Problem Solving Session: Week 4

Advanced Engineering Mathematics

noc22-ma42

Amartya Saha
IIT Kanpur
Problem 1

Q. Find the Laurent series expansion in the region |z − 1| > 0 , of the following
function:
e−z
f(z) =
(z − 1)2

A. We expand around z = 1 i.e. in a power series of z − 1 . Let t = z − 1 . Thus:

e−z e−t−1
f(z) = =
(z − 1) 2 t2
∞
e−1 X (−t)n
= · (for |t| > 0)
t2 n!
n=0
∞
X tn−2
= e−1 (−)n
n!
n=0
∞
X (z − 1)n−2
= e−1 (−)n
n!
n=0

© Amartya Saha 2
Problem 2

Q. Find the Laurent series expansion of the following function f(z), in the region
1 < |z| < 6 :
3z − 5
f(z) =
(z − 1)(z + 6)

A. We first note that:

3z − 5 − 27 23
f(z) = = + 7
(z − 1)(z + 6) z−1 z+6

We expand these two fractions separately in two different power series centered
around z = 0 .
1
In the given region, we have z
< 1 . So:
−1 ∞  n ∞
1 1 1 1X 1
 X
= · 1− = = z−n−1
z−1 z z z z
n=0 n=0

© Amartya Saha 3
 On the other hand, since z
6
< 1 in the given region, we have:
∞
1 1  z −1 1X  z n
= · 1+ = (−)n
z+6 6 6 6 6
n=0

So, finally:
∞ ∞  n
3z − 5 2 X −n−1 23 X 1
=− z + − zn
(z − 1)(z + 6) 7 42 6
n=0 n=0

© Amartya Saha 4
Problem 3

Q. Locate and classify the singularities of the following function:

sin z cos z
f(z) = −
z2 z
and find the corresponding residues.

A. Clearly, both of the terms are singular only at z = 0 since sin z and cos z are
entire functions.

To find out the nature of the singularity, we need to express both terms as power
series around z = 0 .

Around the point z = 0 , we have the following power series:

∞
i  −iz  X z2n+1
sin z = e − eiz = (−)n (1)
2 (2n + 1)!
n=0
∞
1  iz  X z2n
cos z = e + e−iz = (−)n (2)
2 (2n)!
n=0

© Amartya Saha 5
 So, f(z) have the following power series around z = 0 :
sin z cos z
f(z) = −
z2 z
∞  2n−1
z2n−1

X n z
= (−) −
(2n + 1)! (2n)!
n=0
∞
−2n
(−)n z2n−1
X
=
(2n)!(2n + 1)!
n=0
∞
−2n
(−)n z2n−1
X
=
(2n)!(2n + 1)!
n=1
∞
X z2n−1
= (−)n−1
(2n − 1)!(2n + 1)!
n=1

Thus, the power series in z , of f(z) , around the singularity z = 0 has no term
involving a negative power of z . Hence, z = 0 is a removable singularity; it is
removed if we assign f(0) = 0 .

Since z = 0 is a removable singularity, it has no residue.

© Amartya Saha 6
Problem 4

Q. Locate and classify the singularities of the following function:

z
f(z) =
(1 − ez ) sin z
and find the corresponding residues.

A. We begin by finding the zeros of the denominator:

1 − ez sin z = 0

⇒ z = kπ or 2iπk for any k ∈ Z

while the numerator is zero only at z = 0 .

So, f(z) is singular at: z = kπ and 2iπk for any k ∈ Z .

First, we look at the singularity at z = 0 . Around z = 0 , we have the following

power series expansion:
∞
X zn
ez = (3)
n!
n=0

© Amartya Saha 7
 Thus, using (1) and (3), we have the power series expansion of f(z) around z = 0
:
z
f(z) =
(1 − ez ) sin z
z
=   
z2 z3 3 5
−z − 2! − 3! − . . . z − z3! + z5! + . . .
−1  −1
1 z2 z2 z4

z
=− 1+ + − ... 1− + − ...
z 2! 3! 3! 5!
2
1
 
 z  z
=− 1− + O(z2 ) 1+ + O(z4 )
z 2! 3!
1 1
= − + + O(z)
z 2

Thus, z = 0 is a simple pole with residue −1 .

Now, we examine the singularity at z = −2iπk for k ∈ Z − {0} . Clearly, z

sin z
is
regular at these points and
z 2πk
=
sin z z=−2iπk sinh 2πk

© Amartya Saha 8
 We also note that, for k ∈ Z , ez = ez+2iπk . Thus, around z = −2iπk for
k ∈ Z − {0} , we have, from (3):
∞
X (z + 2iπk)n
ez = ez+2iπk =
n!
n=0

Thus, we have the power series expansion of f(z) around z = −2iπk for
k ∈ Z − {0} :
z
f(z) =
(1 − ez ) sin z
−1
2πk (z + 2iπk)2 (z + 2iπk)3

= −(z + 2iπk) − − − ...
sinh 2πk 2! 3!
−1
2πk 1 (z + 2iπk) (z + 2iπk)2

=− · 1+ + + ...
sinh 2πk z + 2iπk 2! 3!
2πk 1 1
 
=− − + O(z + 2iπk)
sinh 2πk z + 2iπk 2

2πk
Thus, z = −2iπk for k ∈ Z − {0} is a simple pole with residue − sinh 2πk
.

