MAT117V/EMT451T WR3 Memo 2023A Page 1 of 4

QUESTION 1 Matrix Analysis [13]

1.1 The eigenvalues and associated eigenvectors of an unknown matrix A are:
1 = −2  X 1 = 1 1 0
T

2 = 2  X 2 = 1 −2 1
T

3 = 6  X 3 =  0 1 1 .
T

1.1.1 Write down the spectral matrix  and the modal matrix M associated with A. (2)

 −2 0 0  1 1 0 
 =  0 2 0  M = 1 −2 1 
 0 0 6  0 1 1 

1.1.2 Use your answers in 1.1.1 to determine matrix A. (3)

−1
1 1 0   −2 0 0  1 1 0   −1 −1 1 
−1      
A = M M = 1 −2 1   0 2 0  1 −2 1  =  −4 2 4 
0 1 1   0 0 6  0 1 1   −1 1 5 

1.2 After a transformation a state equation in canonical form may be written as

Z (t ) = Z (t ) + M −1Bu (t )
5 0  2
Z (t ) =   Z ( t ) +   e−t
0 −1 4

The initial condition transformed to Z 0 =  0 −1 . Let  be the spectral matrix and u ( t ) = e −t .
T

t
Use the formula Z = e (t −t0 ) Z 0 +  e (t − ) M −1Bu ( )d to determine the solution for Z =  z1 z2  .
T

t0

Show all your steps. (8)

 ( t − t0 )  e5t 0  0   0 
F =e Z0 =     =  −t 
0 e −t   −1  −e 

e5(t − ) 0   2  - e5t e −5 0   2e −   2e5t e −6 

e  ( t − )
M Bu ( ) = 
−1
 e =   = 
 0 e −(t − )   4   0 e −t e   4e −   4e −t 
Note the variable : u ( )
 − 13 e5t e −6   − 13 e ( e − 1)   − 13 e − t + 13 e5t 
t −6 t
 2e5t e −6 
t 5t

I =   d =   = = 
 4e   0  4e ( t − 0 )  
−t −t
0  4e 
−t
4te − t 

 0   − 13 e −t + 13 e5t   − 13 e −t + 13 e5t 
Z =  −t  +  = −t 
 −e   4te − t −t
  4te − e 
MAT117V/EMT451T WR3 Memo 2023A Page 2 of 4

QUESTION 2 z-TRANSFORMS [12]

1
2.1 Consider the z transform Y ( z ) = .
z ( z − 5)

2.1.1 Determine the general formula of the causal sequence y k with this z transform. (2)

1 z   z  k
Y ( z) =    −1  =5
z2  z − 5   z − 5
 0, k  2
 yk = 5 k − 2 u k − 2 =  k − 2
5 , k  2

2.1.2 Hence write down the first five terms in the sequence. (1)

 y4  = {0;0;1;5; 25}

2.2 The dynamics of a discrete-time system are determined by the difference equation:
yk +2 + yk +1 − 6 yk = 1, subject to y0 = 0, y1 = 9.
Use z transforms to derive an expression for yk . (9)
Note: Do the partial fractions on the left-hand side to save space.
Write the right-hand side as a single fraction before doing partial fractions.

z
z 2Y ( z ) − z 2 y0 − z y1 + zY ( z ) − z y0 − 6Y ( z ) =
z −1
z
z 2Y ( z ) − 0 − 9 z + zY ( z ) − 0 − 6Y ( z ) =
z −1
 z − 1  9 z − 8z
2
Y ( z ) ( z 2 + z − 6) =
z
+ 9z   =
z −1  z −1  z −1
9 z 2 − 8z 9 z 2 − 8z
Y ( z) = =
( z − 1) ( z 2 + z − 6 ) ( z − 1)( z − 2 )( z + 3)

Y ( z) 9z − 8 −1
2 −7
= = 4 + + 4 Partial fractions
z ( z − 1)( z − 2 )( z + 3) ( z − 1) ( z − 2 ) ( z + 3)
−1 −7
z 2z z
Y ( z) = 4
+ + 4
( z − 1) ( z − 2 ) ( z + 3)

−1 7
yk = + 2  2k − ( −3) , k  0
k

4 4
Note the changes in the left hand side in the last 3 steps
MAT117V/EMT451T WR3 Memo 2023A Page 3 of 4

QUESTION 3 FOURIER SERIES [12]

Consider the following periodic function:
0, −  t  0
f (t ) =  , f ( t + 2 ) = f ( t )
 t, 0  t  
3.1 Sketch three cycles of the function where t   −3 ;3 . (3)

3
f(t)
2

-10 -5 0 5 10
t
3.2 Determine the complex form of the Fourier series expansion of the periodic function f . (9)

T = 2   = 1


1
cn = 
2 0
t e − j nt dt


 −t 1  − j nt 
=
1
2
 + 2  e  ; n  0 ( integration by parts )
 jn n  0
  − 1  − j n  1 
1
=  + 2 e − 2
2
  jn n  n 
1   − 1  1 
+ 2  ( −1) − 2  e − jn = ( −1)
n n
= 
2   jn n  n 

1  ( − )


1 t2
2
 
c0 =
1
2 0
t dt = 
2 2
= 
2  2
− 0 =
 4
(use your calculator )
0  

 1    − 1  1 
f (t ) =   2 (
−1) − 2  . e jnt
n
+ +
4 2 n =−   jn n  n 
n0
MAT117V/EMT451T WR3 Memo 2023A Page 4 of 4

QUESTION 4 FOURIER TRANSFORMS [13]

−3t
4.1 Consider the function f (t ) = e H (t ). Use the definition of a Fourier transform to derive F ( j ) ,
the Fourier transform of f (t ) . Show all steps. (4)

F ( j ) =  e −3t e − jt dt
0

=  e − (3+ j ) t dt
0

−1 
= e − (3+ j ) t 
3 + j 0

−1
=  0 − 1
3 + j
1 Answer only ⇒ 1 mark.
=
3 + j

4.2 Use properties of Fourier transforms to answer the following questions:

2
4.2.1 Determine the Fourier transform of g ( t ) = . (2)
5− jt
 2 
F −1   = 2e H ( −t )
5t

 5 − j 
 2 
G ( j ) = F  H ( ) = 4 e −5 H ( )
5( − )
 = 2  .2e
 5 − jt 
symmetry / duality property
e− j 5
4.2.2 Determine the inverse Fourier transform of G ( j ) = . (2)
2 + j
 e− j 5  −2(t −5)
 1  −2t g (t ) = F 
−1
=e H ( t − 5)
F −1   = e H (t )  2 + j 
 2 + j 
time shift property

6 + 2 j
4.3 Determine the time signal f (t ) if its Fourier transform is given by F ( j ) = . (5)
2 j − 8 −  2

6 + 2 j 6 + 2 j
F ( j ) = = ( j ) 2 = − 2
( j ) + 2 j − 8 ( j + 4) ( j − 2 )
2

1 5
F ( j ) = 3
+ 3
( Partial fractions )
( j + 4) ( j − 2 )
1 − 53
= 3
+
(4 + j ) ( 2 − j )

1 5
f (t ) = e −4t H (t ) − e 2t H ( −t )
3 3
TOTAL 50