufe bezi, bune manoTe
gazafxulze:
ŽÁzun laxone cam, JˤoRlun
laxo:
236
puran JˤoRule are, bez doRma isev movida gazafxuli Cems
nana Áurdu mSobliur mxareSi,
buruRo wiwik, Cˤomol wiwik tyis yvavilebi, ezos yvavilebi
ÃaÁnece har sagala gaixara yvelgan,

vardze ukeTesi... gazafxulze
vardu xoSel JˤoRla xoSel
ukeTesi ra SeiZleba iyos?
eka baqo, vardu xoSel eka
vardze ukeTesi ra SeiZleba
baqo
iyos?
dš... doRma nana xoSel me
mSobel dedaze ukeTesi amqveynad
dšnÁani eka baqo ra SeiZleba iyos?
es leqsi davwere me. me dawerili
me naizusta (rus.) camzufe zu,
maqvs bevri leqsi.
bezi g™l™ naizustuxne (rus.)
bu camfi.
WÊrtani naRÊ
kiwke WÊ naRÊl zRapari patara nacarqeqias
Sesaxeb
(zRapari)
zu Skola kalkal mamentRo (me) skolaSi swavlis periodSi

Áan bez baba kojin baneqe Cven, mamaCemis ojaxi iyo Zalian
g™l™ qala. uÃˤna faq-urux, didi. [gvqonda] kaklis xe.
kaklianSi (kaklis baRSi) gvqonda
uÃˤna faqmuRo boS baneqe sa
daaxloebiT (erTi) samoci Ziri
xibyˤo dŽnŽ xod biÁasunTe
(cali) xe. rodesac SemodgomiT
eCeri faÁzaTe uyˤnu vkrefdiT kakals, Cven
girÁanbesaÁ, Áan girÁanbesaÁ gvexmareboda (gvikrefdnen) yvela
bšTšm yom-urux beS tatimux, naTesavi (naTesavebi): Cveni
beS papimux, nanane, babane, bebiebi, Cveni babuebi, deda, mama,

Zmebi (Zma), debi (da), mamidebi
viCine, xunCine, dŽdŽne, xalane
237
axÊr SuTe buÁan yomurux, (mamida), deidebi (deida). mokles
yvela naTesavi (naTesavebi) mTei
arÁancesaÁ boxo Ri uyˤÁan
dRe da Rame visxediT da
WeysaÁ, me uyˤnu Áan
varCevdiT kakals. am kakals Cven
WeÁanyesaÁTe TaSeri bazara
varCevdiT, rom bazarSi
TogdesangTe, manoTe beS
gagveyida, rac (romelic) Cven
daxode baqe, TogÁandesaÁ beS
gvaZlevda Semosavals; vyididiT
kojin baxtink har sa SeÁ
Cven [da] Cveni ojaxebisaTvis
aÁanyesaÁ, qarÁanxesaÁ.
yveafers vyidulobdiT [da egre]
biÁasunTe arÁancesaÁ me uyˤnu
vcxovrobdiT. RamiT vjdebodiT,
Wakfa... Weyaxun, tayˤfi Weyaxun
am kakals varCevdiT,
iJˤena Sune boxoneda, arci
vasufTavebdiT da vamtrevdiT.
bšTšmtin hartin sa naRÊle zamTris Rame grZelia, visxediT
naRÊl-besaÁ, Te Su Webaqane me yvelani da zRaprebs vyvebodiT,

rom Rame gasuliyo. am
naRÊlRoxo sa so bune kiwke
zRaprebidan erT-erTi (erTi)
Wêrtani naRÊl, g™l™ Sel aris patara nacarqeqiaze
(zRapari), Zalian kargi zRaparia,
naRÊle, kiwke aÁlaxone ŽÁT…
(laparakobs) patara bavSvzea,
ŽÁTexa manoTe aÁel boxo Su romelsac Rame ar sZinavs; ijda
baskesa Tene da, yarole icavda (yaraulobda) da
arcesa, iC ÁoldaSmuRoale sakuTari (Tavisi) Tavi da
Cxarkestesa oSa iCale amxanagebic gadaarCina:
Cxarkesa baneqe, Tene baqe sa iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo erTi
kiwke aÁele baqe sa Žázi. iC wi patara bavSvi erT sofelSi. misi

(Tavisi) saxeli iyo Wirtani
baneqe Wêrtan, Wˤirtan bune
(nacarqeqia). Wirtani iyo patara
kiwqe aÁel, haSor iC wi, bavSvi, es misi saxeli iyo,
psevdonim ho, da, aÁzeri sa Ri fsevdonimi. erT dRes
me aÁluRon maslahatyun be, moiaparakes (maslaaTi gaakeTes)
aÁzeri Weri Tayunce WžlŽgi. bavSvebma da (movidnen-gavidnen
238
TaRalyun Samkal girbalyuni, da) wavidnen tyeSi. wavidnen
g™l™yun Tace _ kiwiyun Tace sokos dasakrefad, bevri iares,

cota iares am tyeSi (zedmiw.
monor burRol beSˤtan ari
mTa), win ukve daRamda, [da] es
benyˤnebaqe, me aÁlux mayunde
bavSvebi darCnen tyeSi (mTaSi).
burRol. basyunke vŽdŽne
dawvnen, didi xani gavida Tu
Webaqe, g™l™ vŽdŽne Webaqe, kiwi cota xani gavida, esmiT (xedaven)
raRac xma. am xmam isini gaaRviZa
vŽdŽne Webaqe, sal beRˤsayun
da [bavSvebi] xedaven, rom maT win
sŽsne bu, me sŽsi metRon dgas erTi (cali) didi, didi
moRorbaqi beRˤsayun, iCRoxo derviSi (kaciWamia). es didi

derviSi bavSvebma rodesac naxes,
beSˤ sa dŽnŽ Áeqqa qala derviS
yvela daimala buCqebSi. iqidan
Curfineme qala derviS te
icqirebodnen, magram im derviSs
vaxTe aÁluRon ayuke, aÁzeri
xelSi Cauvarda Wirtani. aman
haro sa qolayoSyun Wiapaqe
[derviSma] daiWira es bavSvi da
Wˤapyun baqe telan beˤyunbesaÁ,
miiyvana Tavis saxlSi. amas ukan
me iSe qe, me derviSun qe
gayvnen is biWebi, Tavisi
ba†nede Wˤirtan. metin me
megobrebi. movidnen-wavidnen da
aÁlax bineye TaneSere iC kua, darCnen am saxlSi. SuaRames es
metu beRˤi ÃoStan te derviSi modis am bavSvebis
Rarmuxal areyuni, iC SesaWmelad. datrialda (im)
ÁoldaSmux, areyuni Tayunce, SeWmamde, [da] ekiTxeba, jer
me Su manyunde me kua, biÁasun mZinare unda moklas da mere
sa vŽdinŽ me derviSen butuxsa SeWamos. ekiTxeba: vis sZinavso,
vis RviZavso, (Tqveni) xma
me aÁlax uqane Tarafene Te
amoiReT. (es) Wirtani eubneba:
uqama xabare aysa, gŽrŽ si†tŽ
yvelas sZinavso, marto me
bespane nepax gala, oSa uqane, mRviZavso. eubneba [derviSi]: Sen
xabare aysa, Sua baski, Su ratom ar gZinavso, eubneba.
moRor, e† sŽsi CiCanan. me eubneba (Wirtani): me imitom ar
239
Wˤirtanen exneTe bšTšm mZinavso, uebneba, sanam daviZineb
[Cemi Zilis mosvlamde], uebneba,
baskeyuni, TŽqsŽ zu moRorzu.
Cem dedas, uebneba, moaqvs didi
exne un ekalu moRor exne, mdinaridan saceriT wyali, am
exne zu Setenkzu moRor exne, wyals vsvam, [da] mere viZineb
bez nepax TaRama exne, bez [Zili modis]. didi dro gavida an
nanan exne TanesaÁ qala oÃaxo patara dro gavida, es derviSi
gulla boS xene eCCaÁ, te [eloda, eloda da] fiqrobs: me
xenax Áax uRˤesnestaÁ, oSa saceriT mdinaridan rogor
nepaxzu esaÁ. g™l™ne Áay beRˤe, movitano wyali. kidev erTxel
ekiTxeba. eubneba [Wirtans]: vis
kiwine Áay beRˤe me derviSen
sZinavs, vis RviZavs, xma
isa †iqirebsa, zu gulen
amoiRoso. (es) Wirtani eubneba:
TaRalzu oÃaxo xe heTŽr
yvelas sZinavs (dawolilia), me
eCalzu, qi hŽSi, sal puran [ki] mRviZavs, eubneba. Sen ratom
gRviZavs, isev gRviZavs? ki, aba!
kalkalzu exne, Sua nepax, Su
sanam CemTvis dedaCemi wyals ar
moRor, e† sŽsi CiCanan, me
momitans, me ver daviZineb. (ukve)
Wˤirtanen exne, bšTšm mesame Rames rom movida da
baskeyuni, zu moRorzu exne. ikiTxa, (am) Wirtanma amoiRo
un ekalnu moRor exne, puran (Tavisi) xma. (es) derviSi
moRoru _ qi ho. Ta zenkena iZulebuli gaxda _ mSieri iyo
bez nanan xe Tene eCCaÁ, zu (mSieri aris) da ra eqna,

iZulebuli gaxda wasuliyo,
Tez nepaxesaÁ. me isa axÊr
saceri aeRo, [da] mdinaridan
xibumji qŽrŽmalTe xabare aye, wyali moetana. wavida saceriT
me Wˤirtanen Te iC sŽsi wyis mosatanaT, dauSva saceri

qvemoT, aavso mdinaris wyliT,
CineCere, me derviS mŽjbšre
rogorc sacers awevda, wyali
baqe, busane ekayanbi, mŽjbšre egreve iRvreboda. kidev aiRebda
(undoda saceri aeRo) sacers,
baqe, TaRane, gulux ayane,
240
oÃaxo xe eCane. aÁzeri Tanece kidev daiceboda. ai ase ijda
oÃal. Tanece gulen xe eCane. derviSi mdinaresTan mTeli Rame.
gulux kownebe oya, xenax veranairad ver Seavso wyliT
ayale oÃe boStan, eTŽr saceri. rogor Seavsebda?

naxvretiania da wyalic
gulux alanebu, xe hateTŽr
iRvreboda. Tendeba da xedavs
amwine baqe iC boStan barene eseni [bavSvebi] (gavidnen da)
puran kownebaqe gulux aneye, wavidnen. Wirtanma Sekriba Tavisi
puran xe barene, axÊr hate megobrebi, gaaRviZa, eubneba:
sofelSi [gadavideT,] wavideT.
jšrŽ derviSen oÃe bel arci,
Cven derviSi SegvWams. ai, ase
xaxalun _ gulla boS
patara Wirtanma gaaTavisufla
Tetubaqe xena buÁ bes, heTŽr Tavisi amxanagebi derviSisgan.
buÁbala Seno bšTšm deSigne,
me mamenta atukeTe mono Weri

Tanece, me Wˤirtanen iC
ÁuldaSmoRo girebesa,
moRorebesa, exne aÁzanan WeRen
TaReni, Áax derviSen uqale,
haqeTŽr me kiwke Wˤirtanen
iCuya iC ÁuldaSmoRo
Cxarkesnede derviSun qexo.
pasWaRluR
pasWaRluR,
luR, maTe Sukal samefo, sadac aravin
biesa Tene ar kvdeba

(zRapari)
baneqe Tene baqe sa dŽnŽ iyo da ara iyo ra, iyo erTi
(cali) mefe. am mefes ori (cali)
pasWaRne baqe me pasWaRun paˤ
vaJi hyavda. dro movida, [da] es
241
dŽnŽ Rare baqe. vaxt-vŽdŽne are, vaJebi gaizardnen. (am) mefis
baRis SuaSi idga erTi (cali)
me Rarmux qalqalayun baqe. me
vaSlis xe. rodesac Semodgoma
pasWaRun faqna biRˤil sa dŽnŽ
modioda, am vaSlis xidan
eSˤna xodde baqe. te eSˤna vaSlebi ikargeboda. mofrinavda
xodaxo evaxTe faiz ari (modioda) Citi, [da] mihqonda
banepesa, eSˤnux ari yuSen ayi vaSlebi, ar icodnen [samefoSi]
TaneSesa. abaTeyu etina TaSSa vis mihqonda [es vaSlebi] im (am)
me xodaxo damdam aÁzalyuni xidan. diliT adgebodnen vaSlis
Te ene eSˤ anepe, eSˤ mosawyvetad, magram xedavdnen,
nuCukalyun, beRˤalyun eSˤ rom vaSli ukve aRar iyo (aris).
buTene. eSˤnu SeÁen TaneSere. vaSlebi viRacam waiRo. bolos
axÊr sa Ri, paˤ Ri, sa usen, paˤ erTi dRe, ori dRe, erTi weli,
ori weli, aTi weli, es biWebic
usen, viw usen, me RarmuxTe
gaizardnen. movidnen, daeswrnen
qal-qalayun baqe. ari bayunpe,
(daewivnen). mamam dauZaxa Tavis
baban kalefi iC qala Rara
ufross vaJs da uTxra: ai,
feneTe, aÁ Rar fene, un avake
Svilo! Sen xedav, rom Cem baRSi
meTŽr bez faqi mejšrŽ eSˤna
amisTana vaSlis xe dgas (aris),
xodTe bune, te eSˤna xodin [magram] im vaSlis xis nayofs
eSˤnu Áan Cukes TeÁan baqsan [vaSls] ver vwvetT, unda waxvide
gŽrŽ TaRan yarol banu, te udarajo, [da gaarkvio] im vaSls
ra Wams. wavida vaJi, dajda
eSˤnu etina uqsa Tanece Rar,
vaSlis [xis] Ziras. didi xani
arece eSˤna Tume. g™l™ne Áay
eloda Tu cota xani eloda, Sua
beRˤe, kiwine Áay beRˤe, Sune Rames am biWs CaeZina (Zili
biRˤ me Rar nepale Tace. mouvida). ZilSi rom iyo, lamazi
nepalTe Tanece, Savat yuS Citi, filini, movida, vaSli
†ilin enesa me eSˤnu Cunekesa, mowyvita da wavida (modis, vaSls
axsane Wesane TaÁsa damdamTe wyvets da midis). diliT rom
xaSne biTe, me Rar moRore gaTenda, am vaJma gamoiRviZa,
242
baqe, beRˤsaneTe eSˤna xoda eSˤ xedavs vaSlis xeze vaSli ar
buTene. aÁzeri Tanece kua, aris. adga da wavida saxlSi,
Tanece kua, iC babax exneTe zu wavida saxlSi da Tavis mamas
exne, aÁ baba exne, boxo Su eubneba: me, eubneba, ai, mama!
exne arzuce exne, ama exne eubneba, mTeli Rame, eubneba,
ekal Teza ake exne etina ari vijeqi, eubneba, magram, eubneba,
te eSˤnu Cuqi TaSere. enesa me araferi ar daminaxavs, eubneba,
sa usenal Wenebaqsa, paˤmji ram [movida da] waiRo es
usen kiwke Raraxne kalexa. vaSlebi. (movida es) erTi welic
kalexa, exneTe eqe exne, me gavida. meore wels eZaxis [mefe]
viCen exne, qala viCen exne te patara vaJs. dauZaxa da eubneba:
eSˤnu yarol bes Tetu baqe. xedav, eubneba, am Zmam, eubneba,
efsen un exne Taqe, yarol ba. didma Zmam, eubneba, ver udaraja
am vaSls. wels Sen, eubneba, wadi
eSˤTe anepe ari iC mŽnzila
udaraje. vaSli rom damwifda
banepe ene eSˤ Cuqal vŽdŽne, (movida simwife) da movida dro
kiwke Rarax Áayanebsa, eSˤna mowyvetis, gzavnis patara vaJs
Tume yarol besuna. me Raren (mefe) vaSlis [xis] Ziras
ekayan bi, eTŽryanbi, biyes Teyu sadarajod. am biWma ra hqnas

