ToTUVETETT TTT V VOUT UTE T NTR Try ANATOMY 3 2 = ed with CamScai Scanni= ~»> =» = = i = =D = => S8sdIJuUuLTLEEL PsVIITNTGY QUESTION ANSWER EXPLANATIONS 41. What is the largest branch of the celiac trunk? A. Left gastric artery B. Splenic artery ©. Common hepatic arteries 1D. Superior mesenteric artery B. Splenic artery ‘The largest branch of the celiac trunk is the splenic artery. Reference: Halliday, NL. & Chung, H, M, (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (th ed, p. 133). Lippincat Wiliams and wikins 2. The epiploic foramen is bounded A [A.Caudate lobe of the liver superiorly by the. The foramen of Winslow (epiploic ‘A. Caudate lobe of the liver foramen) is bounded: B. 1st part of the duodenum ce piss cove cy ne lesser Superiorly | Caudate lobe of the liver 0. Ie Inferiorly | 1st part of duodenum Anteriorly | Free edge of the lesser ‘omentum Posteriorly | IVC Reference: Halliday NL, & Chung, HM, (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sted, p. 120) Lippincott Wiliams and wikis 3. The portal vein is formed by the ‘A [A Splenic vein and superior mesenteric vein merging of. The portal vein is formed by the merging of A. Splenic vein and superior the splenic vein and the SMV. mesenteric vein B. Splenic vein and inferior ‘The IMV will merge with either the: mesenteric vein © Splenic vein ©. Superior and inferior SMV mesenteric vein ‘© Orjunction of the splenic vein and the D. None of the above SMV Reference: Holiday, NL. 8 Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anaiomy (3h ed... 137). Lippineot Willams and wikins 4. The aorta goes through the aortic 8 |ate hiatus in the diaphragm at what level? ATM B. 112 cu D. 12 ALT12 level, the aorta goes through the aortic hiatus found in the diaphragm, Reference: Haliday, NL, & Chung, HM. (2018). BRS Gross Anatomy (3th ed.,p. 144) Lippincott Wiliams and wrikins 38 Scanned with CamScanner'5. Damage to the superior mesenteric artery will affect the following vessels, EXCEPT: ‘A. Middle colic artery B. lleocolic artery . Right gastric artery D. Right colic artery . Right gastric artery ‘The right gastric artery comes from the common hepatic artery, which is a branch of the celiac trunk, not the superior mesenteric artery. ‘The rest of the options are branches of the superior mesenteric artery. Reference: Holiday, NL, & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 135). Lippincott Willams and Wiking 6. The aortic valve is best heard at the \. Right 2nd ICS . Left 2nd ICS Right lower part of the sternum Left Sth ICS at the MCL gom> ‘A. Right 2nd ICS The aortic valve is best heard at the right 2nd Ics. Valve Location best heard Aortic valve Right 2nd ICS Pulmonic valve | Left 2nd ICS Tricuspid valve | Right lower part of the sternum Mitral valve Left 5" ICS at the midclavicutar fine Relerence: Holiday, N. L.,& Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (9th ed, pp. 75-76). Lippincott Wiliams and wikins 7. The sinoatrial (SA) node is found ‘A. Inthe septal wall of the (right atrium) RA B. Atthe opening of the superior vena cava (SVC) in the RA ©. At the membranous part of the interventricular septum D. Atall3 locations above B. Atthe opening of the superior vena cava (SVC) in the RA ‘+The SA node is found at the opening of the SVC in the right atrium (RA). ‘+The AV node is found in the septal wall ofthe RA. ‘©The bundle of His is found at the ‘membranous part of the interventricular septum. Relerenc Holiday, N.L.. & Chung, H.M. (2018), BRS Gross Anatomy (Sth ed. p. 77) Lippincott Waiams and Wikins 8. The blood supply to the SA node is ‘A. Right coronary artery 39 Scanned with CamScannerPIIIIVFSSSHSSSIIVIVUULELLLYLUUULEL provided by _ A. Right coronary artery B. Left coronary artery ©. Left circumflex artery D. Posterior descending artery The RCA provides blood supply to the SA ode through the SA nodal artery. Reference: Holiday, NL, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 77) Lippincott Wiliams and Wiki. 9. Which ofthe following is considered the route of early metastasis of carcinomas such as prostate cancer to the spine? A. External iliac vein B. Internal iliac vein C, Internal vertebral venous lexus D. Allof the above C. Internal vertebral venous plexus The internal vertebral venous plexus is considered the route of early metastasis to the spine and CNS carcinomas such as: ‘© Lung cancer © Breast cancer © Prostate cancer Reference: Holiday, NL. & Chung, H. M (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 30). Lippincot Wisiams and Wikins. 40. What vein receives the hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins and directly empties into the SVC? ‘Azygos vein ‘Superior intercostal vein Posterior intercostal vein Thoracic duct pop> ‘A. Azygos vein The azygos vein receives the hemiazygos ‘and accessory hemiazygos veins and directly ‘empties into the SVC. Reference: Haligay,N.L., & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 86). Lippincott Willams and ‘wikis, 11. What is the estimated capacity of the gallbladder? A. Smt B. 30mL C. 10 mt. D. 100. mL B. 30 mL The approximate capacity of the gallbladder is 30-50mL. Reference: Holiday, N. L., & Chung, H. M. (2018): BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 128). Lippineot Wiliams and wiki, 42, The lymphatic drainage of the upper part of the vagina goes