7.

3 Integration
7.3 Integration Trigonometric
Trigonometric Functions
Functions

 axdx  axdx
n n
a. i. To solve sin and cos ( for n5 )

1. n is an even integer number

-The double angle identity of cosine is useful ;

1  cos 2 x 1  cos 2 x
sin 2 x  and cos 2 x 
2 2
 Example

Find each of these integrals:

 3xdx
2
1. sin


2
2 cos 2 xdx
2.

 3xdx
4
3. cos

 xdx
4
4. sin
Solution:

1. sin 2 3 xdx  1 1 - cos6x  dx

2
1 sin 6 x 
 x   c
2 6 

2. 2 cos 2 2 xdx  2 cos 2 2 xdx

1
 2   1  cos 4 x  dx
2
sin 4 x
 x c
4
 2. n is an odd integer number

-The trigonometric identity sin x  cos x is1useful in

2 2

converting the given function to some function which is

easier to integrate.
-Then use substitution method
 Example

Integrate with respect to x

 xdx
3
a)
sin

 cos
5
b) 2 xdx

 6 cos
3
c) xdx
Solution:

3 2
(a)
(a)  sin xdx   sin x sinxdx

 
  1  cos2 x sinxdx
2
  sinxdx   cos x sinxdx
1 3
  cos x  cos x  c
3
 Exercise
Integrate with respect to x

x 1 3 2x
x  sin c
 3 dx
2
1. sin answer: 2 4 3
3
1 
0 cos  4 t dt
2
2. answer: 1.2

3 5
answer:
3.
 xdx
3
sin 4
0
 1
4.
6
1  answer: 
 sin 2  x
2 
6 2
 2 3 1 5
5.
6
answer: cos x + cos x cos x + c
3 5
 xdx
5
sin
 
n m
a. ii. To solve sin ax cos ax dx, m, n  5
where m and n
are both even numbers or one of them is an odd number

- If n is odd numbers,
substitution u = cos ax

- If m is odd numbers,
substitution u = sin ax
 Example

Solve the following integrals:


2
a) sin x cos x dx


3 4
b)
sin x cos x dx

 x cos x dx
c) 2
sin


2 3
d) sin x cos x dx
 b)
3 4
a)  sin x cos x dx
2 sin x cos x dx
let u  cos x
 
2 4
sin x sin xcos x dx
du  - sin x dx
2 - du   sin x (1 - cos 2 x) cos 4 x dx
  u sin x ( )
sin x let u  cos x
 -  u 2 du du  - sin x dx
u3  - du 
 c   ( 1 - u ) u sin x 
2 4

3  sinx 
cos3x
 c   - u 4  u 6 du
3
u5 u7
-  c
5 7
cos 5 x cos 7 x
-  c
5 7
c)  sin 2 x cos x dx d)  sin x cos x dx
2 3

let u  sin x   sin 2 x cos x cos 2 x dx

du  cos x dx   sin x cos x (1 - cos 2
x) dx
du let u  sin x
 
2
cos x u ( )
cos x du  cos x dx
  u 2 du
 - du 
  ( 1 - u ) u cos x 
2 2

u3  cox x 
 c
3   (u 2  u 4 )du
sin 3 x
 c u3 u5
3   c
3 5
sin 5 x sin 5 x
  c
3 5
 • If n and m are both even numbers, apply
cos2 ax + sin2 ax = 1

Example
Find the following integrals:

a) 
2 2
sin 2x cos 2x dx


4 2
b) sin x cos x dx
 If n and m are both odd numbers, apply
2 1 - cos 2u 2 1  cos 2u
sin u  and cos u 
2 2
Example
Solve the following integrals:


a) 3 3
sin 2x cos 2x dx

b)

5 5
sin x cos x dx
 Exercise

1.

Find the following integrals:
2 1
 sin x cos
2
a.
xdx answer: 3
0

b.
 sin 
3
cos  d2
answer:
1
5
 
3 cos 5   5 cos 3   c
 - If n is even numbers,
substitution u = tan x
-The trigonometric identity sec2 x  1  tan 2 x
- If m is odd numbers,
substitution u = sec x
2 2
-The trigonometric identity tan x  sec x  1
- If m is even and n is odd numbers,
2 2
-The trigonometric identity tan x  sec x  1
7.3
7.3 Inverse
Inverse Trigonometric
Trigonometric Substitutions
Substitutions
Example 1
ex
 dx
1  e2 x
Solution : u  ex
du  e x dx
ex du
 dx  
1  e2 x 1  u2
1
 sin u  c

 sin 1
e   c
x
Example 2
1
 dx
2
1  9x
u  3x
Solution :
du
 dx
3
1 1 du
 dx  
2 3 2
1  9x 1 u
1 1
 tan uc
3
Exercise 3: By using substitution method,
integrate:-
a.
1
a.  dx Answer:
2
1  4x
x 1 2 1 x
b.  dx Answer:  4  x  sin 2  c
4  x2
we will be concerned with integrals that
contain expressions of the form

2 2 2 2 2 2
a x , x a , x a ,
where a > 0

2 2
1. a  x substitution x  a sin
2 2
2. x  a substituti on x  a tan 
 2 2
3. x  a substitution x  a sec

Example 1
dx
Find 
2 2
x 4 x
Solution

Let x  2 sin , dx  2 cos d

2 2 2
4 x  4  4 sin   4 cos 
 2 cos
 dx 2 cos
  d
x 2
4 x 2 4 sin   2 cos 
2
1 d
 
4 sin2 
1 2
  cosec d
4
1
  cot  c
4
 x
tan  
4  x2

4  x2
cot 
x

2
dx 1 4 x
  c
2
x 4 x 2 4 x
Example 2

dx
Find 
2
x 9
Solution

Let x  3 sec , dx  3sec tand

2 2 2
x 9  9 sec   9  9 tan 
 3 tan 
dx 3 sec tan 
  d
2
x 9 3 tan 
   secd
 lnsec  tan   c

x2  9
x tan  
3
x2  9 x
sec 
 3
3
dx x x2  9
  ln  c
x2  9 3 3
 ln x  x 2  9  ln3  c

 ln x  x2  9  d
Example 3
1 dx
 3
Evaluate 0 
 1  x2 

 
Solution
2
Let x  tan  , dx  sec  d

2 2
1 x  1  tan   sec

When x  1,  
4
x  0,   0
 
1 2
dx 4 sec 
   d
0 2 
3
0  sec  3
 1 x 
  
4
  cos d
0

 sin 0
4

1

2
Example 4

Solution
Exercise 1

Find the integrals below

dx 1 x
 sin C
a) 2 AA 2
4 x
NN 2
2 1  x 1 2
b) 1 x SS ln  1  x C
 dx W x
x W
x EE
c)  dx
R
 2 x C 2

2-x 2 R
SS
dx 1 4  16  9 x 2
d)  ln C
x 16  9 x 2 4 3x