(gaakeTos)? rogor moiqces
baqsa etina eSˤnu TaSSa. iCxo
(gaakeTos)? veRar iWeren vaSls
sa dŽnŽ me sal el aysane TaÁsa
ra hparavs (miaqvs). erTi dana da
Tanesa xodin Tume, g™l™ne Áay cota marili aiRo da wavida

(iRebs da midis). midis vaSlis
beRˤsa, kiwine Áay beRˤsa, ari
Ziras, didi xani gavida, [Tu]
Sune biRˤ banepesa. Sune biRˤ
cota xani gavida, movida Sua
banepesa, me Rarax nepen
Rame. modis Sua Rame, am biWs
TaneSSa. ekayanbi exne
eZineba (Zili miaqvs). fiqrobs, ra
ekabalzuda eCeri iC kaSina
gavakeTo? Tavis TiTs Wris da
bonesta, eluxal banexa iC
zed ayris marils. marils rom
laxo eluxTe banexa, me Rari
ayris, am biWis xelidan sisxli
qexo pi Tanesa, da, ama iC
243
qulal WiWinexa, me qin sdis (midis), da (magram) Tavisi
WiWifsune me Rara baskesan xeli ewveba, xeli ewveba am biWs,
Tene barexa, boxo Su arci ar aZlevs daZinebis (dawolis)
yarole besa, Sune biRˤ ari saSualebas. mTeli Rame zis da
eRaxun sa vŽdinŽ xaS biTal udarajebs. Sua Ramis Semdeg

(mosvlidan) gaTenebamde
mamenta ari sa Áeqqa qŽgne
(gaTenebis mosvlamde) erTma
galexa vurRunne galexa, exne didma qarma daubera, didi
mono eka fesuna baqo, saÁ qarborbala triaebs. qarborbala
Wenebaqsa me qšlŽgun, me trialebs. fiqrobs [vaJi]: es ra
SeiZleba iyos. qaric cota Cadga.
vurRunun boS sal beRˤsane sa
gaiara qarborbalam, xedavs
Áeqa qala yuS †ilin enesa me
(vaJi), rom erTi did-did Cits,
eSˤna laxo. arci butuxsaTe
filini, mofrinavs (modis)
Cuqale me yuSnu biniyesa, me
vaSlTan [vaSlis xesTan], jdeba
yuSnu bineysa, me yuSen exneTe,
totze, unda mowyvitos [vaSli
ene zax mabespa exne, mabiya
da], am Cits iWers [vaJi]. iWers am
exne, un exne zax eka ukaÁnu
Cits da es Citi eubneba: nu
exne zu vax haSotu balzu,
momklav, eubneba, nu damiWer,
exne, un eka besva baqo, zu exne
eubneba, rasac Sen me metyvi,
venkena exne bez pasWaRluRun
eubneba, me Sen yvelafers
exne, pasWaRun xinŽre bu exne,
Segisruleb (gagikeTeb). ekiTxeba
te xinŽrŽ venkena dšzbesa baqo, (eubneba) [vaJi]: Sen ra SegiZlia
gamikeTo? me, eubneba (Citi),
Te Cubux besanu qi un e
SenTvis, eubneba, Cems samefoSi,
padWaluRun yuSnu, zu exne,
eubneba, aris mefis qaliSvili,
pasWaRluR maTe Sukal biesa
eubneba, am qaliSvils Sen
Tene te vŽdinŽ exne Sel, ho,
(SenTvis) gagirigeb, is [Seni]
eCeri braxnesta me yuSnu, ÃoS coli gaxdeba (gakeTdeba). Sen,
Weri Tanesa Tanesa, Taci metin romeli samefos Citi xar? me,
iC babax exneTe hameTŽr, poÁ eubneba (Citi), im samefodan (var),
244
exne, hezbe melin nŽisŽ me sadac aravin ar kvdeba. am dros
[vaJi] eubneba: kargi. am Cits
yuSnuxo lamanesta me Rar, me
uSvebs da ukan brundeba (gadis
Rarax me yuSen ayi Tanesa iC
da midis). midis, mivida da Tavis
pasWaRluRa g™l™yun TaÁsa,
mamas uyveba (eubneba). es vaJi am
kiwiyun TaÁsa, Tayunsa sa dŽnŽ Cits xvdeba da Citma waiyvana (es)
vaJi Tavis samefoSi. bevri iares
pasWaRluRa, maTe dšršs
Tu cota iares, mividnen erT
varduruxne cicikuxne, bšTšm (cal) samefoSi, sadac sul
har xodaxo varduxo vardu vardebia da yvavilebia, yvela
yuSen exne purexa Savat. xidan xeze, vardidan vardze
beRˤsane me Raren, me pasWaRun lamazi Citebi dafrinaven. xedavs
Sel xinŽrta bu, mauqa, mauRˤa, es biWi, am mefes kargi

qaliSvili hyavs, [iseTi, rom] ar
TŽqsŽ iC laxo beRˤa isŽ
Wamo, ar sva, marto imas uyuro.
eTŽryan TaSeri, me xinŽrŽ daiwyo fiqri (axla fiqrobs), tu
rogor moetaca (waeyvana) es
eTŽryan baSyi me
qaliSvili am mefisagan. es Citi
pasWaRluRaxo, me yuSen exneTe eubneba: me Sen, eubneba,
zu vax exne q™mŽqbalzu. da, dagexmarebi. gavida (gadis) cota
xani, am Citma dasva (svams)
Wenebaqsa saÁ mal vŽdŽ, me
zurgze es biWi, im qaliSvilTan
yuSen me Rarax iC aˤmel
erTad, moipara da waiyvana
arcesnessTa me xinŽrŽ sagala (paravs da mihyavs). ai, ese am
baSneyesa, aysane TaÁsa. mefis Svilma baRSi vaSlis xe
gadaarCina da qaliSvilic
haqajšrŽ me pasWaRun Raren iC
TavisTvis colad moiyvana. am
faqna xodin eSˤnuxale
vaSls, ese igi, rom hparavda
Cxarkestesa, da, xinŽrŽxal ukvdavebis samefos mefe Wamda.
iCenk Cubuxne eCCa. me eSˤnuxal, adamiani, romelic SeWams im
znaCit (rus.), baneqe me eSˤ vaSls _ ar mokvdeba.
245
tejšrŽTe te pasWaRenTe
uneqesaÁ mano pasWaRluRa te

yuSen TaneSSaÁ. qano baneqsa
uqalu te eSˤnuda adamar biesa
TeneÁ
246
nijuri dialeqti 1
sof. niji
niJˤ
niJ niji
niJˤ azerbajani Ã„b„l„ raioni niji _ azerbaijanis gabalis
qala aÁizmoRoxun soRone. raionis erT-erTi didi

sofelia. soflis sigrZea aTi
aÁizin boxoÁluR vic
kilometri, xolo sigane _ Svid
qilomeTir, gengluR vuRˤ
kilometrs aRemateba. sofelSi
qilomeTiraxun gelene. aÁize aris ToTxmeti ubani, maTgan
bifecce m„h„l”no, SoToRoÁ orSi azerbaijanelebi da
furannasTa azerbajanluÁox, lezgebi saxloben, xolo
l„zgiÁox, facce m„h„lina TormetSi udiebi cxovroben.

ubnebis saxelebi, romlebSic
udiÁoxe qarxsa. udiÁox
udiebi: malbeli cxovroben,
qarxala m„h„l”RoÁ ciur
aris: ferimli, aRdeleqli,
meT„re: malbel, †„rimli,
meliqli, falCili, deleqli,
aRd„l„qli, m„liqli,
jirmahala, deremahala, vezirli,
†alCšlš, d„l„qli, jirm„h„l„,
derebaRi, yoJabeili, fiwili _
d„r„m„h„l„, v„zirli, d„r„baR, Tormeti ubania. niji, amasTan
ÃoJab„Áli, fšcšlš, facce erTad, erT-erTi uZvelesi
m„h„l„ne. niJˤ hamal gele bisi sofelia, nijis Sesaxeb
aÁizmoRoxun soRone, niJˤe Semonaxulia ori aRasi wlis

winandeli cnobebi (Canawerebi).
aˤmxun faˤ hazar usen
saxelwodeba niji
moToxun beSˤ, camure mandiÁo.
warmodgenilia 29 qalaqisa da
1
nijuri kilos masalis mopovebas adgilze aRniSnuli proeqti ar iTvaliswinebda.
nijuri dialeqtis teqstebi gamoqveynebis uflebiT mogvawoda ruseTis federaciis
mecnierebaTa akademiis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutis mecnier TanamSromelma i.
landerma, risTvisac mas did madlobas vuxdiT.
247
fÊTalameÁ cila qala sa soflis saxelwodebaTa Soris,
romelic warmodgenilia didi
alimun zafi qarTinasTa
mecnieris mier, saxelad
saÃovuÁ S„h„rin, aÁizin ciÁe
ptolemeusi, Sedgenil ruqaze.
boS niJˤe ciÁal bune. qe
ase rom, SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
hesabenal fes baneqo faˤ ori aTasi welze meti xnis
hazar usenaxun geleneqi niJˤ winad niji ukve arsebobda
sa aÁiz qin„ baqene, bune. niJˤe rogorc sofeli, iyo. aris
baqala oCˤala faˤ hazar bif adgili saxelwodebiT ialoilu-

Tafa, romelic 2400-2500 wlis
baCˤ _ faˤ hazar go baCˤ usen
winad arsebobda nijis miwaze.
moToxun beSˤ baqi ÁaloÁlu-
es gviCvenebs, rom niji erT-erTi
T„f„ cila gano. SoTinal uZvelesi safelia. niji, amasTan
aqesesTaqi niJˤ bisi erTad, erT-erTi sofelia, sadac
aÁizmoRoxun soRone. niJˤ sami eris warmomadgenlebi
hamal xib xalge Á„S„ÁnSala cxovroben. am kuTxiTac
aÁizmoRoxun soRone. qe bedniereba movida nijSi (?), aq
T„r„†exunal niJˤe baxTen udiebTan erTad, cxovrobs

azerbaijanelebisa da lezgebis
eCerene, miÁa udiRoxun sagala
garkveuli raodenoba. isini or
hamal azerbaÁjanluÁox,
ubanSi cxovroben, erT sofelSi,
l„zgiÁox qarxsa. faˤ m„h„lna
soadac mravali eri saxlobs (?).
SoToRTun qarxsa, gele udiebi, procentulad [zedmiw.
xalgurxoÁ Á„S„ÁinSala sa procentebs Tu aviRebT], cota
d„n„ aÁize. udiÁox samal... metni arian, xolo danarCenebi _
†aiz exˤTaÁiÁan gelene, bif azerbaijanelebia da lezgebi.
hazar Tanaxun gelene, istoriaSi udiebis Sesaxeb sami
mandiÁoroxal azerbaÁjanlu- aTaswlovani cnobebi moipoveba.
ÁoxÃa l„zgiÁoxTun. udiRoÁ Semdeg arsebobs mravali

Canaweri udiebis Sesaxeb. exlac
aˤmxun xib hazar usen
udiebis Sesaxeb bevr weren,
moToxun beSˤ Tarixa
248
m„lšm„Txo bune. oSa udiRoÁ gvkiTxuloben da ikvleven. Tu
barada geke camuro. h„Ás„l davTvliT udiebi ricxvs, sul
udiRoxun gele camTunne, [maTi raodenoba] cxra aTass

aRemateba da udebi cxra naxevr
gele xavarTun haÃsa,
aTass aRweven. oTxmocdacxra
zomTunbaqsa. udiRoÁ
(1989) wlis daTvlis (aRweris)
boÃˤalasTa hesabbaÁiÁan,
mixedviT iyo 8600 kaci, gasuli
biTšn boÃˤal vuÁ hazaraxun wlebis Semdeg raodenoba Zalian
gelene, vuÁunÃˤi hazaral (?) gaizarda. sofelSi aris 4100-
ciriqe udi. s„qs„n vuÁumji 4200 kaci, xolo danarCenebi
soflisagan (nijisagan) Sors
usenin boÃˤalpsunasTa muR
cxovroben.
hazar uÃˤ baCˤ Tane bee, me
Covaqi usenxosTal xeÁl„q
aRuzbeene. aÁizin boS bif
hazar sa baCˤ, bif hazar faˤ

baCˤ Tan meT„r bune,
mandiÁoroxal aÁizexun
axˤilTun qarxsa.
.
Ãoldi ku
zu gele legendoRoz Curesa me miyvars bevri legenda udiur

enaze. Cven bebias adre Zalian
udin muzin. bez qalna Te
uyvarda maTi moyola. ijda,
vaxT Áava qeT„r SeÁmoRo
gviyveboda, Tu rogor gaCnda ku.
h„v„sq„reÁ. aresTaÁ Áaxal
ku iyo erTi axalmoyvanili
raskazbesaÁ ÁaÁnaqal, qi rZali. [erTxel] am rZalma
heT„r„ Ãoldi „m„l„ hare. dainaxa, rom saxlSi aravin ar
Ãoldi s„ d„n„ T„z„ bine beÁ. iyo da moindoma banaoba. moitana
249
Te binen beRˤene qoÁa abazana. Cawva abazanaSi,
yvelaferi moamzada [sabanaod],
Suqqal Teno, Curecene
xedavs im wuTas, rom masTan...
ocqalqane. eCerene vanna.
magaliTad, rodesac banaobda,
vanna laxi h„zirbaTan, Te
xedavs _ modis mamamTili.
ÃaTe beRˤene, iz lox m„s„l [rZalma] Tqva: “o RmerTo, netavi
ocqalqaTan, beRˤeneqi movkvde Sens winaSe! gamikeTe ise,
ÃaÁimbane eÁsa. fene aÁaman, aÁ rom gavxvde ku da [SeumCnevlad]

gavide. [sxvanaerad] rogor
buxajux, vi beSˤ biÁaz! za
gamovCnde mamamTilis winaSe?
T„rbaqi, zu Ãoldi baqaz,
[zedmiw. mamamTilis saxeze
CeRaz TaRaz. ÃaÁimbaÁ CˤoÁe
gamovide?]” im dRidan
heT„r CeRoz. haTTe moyolebuli, TiTqosda es
Rinaxunal kak budto1 Te legenda gamarTlda da rZali
legenda dšze, Te ene Te bin xdeba ku.
baneqsa Ãoldi.
laSqo
laSq korwili
wina kviras Cven sofelSi

