Z transforms

ZT2
Determine the inverse z transform
 Outcomes

• Determine the sequence 𝑥𝑘 for a given z transform 𝑋(𝑧)

• Use tables to determine the general formula for a z transform
• Use partial fractions where necessary to determine the inverse
z transform
 Definition
If 𝑍 𝑥𝑘 = 𝑋 𝑧 , then 𝑍 −1 𝑋(𝑧) = 𝑥𝑘 .

An inverse z transform gives the general formula

for the terms in the sequence

Different notations that may be used: x  k  = xk or x  n  = xn

 
Example 1 (Finite sequences) X ( z) = 
xk x0 x1 x2
= 0+ 1+ 2+
k
Determine the inverse of the z transforms: k =0 z z z z

1 2 3
X ( z) = + 3 X ( z) = 1 + X ( z) = 4 − 7 z −2 + 9 z −4
z z z
0 1 0 2 1 3
= 0+ 1+ 2+ 3 = 0+ 4 0 7 0 9
z z z z = 0+ 1− 2+ 3+ 4
z z z z z z z
 xn  = 0;1;0; 2  xn  = 1;3  xn  = 4;0;7;0;9
From tables
What is common in all the z transforms?

A factor z in the numerator

No z ⇒ first shifting property

1
𝑍 𝑥𝑘−𝑘0 = 𝑍 𝑥𝑘
𝑧 𝑘0
1
𝑍 𝑥𝑘−𝑖 𝑢𝑘−𝑖 = 𝑍 𝑥𝑘
𝑧𝑖

1, 𝑘 ≥ 𝑖
𝑢𝑘−𝑖 = ቊ
0, 𝑘 < 𝑖
 Use either 𝑘 or 𝑛
Example 2 (From tables)
Determine the inverse of the z transforms:

z 2z z
X ( z) = X ( z) = X ( z) =
z−2 z−2 2( z − 1) 2

 xk = 2k , k  0  xk = 2  2k , k  0
 xn = 12 n, n  0

z X ( z) =
2z
+
4z
X ( z) = 2z − 3 2z + 3
z +1
z =
2z
+
2z
=
z − ( −1) (
2 z − 32 ) (
z + 32 )

 xn = ( −1) , n  0
n
 xk = () 3 k
2 +2 ( )
−3 k
2 ,k  0
 1
𝑍 𝑥𝑘−𝑖 𝑢𝑘−𝑖 = 𝑍 𝑥𝑘
Example 3 (Application of the first shift property) 𝑧𝑖
1, k  1
Determine the inverse of the z transforms as a sequence. uk −1 =  uk −1 = 0;1;1;1;...
0, k  1
X ( z) =
3
X ( z) =
1 z +3
z−2
No 𝑧 in numerator
z 2 ( z − 1) 2 X ( z) =
z−2
1 3z 1 z z 1 3z
=  =  = + .
z z−2 z 3 ( z − 1) 2 z−2 z z−2
Not partial fractions

 xk = 3  2k −1 uk −1 , k  0  xk = ( k − 3) uk −3 , k  0
 xk = 2k + 3  2k −1 uk −1 , k  0

3  2k −1 , k  1 k − 3, k  3
= =
 0, k =0  0, k 3  xk  = 1; 2; 4;8;... + 0;3;6;12;...

 xk  = 0;3;6;12;...  xk  = 0;0;0;0;1; 2;3;... = 1;5;10; 20;...

𝑥𝑘 ⇒ general term used to determine the sequence

Example 4 (Use partial fractions)
Determine the inverse of the z transforms:
z Rough work on counter page:
X ( z) =
( 2 z + 1)( z − 3) Linear factors  hide method
X ( z) 1 1 A B
= = +
z ( 2 z + 1)( z − 3) ( 2 z + 1)( z − 3) ( 2 z + 1) ( z − 3)
1 −2
X ( z ) −2
−1
If z = then A= =
( 2 z + 1) ( −21 − 3)
1 1 1
=  +  2
7
z 7 ( 2 z + 1) 7 ( z − 3)
1 1
−2 If z = 3 then B = =
X ( z) = 
z 1
+ 
z
( ( ) )( ) 7
2 3 + 1 z − 3
7 2 z+ 2
1
(
7 ( z − 3))
 xk = −1
7 ( )
− 1 k
2 + 71 ( 3) , k  0
k
 1
Example 5 (Use partial fractions) sin 𝑧 =
2𝑗
𝑒 𝑗𝑧 − 𝑒 −𝑗𝑧
−1 𝑧 𝜋
Show that 𝑍 = sin 𝑘
𝑧 2 +1 2
z
X ( z) = 1
=
A
+
B
z2 +1 ( z − j )( z + j ) ( z − j ) ( z + j )
X ( z) 1
= If z = j then A =
1
=
1
z ( z − j )( z + j ) ( z − j )( j + j ) 2 j
1 z 1 z
X ( z) =  −  1 −1
2 j ( z − j ) 2 j ( z − (− j ) ) If z = − j then B = =
(− j − j )( z + j ) 2 j
1  z z 
X ( z) = − 
 (
2 j  z −e j 2
z −e ) (
− j 2
) 

Complex numbers revision!
Cartesian form = x + jy Im
( 0;1)
j = 0 + j1
e j 2 k − e − j 2 k 
 
xk = 1
2j   Exponential form = re j
r

j 2
j = 1e Re

 xk = sin ( )
2 k − j = 1e
− j 2
( 0; −1)
 Example 4 (c) (Use partial fractions)
Determine the inverse of the z transforms.
Long division:
2 z + 6 z + 5z + 1
3 2
X ( z) = P ( z ) + Q ( z ) Degree of numerator  degree of denominator
X ( z) = 1
z 2 (2 z + 1)
 xn  =  pn  + qn  2 z3 + z 2 2 z3 + 6 z 2 + 5z + 1
= 1+
5z 2 + 5z + 1 −( 2z 3 + z 2 )

3 1
2z3 + z 2
−1

 xn  = 1;3;1 + 0; −21 ; 14 ; ( −21 ) ; ( −21 ) ;...
3 4
 5z 2 + 5z + 1
 xn  = 1; 52 ; 54 ; ( −21 ) ; ( −21 ) 
= 1+ + 2 + 3 4 Answer?
z z ( 2 z + 1) ;..
Write the remainder as partial fractions:
P( z) Q( z) Repeated linear and linear factors:
1 3 1 5z 2 + 5z + 1 A B
P ( z ) = 0 + + 2   pn  = 1;3;1 = + +
C
z z z z 2 ( 2 z + 1) z z 2 ( 2 z + 1)
1 −z
Q( z) = 
z 2 ( z + 12 ) If z = 0 : B =
1
=1
z 2 ( 2 ( 0 ) + 1)
( − 1 )n , n  1
qn = −1
2 (− ) 1 n −1
2 un −1 = ( − 2)
1 n
un −1 =  2 General formula for the terms
5 ( ) + 5 ( ) + 1 = −1
−1 2 −1
 0, n=0 If z = −1
:C =
2 2

( ) ( 2 z + 1)
2
−1 2

qn  = 0; − 12 ; 14 ; ( − 12 ) ; ( − 12 ) 
3 4 2
;...
5 + 5 +1 A 1 −1
If z = 1: = + +  A=3
( )
2 + 1 1 1 ( )
2 + 1
NEXT: ZT3

Solve Difference Equations

Practice partial fractions