© Amartya Saha 9
 Finally, we examine the singularity at z = −πk for k ∈ Z − {0} . Clearly, z
1−ez
is
regular at these points and
z −πk
=
1 − ez z=−πk 1 − e−πk

We also note that, for k ∈ Z , sin (z + kπ) = (−)k sin z . Thus, around z = −πk for
k ∈ Z − {0} , we have, from (1):
∞
X (z + kπ)2n+1
sin z = (−)k sin (z + πk) = (−)k (−)n
(2n + 1)!
n=0

Thus, we have the power series expansion of f(z) around z = −πk for
k ∈ Z − {0} :
−1
(z + πk)3 (z + πk)5

−πk k
f(z) = (−) (z + πk) − + − . . .
1 − e−πk 3! 5!
1
 
−πk k
= (−) + O(z + πk)
1 − e−πk z + πk

Thus, z = −πk for k ∈ Z − {0} is a simple pole with residue −πk

1−e−πk
(−)k .
© Amartya Saha 10
Problem 5

Q. Find the value of the following integral along the positively oriented contour
C : |z| = 3 :
I 1
e z−1
dz
z−2
C

A. We first note that the integrand is singular at z = 1 and z = 2 , both of which

lie inside the region bounded by the contour C.

We immediately recognize that z = 2 is a simple pole here.

The numerator is analytic everywhere except at z = 1 . Around z = 1 , it is

Laurent expanded as
∞
1 X 1
e z−1 = (for |z − 1| > 0)
n!(z − 1)n
n=0

Clearly, z = 1 is an essential singularity i.e. it is an infinite-order pole.

© Amartya Saha 11
 Thus, we have
1 ∞
1
I I
e z−1 X
dz = dz
z−2 n!(z − 1)n (z − 2)
C C n=0
∞ ∞
1 1
X I X
= dz
n! (z − 1)n (z − 2)
n=0 C n=0
∞ ∞
X 2πi 1 X 2πi 1 dn−1 1
= +
n! (z − 1)n z=2 n! (n − 1)! dzn−1 z − 2 z=1
n=0 n=1
∞ ∞
X 2πi X 2πi 1 (n − 1)!
= + (−)n−1
n! n! (n − 1)! (z − 2)n z=1
n=0 n=1
∞ ∞
X 2πi X 2πi
= −
n! n!
n=0 n=1

= 2πi

© Amartya Saha 12
Problem 6

Q. Find the value of the following integral along the positively oriented contour
C : |z| = π :
I
dz cot πz
C

A. We have to use the residue theorem for integration here.

Since, cot πz = cos πz

sin πz
, the integrand is singular when sin πz = 0 . Now,
sin πz = 0 ⇒ z = {k|k ∈ Z}

We now find the residue at the point z = −k through the Laurent expansion of
the integrand:
cos πz cos π(z + k)
cot πz = =
sin πz sin π(z + k)
P∞ 2n
n (πz+πk)
n=0 (−) (2n)!
= P∞ 2n+1
n (πz+πk)
n=0 (−) (2n+1)!

© Amartya Saha 13
 P∞ 2n
n (πz+πk)
n=0 (−) (2n)!
cot πz = P∞ 2n+1
n (πz+πk)
n=0 (−) (2n+1)!
(πz+πk)2 (πz+πk)4
1− (2)!
+ (4)!
− ...
= (πz+πk)3 (πz+πk)5
(πz + πk) − (3)!
+ (5)!
− ...
−1
1 (πz + πk)2 (πz + πk)4
  
= 1 − O((πz + πk)2 ) 1− + − ...
πz + πk (3)! (5)!
1 1
 
= + O(z + k)
π z+k
1
i.e. the residue at any z = −k ∈ Z is π
.

Now, the points of singularity that lie inside the contour C are:
z = 0, ±1, ±2, ±3
i.e. 7 points of singularity lie inside C. So, by the residue theorem, the integral is:
1
I
dz cot πz = 2πi × × 7 = 14i
π
C

© Amartya Saha 14
Hints

1. On the unit circle |z| = 1, we have the following expression for R(z) :

1 1 1
 
R(z) = (z + z̄) = z+
2 2 z

since, on the unit circle:

1
|z|2 = 1 ⇒ zz̄ = 1 ⇒ z̄ =
z

2. For the function z

sin z
, z = 0 is a removable singularity.

© Amartya Saha 15