Covaqi SamaT beS aÁize
gaimarTa qorwili. Cven, suyvela
laSqoÁe beÁ. Áanal gireci
erTad, wavediT [qorwilSi].
TaÁanci. biÁ„sin xšÁ„rmux,
saRamos movida bevri gogona da
Rarmux gelene hareÁ. sunaÁ
vaJi. erTmaneTs ecekvebodnen.
baCˤanexun „CiTunneÁ. zaxun
gogoebi, romelic gamomyvnen da
Taci xšÁ„rmoRonal zual faˤ me, orjer vicekveT [biWebTan].
q„r„n „CiÁanfi. laSqoÁ SahaT, qarwili kargi [iyo], Ramis or
furanal ciri Tene careci. saaTamde ar daviSaleT.
1 barbarizmi.
250
RarmoRoÁ, xšÁ„rmoRoÁ sa faÁ zogierTi vaJi da gogona wavia
TaTunci bin „CisTa, zual patarZalTan sacekvaod [zedmiw.
SoToRoxun Tazci. bin„ patarZlis cekvis dasaZaleblad],

da mec gavyevi maT. rodesac
„CidiTuxun oSa laSqoÁ
patarZals ecekvnen, qorwilic
careci. h„r soRo TaÁanci beSi
damTavrda. Cven wavediT
qoÁa.
TiToeulma sakuTar saxlSi.
251
udiur_qarTuli leqsikoni
winamdebare leqsikonSi masala warmodgenilia Semdegi wesiT:

saxeli mocemulia nominativis formiT (gauformebeli fuZe), xolo
zmna martiv-mawarmoebliani masdaris (masdari I) formiT (awarmoebs -es
es
sufiqsi). saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mocemulia sityvis esa Tu is
gramatikuli kvalifikacia.
faringalizacia Cven mier ganixileba rogorc prosodiis Tviseba

da, aqedan gamomdinare, ar gamovyofT faringalizebul bgerebs.
Sesabamisad, TviT faringalizacia ar moqmedebs anbanTrigis mixedviT
sityvebis ganlagebaze leqsikonSi.
imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom palatalizebuli (umlautiani) da

martivi xmovnebi udiurSi xSirad enacvleba erTmaneTs,
palatalizebul xmovnebs ar viRebT mxedvelobaSi leqsikonSi
sityvebis anbanTrigze ganlagebisas.
Semoklebani:
(adv.) _ zmnisarTi. (kiTxv. nacval.) _ kiTxviTi
(anat.) _ anatomiuri. nacvalsaxeli.
(atr.) _ atributuli sityva. (kuTvn. nacval.) _ kuTvnilebiTi

nacvalsaxeli.
(geogr.) _ geografiuli.
(maT.) _ maTematikuri.
(daav.) _ daavadeba.
(maqv. kavS.) _ maqvemdebarebeli
(dr. erT.) _ drois erTeuli.
kavSiri.
(v.) _ varTaSnuli kilo.
(mamr.) _ mamrobiTi [sqesi].
(zog.) _ zogadi.
(masd.) _ masdari (I).
(kavS.) _ kavSiri.
252
(masd. II) _ II masdari (relig.) _ religiuri.
(rTulmawarmoebliani). (sin.) _ sinonimi.
(mdedr.) _ mdedrobiTi [sqesi]. (subst.) _ gasubstantivebuli
(meq.) _ meqanizmi. atributuli sityva.
(mimR.) _ mimReoba. (Tand.) _ Tandebuli.
(mr.) _ mravlobiTi ricxvi. (uary. kl.) _ uaryofis

aRmniSvneli klitika.
(mus.) _ musikaluri.
(ud.) _ udiuri.
(n.) _ nijuri kilo.
(Sor.) _ Sorisdebuli.
(Pl. Tant.) _ “Pluralia Tantum”
saxelebi. (Cv. nacval.) _ CvenebiTi
nacvalsaxeli.
253
udiuri enis bgeraTa transkrifcia
a [aˤ]
[a ] k s C [Cˤ]
[C ]
„ l t c
b m u [uˤ]
[u ] [Z]
g n š w
d Á f W [Wˤ]
[W ]
e [eˤ] o [oˤ]
[o ] † x [xˤ]
[x ]
[e ]
v ” q Ã [Ãˤ]
[Ã ]
z p R [Rˤ]
[R ] j [jˤ]
[j ]
T J [Jˤ]
[J ] y [yˤ]
[y ] h
i [iˤ]
[i ] r S [Sˤ]
[S ] [Ê]] [Êˤ]]
SeniSvna: kvadratul frCxilebSi is bgerebia Casmuli, romelTac

fonemuri Rirebuleba ar moepovebaT;
faringalizebuli bgerebi (aRniSnulia ˤ diakritikiT) cxrilSi

moyvanilia pirobiTad (udiurSi warmodgenil bgerebs faringalizaciis
piki moudis).
e.w. iracionalurs (Ê bgeras) nijur kiloSi moepoveba distinqciuri

funqcia.
abruptivebi (pp, t, k; w, W; y) Semonaxulia mxolod sof. oqtomberis

(zinobiani) metyvelebaSi. nijur kilosa da q. oRuzis (varTaSeni)
f, T, q; c, C; Ã)

metyvelebaSi maT preruptivebi Seesatyviseba (f
254
a aˤmm _ mxari (adamianis, cxovelis);
qedi; mimarTuleba; kavebis
samagri koWi.
aa!
aa aah!
aah ah!
ah _ ah! netav! (Sor.).
ama (amma
amma)
amma _ Tumca, magram, arada
aba,
aba abo,
abo ava (n.); abalu _ mcodne.
(maqv. kavS.).
ababaqes _ codna, gageba.
ama _ mamida, amaRar _
abaluR _ codna.
mamidaSvili (kaci); amahin„r
amahin r _
abuz,
abuz avuz (n.), aRuz (n.) _ meti, mamidaSvili (qali).
Warbi, ukeTesi.
amaRˤa
amaR a _ usaqmuri.
abuzbes,
abuzbes avuzbes (n.) _ momateba,
ambar _ borcvi, grova.
mimateba, gadameteba.
aˤmkuri
mkuri _ mTqnareba.
ad _ suni.
amci _ carieli.
adamar,
adamar amdar (n.) _ adamiani.
andaxbes _ grZnoba, mixvedra.
azar _ avadmyofoba, daavadeba.
aÁzes _ adgoma, aRdgoma
azarubaqes _ avad gaxdoma.
(xristos
xristos aÁzere “qriste
akamin _ naxvamdis.
aRsdga”).
akes _ naxva, xedva, gamoCena,
aˤÁn
Án _ safuari.
aRqma.
aÁna _ mina, SuSa.
aˤl
l _ dawnuli, daxlarTuli,
ap _ ofli.
mixveul-moxveuli.
aper _ ojaxis ufrosi, uxucesi.
ala _ maRla, zemoT.
ar _ msxali.
alalu _ maRali.
araba _ uremi.
aˤlam
lam _ broweuli.
araz _ SiSis zari, gangaSi.
ala† _ Tiva.
ala†
arak _ zvaraki, kuro.
alayˤo
alay o _ mouqneli, dabneuli.
aramtol _ tura.
aˤlesun
lesun _ axveva, gadaxlarTva.
arum _ xorbali.
alver _ vaWroba.
arux (Pl. Tant.) _ cecxli, ali.
aˤldes
ldes _ qsova, dawvna.
arces _ dajdoma.
255
aslan _ lomi. aÃˤun
aÃ un _ axo, yamiri.
astar _ sarCuli. ajal _ bediswera, sasjeli.
afCi _ tyuili. ajiR _ risxva, javri, brazi.
a†ar _ Rvezeli. aha!

aha _ aha! ager! (Sor.).
a†ure _ locva, kurTxeva.
aˤqtes
qtes _ aCqareba. „
aRala _ wvima.
aRu _ Sxami, simware.

„g
g„r
r„mm _ Tu, Tuki.
ayes _ aReba, Sesyidva.
„zb
zb„r
zb r _ leqsi.
aS _ saqme.
„Tt
Ttšg
Tt g _ saklavi.
aSbes _ muSaoba.
„mm„rik
rik _ berwi.
aSiR _ saxsari.
„mik
mik „mi
mik, mi _ biZa mamis mxridan
aCi _ TamaSi.
„mikun
mikun Rar _ biZaSvili vaJi
aCˤi
aC i _ dakarguli.
(mamis mxridan).
awar _ wminda, sufTa, ankara.
„mikun
mikun xin„r
xin r _ biZaSvili vaJi
axar _ saaRdgomo saklavi.
r(mamis mxridan).
axafes _ akideba, wamokideba.
„n
n„r
r! _ (mimarTva qalTa mimarT).
aWˤa
aW a _ marjvena.
„n
ngiSt„
giSt _ saTiTuri.
axˤesun
ax esun _ dajaxeba.
„Áb
Áb _ sircxvili.
axˤil
ax il _ Sors.
„Áel
Áel (a
aˤÁel
Áel,
Áel aÁel)
aÁel _ bavSvi.
axmaR _ suleli.
„Áz
Áz _ sofeli.
axˤtes
ax tes _ mijaxeba, mirtyma,
dakvra. „ÁT
ÁT _ sityva, saTqmeli.
axwima
axwima,
ima aRsibaÁ (n.) _ aRdgoma. „rq
rq d _ xvadi.
rq„d
axWum _ sicili, Rimili. „rmeÁn

rmeÁn _ somexi.
aÃˤel
aÃ el (n.) _ kalTa (ix. eÃˤel
eÃ el).
el „r
ršg
g _ Werami.
256
b basma _ grova.
b„st
st _ Widili.
baba (v.), bava (n.) _ mama. b„ste

ste!
ste _ kmara!
babayˤ
babay _ uunaro, mouxerxebeli. bafe
bafes _ Cayra, Casxma.
b„g
g _ Tavadi, batoni, didebuli; baˤfes
ba fes _ yefa.
nefe, sasiZo. ba†tes _ Cavardna.

ba†
ba g„r
baˤg rRi _ guSinwin. baqes _ yofa, arseboba, gaxdoma;
badalayˤ
badalay _ bayayi. SeZleba.
b„zo
zo _ zogierTi. baR _ bawari, Zafi.
bazuk _ mklavi. baRˤena

baR ena _ guSinwin.
ba[Á
ba Á]es
es _ Sesavla. bayes _ teva, ganTavseba
(iZulebiT).
bal _ mkeTebeli.
baSˤa
baS a _ dampali, mompali.
bala _ Svili, bokveri, bartyi.
baSyes _ moparva, qurdoba.
b„l
l„ _ Tavsatexi, problema.
baCˤ
baC _ asi; qvevrze dasafarebeli
balanyo _ mayvali.
qva.
balaja _ pawawina, pawia.
baWˤan
baW an _ zurgi, beWi.
balRona _ sesxi.
baWˤana
baW ana _ mercxali.
b„nd
nd _ foni, wyalgamyofi,
baxt _ bedi.
wyalsatevi, auzi.
beg„m
beg m? _ nuTu? viTom?
baÁ _ bali.
bedul _ bari.
bar _ nayofi; sakvebi ulufa;
nawili, wiladi, kuTvnili wili. bezi _ Cemi (kuTvn. nacval.).
barbes _ Camorigeba, darigeba. beT„r

beT r _ uaresi.
baru _ kedeli. bele _ pirutyvi.
baruT _ Tofis wamali, denTi. benRˤ

benR _ kvira dRe.
baskes _ dawola. benyˤ

beny _ sibnele.
257
benSˤ
benS _ moZRvari, sasuliero biz _ wveTiani, sadgisi, isari,
piri. sarWi.
ber _ baliSi. bin _ rZali, patarZali.
berxes _ dafqva. bin”r„

bin _ saZirkveli.
bes _ keTeba. bip

bip _ oTxi.
besali _ maTxovari. bipSamaT _ oTxSabaTi.
besalo _ mTxovneli. birinw _ brinji.
besbalo _ mkvleli. bisi _ Zveli, meoradi, ZonZi,
besbes _ mkvleloba. Cvari.
beˤq
be q _ nemsi. bites _ Tesva.
beˤqtes
be qtes _ slokini. bitun _ yana, naTesi.
beRˤ
beR _ mze. biR _ ulvaSi.
beRˤabes
beR abes _ aRmoCena, povna. biRˤ
biR _ Suaguli, centri.
biyes _ daWera, patimroba;

beRˤalu
beR alu (biR
biRˤalu
biR alu,
alu buRˤalu
buR alu)
alu _
aSeneba, ageba.
Rrma.
biSi _ qada.
bil z„r
beRˤbil
beR bil„z r _ SuadRe, Takara.
biWi _ mkvaxe, moumwifebeli; umi.
beSˤ
beS _ winaT, uwin.
bixaRux
bixaRux _ RmerTi, ufali.
beSi _ Cveni.
bixes _ Soba, gaCena.
bejan
bejan (v.), bajanaR (n.) _ colis
da. boboCˤal
boboC al _ beWedi.
bia-bia
bia bia _ kuneli. bokes _ wva, xrukva.
biÁ
biÁasun _ RamiT, saRamos. bol _ uxvi, bevri, uamravi,
ulevi.
biˤ
bi _ mZime.
boÁ _ simaRle.
biˤbi
bi biˤ
bi _ xidi.
boÁlu _ Tanadi.
bibik _ bibilo (frinvelis).
borzun _ marcvleuli.
bi[Á
bi Á]es
es _ mokvdoma, sikvdili,
daRupva. borj _ vali.
258
boti _ moWrili, gadaWrili. buqun _ muceli.
boRˤofes
boR ofes _ yvirili, bRavili. buR _ orTqli.
boyˤ
boy _ Rori buRˤa
buR a _ napovni.
boyo _ comi. buRˤbes

buR bes _ povna.
boS _ SigniT (Tand.). buyes (v.) _ siyvaruli, Seyvareba.
boSi _ maZRari. ndoma, survili, mosurveba.
boStes _ damarxva (adamianis), buS

buS _ aqlemi.
Caflva (nergis).
boCˤu
boC u _ sqeli; xSiri. g
boxes _ xarSva, moxarSva.
boxˤmoR
box moR _ cxviri (Pl. Tant.).
ga _ adgili, sivrce, teritoria,
boxo _ grZeli. miwa; saTavso, Sesanaxi adgili;
boxobaqes _ wamowola. sawoli, mosasvenebeli adgili;
boxobes _ dagrZeleba, gaWimva, done, Rirseba; gancda.
gawelva. g„d
d„ _ mona, yma, mojamagire.
bu _ yofna, qona, yola. g„d
d„d
d _ zaqi.
bud _ barkali. gaval _ didi tomara.
bul _ Tavi, mwvervali. gavasein _ saxnisi.
buJˤ
buJ _ Tavmomwone. gaTur _ biliki, sasiarulo,
buJˤefes
buJ efes _ Sexorceba. saqaravno gza.
buÁ _ savse gala _ vrceli, farTo,
buÁbes _ avseba, Sevseba. didadgiliani.
burux _ mTa, mTebi (Pl. Tant.). g„lm

