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Title: Efficacy of herbal medicine (cinnamon/fennel/ginger) for primary dysmenorrhea: a
systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
BACKGROUND / LATAR BELAKANG
Analisis Part of Speech Paragraf 1
Primary dysmenorrhea, or painful
menstruation in the absence of pelvic
pathology, is a common menstrual disorder
among menstruating women. It is
characterized by cramps and colicky spasms
of pain in the lower abdomen that interfere
with daily activity. The prevalence of primary
dysmenorrhea varies widely in women of
reproductive age, ranging from 16% to 91%,
and 2% to 29% of patients experience severe
dysmenorrhea. In adolescence, the prevalence
of dysmenorrhea is relatively higher, reaching
approximately 75%. It is usually believed that
imbalanced or excessive levels of prostanoids
and possibly eicosanoids released from the
endometrium during menstruation are
associated with the occurrence of
dysmenorrhea. The uterus is induced to
contract irregularly and frequently, leading to
increased basal tone and active pressure, and
pain is induced by uterine hypercontractility,
increased peripheral nerve hypersensitivity,
and decreased uterine blood flow. At present,
non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are
mainly used to treat primary dysmenorrhea,
but the failure rate can reach 20% to 25%,
excluding adverse reactions including
headache, indigestion, and drowsiness.
Thereby, it is indispensable to seek an
alternative therapy to relieve menstrual
discomfort in women.
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Terjemahan Paragraf 1 Dismenor primer atau nyeri haid yang tidak
didasari kondisi patologis adalah gangguan
menstruasi umum di kalangan wanita yang
menstruasi. Hal ini dicirikan oleh kram dan
kejang rasa nyeri di bagian bawah perut yang
mengganggu kegiatan sehari-hari. Prevalensi
dismenore primer sangat bervariasi pada
wanita usia reproduksi, mulai dari 16%
hingga 91%, dan 2% hingga 29% pasien
mengalami dismenore berat. Pada masa
remaja, prevalensi dismenore relatif lebih
tinggi, mencapai sekitar 75%. Biasanya
diyakini bahwa kadar prostanoid yang tidak
seimbang atau berlebihan dan mungkin
eikosanoid yang dilepaskan dari endometrium
selama menstruasi dikaitkan dengan
terjadinya dismenore. Rahim diinduksi untuk
berkontraksi secara tidak teratur dan sering,
yang menyebabkan peningkatan tonus basal
dan tekanan aktif, dan rasa sakit disebabkan
oleh hiperkontraktilitas uterus, peningkatan
hipersensitivitas saraf perifer, dan penurunan
aliran darah uterus. Saat ini, obat
antiinflamasi non-steroid terutama digunakan
untuk mengobati dismenore primer, tetapi
tingkat kegagalannya dapat mencapai 20%
hingga 25%, tidak termasuk reaksi merugikan
termasuk sakit kepala, gangguan pencernaan,
dan kantuk. Dengan demikian, sangat
diperlukan untuk mencari terapi alternatif
untuk meredakan ketidaknyamanan
menstruasi pada wanita.
Ringkasan Primary dysmenorrhea, or painful
menstruation in the absence of pelvic
pathology, is a common menstrual disorder
among menstruating women. At present, non-
steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are mainly
used to treat primary dysmenorrhea, but the
failure rate can reach 20% to 25%, excluding
adverse reactions including headache,
indigestion, and drowsiness. In recent years,
herbal medicine has been commonly used to
treat primary dysmenorrhea. Cinnamon, an
aromatic spice and then fennel with its

RESEARCH METHOD
Analisis Part of Speech Paragraf 1
contrastimulant and analgesic effects despite
its unpleasant taste and the last we can use
ginger to relieve pain among women with
dysmenorrhea.
We systematically searched randomized
controlled trials (RCTs) related to the efficacy
of cinnamon/fennel/ginger in the treatment of
primary dysmenorrhea in databases updated
on December 19, 2019, including PubMed,
Embase, Cochrane Library (Cochrane Centzer
Register of Controlled Trials), and Web of
Science. The search strategy used a
combination of subject headings
(“cinnamon/fennel/ginger” AND
“dysmenorrhea” AND trial) and free words.
The free words were successively as follows:
(1) cinnamon, “Cinnamomum zeylanicum”
OR “Cinnamomum verum” OR “Cinnamon”
OR “Cinnamons;” (2) fennel, “Foeniculum”
OR “Foeniculums” OR “Foeniculum vulgare”
OR “Foeniculum vulgares” OR “vulgares,
Foeniculum” OR “Fennel” OR “Fennels;” (3)
ginger, “Ginger” OR “Gingers” OR “Zingiber
officinale” OR “Zingiber officinales” OR
“officinales, Zingiber;” (4) dysmenorrhea,
“Dysmenorrheas” OR “Pain, Menstrual” OR
“Menstrual Pain” OR “Menstrual Pains” OR
“Pains, Menstrual” OR “Menstruation,
Painful” OR “Menstruations, Painful” OR
“Painful Menstruation” OR “Painful
Menstruations” OR “Primary dysmenorrhea;”
and (5) trial, “Randomized controlled trial”
OR “RCT.” This study was conducted
according to PRISMA guidelines. Owing to
the nature of this review, ethics approval was
not required.
