Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Fall 2012
Initial Draft
(1) Show that the singular point of f (z) is a pole; determine its order m and its residue B:
(a) (1 − e2z )/z 4 , (b) e2z /(z − 1)2 .
Comments: (a) The order of the pole is m = 3 and the residue is B = −4/3. To verify
this, we use the Taylor expansion e2z = 1 + (2z) + 2!1 (2z)2 + 3!1 (2z)3 + · · · to obtain
∞
!,
1 − e2z X 1
4
= − (2z)k z4
z k!
k=1
∞
X 1 k k−4
=− 2 z
k!
k=1
(b) Let f (z) = e−z /(z − 1)2 . Then f (z) has a unique pole at z = 0 which has order 2. By
1
applying the Residue Theorem, we find that
e−z
Z
dz = 2πiRes(f (z); 0)
|z|=3 (z − 1)2
e−z
d 2
= 2πi lim (z − 1)
z→0 dz (z − 1)2
= −2πie0 = −2πi
(c) Let f (z) = z 2 e1/z which has a unique singularity at z = 0 which is essential. Note that
2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
f (z) = z 1 + + + + + ···
z 2! z 2 3! z 3 4! z 4
1 11 1 1
= z2 + z + + + + ···
2! 3! z 4! z 2
which shows that Res(f (z); 0) = 1/6. By the Residue Theorem, we must have
Z
1 πi
z 3 e1/z dz = 2πiRes(f (z); 0) = 2πi = .
|z|=3 6 3
Review: Identifying the order of a pole if f (z) = p(z)/q(z). Assume that p(a) 6= 0,
q(a) = 0 but q 0 (a) 6= 0. Then write
p(z) p(z)
= 0 1
q(z) q (a)(z − a) + 2! q 00 (a)(z − a)2 + · · ·
1 p(z)
= .
z − a q 0 (a) + 2!1 q 00 (a)(z − a) + · · ·
Note that both p(z) and q 0 (a) + 2!1 q 00 (a)(z − a) + · · · are analytic functions around z = a
and are both nonzero at z = a. Hence the order of the pole is indeed 1.
z 1/4
Res(f (z); i) = lim(z − i) = i1/4 = cos(π/8) + i sin(π/8)
z→i z−i
2
since i = eπ/2 . (b) f (z) has a pole of order 2 at −1 so the residue is given as
d 2 Log z d Log z
lim (z − i) 2 2
= lim
z→i dz (z + 1) z→i dz (z + i)2
1, Res(f (z); i) = −eπ /4 − e−π /4, and Res(f (z); −i) = −eπ /4 − e−π /4. By the Residue
Theorem, we have
Z
cos πz π −π π −π
2
dz = 2πi 1 + (−e /4 − e /4) + (−e /4 − e /4) .
C z(z + 1)
2i of order 2. We have Res(f (z); 3i) = −27i/50 and Res(f (z); 2i) = 23i/50. The Residue
Theorem will give
Z ∞
x4 4π
2 + 9)(x2 + 4)2
= 2πi(−2i/25) =
−∞ (x 25
provided we can show that
Z
lim f (z) dz = 0
R→∞ CR
where CR is the semicircle |z| = R with =z ≥ 0. To check this, we use the M L-inequality.
On CR we have
z4 R4
≤
(z 2 + 9)(z 2 + 4)2 (R2 − 9)(R2 − 4)2 , R > 3.
where CR is the semicircle |z| = R with =z ≥ 0. To check this, we use the M L-inequality.
On CR we have
1 1 1
z 2 + 2z + 3 ≤ (R + 1)2 + 2 ≤ R2 , R > 0.
4
Hence we conclude that
Z
1 ≤ lim πR 1 = 0.
lim 2
dz
R→∞ CR z + 2z + 3
R→∞ R2
√
(e) Let f (z) = (z 2 +1)(z12 +2z+3) . f (z) has two poles i and −1 + i 2 in the upper half plane
√
which are both simple. Then Res(f (z); i) = −1/8 − i/8 and Res(f (z); −1 + i 2) = 1/8.
The Residue Theorem shows that
Z ∞
dx π
2 2
= 2πi (−1/8 − i/8 + 1/8) =
−∞ (x + 1)(x + 2x + 3) 4
provided we can show that
Z
lim f (z) dz = 0
R→∞ CR
where CR is the semicircle |z| = R with =z ≥ 0. To check this, we use the M L-inequality.
On CR we have
1 1 1
(z 2 + 1)(z 2 + 2z + 3) ≤ (R2 + 1) [(R + 1)2 + 2] ≤ R4 , R > 0.
Comments: (a) Write f (z) = eiz /(z 2 + 4z + 5) which has simple poles at −2 ± i. Futher,
Res(f (z); −2 + i) = e−1−2i /[2(−2 + i) + 4] = − 21 e−1−2i i. We want to justify that
Z ∞
sin x 1 −1−2i
2
dx = = 2πi − e i
−∞ x + 4x + 5 2
= =(πe−1−2i ) = πe−1 sin(−2) ' −1.05089 9905.