lm„
lm _ ltolvili, mawanwala,
momTabare, adgilnacvali.
burÃi _ dawyebuli.
gam _ cxeli, Tbili.
busa _ mSieri.
g„r
r _ areuli, Sereuli,
but _ daxuruli, dafaruli.
SeerTebuli, Serwymuli; mRvrie.
butkes _ daxurva.
259
g„r
r„g
g _ saWiro. gonbes _ SeRebva.
g„r
r„mz
mz„
mz _ saflavi. gon
gonnuT _ uferuli.
gez _ kvali, gezi. gorox _ sawyali, sacodavi.
gele (n.) _ bevri. goRan _ gamxdari.
geleS _ cekva. gugel _ Woti.
gel g”l
gel, l _ tba, tbori, gube. gul _ saceri.
gemiS _ kameCi. gšl

l„hh„n
n _ rehani.
geng _ farTo. gšll

ll„
ll _ Jakani.
ger _ geri; nergze SemorCenili gšndaru

ndaru _ nesvi.
gaxarebuli toti. gurat _ perangi.
geramawan _ pawawina; kenkras gurdak _ Tirkmeli.
nayofi.
gurdes,
gurdes gures _ waqceva.
gergec _ eklesia, salocavi;
gšrji
rji _ qarTveli.
wm. giorgis saxelze nakurTxi
gšf
f _ gube.
eklesia.
gšftes
ftes _ cema, tyefa.
gerew _ nerwyvi.
gi„
gi _ naRvela.
gizgi _ sarke. d
gil„
gil _ marcvali.
gileÁ _ Wori. d„ (n.) _ ufrosi da.
gimg„ gšmg
gimg (g mg gšmgaxana
mg„, mgaxana)
mgaxana _ d„g
g„ _ patara saxli, oda;
salaybo. farduli.
gšmmšS
gimiS (g S) _ vercxli. dad _ wuxili, SeSfoTeba.
girbes _ akrefa, Segroveba. d„d

d„ _ mamida.
g”g
g (geg
geg)
geg _ ca. d„d
d„ Rar _ mamidaSvili (mamr.).
g”d
d„qq _ mokle, mokled. d„d
d„ xin„r
xin r _ mamidaSvili
gon _ feri. (mdedr.).
260
dadal _ mamali. d„s
s _ gakveTili, mecadineoba;
dava _ Cxubi, dapirispireba, gundi, ansambli.
omianoba; wamali. daf (sin. daÁra,
daÁra naRara)
naRara _ doli.
davabes _ gakicxva, sayveduri, daRlaxes _ wameba.
Cxubi. daxtak _ ficari.
davaduRes _ Sewamvla (venaxis, dendak _ zedadgari.
xexilis).
dexes _ Segineba.
daˤvun
da vun _ mxali.
dizik _ gveli.
dazdani _ Zieba, mokvleva.
dil„g
dil g _ saTxovari, Txovna.
d„l
l„g
g _ dalaqi.
dim (sin. biTšm
biT m) _ mTlianad,
d„mm _ bani (sasimRero). yvelaferi.
d„mm„n
n _ kalTa. “dim
dim baz”
baz _ udiuri agazafxulo
damdam _ dila, dilas (adv.). zeimi, aRdgomamde sami dRiT
adre imarTeba, xuTSabaTs.
d„mduRes
mduRes _ dadastureba.
diJˤam
diJ am _ lanZRva.
d„mirCi
mirCi _ mWedeli.
dire _ misayudebeli, misabrjeni.
damnun _ xval.
dirmiStes _ mxaris kvra, biZgi.
dampul _ qliavi.
diSlay _ kbilebCamocvenili,
d„n
n _ pureuli, sakvebi
marcvleuli, safqvavi. d”g
g„n
n„g
g _ korZi, koJri.
d„ng
ng _ giJi, saSiSi. doloyˤun
doloy un _ mWvartli.
d„ngiz
ngiz _ ufskruli, naprali. doˤmf
do mf,
mf doˤmfal
do mfal _ gaberili.
dordorkal _ CanCqeri, wyaro.

d„Á
Á _ nedli.
doromoro _ abdaubda,
d„Á
Á JˤoRul
J oRul _ dasawyisi.
uxarisxo, uwesrigo,
d„Áraz
Áraz _ celi.
uswormasworo.
d„Ár
Ár„n
Ár n _ zRva. dost _ megobari.
d„rm
rm„n
rm n _ malamo.
261
doˤRes
do Res _ gaskdoma, gabzarva, eˤvel
vel _ samlocvelo, saydari,
gasrola, afeTqeba. eklesia.
doRma _ RviZli, alali, evl„d

evl d _ geni, gvari (mamis
sisxlis naTesavi. mxridan).
doRri _ marTali. ez _ xnuli, xvnis mimdinereoba.
d”S
S _ mkerdi. ezbes _ xvna.
d”Sag
Sag _ leibi. eT„r
eT r? _ rogor?
daxyaz _ WiSkari. eka?

eka (v.), heka?
heka (n.) _ ra?
dšgm
gm„
gm _ Rili. ekalu?
ekalu _ ratom?
duˤgun
du gun _ koJri, simsivne, elas _ fici.
gamagreba. elasfes _ daficeba, pirobis
dšg
gšn
n _ kvanZi. dadeba.
duvan _ kanoni, kanoniereba. el _ marili.
dšz
z _ swori. eˤlem
lem _ viri, sayrdeni (xis).
dšzbes
zbes _ garigeba; gasworeba, elmux _ suli, sicocxle (Pl.
Casworeba. Tant.).
elfes _ yivili (mamlis).

dšz
zšn
n _ dablobi, vake, veli.
emma?
mma emmo?
emmo _ ramdeni?
duÁ _ boTe, doylapia, utvino.
emmasa?
emmasa rodemde?
dšnd
ndšk
nd k _ niskarti.
ene _ ukve.
duf _ cisartyela.
erd„g
erd g _ ixvi.
duRes _ dartyma, dajaxeba.
erey _ Txili.
esen _ SarSan.
e
etaÁ[Si
etaÁ Si]?
Si _ visi? risi?
etul?
etul etula?
etula _ ramdenad? ra
e? (v.), he (n.)_ ra? romeli? fasia?
eˤbes
bes _ kerva. efsen _ wels, am wels.
262
†an _ Tqven.
eˤ† vaˤnyo
va nyo _ enZela.
e†es _ Senaxva. var _ aRznebuli, gaRizianebuli.
varbaqes _ gagiJeba, cofiT

†i _ Tqveni (kuTv. nacval.).
eˤ†
daavadeba.
eˤqq _ cxeni.
v„rTiv
rTiv„r
rTiv r _ feriscvaleba
eRel _ cxvari. (relig.), nayofis (xexilis)
ey _ xorci. momwifeba.
eyyara?
eyyara _ ramdeni? varru _ mdidari.
eSˤ
eS _ vaSli. vaCa _ bedoba, putkris ojaxi.
oCˤ (n.) _ kalo.

eW (v.), oC vaxt _ dro.
ex _ mosamkeli. vel _ Txa; vel Wik _ Tikani.
exbes _ mka. vi _ Seni (kuTvn. nacval.).
exyara?
exyara (ehyara
ehyara?)
ehyara _ ramdeni? viCi _ Zma; viCe Rar _ ZmisSvili
(mamr.); viCe xin„r
xin r _ ZmisSvili
eÃˤ
eÃ _ kalTa.
(mdedr.).
ejura?
ejura _ rogori? ranairi?
viw _ aTi.
ejiz _ Tavmdabali.
vuÁ _ cxra.
vurRun _ qariSxali.
v
vuRˤ
vuR _ Svidi.
vaˤ
va _ morwmune, damjeri; da
z
(kavS.).
v„d
d„ _ dro.
zalum _ mutruli.
v„l
l„d
d _ Sinauri, saqmeSi
Caxeduli. z„mbil
mbil _ didi xelCanTa.
v„luR
luR _ rwmena, religia. z„ng
ng _ zari.
vaˤn †an _ Tqven.

va n, eˤ† z„nd
nd _ mimarTuleba, sivrce;
ganWvreta, azri, alRo.
263
zarrazamT„r
zarrazamT r _ “bzoba” (relig.).
zara†at _ xumroba.
zara† T
zafes _ gaweva.
zeres,
zeres zerzeres _ morTva, T„bi
bi _ morCili, qedmoxrili.
mokazmva.
T„g
g _ Tanatoli.
zerevkes _ SeTxzva, Selamazeba.
T„g
g„r
r _ sityva.
zigil _ meWeWi.
Tades _ micema, miTxoveba.
zido _ rkina.
Ta[Á
Ta Á]es
es _ wasvla.
zizam _ elenTa.
Tavar _ najaxi.
zizifes
zizifes _ kvnesa, wuwuni.
T„z
z„ _ axali.
zil-
zil-zil _ SeWyunuli,
amoburculi. T„z
z„bes
bes _ ganaxleba.
zil†a-zil†
zil† zil†a _ nagjej-naglej, T„Tik
Tik _ TaTi.
nakuw-nakuw. T„l
l„ _ xafangi, maxe.
zinjil _ jaWvi. TaˤlaS

Ta laS _ nafoTi, naxleCi.
zir„ng
zir ng _ cqviti, cocxali, Tam _ sruli, srulad.
sazriani, yoCaRi. T„mb
mb„l
mb l _ zarmaci, zanti,
zozofes _ ymuili, zmuili. nebieri.
zombes _ swavla. Tambes _ srulyofa; morCena,
zor _ Zala. damTavreba, bolomde miyvana

(saqmis).
zorru _ yovlisSemZle.
Tamen _ gemrieli.
zoy,
zoy zoÃ _ ylorti.
zoyal
zoyal _ Svindi. T„miz
miz _ sufTa, wminda; erTianad,
pirwmindad.
zoyalbes _ Tvla.
T„mizbes
mizbes _ gawmenda.
zu _ me.
zulum _ wvaleba, wameba.
ziˤptes
zi ptes _ wamortyma, wamokvra.
264
T„r
r _ musikaluri instrumenti; T„qq-Tšqq _ TiTo-orola.
Tixis WurWlis gamosaZerwi T„ql
ql„miSbes
ql miSbes _ gancalkeveba,
dazga. martod momwydeva.
Tara _ moxveuli, wriuli,
T„qs
qs„
qs _ mxolod.
gadabrunebuli, amobrunebuli.
TaSes _ waReba, wayvana, mogeba.
Tarabes _ Semobruneba,
TaSestes _ wageba; waRebineba,
Semotrialeba; yuradRebis
wayvanineba, gataneba.
miqceva; movla.
TaxCa _ Taro.
Tarazik (Taraz
Tarazšk
Taraz k) _ saswori,
T„hn
hn„
hn _ wayvedreba.
Tarazo.
Te _ ara.
T„r
r„mm„ _ Semodgomis buneobis
dResaswauli (“mzis gacileba”) _ Tel _ depeSa.
micvalebulTa xsenebis dRe. Til _ waxnagi, qimi.
T„r † _ momxre, mxare (geogr.).

r„† Tir
Tir _ koWi, mori, xaxvis kvali.
Tiq _ Sveuli.
T„rbes
rbes _ Tavis danebeba.
Tandˆr) _ Tone.
Tarna (Tand
Tandˆ Tiq„
Tiq _ nakuwi, naWeri.
Tog _ fasi.
TariR _ modgma, weli, saukune,
Jami, maTiane. Togdes _ gayidva.
Taf _ daJeJili. Togix _ Zviri.
Toz _ mtveri.
T„figbes
figbes _ dabarva.
TozlamiSbes _ damtverianeba.
Ta†od _ gansxvaveba.
Ta†
ToÁ _ RonisZieba, zeimi,
T„qq _ euli, ganmartoebuli,
qorwili.
erTeuli, cali, kenti.
Tor _ gasvrili, dasvrili.
T„qq„ _ jixvi.
Torak _ tomara.
T„qq„r
r _ borbali.
Tofa,
Tofa Tof _ grova, zvini,
T„qq-T„qq _ TiTo-TiTo, saTiTao; borcvi.
xandaxan, zogjer.
Tovuz _ kombali.
265
ToSˤo
ToS o _ gvelxokera, ankara il _ balaxi (sin. o), mcenare,
(gveli). sarevela, mcenareuliT
Toxˤana
ox ana _ leRvi. mofenili dablobi.
Toxi _ Toxi. ilbes _ gamargvla.
iman _ araferi.
Toxˤlik
Tox lik _ Ripi, CiCaxvi.
Toxya (Tohya) _ qamari, Rvedi. imux _ yuri (Pl. Tant.); imxox _

yurebi.
TuT _ TuTa.
inadlu _ RvarZliani, boroti.
TšT
Tšn
n _ Tambaqo.
ingir-
ingir-ingir _ gariJraJi,
Tul _ lekvi, naSieri.
bindbundi.
Tšlq
lqi
lqi (sin. Sul)
Sul _ melia.
in _ rwyili.
Tum _ Ziri, fesvi; saZirkveli,
ini _ axali.
saTave.
inibes _ ganaxleba.
Tšnd
nd _ ficxi, cxare.
iJˤ
iJ _ Tovli.
Tur _ fexi.
iJˤen
iJ en _ zamTari; Tovliani.
Turakal _ xifaTiani, marcxiani,
ir„d
ir d _ dakarguli.
bedukuRmarti.
ir„dbes
ir dbes _ moSoreba, mocileba.
TšS
S _ mizani, mimarTuleba.
ir h„T
ir„h T _ glexi, Tavisufali
TšSbes
Sbes _ damizneba, mizanSi
miwaTmoqmedi.
amoReba.
iriz _ biliki.
TšSbaT
SbaTšS
SbaT S _ pirispir.
irit _ zizRi.
is _ gabutuli, uZraxi,
i gandegili, ganmartoebuli.
isa (sin. haÁsa)

haÁsa _ exla.
ibaqes _ mosmena. iRarix _ sicxe, temperatura.
izak _ WianWvela. iRaribes _ dasicxva, gacieba.
izmiSbes _ curva. iy _ nacari.
266
iSˤa
iS a _ axlos, siaxloves. kalbes _ gkawvra, gaxazva,
iSˤabaqes
iS abaqes,
abaqes iSˤabes
iS abes _ daaxloeba. Cxvleta.
kalfes _ daZaxeba, gamoZaxeba.