into the Superficial inguinal nodes Internal iliac nodes Deep inguinal nodes Para-aortic lymph nodes poep> B. Internal iliac nodes ‘The lymphatic drainage of the upper (2) part of the vagina goes into the internal iliac nodes The lymphatic drainage of the lower % of the vagina drains into the superficial inquinal nodes. Reference Haliday, NL, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth e6., p. 196). Lippincott Wiliams and iki, 40 Scanned with CamScanner43. The lymphatic drainage of the testes goes into the __: ‘A. Superficial inguinal nodes B. Intemal iliac nodes C. Deep inguinal nodes D. Para-aortic lymph nodes 14. Which of the following shoulder muscles is responsible for the initial abduction of the arm before the action of the deltoid? A. Supraspinatus B. Infraspinatus ©. Teres minor D. Subscepuiaris D. Para-aortic lymph nodes The lymphatic drainage of the testes/ovariesiuterine fundus goes into the para-aortic lymph nodes. Reference: hushan, V., & Sacha, M. (2023). First Ad for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thy Third Eciton (33d ed, . 644), MeGraw-Hil Education. ‘A. Supraspinatus ‘The rotator cuff muscles consist of SITS: ‘© Supraspinatus © Infraspinatus ‘* Teres minor © Subscapularis Supraspinatus is responsible for the initial abduction of the arm before the action of the deltoid. Reterenes Le, T., Bhushan, V, & Sochat, M. (2023). First Aid for ‘the USMLE Step 12022, Thy Third Edion (32rd ed., 451), McGraw-Hill Education 15. Which of the following rotator cult ‘muscles is most commonly injured? A. Supraspinatus B. Infraspinatus C. Teres minor D. Subscapularis ‘A. Supraspinatus ‘Supraspinatus is the most commonly injured rotator cuff muscle, Reference: Le, T., Bhushan, V, & Sochat, M. (2023) First Ald for the USMLE Step 12022, Tiny Third Eaton (33rd ed, 451). McGraw-Hill Education, 16. A patient was accidentally hit by a car on his left leg. He now comes to the clinic complaining of loss of sensation on the dorsal aspect of his left foot and inability to lift the foot while walking resulting to a "steppage gait. ‘What is the most ily injured nerve? A. Tibial nerve B. Superior gluteal nerve C. Common peroneal nerve D. Inferior gluteal nerve C. Common peroneal nerve Injury to the lateral aspect of the leg can result to damage to the common peroneal nerve which leads to loss of sensation on the dorsal aspect ofthe affected foot and inability to lf the foot while walking resulting to a “steppage gait”. This inability to evert and dorsiflex the foot is also called foot drop. Auseful mnemonic from First Aid is: PED ~- Peroneal Everts and Dorsiflexes. if Common Peroneal Nerve gets injured, it wil result to foot dropPED a Scanned with CamScanner PAA AMAA BARA AAA 4444444 ead aaaaaneeCULECLELULLLLEECEE ees d dF dISHVIDIIUIG Reference: Le, F, Bhushan, V., & Sochat, M. (2023). First Ald for the USMLE Step 12022, Thity Third Eaton (33rd ed, . 457), McGraw-Hil Education. 17. Which of the following ligaments in most commonly injured in ankle sprains? ‘A. Anterior talofibular ligament B. Posterior talofibular ligament C. Posterior inferior tibiofibular D. ment Anterior inferior tibiofibular igament ‘A. Anterior talofibular ligament Anterior talofibutar ligament is the most ‘commonly injured ligament in ankle sprains. Reference: Le, T., Bhushan, V., & Sochat, M, (2023). First Aid for the USMLE Step 12022, Thiry Third Editon (331d-ed., 1. 458). MeGrave-Hll Education. 48. A patient was brought to the ER for a possible disc herniation. On examination, there was noted weakness of knee extension and decreased patellar reflex. Whatis the most likely nerve root affected? La us. st S82 pom> A Disc herniation that affects the L4 nerve root + weakness of knee extension and decreased patellar reflex. Nerve root | Motor function atfected injured La |» Weakness of knee extension ‘© Decreased patellar reflex L5 |» Weakness of dorsiflexion Heel walking St [+ Decreased Achilles reflex * Difficulty in toe walking © Weakness of plantar flexion Reference: Lo, T, Bhushan, V, & Sochal, M. (2023) First Alt for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thity Third Edton (33rd ed, 458), McGraw-Hill Education. 419. Injury to the surgical neck of the humerus will damage which of the following nerves? ‘A. Long thoracic, B. Axillary ©. Radial D. Median B. Axillary ‘¢ Trauma or surgery on the axillary arealiateral thorax ~+ injury to the long thoracic nerve and lateral thoracic artery + Injury to the surgical neck of the 42 Scanned with CamScannersa humerus ~ injury tothe axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery + Injury to the midshaft of the humerus ~ injury to the radial nerve and deep brachial arte ‘+ Injury to the distal humerusicubital fossa injury to the median nerve and brachial artery Reference: Lo, T., Bhushan, V, & Sochal, M. (2023). Fist Aid for the USMLE Step 1.2022, Thity Third Editon 331d ed, 1. 458), McGraw-Hil Education. 20. What artery is involved with injury to the midshaft of the humerus? A. Deep brachial B, Posterior circumitex C. Lateral thoracic D. Brachial ‘A. Deep brachial © Trauma or surgery on the axillary ‘area/lateral thorax - injury to the long thoracic nerve and lateral thoracic artery ‘+ Injury to the surgical neck of the humerus + injury tothe axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery ‘* Injury to the midshaft of the humerus injury to the radial nerve and deep brachial artery '* Injury to the distal humerus/cubital fossa ~ injury to the median nerve and brachial artery Reference: Us, T, Bhushan, V, & Socal M. (2029). Fist Ad for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thirty Thrd Editon (33d ed, . 