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Terjemahan Paragraf 1 Kami secara sistematis mencari uji coba
terkontrol secara acak (RCT) terkait dengan
kemanjuran kayu manis/adas/jahe dalam
pengobatan dismenore primer dalam basis
data yang diperbarui pada 19 Desember 2019,
termasuk PubMed, Embase, Perpustakaan
Cochrane (Cochrane Centzer Register of
Controlled Trials), dan Web of Science.
Strategi pencarian menggunakan kombinasi
judul subjek ("kayu manis/adas/jahe" dan
"dismenore" dan percobaan) dan kata-kata
bebas. Kata-kata bebas berturut-turut sebagai
berikut: (1) kayu manis, "Cinnamomum
zeylanicum" atau "Cinnamomum verum" atau
"Kayu Manis" atau "Kayu Manis;" (2) adas,
"Foeniculum" atau "Foeniculums" atau
"Foeniculum vulgare" atau "Foeniculum
vulgares" atau "vulgares, Foeniculum" atau
"Adas" atau "Adas;" (3) jahe, "Jahe" atau
"Jahe" atau "Zingiber officinale" atau
"Zingiber officinales" atau "officinales,
Zingiber;" . (4) dismenore, "Dismenore" atau
"Nyeri, Menstrual" atau "Nyeri Menstruasi"
atau "Nyeri Menstruasi" atau "Nyeri,
Menstrual" atau "Menstruasi, Nyeri" atau
"Menstruasi, Nyeri" atau "Menstruasi yang
menyakitkan" atau "Menstruasi yang
menyakitkan" atau "Dismenore primer;" dan
(5) percobaan, "Uji coba terkontrol secara
acak" atau "RCT." Penelitian ini dilakukan
sesuai dengan pedoman PRISMA. Karena
sifat tinjauan ini, persetujuan etika tidak
diperlukan.
Ringkasan The data about controlled trials (RCTs)
related to the efficacy of
cinnamon/fennel/ginger was searched in the 2
Journal of International Medical Research
treatment of primary dysmenorrhea in
databases updated on December 19, 2019,
including PubMed, Embase, Cochrane
Library (Cochrane Center Register of
Controlled Trials), and Web of Science. The
search strategy used a combination of subject
headings (“cinnamon/fennel/ginger” and
“dysmenorrhea” and trial) and free words.
DISCUSSION
Analisis Part of Speech Paragraf 1
This meta-analysis was conducted to
systematically evaluate the efficacy of herbal
medicine (cinnamon/fennel/ginger) in the
treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Nine
RCTs featuring 647 patients were analyzed,
and the results revealed that cinnamon/
fennel/ginger could effectively reduce pain
intensity; and cinnamon shortened the
duration of pain in patients with primary
dysmenorrhea. However, these findings need
to be further confirmed in a large number of
studies with large sample sizes.

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Terjemahan Paragraf 1 Meta-analisis ini dilakukan untuk
mengevaluasi secara sistematis kemanjuran
obat herbal (kayu manis/adas/jahe) dalam
pengobatan dismenore primer. Sembilan RCT
yang menampilkan 647 pasien dianalisis, dan
hasilnya mengungkapkan bahwa kayu manis /
adas / jahe dapat secara efektif mengurangi
intensitas rasa sakit; dan kayu manis
mempersingkat durasi rasa sakit pada pasien
dengan dismenore primer. Namun, temuan ini
perlu dikonfirmasi lebih lanjut dalam
sejumlah besar penelitian dengan ukuran
sampel besar.
Ringkasan This meta-analysis was conducted to
systematically evaluate the efficacy of herbal
medicine (cinnamon/fennel/ginger) in the
treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. The data
extraction, quality assessment, and study
selection were performed independently by
two authors to minimize errors.
CONCLUSION
Analisis Part of Speech Paragraf 1 For primary dysmenorrhea, cinnamon/
fennel/ginger can effectively relieve the
 intensity of pain, and cinnamon can shorten
the duration of pain. However, these findings
must be further confirmed in a large number
of studies with large sample sizes.
Terjemahan Paragraf 1 Untuk dismenore primer, kayu manis / adas /
jahe dapat secara efektif meredakan intensitas
rasa sakit, dan kayu manis dapat
mempersingkat durasi rasa sakit. Namun,
temuan ini harus dikonfirmasi lebih lanjut
dalam sejumlah besar penelitian dengan
ukuran sampel besar.
Ringkasan For primary dysmenorrhea, cinnamon/
fennel/ginger can effectively relieve the
intensity of pain, and cinnamon can shorten
the duration of pain. However, these findings
must be further confirmed in a large number
of studies with large sample sizes.