iSˤaluR
iS aluR _ siaxlove.
kanak _ xveuli, gragnili.
iSˤa
iS a-miSˤa
miS a _ axlo-maxlo.
kanakbes _ daxveva (Zafis,
iSu _ kaci (sin. iSyar
iSyar),
yar qmari;
bawris).
iSu-
iSu-Cubux col-qmari; iSe TaÁes
gaTxoveba (zedm. qmarTan wasvla). kaˤnkal
ka nkal _ xveuli.
iC _ TviTon. kantaz _ mwvervali, umaRlesi

wertili.
iCi _ Tavisi; iCio _ Tavisiani.
kancarik _ kalaTa (patara).
ixbaqes _ damaxsovreba.
ixba†tes _ gaxseneba.
ixba† kanWˤal
kanW al _ Tovlis gunda.
karamfes _ kortna.
ixbes _ damaxsovreba, aRqma.
karov _ oxraxuSi.
ixt„r
ixt r _ nebarTva, dasturi.
kartaS _ kefa.
ixtl„T
ixtl T _ saubari.
kat _ wveTi.
k„tik
tik _ sasa.
k
kaSa _ TiTi.
kaw _ gawyvetili, gaglejili,

kaˤ
ka _ TrTvili. damsxreuli, dakuwuli.
kaˤvan
ka van _ mindori. kawbes _ daxocva, amoJleta.
k„z
z„r
r _ stafilo. kawes _ gawydoma, gawyveta.
kakanik _ mrgvali, wriuli, kawkal _ kibe.
sferuli. kaW _ sakenki.
kaˤkap
ka kap _ muxli (anat.). kaWˤi
kaW i _ brma.
kakafes _ kakani. kaWˤibaqes

kaW ibaqes,
ibaqes kaWˤibes
kaW ibes _ dabrmaveba.
kala _ xeibari, koWli. kaWkun _ kevi, saReWi rezina.
kalafes _ koWloba. kaWˤoli

kaW oli _ kitri.
267
kaWfes _ daReWva, ReWva. koWˤ
koW _ tari.
kajux _ wveri (Pl. Tant.). koj _ saxli.
kerwal _ kaWkaWi. koj-

koj-kua _ saxlSive.
kiwi _ cota. koj-

koj-mec-
mec-baqes _ daojaxeba,
kiwke _ patara, pawia. dabinaveba.
kiwkebes _ dapataraveba. koj-

koj-Cˤomox
omox _ saxl-kari.
kiw-
kiw-kiwi _ cot-cota. kul _ miwa.
kobes _ gakreWva. kuper _ kvirti, kokori.
koda _ niCabi. kurwfes _ Tvlema, Tvalis

moxuWva.
kodox _ Subli.
kuwes _ Cacucqva.
koval _ joxi.
koTavar _ tafa.
kokow _ qaTami. l
konfuz _ mwvervali.
konjˤux
konj ux _ patroni (Pl. Tant.). laˤbtes
la btes (la
laˤptes
la ptes)
ptes _ gabrtyeleba,
koÁn,
oÁn koÁ _ qvevri. gasresa, gaWyletva.
koˤÁn
ko Án _ qudi. l„g
g„n
n _ taSti.
kori _ moxrili, mrude. l„g

g„r
r _ mRvrie, amRvreuli,
kori-
kori-mori _ mixveul-moxveuli, areuli.
mixril-moxrili. la[Á
la Á]es
es _ asvla, acoceba.
kopi _ qvici. lavkes _ asxma, Camocmeva,
kotor _ nawili, naWeri, natexi. wamocveva.
kotor-
kotor-kotor _ nawil-nawil. lazum _ saWiro.
kow _ moxrili, waxrili; lal _ munji, utyvi.

danebebuli. lalaqan _ qoSi.
kowbes _ gadmoxra, gadaxra; lam _ priala, gaprialebuli.
gadmobireba, dayolieba.
lamandi _ Sexvedrili.
268
laˤng
la ng _ nabiji. loTi _ sayvareli.
laˤpurtik
la purtik _ gadazelili. lok
lok _ qoTani (yvavilis).
lari _ msgavsi, tolfasi, l”l

l”c
c _ akvani.
magieri. lonRa _ trabaxa.
laribaqes _damsgavseba. loÃa _ loya.
laribes _ mimsgavseba. lšl
l„ _ lula, mili.
ladi _ wasmuli.
laf _ Zalian.
m
lafes _ Cacma.
la†tes _ Sexeba, mortyma.

la†
ma _ ar (uary. kl.); sadac (maqv.
laRˤaldes
laR aldes _ gamovlena.
kavS.).
lay _ laye.
maˤ
ma _ tvini, Wkua.
l„S
S _ sxeuli.
m„ _ ar (uary. kl.).
laSˤko
laS ko _ qorwili.
maˤba
ma ba _ tviniani.
laSˤkobaqes
laS kobaqes _ qorwineba,
m„d
d„rbes
rbes _ drois gawelva,
daqorwineba.
drois gayvana, drois mogeba.
laCay _ miwebebuli, mikruli,
m„T
T _ tylapi.
mitmasnili.
makala _ arsad.
laCaytes _ dawebeba, dakroba.
mal _ saqoneli.
lacurdes _ misxureba.
mala _ farcxi.
laWur _ daxveuli, xveuli.
maladuRes _ farcxva,
laWurfes _ daxveva.
dafarcxva.
laxi _ dadebuli.
malaka _ kovzi.
-laxo
laxo _ zed, zemodan (Tand.).
mamayˤ
mamay (babay
babayˤ)
babay _ mouxerxeli.
levet _ qvabi.
mamil _ bicola.
lik„r
lik r _ biliki.
mamur _ xavsi.
lil _ lami.
269
mamuSˤak
mamuS ak _ ia. maSaR _ vefxvi.
maˤngu
ma ngu _ nikapi. maSkatekal _ Ramura.
mandi _ darCenili, SemorCenili. maCˤo

maC o? _ saiT?
m„nZil
nZil (manZil
manZil,
manZil manzil)
manzil _ maCˤxo
maC xo?
xo _ saidan? romeli
manZili. mxridan?
mano?
mano _ romeli? (kiTxv. nacval.). mawi _ TeTri.
maˤÁn
ma Án _ Savi. mawibaqes,
mawibaqes mawibes _ gaTeTreba,
gadaTeTreba.
maˤÁn
ma Ánfun
Ánfun _ SavTuxa, Savgrimani.
mawi xe _ arayi (zedmiw. TeTri
maral _ iremi.
wyali).
marci _ gamoleuli, moTavebuli,
maxpur _ xaverdi.
morCenili.
maÃ _ mana, sari.
m„s
s„l
l„ _ saubris Tema, andaza,
Tqmuleba; nedleuli, masala. maÃˤ
maÃ _ muxa, rko; maÃˤna
maÃ na xod _
muxis xe.
masfes _ gacra, mtvrisgan
gawmenda. m„hl
hl m„hh„l
hl„, l„ _ ezo, karmidamo;
ubani (n.).
masyara _ masxara, klouni,
sasacilo pirovneba. m„hn
hn„
hn _ mizezi.
masyarabes _ dacinva, damcireba, me _ es (Cv. nacval.); dana.

ironia. meˤl
me l _ Tagvi.
mataÁ?
mataÁ matRoÁ?
matRoÁ _ visi? (kiTx. melan,
melan melin _ aqedan (adv.).
nacval.).
meˤlum
me lum _ Tavkbila, Zirmagara.
maˤfes
ma fes _ bRavili.
memma _ amdeni.
maRˤ
maR _ simRera.
meno _ es (subst.).
maRa _ aqeT.
meÁd _ cxedari, gvami.
maRˤkalo
maR kalo _ momRerali.
mer _ ase.
maRˤfes
maR fes _ mRera, simRera.
meRˤew
meR ew _ tyipa.
maSar _ xerxi.
meSu _ amaRam (adv.).
270
mec _ bude; qvabuli, CaRrmaveba. mur _ mWvartli, muri, RerZi.
meW _ WinWari. murdal _ avxorci.
meÃ _ Wia, matli. mšr

ršmm _ mironi.
mej r„ _ ase, amnairad.

mejšr mutul _ marcvleuli, TavTavi.
mi _ sicive. muR _ rva.
mibes
mibes _ aciveba. muyˤa
muy a _ rqa.
miT †k„ _ muTaqa.

miT„† muS _ qari.
mimow _ wvintli, mouxocavi muSWun

muSWun _ kocna.
(atr.). muWa _ muWi.
miÁa (mÁa
mÁa,
mÁa mia)
mia _ aq. muWˤa
muW a _ tkbili.
mis _ spilenZi. muWˤanay

muW anay _ rZe.
mispar _ lursmani. muWur _ gadawmendili ca.
micik (n.; Sdr.: kiwke)

mic kiwke _ patara. mux _ frCxili (muÃ); klanWi;
yanwi; kibis safexuri.
mozi _ xbo.
muÃˤ
muÃ _ mxiaruli, gaxarebuli.
mono _ es (subst.; ix. meno).
meno
mos (fos
fos)
fos _ nagavi, mtveri. muÃˤluR
muÃ luR _ zeimi.
moRor _ gaRviZebuli.
moRoreci _ Secdenili. n
moS,
moS moC _ bardi, ekliani buCqi.
mowak _ koRo. naane _ araviTar SemTxvevaSi.

mue (mu
mu)
mu _ qeri. namaz _ eklesia, samlocvelo.
muz _ ena. namazbes _ locvis aRvlena.
muz†urudes _ Woriknoba,
muz† nambes _ danamva.
enaWartloba. namgal _ namgali.
muzÃaes _ enis adgma. namus _ namusi.
mum _ sanTeli, cvili. nana _ deda.
271
nanaluR _ dedinacvali.
narzuR _ guSin.
naRara _ doli. Á
naRˆl _ zRapari.
naRˆ
nay _ do. Áad _ ucxo.

nayel _ mawoni. Áava _ avi, Seupovari.
naxˆr _ naxiri, qaravani; gundi;
naxˆ Áavan _ damSeuli, mSier-
jogi. mwyurvali.
neduRal _ sadedi (rZis). ÁaÁluR _ Tavsaburavi, Tavze
neT _ warbi. mosaxvevi.
neR _ cremli. Áal _ jagari, fafari.
ÁaluR _ ali.
neSˤ
neS _ wirva; msxverpli, ZRveni,
(relig.). Áaman _ Zlieri, uZleveli.
neSˤum
neS um _ yveTeli. ÁamaR _ nakeri, sakerebeli.
new _ tili. ÁamaRbes _ dakerva.
niko _ burTi. Áaffes,

Áaffes Áambes
Áambes _ amovseba,
amoleva, galesva.
niktes _ rqena.
Áan _ Cven (p. nacval.); gverdi,
ninifes,
ninifes nanifes _ iavnana (ud.).
sivrce.
niSˤan
niS an _ niSnoba (saqorwino),
Áannu,
Áannu Áannul _ gverdiT,
niSani.
gaswvriv (adv.).
niSˤtar
niS tar _ samarTebeli.
ÁanRliS _ Secdoma; Semcdari,
noWˤ
noW _ yurZnis wveni, “tkbili”.
gzaabneuli.
nuT,
nuT nut _ ara, gareSe (uar. kl.).
Áara _ Wriloba, iara; Áaralu _
†t„ _ muqta.
nš† daWrili, wyluliani.
Áarma _ damsxreuli, dafSvnili;

RerRili.
272
Áas _ glova; Áaslu _ Áig _ mtkaveli.
mgloviare. Áikfes _ gacra (fqvilis, lamis).
Áatunji _ nabadi, matyli, Áihifes _ Wixvini.
bewviani mosasxami.
ÁoldaS _ megobari, amxanagi.
ÁafuR _ saxuravi.
ÁolCi _ ucxo.
ÁafuWyan _ webo.
Áon _ xerxi, ileTi;
Áalin _ dazustebiT. mimarTuleba.
Áay _ gza. Áonsuz _ mouqneli, uxerxuli,
Áayabes _ gagzavna. mouxerxebeli.
ÁayabeRˤes
ÁayabeR es,
es ÁaybeRˤes
ÁaybeR es _ lodini. ÁorRan _ sabani, TavSesafari.
ÁayTa[Á
ÁayTa Á]es
es _ gamgzavreba. Áu _ rbili.
ÁaS _ asaki. Áubga _ qveda Tansacmeli.
Áaxni _ moxarSuli xorci, Áumbur

Áumbur _ muSti.
xaSlama.
Áaxu _ aufuari comi.

o
Áahar _ unagiri.
Áe _ an (kavS.).
o _ balaxi, mcenare (zog.), Tiva,
Áega _ qlibi.
Tavtaviani kulturebi; mdelo,
Áedg„r
Áedg r _ samaxsovro. vake, mcenareebiT dafaruli
Áezna _ siZe, CasiZebuli. dablobi, plato.
ÁeTum _ oboli, euli. oga _ geri, gare (araoirdapiri)
ÁemiS (sin. gšnd

nd rš, gšndaru
nd„r ndaru)
ndaru _ naTesavi; balaxiani adgili,
nesvi. saTibi, mdelo.
oda _ balaxiT (isliT) an TiviT

Áeng„
Áeng _ xelismomkide
daxuruli saxli, saTavso.
(patarZlis).
ozan
ozan _ kiseri.
Áeqqa _ veeberTela,
Tvaluwvdeneli. oTaR _ oTaxi; farduli; isliT
daxuruli saTavso.
273
oˤma
ma (u
uˤma
ma)
ma _ marwyvi. oSˤa
oS a _ mere, Semdeg.
oˤne
ne _ tirili, wuxili, oSˤun
oS un _ Semdgomi.
datireba. oCˤal
oC al _ miwis zedapiri; (n.) _
oˤnefes
nefes _ tirili (masd.). mindori, veli.
oÁmaR _ modgma, warmoSoba, fuZe. owkaldes _ gabaneba.
ore _ gabutuli, uZraxi. owkalfes _ banaoba.
oreÁn _wyaro. oWˤi

oW i _ talaxi, lami.
orTaR,
orTaR orTaRlu _ saziaro, ox _ savarcxeli.
gaerTianebuli; erToblivad oxˤal
ox al _ nadiroba.
(adv.).
oxari _ ioli, advili.
ostavar _ magari.
oxbes,
oxbes oxfes _ varcxna,
ot _ sircxvili. davarcxna.
otbes _ sircxvilis SegrZneba.
oxˤeÁl
ox eÁl _ nanadirevi; xorciani
oRand _ moxerxebuli, ioli, kerZebi.
advilad mosagvarebeli.
oÃ (ax
ax,
ax ux)
ux _ mdinare.
oRraS _ eSmakeuli, Tarsi.
oÃeÁl _ saWmeli, sakvebi.
oRur,
oRur oRurru _ fexbednieri,
ojas _ dekeuli.
baraqiani, Semosavliani.
ojax,
ojax ojaR _ ojaxi, kera;
oy _ Ziri, qveda nawili.
patara salocavi.
oyˤ
oy _ uReli, sapalne. o haÁ!
haÁ o ra kargia! (Sor.).
oya _ dabla, qvemoT. oh!
oh _ oh! (Sor.).
oyabes _ Camoweva, daweva.
oyalu _ dabali.
”
oyˤeÁn
oy eÁn _ Zvali.
oyo _ Zmari.
oSˤ
oS (uS
uS)
uS _ bolo, kide, ”guT
guT _ aRzrda.
dasalieri; bolos (adv.). ”vl

vl„d
vl d _ gvari, geni, warmoSoba.
274
”mm„g
g _ ZarRvi. poˤ-
po -poˤ
po _ or-ori.
”qqšz
z _ tyupi. poRoW _ Wiayela.
puram _ kidev, isev, mainc.
puri _ mkvdari.
p
J
paˤ
pa (po
poˤ)
po _ ori; paˤelon
pa elon _ orive,
orTave; paˤluR
pa luR _ oriani. Jˤal
al,
al Jˤalfes
alfes (masd.) _ duRili.
paˤelmuRon
pa elmuRon _ orsuli. Jˤaldes
aldes _ aduReba.
papa (sin. baba)

