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1 1 −1 1
= = 1−i
=
1−z (1 − i) − (z − i) (z − i) (1 − z−i )
∞ ∞
−1 X 1 − i j X
( ) =− (1 − i)j−1 (z − i)−j
(z − i) z−i
j=0 j=1
√ √
which is valid in the domain D : |z−i| > 2 since |1−i| = 2. Thus,
1
by uniqueness, this is the Laurent series expansion for f (z) = 1−z
in D.
3
(3) Find two different Laurent series for f (z) = z+z 3 centered at z0 = 0.
The singularities are at 0, i and −i. Let D = {0 < |z| < 1}. Then
f (z) is analytic in D and in this domain, we have
∞ ∞
3 1 3 3 X 2 j
X
= ( ) = ( (−z ) ) = 3 (−1)j z 2j−1
z + z3 z 1 + z2 z
j=0 j=0
(note that this is valid since |z| < 1 in D). So, the latter expression
is the Laurent series for f (z) in D.
Now, let Let D0 = {|z| > 1}. Then f (z) is analytic in D0 and in
this domain, we have
∞ ∞
3 3 1 3 X −2 j
X
= ( ) = ( (−z ) ) = 3 (−1)j z −2j−3 .
z + z3 z 3 1 + z −2 z3
j=0 j=0
(note that this is valid since |z| > 1 in D0 ). So, the latter expression
is the Laurent series for f (z) in D0 .
1
2
1 1
f (z) = 2 2
=
(2 cos(z) − 2 + z ) (2(1 − z /2! + z /4! − . . .) − 2 + z 2 )2
2 4
1 1 1
= = 8
((2/4!)z 4 6
− (2/6!)z + . . . )2 z ((2/4!) − (2/6!)z 2 · · · +)2
g(z)
This expression is of the form z8
where
1
g(z) =
((2/4!) − (2/6!)z 2 + . . . )2
which is analytic and non-zero at z0 = 0. Thus, f (z) has a pole of
order 8 at z0 = 0.
(6) §5.6 #12.
If f (z) has a pole of order m at z0 , then
g(z)
f (z) =
(z − z0 )m
where g(z) is analytic and non-zero at z0 . Taking the derivative,
using the quotient rule, we have
(z − z0 )m g 0 (z) − m(z − z0 )m−1 g(z) g 0 (z)(z − z0 ) − mg(z)
f 0 (z) = =
(z − z0 )2m (z − z0 )m+1
Thus,
f 0 (z) (z − z0 )g 0 (z)/g(z) − m
=
f (z) z − z0
3
f 0 (z)
= g 0 (z)/g(z) − m/(z − z0 )
f (z)