456), McGraw-Hill Education, 21. An elderly patient with osteoporosis suffers a right posterior hip dislocation. Which of the following nerves is most likely injured in this case? A. Tibial nerve B. Inferior gluteal nerve C. Pudendal nerve D. Common peroneal nerve L B. Inferior gluteal nerve + The inferior gluteal nerve innervates the gluteus maximus and is associated with posterior hip dislocations. '* The tibial nerve gets injured in cases of knee trauma, Baker cyst and tarsal tunnel syndrome ‘©The pudendal nerve is commonly injured in prolonged cycling, horseback 43, Scanned with CamScanner AA <2 AAAAMAA AA AAA AA AMAA AAs sada aaJULTECECELULULELEULEEY YIIGEIVIIIYG dddads idina or during childbirth as a stretch injury. Injury to the lateral aspect of the leq can result to damage to the common peroneal nerve which leads to loss of sensation on the dorsal aspect of the affected foot and inability to lift the foot while walking resulting to a “stoppage gait” This inabily to evert and dorsilex the foot is also called foot drop. Auseful mnemonic from First Aid is: PED ~ Peroneal Everts and Dorsiflexes. If Common Peroneal Nerve gets injured, it will result to foot dropPED Reference: Le, T., Bhushan, V.,& Sochal, M, (2023) First Aid for the USMLE Step 12022, Thity Third Eston (33rd.ed, . 457). McGraw-Hill Education. 22. When taking blood pressure in the arm, the arterial pulse of what artery (found in the cubital fossa) is being listened to? Posterior circumflex artery Ulnar artery Brachial artery Radial artery gom> C. Brachial artery The brachial artery is found in the cubital fossa. Itis lateral to the median nerve, medial to the biceps tendon, and deep to the bicipital aponeurosis. Medial + Lateral © Median Nerve © Brachial artery © Tendon of biceps Radial nerve Posterior interosseus branch of radial nerve We listen toits arterial pulse when taking blood pressure Roteronee: Halliday. N.L., 8 Chung, H. M, (2018). BRS Gross, ‘Anatomy (9th ed.,p. 316). Lippincott Willams and wikin. 23. A patient comes in with signs and symptoms consistent with an infected Bartholin cyst, Which of the following lymph nodes would most likely get A. Superficial inguinal nodes. ‘The lymphatic drainage of the labia majora (where the Bartholin glands are located) is 44 Scanned with CamScannerswollen? ‘A. Superficial inguinal nodes B. Internal iliac nodes C. Deep inguinal nodes D. Para-aortic lymph nodes through the superficial inguinal lymph nodes. Reference: Holiday, N. L., & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross, ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 198). Lippincott Wiliams and Wikins 24. A male patient comes to the ER for a straddle injury. On examination, there's a note of scrotal hematoma. Which part of the urethra is most likely injured? ‘A. Prostatic urethra B. Membranous urethra ©. Spongy urethra D. Any ofthe above C. Spongy urethra Injury to the spongy urethra can occur in a perineal straddle injury. This is also called ‘anterior urethral injury. Injury to the spongy urethra may manifest as scrotal hematoma. Reference: Lo, T., Bhushan, V., & Sochat, M. (2023). Fist Ald for the USMLE Slap 1 2022, Thy Third Edilon (33d ed, 647), McGraw-Hill Education 25. What is the main arterial blood supply to the apex of the heart? Left anterior descending artery Left circumflex artery Right coronary artery ‘SA nodal artery pomp ‘A. Left anterior descending artery ‘The LAD artery is the main arterial blood supply to the cardiac apex. Reference: Hallday, NL, & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 78). Lippincott Wiliams and Wikins. 26. The common bile and main pancreatic ducts open into what part of the duodenum? ‘A. Superior B. Descending C. Transverse D. Ascending B. Descending ‘The common bile and main pancreatic ducts ‘open into the major duodenal papilla which is found in the descending (2nd) part of the duodenum, Reference: Halliday, N.L., 8 Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth @¢.,p. 123) Lippincot Walliams and Wine. 27. Cerebrospinal fluid made in the choroid plexus flows into the 4th ventricle from the 3rd ventricle via the A. Foramina of Luschka B. Foramina of Magendie C. Aqueduct of Syivius D. Foramina of Monro C. Aqueduct of Syivius CSF flow: ‘© Lateral ventricles -+ Left and right interventricular foramina of Monro -+ 3rd ventricle © 3rd ventricle ~ Cerebral aqueduct of 45 Scanned with CamScanner Adda AAMAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA aaa ARSPPIGIVSSSHSSIVVIVYUUUELELULELEEEEY Syivius + 4th ventricle ‘© 4th ventricle + Foramina of Luschka (lateral) and foramina of Magendie (medial) + subarachnoid space Reference: Le, 7, Bhushan, V, & Sochat, M. (2023). First Ad for ‘the USMLE Step 12022, Thity Third Edition (33rd ed, . 516), McGraw-till Education. 