baba _ mama. Jˤee _ qva, lodi; saflavis qva;
cixe-simagre; klde.
paˤrTbaqes
pa rTbaqes (f
faˤrTbaqes
rTbaqes)
rTbaqes _
mokunTva, orad mokeca. Jeb (jeb
jeb)
jeb _ jibe, ube.
patarak _ qelexi. Jˤee-el _ qva-marili.
patomjan (patumjan
patumjan)
patumjan _ badrijani. JˤeeluR _ qviani (atr.); qviani
adgili.
paˤS
pa S[a
a]mat
mat _ orSabaTi.
Jinjil (zinjil
zinjil)
zinjil _ jaWvi.
pep _ akvnis leibi.
pi _ sisxli. Jˤil
il (Jil
Jil,
Jil Jˤal
al)
al _ arev-dareva,
qaosuri moZraoba.
pilinj (sin. mis) _ spilenZi.
Jˤilfes
ilfes _ ajanyeba, aRreva.
piliRonW _ xvliki.
JˤollamiSbes
ollamiSbes _ dacoba.
piˤnak
pi nak _ sazurge.
Jˤomox
omox _ wisqvili; piri.
piJ _ Surduli.
JˤoRul
oRul _ zafxuli.
piJna,
piJna xaÁn-
xaÁn-piJ _ Suriani.
Juk _ TiTistari.
pirw _ sklinti.
piwumkal _ sisxlismwoveli.
r
po[Á
po Á]es
es _ sakmarisoba,
dakmayofileba.
udiur enaSi r bgeris moxvedra
poÁ!
poÁ _ maS! viTom?! TiTqosda! absolutur anlautSi ver
275
davimowmeT (inlautSi da s„r
r _ gamorCena.
auslautSi r bgera xSirad r†„d
s„r d„r
r _ gamorCenisa, mogebis
gvxvdeba), Tu ar CavliT
moyvaruli; pativmoyvare.
“internacionalizmebs” (radio
s„s
s _ xma, hangi, bgera
da a.S.) da ramdenime nasesxeb
s„sm
sm z, s„sm
sm„z sm„zbaqi
sm zbaqi _ gulwasuli.
sityvas:
s„s
s-s„bir s„s
bir (s s-s„mir
mir)
mir _ xma-krinti.
ra _ raSi, merani (sin. raS),
raS
safara _ zogierTi.
gadaadgilebis saSualeba.
safsa _ martoxela; ueli;
damoukidebeli.
s
saq r„mm _ erTxel.
saq„r
saqes _ Cagdeba.
sa (so
so)
so _ erTi; mxolod; saRi. sayaT _ erTxanobas.
saad,
saad sahaT (n.) _ saaTi (meq.); saxˤtes
sax tes _ koWloba.
saaTi (dr. erT.). saxˤtik
sax tik _ koWli.
saburduRes _ dacemineba.
saj r„ _ erTnairi, erTferovani.
sajšr
sagala _ erTad.
sevCe _ mazli.
saemo (saÁmo
saÁmo)
saÁmo _ ramdenime,
seÁne _ dedamTili.
zogierTi.
serbes _ gakeTeba, SekeTeba,
sazkena _ gawkepili, gamarTuli.
momsaxureba, ageba; Casaxva.
saTam (sa
sa Taman)
Taman _ erTianad.
sin„miSbes
sin miSbes _ gamocda, dakvirveba.
saT h„r
saT„h r _ rogorme, raime xerxiT.
sirT _ xerxemali; Txemi.
saluR _ erTiani.
sir _ saidumlo.
samaRaji _ fiWvi.
sirmiSbes _ dazianeba.
samuz _ erTxmad.
sis _ futkris nestari; susxi.
samji _ pirveli.
siq„-
siq -siq„
siq _ naglej-naglej, nakuw-
sanduR _ skivri.
nakuw.
sane!
sane _ mainc! (Sor.).
six _ xSiri, sixSire.
sanju _ mWvali.
so-
so-so _ TiTo-TiTo.
saÁ _ cota; kvlavac, kidevac.
sšz
z„g
g _ sawuri WurWeli.
saÁmaz _ mcirediT kmayofili,
sšT
Tšn
n _ sveti, Zeli, boZi.
udardeli, zarmaci.
276
sšmb
mbšl
mb l _ TavTavi. taˤpak
ta pak _ brtyeli.
sšr
rš _ grova, fara, jogi, gundi. taˤpakbes
ta pakbes _ gabrtyeleba
suruk _ daweuli, Camokidebuli. tapes _ cema, bertyva, begva.
sus _ susti. taram _ mWidrod, mkvidrad;
susbaqes _ gulwasvla, gonebis magram.
dakargva; gulis SeRoneba. tarTmiSbes _ warTmeva, wagleja.
su†aT _ saxe.
su† tat _ buzi.
tati _ bebia, dideda (sin. qal-
qal-
suˤhab
su hab _ madli, pativi; Secodeba.
nana).
nana
tatafes _ gaSla, moSla,
t
wamoSla; morRveva.
tafi _ nacemi.
tak _ stafilo. tafes _ cema.
tak-
tak-tak _ mwyobrad, mijriT, tayˤtes
tay tes _ CarWoba, darWoba.
mkrivze [dawyobili]. tayˤfi
tay fi (tay
tayˤbi
tay bi)
bi _ damtvreuli.
takfes _ mijriT dawyoba, taRa _ iqeT.
Comomwkriveba; dargva. taRa-
taRa-maRa _ aqeT-iqeT.
talda,
talda taldaluR _ safari, te _ is (Cv. nacval.).
TavSesafari.
tev„din
tev din„
din _ maSin.
taldabaqes _ Tavis Sefareba,
teT„r teT h„r
teT r, teT„h r _ ise, imgvarad,
mifareba.
imnairad.
taleq _ TefSi.
tekal _ kalia.
tam _ gemo.
telan,
telan telin _ iqidan (adv.).
tamar
tamar _ ZarRvi.
temma _ imdeni.
tamen _ gemrieli; tamsuz _
ter _ ise, iqiT.
ugemovno.
teracu _ diakvani.
tanluR (tonluR
tonluR)
tonluR _ xelfasi,
ter-
ter-ter _ ise da ise; mixveul-
salaro.
moxveuli.
taÁaR _ sayrdeni, dasayrdeni,
tej r„ _ iseTi, imnairi.
tejšr
misayudebeli.
tiÁa _ iq.
taÁna _ feTvi.
tiÁaun
tiÁaun _ iqauri.
tapan _ ska.
277
tites _ gaqceva. uk _ guli.
titil _ metiCara, cancara. ukalo _ mTqmeli.
tiyˤ
tiy (sin. kopkal)
kopkal _ wamonazardi, ukla _ guliani.
amonaburci. ul (sin. janavar)
janavar _ mgeli.
toˤplik
to plik _ kila. ulux _ kbili (Pl. Tant.); ulxox _
toprak (Torak
Torak)
Torak _ tomara, parki. kbilebi.
toto _ tutuci. uˤma
ma _ marwyvi (ix. oˤma
ma).
ma
toRˤol
toR ol (sin. Áannul)
Áannul _ iqve, umud _ imedi.
gverdiT. unuR _ nawlavi (Pl. Tant.).
toS _ gareT. urdan-
urdan-burdan _ abdaubda.
toSˤamfes
toS amfes _ dagva, dasufTaveba. uruzi (orozi
orozi)
orozi _ xoxobi.
toSSan _ kurdReli. uruz _ rusi.
tul _ yurZeni, yurZnis uruseT _ ruseTi.
marcvali. urutfes _ Selocva, Serisxva.
tulboyˤes
tulboy es _ rTveli. us _ xari.
tulyˤaWfes
tuly aWfes _ yurZnis dawurva. usen _ weli, wlis rigi (relig.).
tuma _ yunwi. usin _ Cqara, swrafad, maSinve,
tuntuz _ kurtumi. umal.
tuˤp
tu p _ boloki. usin-
usin-usin _ Cqar-Cqara.
tupayˤ
tupay _ meloti. uskes _ gazomva, awonva.
tupul _ kopli. usta _ ostati, xelosani.
tupul-
tupul-tupul _ koplebiani, uqes _ Wama.
winwklebiani. uqsun-
uqsun-uRˤsun
uR sun _ sma-Wama (masd. II).
turi _ Zafi. uRˤ

uR _ sxveni.
uRˤes
uR es _ daleva.
u uyˤ
uy _ kakali (nayofi); uyˤna
uy na xod
_ kaklis xe.
uyˤeÁn
uy eÁn _ Zvali.
uda _ TuTis foTlebi;
uS (sin. uSˤ,
uS Wot)
Wot _ kide, bolo,
abreSumis WiisaTvis
dasalieri.
gaTvaliswinebuli TuTis xis
jiSi (sin. udin xod
xod;
od Wapal).
Wapal
278
uSˤ
uS _ SeSa; kide, bolo, f„rg
rg„rbes
rg rbes _ awyoba, gamarTva,
dasalieri (ix. uS).
uS gakeTeba, ageba, amuSaveba, CarTva,
uWˤ
uW _ Tafli. organizeba.
uWˤe
uW e tat _ futkari (zedmiw. farTal _ tansacmeli,
taflis buzi). tanisamosi.
ux (sin. ax,
ax uÃ,
uÃ oÃ)
oÃ _ mdinare. faˤrTbaqi
fa rTbaqi _ enaCavardnili,
uÃˤ
uÃ _ eqvsi. mxilebuli.
ujuz _ iafi. farTamiSbes _ farTxali, sulis
ujuzbaqes _ gaiafeba (bunebrivi). Rapva.
ujuzbes _ gaiafeba (xelovnuri.). fas _ dangreuli, gacveTili;
uh!
uh _ uh! (Sor.). gaSlili, mimobneuli,
mimofantuli.
faq _ baR-venaxi, baRCa.
š
fasWaR (fasCaR
fasCaR)
fasCaR _ mefe.
faxla _ lobio.
šT
Tš _ uTo. faxˤti
fax ti _ moduRebuli, orTqlSi
šT
TšduRes
duRes šT
duRes, Tšbes
bes _ dauTaveba. gatarebuli.
šT
TšduR
duRi
duRi _ dauToebuli. faxˤt
fax tes _ moduReba.
šs
sšn
n _ male (ix. usin).
usin felum _ anafora.
šr
ršmmšr
ršmm _ bind-bundi. fenew _ xis guTani; kaviani;
saxnisi.
fesun _ Tqma, qmedeba (azris
ganxorcielebis dawyeba).
feSˤak
feS ak _ xeloba.
f
feSˤman
feS man _ sinanuli.
fi _ Txis qoni; naTqvami (mimR.).
faÁz _ Semodgoma. fil q„n
fil„q n _ kibe.
far _ CamoSlili, mozvavebuli, fis _ cudi.
morRveuli (sin. fer);
fer gafrena fisbaqes _ cudad yofna, cudad
(sin. fur). gaxdoma.
279
fisbes _ cudis keTeba, cudis fu†tlik
fu†t fo†tik)
†tlik (fo
fo†tik _ buTxuzi.
Cadena. fuSˤa
fuS a _ komSi.
fises _ cudi gancda, cudad fuSˤfuS
fuS fuSˤ
fuS _ filtvi, RviZli.
gaxdoma. fuC _ fuWi, uvargisi,
fiSik
fiSik _ kata. gafuWebuli; gzasacdenili,
fiSt _ Rumeli. avardnili.
foTik _ goWi. fuCik _ stomaqi, CiCaxvi; buSti.
for _ obi.
forwux _ maCvi (Pl. Tant.).
forTbes _ moTmena. †
forWefes _ daobeba.
fos (sin. mos)
mos _ nagavi. †al _ mkiTxaoba, marCieloba.
fof _ Tma.
†alCi
alCi _ mkiTxavi.
fofbari (sin. tupayˤ)
tupay _ meloti,
†aldes
aldes _ qneva, gakvra, moqneva;
TmaCamocvenili.
fofla _ banjgvliani, Tmiani. motaceba, moparva.
ful _ Tvali; kvanZi (naqsovis, †„nd

nd _ ileTi, xerxi.
xaliCis); saTave (mdinaris, †„nd

ndq„r
ndq r _ moxerxebuli.
wyarosi). †arfes _ dakvra (mus.);
fulduRes _ Tvaliswema.
danarcxeba.
fulTarates _ yuradRebis
†„riSt
riSt„
riSt _ angelozi.
miqceva.
†arRaTbes _ dabinaveba.
fulRˤaC
fulR aC _ Tvalebaxveuli,
tvalebafarebuli. †aham _ niWi, sazrianoba.
fulyinW _ TvalebdaxuWuli. †i _ Rvino.
furdes _ gadaqceva, CamoSla;
†ie†
ie†es _ Rvinis Senaxva, Rvinis
Wkuidan gadasvla; gafrena
daZveleba.
(bartyebis).
†il _ spilo.
furfes _ frena, gafrena.
fusakbes _ jvris wera (relig.). †ilt„
ilt _ fitili.
fuˤf
fu f _ wifeli. †iqir _ fiqri.
280
†iqirbes _ dafiqreba. qalam _ qalamani.
†o†ot _ future, fuRuro. q„l

l„mm _ kombosto.
qalbaba (qalababa
qalababa)
qalababa _ babua.
†u _ haeri; airi, gazi; sivrce
qalnana (qalanana
qalanana)
qalanana _ bebia.
airisTvis; Seberva; niavi.
q„lCa
lCa _ mamali zaqi.
†ues _ gaberiloba.
qam _ nakluli, mcire.
†ur _ koJri.
qamasi _ Raribi.
†urtes
urtes _ Cacureba, sriali; qambes _ mokleba; gamokleba
asxleta. (maT.).
†urte
urtevke
tevkes
vkes _ dacureba. qaˤmen
qa men _ WuWyiani.
†urutes _ tareba. qames _ kleba, Semcireba.

qamma _ magdeni.
†urufes
urufes _ siaruli, seirnoba;
q„ndir
ndir _ Toki.
Zebna.
qanTal _ tlanqi.
†št
t _ stvena.
q„Á
Á _ naWami; q„Á
Á-uRˤi
uR i _ naWam-
†uRara _ sawyali, Raribi.
nasvami.
†uxˤfes
ux fes _ gaqurdva, gayaCaReba. q„Áixbes
Áixbes _ RamisTeva.
†uÃˤes
uÃ es _ gayvlefa. qar _ yru.
q„r
r„mbes
mbes _ gamravleba.
qarxes (Ãarxes
Ãarxes)
Ãarxes _ cxovreba.
q
q„sib
sib _ Raribi (ix. qamasi).
qamasi
qaf _ Cqari, aCqarebuli.
qa _ mand.
qafes _ aCqareba.
qano _ eg (subst.).
qaf-
qaf-qaf _ Cqar_Cqara.
qavTar-qšsti
qavTar- sti _ sulTamxuTavi,
qa † _ qafi, dorbli.
qaˤ†
moCveneba, avi suli.
qa†tes _ moxvedra, Sexvedra.
qa†
q„l
l _ xar-kameCi.
qala _ didi; ufrosi. qaRÊz
qaR z _ qaRaldi.
q„l
l„ _ Tavis qala; kefa. qaCˤ
qaC _ xrami, Txrili; xevi, xeoba.
qalabes _ gazrda. qaCˤfun

qaC fun _ Txrili, mRvime,
qalaluR _ ufrosoba. gamoqvabuli.
281
qaj r„ _ magnairi.
qajšr qšlag
lag _ qari.
qe _ xolme. qulbak _ parki (abreSumis Wiis).
qem r (qq”mmšr
qemšr r) _ naxSiri. quldes _ xelis xleba.
qen _ niori. qulTates _ xelSewyoba.
qe†bes _ qeifoba, wveuleba.
qe† l†„T
qšl T _ ojaxis wevrebi.
qeq (qq”qq) _ msuqani, Cafskvnili. qulqebiyes _ xelis CamorTmeva.

