Invention and development[edit]

In the 1840s, cartons were made by hand and held together with tacks and string, and used only for
expensive items (such as jewellery). Although Charles Henry Foyle is described by some as the
"inventor" of the paper carton, mass production of the cartons was invented, partly by accident, at
the Robert Gair Company in Brooklyn, New York. Machinery at the end of the press had been set up
carelessly by a pressman, and machinery cut through the material. This ruined the press but gave
them an idea: printing and cutting could be done with one machine. Previously, cutting of printed
cardboard had been done manually. From the mistake in 1879, Gair developed a process for mass
production of boxes. In 1897, the National Biscuit Company (Nabisco) became the first large
company to adopt the new cartons, for Uneeda Biscuits.[2] Other manufacturers soon followed. With
inexpensive packaging now even common items could be placed in a showy carton and each carton
became its own advertisement. The product was also protected, and the contents had a longer shelf
life. This trend was to continue with force, through the 20th century. This could be seen as a
contributing factor in the so-called 'throwaway' culture of America. The environmental impact of
product packaging has gained attention from consumers and businesses alike, and this awareness
has created a steady trend since the mid to late 1990s, on the part of manufacturers, to use recycled
material and/or reduce overall materials usage.