28. Taste sensation from the anterior ok the tongue is carried by which of the following cranial nerves? A CNV B. CNVIL c. CNIX D. CNX B.CNVIL ‘Taste from the anterior % of the tongue is carried by chorda tympani which is a branch of CN Vil Cranial Innervation nerve CNV | Somatosensation from the anterior % of the tongue, not taste sensation, NVI | Taste from the anterior % of the tongue NIX | Taste and sensation from the posterior % of the tongue. Reference: Le, T, Bhushan, V, & Sochat, M. (2023) First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thity Third Eaton (33rd ¢,, . 521), MeGraw-Hil Education. 29, What is the afferent branch of the pupillary reflex? nit CN CNV CN vil vop> ALCNIL Branch | Pupillary Corneal reflex reflex Afferent cn cNvt Efferent CN CN vit Reference! Le, T., Bhushan, V.,& Sochal, M. (2023). Fist Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thirty Third Edition (331d ed, . 521), McGraw-Hill Education 30. The breast is supplied by the ‘medial mammary branches from the internal thoracic artery. ‘The internal thoracie artery comes from what artery? A. Subslavian ‘The internal thoracic artery comes from the subclavian artery. ‘The rest of the choices are the other 48 Scanned with CamScanner& Gococentca branches of the subclavian artery. C. Vertebral The branches of the subclavian artery D. Thyrocervical Thebes © Vertebral artery ‘© Thyrocervical trunk ‘© Internal thoracic artery © Costocervical trunk Reference: Haliday,N.L., & Chung, H. M (2018). BRS Gross Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 352). Lippincott Wiliams and Wikins. 31. The following are the contents of the carotid sheath, EXCEPT? ‘A. Internal carotid arteries B. Internal jugular vein C. External jugular vein 1D. Vagus nerve C. External jugular vein ‘The contents of the carotid sheath are: ‘* Common and internal carotid arteries ‘¢ Internal jugular vein © Vagus nerve Reference: Halliday, N.L, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross. ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 361). Lippincott Willams and wikis. ‘32. The 5 secondary vesicles are the telencephalon, diencephalon, ‘mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon The basal ganglia develops from ‘which of those 5? ‘A. Telencephaion B. Diencephalon C. Mesencephalon D. Metencephalon ‘A. Telencephalon * Telencephalon -+ Cerebral hemispheres and basal ganglia ‘* Diencephaton ~ Thalamus, hypothalamus © Mesencephalon ~ Midbrain ‘© Metencephaton + Pons, cerebellum * Myelencephaton ~ Medulla Reference: Le, T., Bhushan, V.& Sochal, M. (2023). Fist Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thity Third Eation (33¢d ed, . $00). McGraw-Hill Education, 33. Which of the following is a branch Of the internal carotid artery in the neck? ‘A. Superior thyroid artery 8. Maxillary artery CC, Superficial temporal artery D. None of the above ‘The internal carotid artery has no branches in the neck. The rest of the options are branches of the external carotid artery in the neck, a7 Scanned with CamScanner AAPA AAA AA AAA AAA Aa44daaaagagaanPISPIVIVIFFESHSVIVVIVUUULLLELELLEEEEE D. None of the above Reference: Halliday, NL, & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (th ed, p. 435). Lippincott Wiliams and vwitins. 34, Which of the following dopaminergic pathways is responsible for regulating the secretion of prolactin? ‘A. Mesocortical pathway B. Mesolimbic pathway C. Nigrostriatal pathway D. Tuberoinfundibular pathway D. Tuberoinfundibular pathway Dopaminergic pathways: * Mesocortical and mesolimbic pathway ~+ motivation and reward « Nigrostriatal pathway ~ motor control © Tuberoinfundibular ~ prolactin secretion Reference: Le, T., Bhushen, V., & Sochal, M, (2023). Fist Aid for ‘he USMLE Step 12022, Thsty Third Edition (33rd ed, p. 510), McGraw-Hill Education 35. What structure perforates the diaphragm at the T10 level? Wve Esophagus Aorta Right phrenic nerve gom> B. Esophagus © TB level ~ right phrenic nerve and IVC ‘© T10 level ~ Vagus nerve, esophagus © T12 level Aorta, thoracic duct, azygos vein Reference: Le, T., Bhushan, V., & Sochal, M, (2023) First Aié for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thirty Thd Edition (33rd ed, . 525), McGraw-Hil Education 36. The inguinal ligament is in what dermatomal level? m0 m1 m2 u goa> Dut + T10 dermatomal level + umbilicus ‘+ Li dermatomal level ~ inguinal ligament Reference: Le T, Bhushan, V, 8 Sochal, M. (2023). Fist Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thy Thed Edition (23rd ed, . 525}. McGraw-Hill Education. 37. What is the medial border of the inguinal triangle? A. Linea semilunaris 48 Scanned with CamScannerLinea semitunaris Inferior epigastric vessels Pubic tubercle Inguinal ligament gom>r ‘The inguinal triangle (Hesselbach triangle) has the following borders: ‘¢ Medial - linea semilunaris (lateral edge of the rectus abdominis) ‘Lateral - Inferior epigastric vessels «Inferior — Inguinal ligament Reference: Halliday, N. L, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed. p. 112). Lippincott Willams and wikis. 