qeje _ mJave. qšnd
nd ršk
ndšr k _ sakmeli.
qejun _ tylapi. qšnj
nj _ kuTxe.
qiz _ Teqa. qur _ ormo, qvabuli.
qir„j
qir j _ kiri. qšr
r _ celqi, Seupovari.
qirmiSbes _ SekuCeba, dalageba. quqla _ bewvebiani.
qis„k
qis k _ qisa, jibe. quSˤtik
quS tik _ sartyeli.
qiS _ Tlili. quSton (sin. xaCparaz,
xaCparaz xaSparaz)
xaSparaz
qiStes _ dafrTxoba. _ qristiani.
qiSfes _ gaTla.
q”b
b„r
r _ borcvi. R
q”T
T„n
n _ guTani.
q”Tik
Tik _ mori.
Rˤalfes
alfes,
alfes Rˤolfes
olfes _ amolafva
qol _ buCqi. (wumfeSi).
qol-
qol-qoluR,
qoluR qol-
qol-qoci _ RanZil (Ranzil
Ranzil)
Ranzil _ RanZili.
buCqnari. RaÁn _ basri, galesili.
qoÁ _ saxelo. RaÁna
RaÁna _ yvavi.
qor _ mase, magre. Rar _ vaJi, biWi.
qosum (sin. godor)
godor _ godori. RarRaÁn _ vaJkaci; uSiSari;
q”fit
fit _ Clungi. medgari.
q”qq _ msuqani; jiSi. RˤaR
aRˤafes
aR afes _ yayani.
qoˤqnik
qo qnik (Ã
Ãˤoxnik
oxnik)
oxnik _ idayvi. RˤaC
aC _ Sekruli; fuTa.
qoSˤmot
qoS mot _ daClungebuli. RˤaCfes
aCfes _ Sekvra.
qojˤ
qoj _ Zneli, miuwvdomeli. Re _ dRes (adv.).
qul _ xeli. Rennax (RibaRi
RibaRi)
RibaRi _ yoveldRiurad.
282
Ri _ dRe. yaTir _ jorcxena.
Rirxox,
Rirxox Rirux _ marxvis dReebi. yair _ kristali.
RiWurdi _ dRegamoSvebiT. yala _ cixe-simagre; satusaRo,
Rˤol g”l
ol (g l, gel)
gel _ wumfe. sapatimro.
Rˤolfes
olfes _ amolumpva, y„l
l„Tbes
Tbes _ xulignoba,
amogangvla, mtverSi amosvra. danaSauli.
RoR _ tyemali. y„l
l„mm _ kalami, sanamyene kvirTi.
RunRul _ krazana. yalaÁ _ kala.
RuÁ _ msxvili, sqeli. yamCa _ maTraxi.
RuÁbes _ mosuliereba, yanajaRlu _ darbaiseli,
gamococxleba. sandomiani, gamoCenili.
Rura _ ekala. yandaR _ Txrili, sangari,
Rurumifes _ Rrena. naprali.
Rusme _ yveli. yandirmiSbes _ Cagoneba.
Ruja (Rija
Rija)
Rija _ anwli. yˤanw
anw _ yanwi.
yaÁa _ klde, SiSveli mwvervali.
y yaÁn _ colis Zma.

yaÁnbaba _ simamri.
yari _ mSrali, xmeli, gamxmari.
ya _ oci.
yaribes _ gaSroba.
y„b
b _ yalbi.
yarmaR _ kavi, Cangali, ankesi.
yadaRa,
yadaRa yada _ sasjeli, wameba.
yarRodali _ simindi.
yaz _ bati.
yastbes _ gajiuteba.
yazanj _ Semosavali.
yafaR _ saxuravi.
yazÊl
yaz l _ boZi.
yaftes _ waTaqeba, TxleSa.
yaT _ nakeci; kuTxe; Sualedi;
yˤay
ayˤaes
ay aes _ xrCoba, daxrCoba
drois monakveTi; raimes
(sakuTari).
kompleqti (mag. Tansacmlis erTi
yˤay
ayˤafes
ay afes _ xrCoba, daxrCoba
xeli).
(sxvisi).
yaTbes _ dakecva, gadakecva.
yˤay
ayˤafun
ay afun _ erbo-kvercxi.
yaTbi _ dakecili, gadakecili.
yaCi _ makrateli.
yaTi _ SuaSi, Soris.
283
yaW _ viwro. yˤoRotes
oRotes _ baqiaoba.
yˤaW
aW _ tkivili. yoy _ yeli, sayelo
yaWbes (yaWfes
yaWfes)
yaWfes _ Wyletva, (Tansacmlis).
dawnexva. yoSala _ orpira.
yˤaWfes
aWfes _ tkivili. yoSin,
yoSin yoSi _ jari, laSqari.
yˤaWfi
aWfi _ natkeni. yoC,
yoC yoCi _ verZi, yoCi; mjobni,
yeri _ sxva, ucxo. mZleveli.
yˤi
i _ SiSi. yˤow
ow _ kuziani.
yˤibajan
ibajan,
ibajan yˤibaljan
ibaljan _ mSiSara. yˤow
ow-
ow-yˤow
ow _ mokuzuli.
yˤibes
ibes _ SiSis SegrZneba. yoja _ beberi.
yˤidestes
idestes _ daSineba. yojabes _ dabereba.
yil _ Txis bewvi; Tevzis fxa. yojaluR _ sibere.
yˤilanwifes
ilanwifes _ wkmutuni. yubur _ qarqaSi.
yˤiluR
iluR _ saSiSroeba. yuda _ mzaxali.
yiT _ nakluli. yuzeÁ

uzeÁ _ Crdili.
yobi _ xrami, kldis piri. yuzi _ batkani.
yˤoda
oda _ ku. yuzRun _ arwivi, orbi.
yol _ xelmowera, xelwera (sin. yui _ Cxikvi.
yal,
yal kal).
kal yul _ mxari (anat.).
yolzafes
yolzafes _ xelmowera, yuluR _ samsaxuri, samuSao.
dasturi; SeuRleba, qorwineba

(rituali). S
yom _ naTesavi, mogvare.
yonaR,
yonaR yonax _ stumari. Saad (Sad
Sad,
Sad Sadbaqi)
Sadbaqi _ aSvebuli,
yonSi _ mezobeli. gaSvebuli, Tavisufali.
yonja _ kona. Savat _ lamazi, mSvenieri.
yor _ naperwkali. Sˤal
al _ Sali, mosasxami (Salis
yˤor
or _ Tiaqariani. Zafisagan moqsovili).
yora _ mkvaxe. Samat _ kvira, SabaTi (Samat
Samat Ri).
Ri
yormiSbes _ moxrakva. Sˤamkal
amkal _ soko; mkvleli.
yoruR _ saZovari (Pl. Tant.). Sˤamfes
amfes _ dakvla.
284
S„Á
Á _ Sauri. Siq„T
Siq T _ saCivari, Civili;
S„Án
Án _ sveli, wyliani. gancxadeba.
Sˤarfes
arfes _ dazelva, dasresa. Sor _ cximmoxdili yveli;
a†taluk _ atami.
Sˤa imwams (adv.).
SoRR _ wurwuriT.
S„hh„r
r _ qalaqi.
S”S
S _ rto.
Sel _ kargi.
Sˤue
ue (S
Sˤuve
uve)
uve _ daTvi.
Selbes _ mkurnaloba,
gamojamrTeleba; kargad, Sˤue
uet
uet (S
Sˤuve
uvet
uvet) _ kama.
xarisxianad Sesruleba. Sul (sin. Tšlqi

lqi)
lqi _ melia.
SelluR _ sikeTe. Sˤum

um _ puri.
Sel-
Sel-Selo _ saukeTeso. Sˤum
umak
umak _ dedali.
Seno,
Seno Sono
ono _ is (Cv. nacval. Su _ Rame.
subst.). Su?
Su _ vin? Su-
Su-Su?
Su vindavin?
SeÁ _ sagani, nivTi; siTxe; raime, Sšqq _ sinaTle; sxivi.
raRaca. SšS
S„ _ mina.
Sere,
Sere Serebaqi _ damWknari, SÊro
ro _ Svria.
gamomWknari.
SetaÁ _ misi (kuTvn. nacval.).
C
SetRoÁ _ maTi (kuTvn. nacval.).
SiTil _ nergi.
Cal _ Robe.
Siklam _ xaxvi.
C„li
li _ Tevzi.
SimS„T
imS T _ bza.
C„nC
nC n„ _ nisli, burusi.
nC„n
Sip _ Cumad (adv.).
Sipbaqes _ Cumad yofna; gaCumeba, C„r
r _ celqi.
dawynareba. C„r
r„yy _ mwvadi.
Sip-
Sip-Sip _ CumCumela. C„r
r„yybes _ Sewva.
Sir„ng
Sir ng _ koka. Cartkal _ mSvildi.
Siriyiri _ abdaubda. Caf _ daorTqlili; sokoTi
Sit,
Sit Sitfes _ Cxreka, gamoCxreka. daavadebuli.
Sitirik _ metiCara. C„f
f _ elami.
285
Cafes _ amovleba, gavleba (mag., Curfes _ dgoma.
CurCxelis). Curfi
Curfi _ mdgomi, fexmdgomela.
C„qm
qm„
qm _ Ceqma. Cˤuxes
uxes _ SeZvroma.
Cax _ civi, sicive; yinuli. Cˤuxtes
uxtes _ Seyofa, Setenva, SeWra,
Caxbiyes _ gaciveba. SerWoba.
Caxfes (Caxbes
Caxbes)
Caxbes _ wvela, mowvela Cxarkes _ gadarCena; moTaveba.
(Zroxis, kameCis); Zleva,
gamarjveba. c
Cˤaxfes
axfes _ dabijeba, fexis dadgma;
Sedgoma, datkepna. cam _ naweri.
CeC _ fiWa.
caˤmdes
ca mdes _ dasusxva, daSuSxva.
Cigl m„ _ ZonZi.
Cigl„m cames _ Cawera.
Cil _ mZivi. camfes _ dawera, Cawera.
Co,
Co Cˤo
o _ saxe, pirsaxe (anat.); camfi _ dawerili; Wreli.
mimarTuleba; naRebi; zedapiri. JuJuna.
Coval _ beRura. cafes _ gaTibva; cafi _
Coktes _ daCoqva. gaTibuli.
Cokti _ daCoqili, muxl- cac _ ekali.
moxrili. cacba†Ti _ ekliani,
cacba†
Colay _ xeibari.
ekalmoreuli [adgili].
Coli _ gareT, sxvagan.
cacbeRˤal
cacbeR al _ zRarbi.
Cˤoll
oll _ zemoT, zedapirze (adv.).
cec _ CrCili.
ColCi _ gadamTieli, ucxo.
cibes _ Camoyra, dayra.
Cˤomox
omox _ kari, karebi (Pl. Tant.).
civar _ naleqi.
Cofsaqes _ kenWisyra.
civarun _ naleqiani amindi.
Cubux _ qali, mandilosani (Pl.
cil _ Tesli.
Tant.); Cubyox (mr.). cina _ qveviT; dasavleTiT (adv.).
Cu _ soli. ciri _ Camosuli.
Cˤu
u, Cˤukun
ukun _ furTxi. cies _ Camosvla.
CšT
T _ wyvili. ciRalo _ Camomsvleli.
Cur _ Zroxa.
286
cicik _ gvigvini; yvavili; wimeri _ wminda adgili;
“Cutyvavila” (daav.). RmrTismSoblis saxelze
cunari!
cunari _ keTili iyos Tqveni nakurTxi eklesia; dedaTa
mobrZaneba! monastery; msxevrpSewirvis
adgili.
Z windak _ winda.
wirik _ wiwila.
wiˤlampur
wi lampur _ mxali.
Z bgera udiurSi moSlis pirasaa
misuli: igi sul ramdenime wixˤ
wix _ ciyvi.
nasesxeb sityvaSi gvxvdeba da, woro _ naJuri.
amasTan erTad, mas yvela im worobes _ gawurva.
sityvaSi fakultaturad z worok,

worok worok-
worok-worok _ wveT-
spiranti enacvleba. udiur enaSi wveTi.
Z bgeris moxvedra absolutur woroRi _ Camonadeni, naJuri,
anlautSi ar aris damowmebuli. CamonaRvenTi.

woRˤ
woR _ galumpuli.
w
W
wabul _ wabli.
waˤvdes
wa vdes _ brWviali, RaJRaJi, W„gi
gi _ gvian.
bzinva. Wakfes _ gamorCeva, cal-calke
wan _ kurka, Tesli; Wipi (sin. warmoCena; garCeva (brinjis,
buqunun).
buqunun lobios da a.S.; saqmis); arCeva,
wanTaro _ qondari. arCevnebi.
weT _ zeTi. Wˤakfes

akfes _ danayva, daroSva;
wewefes _ gawewva, aCeCva (Tmis, darbeva, dabegva.
matylis). Wal _ mownuli Robe.

wi _ saxeli; tituli. W„l
l„g
g _ tye, Wala.
wiala _ saxelganTqmuli. W„meci
meci _ amomWknari.
wil _ nakverCxali. W„mW
mW„meci
mW meci _ gamodarebuli,
gamonaTebuli.
287
W„n
n„ _ TavaSvebuloba. WoWol _ bavSvi, biWi.
W„Án
Án _ karaqi, cximi. Wumpalaybes _ Wyumpalaoba.
Wap _ vazi; damaluli; Camqrali. Wum-

Wum-Wuplay _ SiSvel-titveli.
Wapal (sin. C”qil

qil)
qil _ TuTis xe. Wuplay _ SiSveli, cariel-
Wapbes _ damalva, Caqroba. tarieli.
Wapkawfes _ vazis gasxvla. Wuplaybes _ gaSiSvleba.
Wapkin _ malulad (adv.). Wur _ xveuli, daxveuli,
WapluR _ venaxi. dagrexili.
Wadi _ mWadi. Wurdes _ daxveva.
WaR _ nekni. Wurumfes _ dagrexa; gazmorva

