Discussion Handout and Exercises (Pelayo) Math 22 Disc | January 17, 2020

Trigonometric Integrals
In this handout, we enumerate techniques on evaluating integrals where the integrand is a (product of) power(s) of trigonometric function(s).

For convenience, I will be using the following acronyms / abbreviations throughout this handout.

SPLIT split off a factor of

EXPRESS VIA express the rest of the factors in terms of
SUB use the substitution
IBP integrate by parts

A. Positive Integer Powers of Sine or Cosine

Z Z
1. sin x dx = − cos x + C 2. cos x dx = sin x + C

3. Using the half-angle indentity 4. Using the half-angle indentity

2 1 
2 1 
sin x = 1 − cos 2x , cos x = 1 + cos 2x ,
2 2

we have: we have:
x sin 2x x sin 2x
Z Z
2 2
sin x dx = − +C cos x dx = + +C
2 4 2 4
Z Z
m m
5. Form: sin x dx, m is odd 6. Form: cos x dx, m is odd

– SPLIT sin x – SPLIT cos x

– EXPRESS VIA cos x using the identity: – EXPRESS VIA sin x using the identity:

2 2 2 2
sin x = 1 − cos x cos x = 1 − sin x

– SUB u = cos x, du = − sin x dx – SUB u = sin x, du = cos x dx

Z Z
m m
7. Form: sin x dx, m is even 8. Form: cos x dx, m is even

m
m
– Let sinm x = sin2 x 2 – Let cosm x = cos2 x 2
– EXPRESS VIA cos 2x using the identity: – EXPRESS VIA cos 2x using the identity:

2 1 
2 1 
sin x = 1 − cos 2x cos x = 1 + cos 2x
2 2

– Use previous techniques. – Use previous techniques.

B. Product of Positive Integer Powers of Sine and Cosine

Z Z
m n m n
1. Form: sin x cos x dx, m is odd 2. Form: sin x cos x dx, n is odd

– SPLIT sin x – SPLIT cos x

– EXPRESS VIA cos x using the identity: – EXPRESS VIA sin x using the identity:

2 2 2 2
sin x = 1 − cos x cos x = 1 − sin x

– SUB u = cos x, du = − sin x dx – SUB u = sin x, du = cos x dx

Z
m n
3. Form: sin x cos x dx, m and n are even

1  1 
– EXPRESS VIA cos 2x using the identities: cos2 x = 1 + cos 2x and sin2 x = 1 − cos 2x
Z 2 2
m
– Use previous techniques on cos x dx.

C. Positive Integer Powers of Tangent and Cotangent

Z Z
1. tan x dx = ln | sec x| + C 2. cot x dx = ln |sinx| + C

3. Using the Pythagorean identity 4. Using the Pythagorean identity

2 2 2 2
tan x = sec x − 1, cot x = csc x − 1,

we have: Z we have: Z
2 2
tan x dx = tan x − x + C cot x dx = − cot x − x + C
Z Z
m m
5. Form: tan x dx, m ∈ N 6. Form: cot x dx, m ∈ N

– SPLIT tan2 x – SPLIT cot2 x

– Let this be sec2 x − 1. – Let this be csc2 x − 1.
– SUB u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx – SUB u = cot x, du = − csc2 x dx
Discussion Handout and Exercises (Pelayo) Math 22 Disc | January 17, 2020

D. Positive Integer Powers of Secant and Cosecant

Z Z
1. sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x| + C 2. csc x dx = ln | csc x − cot x| + C
Z Z
2 2
3. sec x dx = tan x + C 4. csc x dx = − cot x + C
Z Z
m m
5. Form: sec x dx, m is odd 6. Form: csc x dx, m is odd

2
– SPLIT sec x – SPLIT csc2 x
– IBP with dv = sec2 x dx – IBP with dv = csc2 x dx
Z Z
m m
7. Form: sec x dx, m is even 8. Form: csc x dx, m is even

– SPLIT sec2 x – SPLIT csc2 x

– EXPRESS VIA tan x using the identity: – EXPRESS VIA cot x using the identity:

2 2 2 2
sec x = 1 + tan x csc x = 1 + cot x

– SUB u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx – SUB u = cot x, du = − csc2 x dx

E. Product of Positive Integer Powers of Tangent and Secant

Z Z Z
m n m n m n
1. Form: tan x sec x dx, m is odd 2. Form: tan x sec x dx, n is even 3. Form: tan x sec x dx, m is even,
– SPLIT sec x tan x n is odd
– SPLIT sec2 x
– EXPRESS VIA sec x using the – EXPRESS VIA tan x using the – EXPRESS VIA sec x using the
identity: identity: identity: tan2 x = sec2 x − 1
2 2
tan x = sec x − 1 – Use previous techniques.
2 2
sec x = 1 + tan x
– SUB u = sec x,
du = sec x tan x dx – SUB u = tan x, du = sec2 x dx

F. Product of Positive Integer Powers of Cotangent and Cosecant

Z Z Z
m n m n m n
1. Form: cot x csc x dx, m is odd 2. Form: cot x csc x dx, n is even 3. Form: cot x csc x dx, m is even,

– SPLIT csc x cot x n is odd

– SPLIT csc2 x
– EXPRESS VIA csc x using the – EXPRESS VIA cot x using the – EXPRESS VIA csc x using the
identity: identity: identity: cot2 x = csc2 x − 1
2 2
– Use previous techniques.
cot x = csc x − 1 2 2
csc x = 1 + cot x
– SUB u = csc x,
du = − csc x cot x dx – SUB u = cot x, du = − csc2 x dx

EXERCISES:

I. Until the end. Perform the integration.

Z Z
sin5 x
Z
x 3 x 5 x
1. √ dx 2. e sec (e ) tan (e ) dx 3. tan2 4x cos4 4x dx
cos x

II. Just the first few parts. Perform the integration.

Z Z Z
sec6 (ln x)
Z
1. cos4 x dx 2. x cot3 (x2 ) dx 3. dx 4. (tan2 x − cot x)2 dx
x
 
Z cot4 sin−1 (2x)
III. Your turn. Class Work 1.2 [Type: Seatwork] (3 pts): Find the general antiderivative √ dx.
1 − 4x2
Note: If you’re done with the classwork and there is still time, feel free to complete the solutions for Item II.

REMINDER: There will be a quiz on integration (Lectures 1.1-1.3: Integration by Parts, Trigonometric Integrals,
Trigonometric Substitution) at the start of the discussion class on January 22, Wednesday.