Lecture 02

Md. Zakir Hossan

October 2021

1 Recap
1. Electric Field for a collection of charges

F⃗ = QE(⃗
⃗ x) (1)
∞
⃗ x) =
X 1 1 1
E(⃗ qi rˆi (2)
ϵ0 4π |ri |2
i=1

2. In integral form Z
⃗ x) = 1 1 1
E(⃗ ρ(⃗x)d3 ⃗x (3)
ϵ0 4π |ri |2

2 Electric Field from a Uniformly Charged Thin Rod

Assumptions

– Thin: 1D
– Uniformly Charged: Homogeneous charge density
– the component of the electric field parallel to the rod should vanish
– it must depend on the distance from the rod
– very far away the rod should like a point charge

Calculations
Q
λ= L [charge per unit length]
dq = λdz

⃗ = 1 1 1 ˆ
dE ⃗rdq (4)
ϵ0 4π |⃗r|2

Where,
⃗r = xx̂ − z ẑ
p
|⃗r| = (x2 + z 2 )
⃗
r
r̂ = |⃗
r| = √xx̂−z
2
ẑ
2
(x +z )

1
 L
xx̂ − z ẑ
Z Z
⃗ = ⃗ =
2 1 1 1
E dE 2 2
p λdz (5)
−L ϵ0 4π (x + z ) (x2 + z 2 )
2

This equation will give the value of the electric field on the axis of the rod at the position, x.
L
xx̂ − z ẑ
Z
⃗ = 1 1 2 1
E 2 2
p λdz
ϵ0 4π (x + z ) (x2 + z 2 )
−L
2
Z L Z L
⃗ =
2 1 1 1 xx̂ 2 1 1 1 z ẑ
E 2 2
p λdz − 2 2
p λdz )
−L ϵ0 4π (x + z ) (x + z )
2 2
− 2 ϵ0 4π (x + z )
L (x + z 2 )
2
2
| {z }
= 0 its an odd function (put z=-z)
Z L

⃗ =
2 1 1 1 xx̂
E 2 2
p λdz
−L ϵ0 4π (x + z ) (x2 + z 2 )
2

Let, z = tanθ
dz = xsec2 θdθ

Z
⃗ = 1 1 xx̂λ
E 2 2 2
p xsec2 θdθ
4πϵ0 (x + x tan θ) (x + x2 tan2 θ)
2
Z
⃗ 1 xx̂λ
E= xsec2 θdθ
4πϵ0 (x2 + x2 tan2 θ) 32
Z
⃗ 1 xx̂λ
E= xsec2 θdθ
4πϵ0 [x2 (1 + tan2 θ)] 32
Z
⃗ 1 xx̂λ
E= xsec2 θdθ
4πϵ0 (x2 sec2 θ) 32
Z
⃗ 1 xx̂λ
E= xsec2 θdθ
4πϵ0 x sec3 θ
3
Z
⃗ λ x̂ 1
E= dθ
4πϵ0 x secθ
Z
⃗ = λ x̂
E cosθdθ
4πϵ0 x
⃗ = λ x̂ sinθ
E
4πϵ0 x
z= L
λ x̂ z  2
⃗ =
E p

4πϵ0 x (x2 + z 2 ) 

L
z=− 2

⃗ = λ x̂ [ p
E
L/2
+p
L/2
]
4πϵ0 x (x2 + (L/2)2 ) (x2 + (−L/2)2 )

⃗ = λ x̂ L
E p (6)
4πϵ0 x (x2 + (L2 /4))

2
 x
Point charge field: L >> 1

⃗ = λ x̂ L
E p
4πϵ0 x (x + (L2 /4))
2

⃗ = λ x̂ L
E s
4πϵ0 x x (1 + (L2 /4x2 ))
| {z }
=0

⃗ = 1 x̂ Lλ
E
4πϵ0 x2 |{z}
Q

⃗ = Q x̂
E (7)
4πϵ0 x2

Infinitely long charged rod

L
if x >> 1

⃗ = λ x̂ L
E p
4πϵ0 x (x2 + (L2 /4))
⃗ = λ x̂ L
E s
4πϵ0 x L (1 + (4x2 /L2 ))
2 | {z }
=0

⃗ = λx̂ 1
E (8)
ϵ0 2πx
this is how electric field spread in 2D

Infinitely Infinitely Charged sheet rod

Electric field spread in 1D
⃗ = 1
E (9)
2ϵ0

3 Vector Calculus
∇ Operator
⃗ = x̂ ∂ + ŷ ∂ + ẑ ∂
∇
∂x ∂y ∂z

– its a vector
– its an operator (act by differentiating a function)
⃗ (x, y, z)
– ∇f
⃗ V
– ∇. ⃗ : divergence of V
⃗
⃗ ×V
– ∇ ⃗ : curl of V
⃗