(Wurumes
Wurumes).
Wurumes
WˤaWi
aWi _ SaSvi.
Wax _ mexi. WˤuWufes
uWufes _ zelva.
Webaqes _ gadasvla.
Webaqestes _ gadayvana. x
Wevkes _ gagdeba.
Wem _ WuWyi. xa _ matyli.
Wemen _ WuWyiani. xˤa
a _ ZaRli.
Weri _ gamosuli. xabar _ ambavi.
Wet _ matli. xabarayes _ SekiTxva.
Wefes _ gamoyra. xabarbes _ Setyobineba.
Wefun _ gamonayari. xazal _ foToli.
WeRes _ gamosvla. xazbes _ daxazva, gaxazva.
WeW„
WeW _ WaWa. xaTa _ xifaTi.
Wiges _ garekva; tareba, marTva xaTir _ xaTri.
(manqanis). xaTirbes _ daTmoba.
Wik _ toti, Sto, rto. xala _ deida; Cangali, fiwali.
WiWifes _ wva. xˤaldes
aldes _ coxna.
Worni _ gamxdari. xalik _ biZa (dedis mxridan).
Wot _ napiri. xam _ gauxedavi,
WˤoWa
oWa _ wiTeli, alisferi. mouTvinierebeli.
WˤoWabaqes
oWabaqes _ gawiTleba, alewva. xana _ rcxila.
288
xanCal _ xanjali, basri iaraRi, xax (xalx
xalx)
xalx _ xalxi.
orlesuli. x„j
j„l
l„T
T _ ridi, sircxvili.
xarab _ fuWi, gafuWebuli; xajˤol
xaj ol _ joxi.
wamxdari, uxarisxo. xe _ wyali.
xarabbaqi _ znedacemuli, xeba _ Txevadi.
namusaxdili. xebaqes _ dnoba (Tovlis).
x„r
r„b
b„ _ Sexvedris adgili, xebes _ moneleba, gadnoba.
TavSeyris adgili. xeg„r
xeg r _ wyalgareuli; mRvrie
x„r
r„g
g _ grova, zvini. wyali.
xarbiyi (Ãarbiyi
Ãarbiyi)
Ãarbiyi _ CaSaqruli. xeÁr _ xeiri.
xarT (ÃarT
ÃarT)
ÃarT _ salesi, saxexi qva. xellax (xeÁlax
xeÁlax)
xeÁlax _ SesamCnevad,
xari (Ãari
Ãari)
Ãari _ fqvili. blomad.
xarfes _ gaxexva. xel _ tvirTi, tvirTamweoba.
xarfun (Ãarfun
Ãarfun)
Ãarfun _ nafxveni. xelbes _ datvirTva, akideba.
xa†lu _ jiquri.
xa† xeneza _ mwyurvali.
xaS _ sinaTle, naTeli (relig.); xib _ sami.
Tve; mTvare; comis safuari (sin. xibSamaT _ samSabaTi.
aˤÁn
Án);
Án xaSi. xibJ r„ _ samnairi.
xibJšr
xaSbaba _ naTlimama. xin„r

xin r _ qaliSvili.
xaSil _ fafa; Romi. xitikistes _ Ritini.
xaSixo-
xaSixo-xaSi _ Tvidan-Tvemde. xo (sin. kaˤ)
ka _ TrTvili, name.
xaSlamiSbes
xaSlamiSbes _ daxarjva, xˤo
o _ curi.
gaflangva. xod _ xe.
xaSbiTes _ gaTeneba. xozamand _ maWankali, Suamavali,
xaSnana _ naTlideda. qalis mTxovneli.
xaSparaz (xaCparaz
xaCparaz)
xaCparaz _ qristiani; xonCa _ ZRveni.
marTlmadidebeli (v.). xoÁ (n.) _ sagvareulo,
xaStes _ monaTvla. STamomavloba, modgma.
xaC _ jvari. xorag _ cxeli saWmeli.
xˤax
axˤa
ax a _ gatexili. xorik _ cacxvi.
xˤax
axˤa
ax afes _ gatexva. xoS _ neba.
289
xˤoSbes
oSbes _ xvewna, Sexveweba. Ãarfes (sin. xarfes)
xarfes _ qlibva,
xˤoSkar
oSkar _ qato. kawvra, Rarva, xexva.
xoji _ Crdili. Ãarx (Carx
Carx)
Carx _ Carxi.
xuni _ dedali (sin. Sˤumak
umak).
umak Ãarxes _ cxovreba (ix. qarxes).
qarxes
xunCi _ da; xunCi-
xunCi-viCi _ da-Zma. ÃaRÊz
aR z _ qaRaldi.
xup (xuf
xuf)
xuf _ flavi. ÃaC (sin. xaS)
xaS _ mTvare.
xurnik _ xurma. ÃˤaSfes
aSfes _ kbena, kbeCa.
xuru _ wvrili; xurda. Ãela _ make, fexmZime.
xurubes _ damtvreva, gatexva; Ãˤi
i, Ãˤio
io _ naxevari.
daxurdaveba (fulis). Ãˤibi
ibi _ gapobili, gaCexili.
xurufes _ xvrinva. Ãˤibes
ibes _ gapoba, gaCexva.
xur-
xur-xuru _ wvril-wvrili. Ão _ xuTi.
Ãˤol
ol _ qerqi, tyavi, qani.
Ã ÃˤoloR
oloR _ Sarvali, tanisamosi.
ÃoS _ ukan.
ÃoSamaT _ xuTSabaTi.
Ãabun _ varsklavi, ciuri
Ãoxla _ kvercxi.
mnaTobi.
Ãaldes _ coxna. Ãˤox
ox (Ã
Ãˤo
oÃ) _ xvela.
ÃaÁ _ Ria, gaxsnili, gaSlili. Ãˤoxnik

oxnik _ idayvi.
ÃaÁaqes _ mibruneba, ukan Ãˤoxfes

oxfes (Ã
Ãˤo
oÃfes)
fes _ xveleba.
wamosvla. Ãul (yul

yul)
yul _ barZayi, kiduri,
ÃaÁes _ gaSla, gaSiSvleba. mxari.
ÃaÁun _ SiSveli adgili. Ãur _ Wiri, laxvari.
ÃaÁfes _ gaReba, gaxsna.

ÃaÁ-
aÁ-ÃaÁes _ gadawmenda (cis). j
Ãar _ nafxveni, fxvnili.
Ãarbiyi _ CaSaqruli (ix.
jaan!
jaan _ icocxle! Wirime!
xarbiyi).
xarbiyi
jadu _ jado; hipnozi, Segoneba.
Ãarbuz (yarfuz
yarfuz)
yarfuz _ sazamTvro.
jadubes _ moxiblva.
ÃarT _ salesavi qva (ix. xarT).
xarT
jalaRbes _ gadabma.
Ãari _ fqvili (ix. xari).
jalaRbi _ gadabmuli.
290
jalRa _ damynobili; namyeni jšr
r„b
b„j
jšr
r„ _ nair-nairi.
nergi. juut (juud
juud)
juud _ iuda; iudeveli,
jalRabes _ damynoba. ebraeli; jiuti.
janavar (sin. ul)
ul _ mgeli. jufes _ gadaxtoma.
janlu _ janiani, Ronieri. jÊnj
njÊR
nj R _ Seuvali.
jansuz _ dasustebuli, uRono.
jares _ wva, xrakva, dasusxva.
h
jardes _ mowva, motrusva,
dasusxva.
habur _ zrdiloba, Rirseba.
j„rji
rji _ jagi.
hava _ haeri, klimati, hava.
jahmaT _ xalxi, kreba,
havalabaqes _ daZgereba.
samsjavro.
havalu _ Tavqariani; agresiuli.
j„hil
hil _ norCi, axalgazrda,
h„vg
vg„
vg _ xurjini.
mozardi, ymawvili.
h„veW
veW _ qinZi.
jeÁz _ mziTvi.
hazar _ aTasi.
jejer _ tuCi.
h„zir
zir _ gamzadebuli.
jig„r
jig r _ gul-RviZli, axlobeli,
ganuyofeli. h„zirbes
zirbes _ momzadeba.
jil„g
il g _ modgma. h„zir
zirel
zirel _ yoCaRi, cocxali,
jir _ TviTnabadi (bunebrivi mkvircxli, momzadebuli.
warmoSobis). hal _ suli, pulsi.
jirtat _ kela. hala (hh„l

l„) _ jer, kidev.
jirRoR (RoR
RoR)
RoR _ tyemali. halaqi _ jerjerobiT, jer
jšhhšr
jihir (j r) _ Sveli. kidev.
jok _ calke. ham _ Tanac.
jok-
jok-jok _ cal-calke, nawil- hambal _ mona.
nawil, nakuw-nakuw. hambar _ grova.
jokbaqes _ gamoyofa. hamer _ ase, egre.
jokbes _ gayofa, dayofa. hammaSa (hh„mm

mm S„) _ yovelTvis,
mm„S
kolak _ oboba. sul, mudmivad.
jub (jum
jum,
jum jeb)
jeb _ jibe. hanjal _ mudam.
291
haÁbaz _ mareki. haSono _ ager is, is.
haÁ-
haÁ-haraÁ _ naucbaTevi. haSor
haSor _ is era, sxvaTa Soris;
har _ yoveli, nebismieri. ufasod.
h„r
r„mm„ _ irgvliv, yovelmxriv.
haCˤ
haC _ girCa.
haraÁ _ yvirili; haraÁ-
haraÁ-huraÁ _
haCa _ boZi, sari.
yiJina.
haCala _ Sampuri.
h„r
r„qq„T
T _ CoCqoli, aCqareba.
h„rb
rb„
rb _ muqara. haCar _ gasaRebi.
harsa _ TiToeuli. haÃ _ gadasaxadi, xarki;
harsaj r„ _ yovelnairi.
harsajšr tyvilubralod, gaumarTleblad
h„sir
sir„T
sir T _ natruli. (sin. nahaÃ).
nahaÃ
haso _ Rrubeli. hajan!

hajan _ batono! genacvale!
hate _ is. he _ raRaca.
hater _ ise. hesab _ angariSi; hesabbes _

gaangariSeba.
haqa _ mand, emand.
heW (heC
heC)
heC _ uimedo cda.
haqano _ eg (subst.).
hint _ indauri.
haqor _ mase, magre, mag gziT
(adv.). houz _ Wa (wylis).
hayÊl
hay l _ Wkua, mosazreba. h”qm
qm„T
qm T _ saxelmwifo.
hayulu _ sazriani, Wkviani, hÊr

rÊppÊtik
tik _ Worikana.
niWieri.
292

6 R Lolua Udiuri Ena

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6 R Lolua Udiuri Ena

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roman lolua

- morfemaTa sazRvari COMP maqvemdebarebeli kavSiri

udiebi kavkasiis erT-erT mcirericxovan eTnoss warmoadgenen.

1 “udiuri krebuli”, moskovi, 2008: 5.

1 a. diri, udiuri enis gramatika, tfilisi, 1903: 2 (rusul enaze).

1 fanCviZe vl., uduris gramatikuli analizi, Tbilisi, 1974.

avtoreferati, Tbilisi, 1987; sadisertacio naSromi mTlianad 2005 w. gamoqveynda

1971, gv. 135-192.

d„s). am anbaniT garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi udiuri enis swavlebac

SeniSvna: (...) mrgval frCxilebSi Casmulia fonemuri

udiuri enis fonologiuri sistema, bevri maxasiaTeblis gamo,

xmovnebi („„, ”, š); e.w. iracionaluri ˆ (nijur kiloSi moepoveba

fonemuri Rirebuleba); sonori Á; dentolabialuri †; faringaluri

Ã. qarTulTan SedarebiT, garda moyvanili xmovnebisa Tu

š) da erTi fakultaturi xmovani (ˆˆ), xolo nijurSi ˆ xmovans

moepoveba fonemis statusi.

nawilaki) _ mÀ? (ma-a?) “sad?” sa “erTi” + o (masubstant. sufiqsi) _

s’ (so-o) “erTi”; qala “didi” + o (masubstant. sufiqsi) _ qal’

(qalo-o) “didi”; paˤ “ori” + o “balaxi” _ p’ˤ (poˤ-o) “ori Reri

palatalizebuli (umlautiani) xmovnebi („„, ”, š).

amis garda, calke SeiZleba gamovyoT e.w. iracionaluri, an

udiurSi xmovanTa klasifikacia SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT:

aweva wina rigis Sua rigis ukana rigis

rogorc zemoT aRiniSna, udiurSi dasturdeba xuTi martivi

udiur enaSi warmodgeniia sami umlautiani xmovani („„, ”, š). es

xmovnebi gvxvdeba yvela poziciaSi. palatalizebuli xmovnebi

„g„r„m “Tu”, “Tuki”; „Áz “sofeli”; „Áel “bavSvi”; q„R„z “qaRaldi”;

„rq„d “xvadi”; d„d„ “mamida”...

g”l” “bevri”; g”miS “kameCi”; g”g “ca”...

šTš “uTo”; šsšn “male”; šršmšršm “bind-bundi”; „ršg “Werami”;

aRsaniSnavia, rom nijurSi Ž bgera ufro xSirad gvxvdeba da

zogjer varTaSnulis martiv a bgeras Seesatyviseba, mag.: ŽS (nij.) _

aS (varT.) “saqme”. ” da š bgerebi ki nijurSi, piriqiT, ganicdis

gamartivebas, anu kargavs umlautobas da e (< ”) da i (< š) bgerebSi

(nij.) “Werami”... palatalobis dakargvis procesi amJamad varTaSnul

palatalizebul bgeraTa xSiri monacvleoba, mag.: ŽÁel _ aÁel

šS _ g”miiS “kameCi” da a.S.

evg. jeiraniSvilis azriT, palatalizebuli xmovnebi udiurSi

1 evg. jeiraniSvili, udiuri ena (gramatika, qrestomaTia, leqsikoni), Tbilisi,

bala “Svili”, “bokveri”, “bartyi” _ bŽlŽ “Tavsatexi”,

duˤgun “koJri”, “simsivne”, “gamagreba” _ dšgšn “kvanZi”;

qala “didi”, “ufrosi” _ qŽlŽ “Tavis qala”, “kefa”;

qalam “qalamani” _ qŽlŽm “kombosto”;

qur “ormo”, “qvabuli” _ qšr “celqi”, “Seupovari”;

Caf “daorTqlili”, “sokoTi daavadebuli” _ CŽf “elami”...

Ê bgera dasturdeba udiuri enis orsave kiloSi, Tumca

“qaRaldi”; ÃÊc “qsovili”; ÃÊzÊl “oqro”; haÃÊl “Wkua”, “goneba”...

udiurSi dasturdeba aRmavali da daRmavali difTongebi: Áa,

morfemaTa mijnaze, mag.: baneqsa

“cxra”; buÁ “savse”; ÃaÁ “Ria”; ŽÁT “sityva”; yeÁri “sxva”...

nijurSi, varTaSnulTan SedarebiT, ufro metadaa

nij. ÁeÃ “id”; TaRaÁ

e . w . faringalizebul xmovanTa sakiTxi

udiuri enis mecnieruli Seswavlis pirveli cdebidan (XIX s.-

“samji dŽs”. vl. fanCviZisa da evg. jeiraniSvilis naSromebSi

udiuris Sesaxeb aseve warmodgenilia xuTi “faringalizebuli”

1rogorc a. Sifners, aseve a. dirs sxvagvarad aqvT warmodginili am xmovanTa

faringalizaciis aRniSvnis principi. faringalizacia iq gadmoicema ħ niSnis

Ã¶, y¶) da xvarSiuli enis inxoyvarul dialeqtSi (g

faringalizebul Tanxmovnebs imowmebs4. evg. bokarevis azrs el.

faringalizaciis mizezs “emfatikurad darbilebul” Tanxmovnebs

1 Джейранишвили Е. Ф., Лабиализованные согласные и их изменение в цахско-мухадском

языки, Москва, 1967, gv. 592.