To do this, let CR denote the semicircle |z| = R with =z ≥ 0. We consider
Z
eiz 1
dz ≤ πR → 0 as R → ∞
2
|z|=R z + 4z + 5
(R − 2)2 − 1
5
iθ
since |eiz | = |eiRe | = e−R sin θ ≤ 1 since 0 ≤ θ ≤ π. Further, write z 2 + 4z + 5 as (z + 2)1 + 1
so by repeated uses of the reversed triangle inequality we get
|(Reiθ + 2)2 + 1| ≥ |(Reiθ + 2)2 | − 1
≥ |Reiθ + 2|2 − 1
≥ (|Reiθ | − 2|2 − 1
≥ (R − 2)2 − 1.
iz
(b) Let f (z) = z(z+1)e
2 +4z+5 . It has a unique pole in the upper half plane at −2 + i with residue
(−1 + i)e −1−2i /[2i] = − 21 (−1 + i)e−1−2i i = 12 (1 + i)e−1−2i . We will argue that
Z ∞
(x + 1) cos x 1 −1−2i
2
dx = < 2πi (1 + i)e
−∞ x + 4x + 5 2
= πe−1 < ((1 + i)(cos(2) − i sin(2)))
= πe−1 (sin(2) + cos(2)) ≈ 0.56994 76249
We need to use Jordan’s Lemma:
Z π
π π
e−R sin θ dθ ≤ 1 − e−R < .
0 R R
Let CR be the portion of the circle |z| = R with =z ≥ 0. So CR is parametrized as z = Reiθ ,
dz = iReiθ dθ with 0 ≤ θ ≤ π. Then we have the bounds
Z iz
Z θ iθ + 1)eiReiθ
(z + 1)e (Re iθ
dz = iRe dθ
z 2 + 4z + 5 (Re iθ )2 + 4Reiθ + 5
CR 0
Z π iθ
(R + 1)|eiRe |
≤ R dθ
0 (R − 2)2 + 1
Z π
R2 + R
= e−R sin θ dθ
(R − 2)2 − 1 0
R2 + R π
< 2
→ 0 as R → ∞.
(R − 2) − 1 R
Review: let R(s, t) be a rational function in s and t. Then integrals of the form
Z 2π
R(cos t, sin t) dt
0
6
(8) Use residue to evaluate
Z 2π
1 2π
Z 2π
1 √ Z 2π
cos2 3θ 3π
(a) dθ = , 2 dθ = π 2, dθ = .
0 5 + 4 sin θ 3 0 1 + sin θ 0 5 − 4 cos 2θ 8
Comments: (a) We make the substitutions indicated in the above review:
Z 2π Z
1 1 dz
dθ = −1 )/(2i)] iz
0 5 + 4 sin θ |z|=1 5 + 4[(z − z
Z
1
= −i 2
dz
|z|=1 5z − 2i(z − 1)
Z
1
= −i dz
|z|=1 −2i(z + 2i)(z + i/2)
Z
1 1
= dz
2 |z|=1 (z + 2i)(z + i/2)
Let f (z) = 1/[(z + 2i)(z + i/2))] which has only one pole −i/2 that lies inside the unit
circle. The corresponding residue equals 1/(−i/2 + 2i) = − 23 i. We conclude that
Z Z
1 dz 1 1
−1 )/(2i)] iz
= dz
|z|=1 5 + 4[(z − z 2 |z|=1 (z + 2i)(z + i/2)
1
= 2πi Res(f (z); −i/2)
2
2 2
= πi − i = π.
3 3
Let q(z) = z 4 − 6z 2 + 1, the denominator polynomial. We can√find its roots by the quadratic
formula applied to w2 − 6w + 1 which has p roots w = 3 ± 2 2. p Since w2 = z, the roots of
√ √
q(z) are two sets of values given as: ± 3 + 2 2 and z± = ± 3 − 2 2. The latter two
roots z± lie inside the unit circle while the other do not so they can be discarded below.
7
By the Residue Theorem, we have
Z
z
4i 4 − 6z 2 + 1
dz = 4i (2πi [Res(g(z); z+ ) + Res(g(z); z− )])
|z|=1 z
where g(z) = z/(z 4 − 6z 2 + 1). We next find these residues:
z+
Res(g(z); z+ ) = 3
4z − 12z z=z+
z+
= 3
4z+ − 12z+
1 1
= 2
4 z+ − 3
1 1
= √
4 (3 − 2 2) − 3
1 1 1
= √ =− √ .
4 −2 2 8 2
Since z+ = −z− , we have their have the same squares. By examining the above calculation
of the residue at z+ , we find that the residue at z− possesses the same value. Finally we
now can evaluate the integral:
4i (2πi [Res(g(z); z+ ) + Res(g(z); z− )]) = −8π[2 · Res(g(z); z+ )]
1
= −16π − √
8 2
1 √
= 2π √ = π 2.
2