3
Divergence
⃗1 = xx̂ + y ŷ
Let, V

⃗ V
∇. ⃗1 = (x̂ ∂ + ŷ ∂ + ẑ ∂ ).(xx̂ + y ŷ)
∂x ∂y ∂z
⃗ V
∇. ⃗1 = x̂x̂ x + x̂ŷ y + ŷx̂ x + ŷ ŷ ∂ y + ẑ x̂ ∂ x + ẑ ŷ ∂ y
∂ ∂ ∂
| {z∂x } | {z ∂x } ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
| {z } | {z } | {z } | {z }
1 0 0 1 0 0
⃗ V
∇. ⃗1 = 2

⃗2 = yx̂ + xŷ
Let, V

⃗ V
∇. ⃗2 = (x̂ ∂ + ŷ ∂ + ẑ ∂ ).(yx̂ + xŷ)
∂x ∂y ∂z
⃗ V
∇. ⃗2 = x̂x̂ y − x̂ŷ x + ŷx̂ x − ŷ ŷ ∂ x + ẑ x̂ ∂ y − ẑ ŷ ∂ x
∂ ∂ ∂
| {z∂x } | {z ∂x } ∂y ∂y ∂z ∂z
| {z } | {z } | {z } | {z }
0 0 0 0 0 0
⃗ V
∇. ⃗2 = 0

⃗ 1 = xx̂
Let, U

⃗ U
∇. ⃗ 1 = (x̂ ∂ + ŷ ∂ + ẑ ∂ ).(xx̂)
∂x ∂y ∂z
⃗ U
∇. ⃗ 1 = x̂x̂ x − ŷx̂ x + ẑ x̂ ∂ x
∂ ∂
| {z∂x } ∂y ∂z
| {z } | {z }
1 0 0
⃗ U
∇. ⃗1 = 0

⃗ 2 = x̂
Let, U

⃗ U
∇. ⃗ 2 = (x̂ ∂ + ŷ ∂ + ẑ ∂ ).(x̂)
∂x ∂y ∂z
⃗ U
∇. ⃗ 1 = x̂x̂ 1 − ŷx̂ 1 + ẑ x̂ ∂ 1
∂ ∂
| {z∂x } ∂y ∂z
| {z } | {z }
0 0 0
⃗ U
∇. ⃗2 = 0

Curl
⃗ = Vx x̂ + Vy ŷ + Vz ẑ
Let, V

∇ ⃗ = x̂( ∂ Vz − ∂ Vy ) + ŷ( ∂ Vx − ∂ Vz ) + ẑ( ∂ Vy − ∂ Vx )

⃗ ×V (10)
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y

4
 ⃗1 = xx̂ + y ŷ
Let, V

⃗ ×V
∇ ⃗1 = (x̂ ∂ + ŷ ∂ + ẑ ∂ ) × (xx̂ + y ŷ)
∂x ∂y ∂z
⃗1 = x̂( ∂ .0 − ∂ y) + ŷ( ∂ x − ∂ .0) + ẑ( ∂ y − ∂ x)
⃗ ×V
∇
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
⃗ ⃗
∇ × V1 = x̂(0 − 0) + ŷ(0 − 0) + ẑ(0 − 0)
⃗ ×V
∇ ⃗1 = 0

⃗2 = yx̂ + xŷ
Let, V

⃗ ×V
∇ ⃗2 = (x̂ ∂ + ŷ ∂ + ẑ ∂ ) × (yx̂ + xŷ)
∂x ∂y ∂z
⃗2 = x̂( ∂ .0 − ∂ . − x) + ŷ( ∂ x − ∂ .0) + ẑ( ∂ . − x − ∂ y)
⃗ ×V
∇
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
∇⃗ ×V ⃗2 = x̂(0 − 0) + ŷ(0 − 0) + ẑ(−1 − 1)
⃗ ×V
∇ ⃗2 = −2ẑ

⃗ 1 = xx̂
Let, U

∇⃗ ×U ⃗ 1 = (x̂ ∂ + ŷ ∂ + ẑ ∂ )(xx̂)
∂x ∂y ∂z
⃗ ×U ∂
⃗ 1 = x̂( .0 − ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ .0) + ŷ( x − .0) + ẑ( .0 − x)
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
⃗ ×U
∇ ⃗ 1 = x̂(0 − 0) + ŷ(0 − 0) + ẑ(0 − 0)
⃗ ×U
∇ ⃗1 = 0

⃗ 2 = x̂
Let, U

⃗ ×U
∇ ⃗ 2 = (x̂ ∂ + ŷ ∂ + ẑ ∂ ) × (x̂)
∂x ∂y ∂z
⃗ ×U ∂
⃗ 2 = x̂( .0 − ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∇ 0) + ŷ( .1 − .0) + ẑ( .0 − .1)
∂y ∂z ∂z ∂x ∂x ∂y
⃗ ×V
∇ ⃗2 = x̂(0 − 0) + ŷ(0 − 0) + ẑ(0 − 0)
⃗ ×U
∇ ⃗2 = 0