ORAL

COMMUNICATION
Effective communication happens when you
are able to achieve the most desirable
objectives or outcomes in your context
(Morreale, Spitzberg, & Barge, 2007).
 TYPES OF
Communicative
strategies
In the past quarter, you learned what
communication is. You also learned different
models, speech context, speech styles, and
speech acts. It is not only enough to have
knowledge about communication. You should
know how to establish communication, and
on how we want to express what others need
to know from us.
Every day, we engage in various conversations. We talk with
our families, friends, classmates, and other people to
establish connection and relationships. In the school, we
exchange ideas with our teachers and classmates to
maintain the teaching-learning process. As we grow older,
we are exposed to conversations that maybe done with
different approaches based on situations and factors such
as educational background or degree of closeness/
relationship.
Conversations is not limited to face-to-face
conversations. Due to technology, our way of
communication is maximized and can reach to
different parts of the world. We chat, we have
exchange of views on a Facebook post, we call with
our smartphones. We have media that aim to
connect us in fast manner.
The challenge for us is on how to start, sustain,
and end a conversation successfully. We need
to make sure that our messages are clearly
understood by our listeners. We need to make
them interested on what we are saying so that
they can share their insight about the topic. We
can use communicative strategies to achieve a
healthy and successful communication.
According to Cohen (1990), strategies
must be used to start and maintain a
conversation. The following are some
strategies people can use to have
effective communication.
 a. nomination
Both speakers should agree on the topic they
want to converse with. Just like in a written
communication, conversation always starts
with a topic. The problem is how could it be
started or if there is already an existing
conversation, one should find ways on how to
join. They should start with one and eventually
conversation begins. Both speakers should
agree on the topic they want to converse with.
 B. RESTRICTION
In every conversation, speakers come up
with the limitation on the topic they are
discussing. This is called as restriction.
For example, if they will be talking about
PBA, they will stick to that topic. They may
stick to NBA, UAAP or NCAA but still it is
about basketball.
 C. TURN TAKING
In a conversation, speakers don’t talk at the
same time because if that happens, they will
not understand each other. In such case, each
speaker must be given a chance to speak.
In a small group conversation, each one
should know how to give a chance for each
one to talk. In a public speaking, the speaker
should monopolized the discussion.
 d. Topic control
The topic control limits the topic/subject
of a conversation. For example, in a private
conversation of two students, their topics
may shift from their friends, classmates,
teachers, or anything under the sun. In some
instances like a meeting, the topics to be
discussed is controlled by what is stated in
the agenda.
 e. Topic shifting
Sometimes it may be boring to discuss the same
topic for a very long time. The speaker may
sometimes feel the their listeners are not
interested to listen to them anymore, thus, the
topic shifting. One may use expressions like “Can
we change the topic from politics to culture?” or in
an open forum if a person gives offensive remarks
that may put the audience in uncomfortable
situation, the moderator may say, “Perhaps we can
save that topic for another seminar”.
 f. repair
When a conversation does not run smoothly, repair is
needed. In situations when a speaker forgot the words he
is suppose to utter next, the audience may give clues so
they can continue. Sometimes a student may recite
sentences with wrong grammar, the teacher may correct
them right away. This should not be taken as an
embarrassment but as an opportunity to be corrected.
When one feels that an argument might arise one may
say, “No offense meant...” or “With all due respect…”
 G. TERMINATION
When conversation comes to an end, it
is called as termination. The speakers
should agree in ending their discussion.
Whether the conversation ends smoothly
or not, both parties should feel that the
discussion already ended.
 “The result of bad
communication is a
disconnection between
strategy and execution.”
—CHUCK MARTIN
REFERENCE:
http://www.yourfriendmaestro.com/2021/01/t
ypes-of-communicative-strategy.html