38. Which of the following is NOT true Of indirect inguinal hernias? ‘A. Goes through deep inguinal ting B. Goes through superficial inguinal ring ©, Descends into the scrotum . Occurs medial to the inferior epigastric vessels 1D. Occurs medial to inferior epigastric vessels Indirect inguinal hernias: + Goes through the deep inguinal ina ~ inguinal canal -» superficial inguinal ring = descends into scrotum © Occurs lateral to inferior epigastric vessels Direct inguinal hernias: © Protrudes directly through the. Hesselbach tiangle ‘+ Occurs medial to inferior epigastric vessels References: © Haliday, N.L., & Chung, HM, (2018), BRS Gross Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 113), Lippincott Wiliams and wine ‘* Le, T, Bhushan, V,& Sochat, M. (2023). First Aid forthe USMLE Step 1 2022, Thity Third Edition (Gard ed, p. 377), MeGraw-Hal Education. 39. Which of the following layers of the ‘spermatic cord is incorrectly paired? ‘A. External spermatic fascia: external oblique muscle B. Cremasteric fascia: Internal oblique muscle C. Internal spermatic fascia: D. transversalis fascia Internal spermatic fascia: Internal oblique muscle D. Internal spermatic fasci muscle ternal oblique ‘The layers of the spermatic cord are the following: Internal spermatic fascia: Transversalis fascia Cremasteric fascia: Internal oblique muscle External spermatic fascia: External oblique muscle ‘Auseful mnemonic from First Aid is: ICE TIE References 49 Scanned with CamScanner AAada adi AAMAMAAMAAAAAA aaaMIPIIIGSSGIIIVIVILUULELEULELELECEL © Horny, NL & Ching, HM. (2018 BRS Gros ay ed p 4), Uppneot Wiliams and vie, Lar T Bhushan, Vi & Sochat M, (2023) Fst Ad tes Uaute Sp 1 2022, Thy Ted Eaton (Garo. 376) Maram Education, 40. Which of the following hernias is more common in females and likely presents with incarceration? A. Femoral hernia B. Indirect inguinal hernia , Direct inguinal hernia D. Spigelian hernia A. Femoral hernia Femoral hemia is more common in females and more likely presents with incarceration or strangulation. Reference: LL, T,, Bhushan, V.,& Sochat, M, (2023) First Ald for the USMLE Step 12022, Thity Third Editon (33rd ed, p.377), MeGrave-Hil Education. 41. Whats the largest and most abundant glial cell in the CNS? A. Astrocytes B. Neurons ©. Microglia D. Ependymat cell A. Astrocytes Astrocytes are the largest and most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system. Reference: Le, T,, Bhushan, V., & Sochal, M, (2023). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thity Third Editon (3rd ed, 1. 603). McGraw-Hill Education, 42, Which of the following cells ‘originated from the mesoderm? A. Microglia B. Astrocytes C. Oligodendrocytes D. Schwann celts ‘A. Microglia Microglia originate from the mesoderm, Astrocytes and oligodendrocytes originate from neural tube which is from the ectoderm Schwann cells are from the neural crest which is also from the ectoderm. Reference: Le, T, Bhushan, V., & Sockat, M. (2023). First Aid for the USMLE Step 12022, Thity Third Ediion (33rd ed. . 633), McGraw-Hill Education ‘43, Which of the following structures contains the portal triad? Hepatogastric ligament Hepatoduodenal ligament Greater omentum All of the above gop> B. Hepatoduodenal ligament ‘The hepatoduodenal ligament contains the portal triad which consists of the following) «Bile duct Proper hepatic artery © Portal vein ‘The hepatoduodenal ligament is a part of the lesser omentum, Reference Holiday, N.L., & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (3th ed, p. 168). Lippincolt Willams and wikis. 50 Scanned with CamScanner44. Which of the following forms the uncinate process of the pancreas? A. Ventral bud B. Dorsal bud . Lateral bud D. Medial bud ‘A. Ventral bud ‘The uncinate process is formed from the ventral pancreatic bud. The rest of the head, body and tail of the pancreas is formed from the dorsal pancreatic bud. Reference: Holiday, NL, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (3th ed. p. 132). Lippincott Willams and Wikia. 45. The following structures in the respiratory tract function to warm and humidity inspired air, EXCEPT? B. Terminal bronchioles, ©. Bronchi D. Trachea ‘A. Respiratory bronchioles ‘The conduction portion of the respiratory tract function to warm, humidify and filter inhaled air. These include: © Nasal cavity Nasopharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Terminal bronchioles The respiratory portion is where gas exchange occurs. This includes: '* Respiratory bronchioles ‘© Alveolar ducts © Alveolar sacs Reference: Halliday, NL, & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed. p. 64), Lippincot Wiliams and ‘wins 46. The following are characteristics of the right main bronchus which makes it more susceptible to obstruction by inhaled foreign bodies, EXCEPT? A. Shorter B. Wider C. More vertical D. Longer D. Longer ‘The right main bronchus is more susceptible to obstruction by inhaled foreign bodies due to the following characteristics: ‘© Shorter * Wider © More vertical Reference: Halliday. N. L, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. $9) Lippincot Wiliams and ‘wines, 47. The recurrent laryngeal nerve innervates all the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, EXCEPT? A. Posterior cricoarytenoid D. Cricothyroid The cricothyroid is innervated by the external laryngeal nerve. 51 Scanned with CamScanner AAPAAAMARAARA AAA AAA44A4 44448 OA AaawSPGI~ISNGIGVSSIAGIIVIGIUUUULELLUEEOEEEEE B. c, D. Lateral cricoarytenoid Vocalis Cricothyroid The rest of the muscles of the larynx are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Reference: Halliday, NL. & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sthed., pp. 425-426). Lippincott Wikams, and Wikins. ‘48, Which of the following tracts in the spinal cord is responsible for voluntary ‘and motor function? pom> Corticospinal tracts Dorsal column Anterior spinothalamic tract None of the above A. Corticospinal tracts ‘+ The corticospinal tracts in the spinal cord (anterior and lateral) are responsible for voluntary and motor function. * The dorsal column is responsible for pressure, vibration, fine touch, and proprioception, ©The lateral spinothalamic tracts are responsible for pain and temperature sensation * The anterior spinothalamic tracts are for crude touch and pressure. Reterence: Le, T, Bhushan, V., & Soca, M. (2023). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thy Third Eaton (33rd e¢,, 1.523), McGraw-Hil Education. 49. Which hypothalamic area is involved in increasing appetite? A B. ci D. Anterior Posterior Lateral Allof the above C. Lateral ‘The lateral area of the hypothalamus is known as the hunger center and is involved in increasing appetite ‘The anterior hypothalamus is involved in increasing the temperature set point leading to fever. References: + Holiday, N.L., & Chung, H. M. (2018) BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed. p. 209). Lippincott Willams and Witkin. + Le, T., Bhushan, V, & Sochat, M. (2023). Fist Ald forthe USMLE Step 1 2022, Thity Third Edition (ded ed, p. 340), McGraw Hill Education 50. The ureter may be obstructed by a kidney stone in either of the following locations, EXCEPT? A 8. ‘Where the ureter joins the renal pelvis, ‘Where the ureter crosses the pelvic brim ‘Where it enters the wall of the . Where it crosses below the gonadal arteries The common points of ureteral obstruction are the following ‘* Where the ureter joins the renal pelvis (ureteropelvic junction) «Where the ureter crosses the pelvic 52 Scanned with CamScannerurinary bladder D. Where it crosses below the gonadal arteries, im (pelvic inlet) Sore erenters the wall ofthe urinary bladder (ureterovesical junction) ference: ae ray, NL & Chung, HM, 2018 BRS Gross ene ened pa. Lipincot Wlloms and vik + oT onus, v8 Socht M, 2028) Fre it thie Uente Sip 12022, Thy The Eton (Gard dsp 601) Nero Eaueaton, 51. Different parts of the ureter have different sources of blood supply. The distal ureter’s blood supply comes from which of the following? A. Renal arteries B. Gonadal artery C. External iliac artery D. Superior vesical artery D, Superior vesical artery Ureteral blood supply: + Proximal ur + Middle of the ureter + gonadal artery, aorta, common and internal iliac artery ‘© Distal ureter - internal iliac artery ‘and superior vesical artery r+ renal arteries Reterent Le, T, Bhushan, V, & Sochat, M. (2023). First Aid for the USMLE Stop 12022, Thy Third Eaton (33rd ed., . 801). MeGraw-Hil Education, 52, Which of the following cells produce testosterone in the presence of LH? A. Sertoli cells B. Spermatogonia C. Leydig cells D. Granulosa cells C. Leydig cells: Leydig cells produce testosterone under the ‘control of LH. Sertoll cells are responsible for: ‘* Nourishing and supporting spermatozoa and regulating spermatogenesis ‘+ Secreting inhibin B to inhibit FSH secretion Reference: Le, T, Bhushan, V., & Sochat, M. (2023). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thirty Third Edtion (331d ed, p.648). McGraw-Hill Education, 63. What vessel carries blood from the alveoli in the lungs to the left atrium? ‘A. Pulmonary veins B. Left pulmonary artery ©. Right pulmonary artery D. Bronchial veins ‘A. Pulmonary veins The pulmonary veins carry blood from the alveolt in the lungs to the left atrium, The pulmonary arteries carry blood from the RV to the lungs for oxygenation. NL, & Chung, HM, (2018). BRS Gross 53. Scanned with CamScanner AAAAMAMAAAA AAA AMAA 444488 RaQ Qa8VPIVIFSIVIIIVVIULUULOLELELOOEEEE ee ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 65). Lippincott Willams and Wilkins. 54. The site of the obliterated thyroglossal duct is called _: ‘A. Foramen cecum B. Foramen ovale C. Thyroglossal duct cyst D. None of the above ‘A. Foramen cecum Foramen cecum s the site of an obliterated thyroglossal duct. Thyroglossal duct cyst is when there's {ailure of closure of the thyroglossal duct. Reference: Holiday, N.L., & Chung, H. M. (2018), BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 362). Lippincott Wiliams and ‘Wikins. '85. An infection in which layer of the scalp is associated with increased risk Cf spreading to the intracranial sinuses via the emissary veins? A. Skin B. Dense connective tissue layer €. Galea aponeurotica D. Loose connective tissue layer D. Loose connective tissue layer Aninfection in the loose connective tissue layer of the scalp is associated with increased risk of spreading to the intracranial sinuses via the emissary veins. ‘The layers of the scalp are: © skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Pericranium Reference: Holiday, N.L, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 368) Lippincott Wiliams and Witkin. 56. A fracture sustained at the thinnest area of the lateral skull will result in rupture of which of the following vessels? ‘Aneurysmal vessel Middle meningeal artery Bridging veins Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms 9oR> B. Middle meningeal artery ‘The thinnest part of the lateral skull is known as the pterion. Fracture at the pterion will rupture the middle ‘meningeal artery resulting to an epidural hematoma. Rupture of the bridaing veins will result subdural hematoma, Charcot-Bouchard microaneurysms occur in patients with hypertension. Reterence: Le, T, Bhushan, V, & Socal, M. (2023). Fist Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thay Third Ealion (3d ed, 1. 520), McGraw-Hil Education. 57. What is the longest and widest part of the uterine tubes? B. Ampulla 54 Scanned with CamScanner‘Ampulla is the widest and longest part of the A. Infundibulum Uterine tubes. B. Ampulla : . Isthmus ‘The ampulla is the most common location of D. Fimbriae fertilization ‘© Holiday, N.L., & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 194). Lippincott Wiliams and Wikins. # Le, 7. Bhushan, V., & Sochat, M. (2023). First Aid forthe USMLE Stop 1 2022, Thy Third Edition (Gard ed, p. 653). MeGraw-Hil Education 58. The thyroid isthmus usually crosses which of the following set of tracheal rings? A. Ast and 2nd B. 2nd and 3rd C. 4th and Sth D. Sth and 6th B. 2nd and 3rd The thyroid isthmus usually crosses the 2nd and 3rd (and even 4th) tracheal rings. Reference: Holliday, N.L. & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (St ed, p. 257). Lippincott Wiliams and wikis 59. Prostate cancer develops in which Zone of the prostate gland? ‘A. Transitional zone B. Anterior zone . Central zone D. Peripheral zone D. Peripheral zone Prostate cancer develops usually in the perigheral zone of the prostate gland. Reference Holiday, NL, & Chung, H. M, (2018). BRS Gross Anatomy (9h ed, p. 193). Lippincott Wiliams and Wikins, 60. In a thyroidectomy procedure, accidental transection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve may occur during ligation of which of the following arteries? ‘A. Superior thyroid artery B. Inferior thyroid artery C. Transverse cervical artery D. Thyrocervical trunk B. Inferior thyroid artery Ina thyroidectomy procedure, accidental transection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve may occur during ligation of the inferior thyroid artery which leads to hoarseness of voice. Reference: Le, T., Bhushan, V.,& Sochat, M, (2023) Fist Ad for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thirly Third Ealon (33:0 ed, 2.247). MeGraw-Hil Education, 61. Elicting the patellar reflex results in contraction of which muscle? Calves Quadriceps femoris Hamstring muscles Gluteus maximus Som> B. Quadriceps femoris, Eliciting the patellar reflex results in contraction of the quadriceps femoris. Reterence: Halliday N.L, & Chung, H.§M, (2018). BRS Gross Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 247). Lippincott Wiliams and Wikis 62, What is the most commonly fractured carpal bone? A. Scaphoid 55 Scanned with CamScanner PAAAAAAAAAAAAAAANANIIII GG cc ggQgayPPISIFGIFSGIIIVVIVULUGOLCELLUELOEEEEE ‘A. Scaphoid B. Lunate C. Pisiform D. Hamate ‘The most commonly fractured carpal bone is the scaph Reference: Halliday, NL, & Chung, H. M. (2018), BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (ah ed, p. 453). Lippincott Wiliams and Wiking. 63. Which of the following is NOT part of the borders of the anatomic. snuffoox? Extensor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis, ‘Abductor pollicis longus Abductor policis brevis. pomp D. Abductor pollicis brevis ‘The borders of the anatomic snuffbox are: © Medial ~ Extensor pollicis longus © Lateral - Extensor policis brevis and Abductor pollicis longus Reference: Halliday, NL, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 308) Lippincott Wiliams and Wikins. {64. Dislocation of which of the following carpal bones is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome? A. Scaphoid B. Hamate ©. Lunate D. Trapezoid C. Lunate Impingement of the median nerve may occur in unate dislocation which leads to carpal tunnel syndrome, Reference: Le, T, Bhushan, V, & Sochat, M. (2023). First Ald for the USMLE Step 1.2022, Thirty Third Ediion (33rd ed., . 453), McGraw-Hill Education, 65. The “Hand of Benediction’ sign, which occurs when the patient attempts to make a fist, is a manifestation of a lesion in which of the following? Proximal median nerve Distal median nerve Proximal ulnar nerve Distal uinar nerve pomp A. Proximal median nerve © The “Hand of Benediction” sign, which ‘occurs when the patient attempts to make a fist, is a manifestation of a lesion in the proximal median nerve. * Median claw sign while extending the fingers ~ distal median nerve lesion * Ulnar claw sign while extending the fingers ~ distal ulnar nerve lesion ‘* Trouble making a fist while closing the hand ~ proximal ulnar nerve shushan V., & Sochal, M. (2023). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thiy Third Editon (32rd ed. . 454), McGrawill Education 66. An elderly patient was brought to ‘A Colles fracture 86 Scanned with CamScannerthe ER after a fall on an outstretched hand. Her right hand shows a dinner {ork deformity. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. Colles fracture B. Smith fracture C. Reverse Colles fracture 1D. None of the above Dinner fork deformity is characteristic of Colles fracture where the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly. Itcan happen in patients with osteoporosis. ‘Smith fracture or reverse Colles fracture is when the distal fragment becomes displaced anteriorly. Reference: Halliday, N.L, & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 284). Lippincot Wiliams and wikis 67. The carina lies at which of the following levels? A. Sternal angle B. Xiphoid C. Subcostal angle D. Cricoid cartilage A. Sternal angle The carina lies at the level of the sternal angle. Reference: Halliday, N.L, & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross. ‘Anatomy (9th ed, p. $8). Lippincott Waiams and wikis. 68. Which of the following structures is, a remnant of the urachus? ‘A. Median umbilical ligament B. Medial umbilical ligaments C. Ligamentum teres D. Ligamentum venosum ‘A. Median umbilical ligament ‘+ Median umbilical ligament is from the rachus ‘© Medial umbilical ligaments are remnants the umbilical arteries + Ligamentum teres hepat remnant the umbilical vein isa ‘+ Ligamentum venosum is from the ductus venosus References ‘+ Haliday,N.L., & Chung, H.M, (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (9th ed. p. 114), Lippineot Wiliams and Wikins + Le, T, Bhushan, V,& Sochal, M. (2023). Fist Aig for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Tity Third Eaton (831d ed, p. 287), McGraw Education, 69, The esophagus is lined with _: ‘A, Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium B. Keratinized stratified ‘A. Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium The esophagus is lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium, 87 Scanned with CamScanner PARAAAAAAAAAAAMAAANIII VA HR RQQaaaVISGSIIISVIVLLULEECLLUELOULEEL ve eee ‘squamous epithelium C. Simple columnar epithelium 1D. Simple cuboidal epithelium Reference: Bhushan, V, & Sochat, M. (2023) First Aid for the USMLE Step 12022, Thity Third Edition (33rd ed,, 369). McGraw-Hill Education. 70. Which of the following is characteristic of the jejunum versus the ileum? A. Has closely-packed plicae circulares Longer Shorter vasa recta None of the above gop A. Has closely-packed plicae circulares “The rest of the options are found in the ileum, Jejunum characteristics: ‘¢ Has tall and closely packed plicae rculares * Emplier ‘* Larger in diameter ‘¢ Thicker walled versus the ileum Jum characteristics: Longer than the jejunum «Has shorter vasa recta Reference: Haliday, N-L., & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (th ed, p. 151). Lippincott Wiliams and wikis. 71. Enlargement of which of the following chambers of the heart can result in compression of the esophagus leading to symptoms of dysphagia? Right atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Left atrium pomp D. Left atrium ‘The left atrium (LA) of the heart lies close to the anterior surface of the esophagus. It is the most posterior part of the heart. ‘Therefore, LA enlargement can compress the esophagus leading to symptoms of ‘dysphagia. LA enlargement can also lead to ‘compression of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve which causes hoarseness. This is also called Ortner syndrome, Reference: + Haliday, N-L., & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed. p. 85). Lippincott Wikams and Wikis + Le, T, Bhushan, V,,& Sochat, M, (2023). Fist Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thiry Third Edtion (Gord ed, p. 288), McGraw-Hit Education, 72. What is the most anterior part of the heart? Right atrium Right ventricle Left ventricle Left atrium oog> B. Right ventricle The most anterior part of the heart is the right ventricle (RV), Reference: le, T-Bhushan, V.,& Sochal, M, (2023) First Aid for 58 Scanned with CamScannerThe USWLE Step 1 2022, Thity Third Edition (3316 ed, . 288), McGraw-Hill Education 73. Breast cancer commonly occurs in which quadrant of the breast? ‘A. Upper lateral B. Lower lateral ©. Upper medial D. Lower medial A. Upper lateral Breast cancer occurs commonly in the upper lateral quadrant. Reference, Halday, NL, & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 321). Lippincott Wiliams and ‘wikins B. Cc. A D. 74. The finding of skin dimpting in patients with breast cancer is due to involvement of which of the following? ‘A. Subcutaneous lymphatics B. Suspensory ligament of Cooper . Sentinel nodes D. Allof the above 75. Nonunion is a common ‘complication in proximal scaphoid fractures. ‘The blood supply to this bone comes from which of the following? Radial artery Ulnar artery Brachial artery Any of the above B. Suspensory ligament of Cooper ‘Skin dimpling is due to cancer involvement of the suspensory ligament of Cooper. Peau d’orange is due to dermal lymphatic obstruction. Holiday, N. L. 8 Chung, H.M. (2018), BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 321). Lippincott Willams and ‘wikis. Le, T, Bhushan, V., & Sochal, M. (2023). First Aid {forthe USMLE Step 1 2022, Thirty Third Edition (Gidea, p. 670). McGraw-Hill Education. ‘A. Radial artery Proximal scaphoid fractures are prone to develop nonunion and avascular necrosis because of the retrograde blood supply from a branch of the radial artery. Reference: Le, T, Bhushan, V., & Sochal, M. (2023) First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thity Third Eaton (23rd ed, 1.453). McGraw-Hill Edveation. A 8. C D. 76, Tennis elbow results from inflammation of the __ Origin of the extensor forearm muscles Origin of the flexor forearm muscles Subluxation of the radial head Subluxation ofthe ulnar head ