THE HUMAN EVOLUTION AND THEIR CULTURE

HOMINIDS categorize the early human creatures that can walk or can walk-erect during pre
historic time. Includes 4 stages the Sahelanthropus ,Ardipithecus, Australopithecus, Homo.

1. SAHELANTHROPUS- First stage of human evolution, they existed 6 to 7 million years ago. Walking
upright may have helped this species survive in diverse habitats, including forests and Grassland.
Sahel’s height are actually about 24 meters ( HEAD TO TOE). They eat mainly plant-based diet like
leaves, fruit, seeds, roots, nuts and insects.

2. ARDIPITHECUS or ‘’ape on the ground’’- Ardipithecus lived between 5.8 million and 4.4 million
years ago, from late in the lemiocene epoch ( 23 million to 5.3 million years ago) to the early
middle pliocene Epoch (5.3 million to 2.6 million years ago) . After the sahelanthropus this species
was already a facultive biped and stood upright on the ground but could move on all four limbs in
trees it also has a small brain. They lived in Jungle and Forests like chimpanzee. It has two types the
Ramidus and kadabba. They eat plants, meat and fruit. They don’t eat abrasive food like nuts and
tubers.
3.Australophithecus ‘’ southern ape’’- Australophitecus afarensis lived between 3.7 and Three
million years ago. This means the species survived for at least 700,000 years. The brain size ot this
species is 500 cubic cm, they already 1/3 of the modern human brain. They are also biped and tool
user but not tool maker. Another one they used sticks and and stones for digging. They eat insects,
plants and sometimes meat.

Homo- lived in africa and biped already, divided in Homo Habilis, Homo erectus, and Homo sapiens.
3. Homo Habilis- They lived 2.4 to 1.4 million years ago. Homo habilis are practically species or
considered as ‘’Handy man’. They are the species with the area of brain is already associated with
speech in modern humans. They can already make stone tools. They were scavenging for food, their
hieght is about 3-4 feet and the brain size is already half size of the modern humans. Homo Habilis
made stone tools tools known as Oldowan Industrial complex , this tool used in cutting and made
from volcanic stones, They also use this tool for hunting and food gathering.

4. Homo erectus ( upright man) - They lived about 1.89 to 143 thousand years ago, Homo erectus
is from homo ergaster evolve in homo rudolfensis then evolve in homo erectus. They can walk up
right and their hight is about 5 feet. They are the first hunters that emprovise tools such as axes and
knifes. They also the first species that entroduce fire. They are believed to be more intelligent and
more adoptable compared to other homo. They use fire to cook meat and protect them selves to wild
animals. Homo erectus have already culture, activities and spoken language. Homo erectus are the
first homo that left africa.
Two species before homo sapiens: Homo Heidelbergenesis and Homo florensiensis

5. HOMO HEIDELBERGENESIS- This species lived between 300,000 and 600,000 years ago. This early
human species had a very large browridge, and a larger braincase and flatter face than older early
human species. It was the first early human species to live in colder climates; their short, wide bodies
were likely an adaptation to conserving heat. It lived at the time of the oldest definite control of fire
and use of wooden spears, and it was the first early human species to routinely hunt large animals.
This early human also broke new ground; it was the first species to build shelters, creating simple
dwellings out of wood and rock.

6. Homo florensiensis- Remains of one of the most recently discovered early human
species, Homo floresiensis (nicknamed ‘Hobbit’), have so far only been found on the Island
of Flores, Indonesia. The fossils of H. floresiensis date to between about 100,000 and
60,000 years ago, and stone tools made by this species date to between about 190,000
and 50,000 years old.
7. Homo Sapiens (wise man)- The species that you and all other living human beings on this
planet belong to is Homo sapiens. During a time of dramatic climate change 300,000 years ago, Homo
sapiens evolved in Africa. Like other early humans that were living at this time, they gathered and
hunted food,they cook, they eat plants and animals, and evolved behaviors that helped them respond
to the challenges of survival in unstable environments. In this time they have the technology and
already specialized them like arrows and bows, sewing needles, fishhooks and harpoons, composite
tools and etc. They had ralatively simple culture and more advance than other species.

Homo sapien neanderthalensis- They live 200,000- 28,000 years ago. Neanderthals are our
closest extinct human relative. Some defining features of their skulls include the large middle part of
the face, angled cheek bones, and a huge nose for humidifying and warming cold, dry air. Their bodies
were shorter and stockier than ours, another adaptation to living in cold environments. But their
brains were just as large as ours and often larger - proportional to their brawnier bodies.
Neanderthals also have aspects of hunting animals, gathering food, and sewing animal skin from bone
needles.
8. Homo sapiens sapiens- like Homo sapiens they lived 300,000 years ago to
present. The remains of Homo sapiens sapiens were first dicovered in europe and were
named cro-magnon. In this genus, the jaws are quite reduced, the modern man’s chin
appears, and the skull is rounded. Their cranial capacity was about 1350 cc. They gathered
food through hunting. Art first appeared during this time. Homo sapiens sapiens is the
definition of modern Homo sapiens. Homo sapiens sapiens is a scientific name of Human.
This subspecies was first distinguished about 160,000 years ago in Africa. Then, based on
archeological findings, they apparantly migrated to other continents such as Asia, Europe,
and the Americas.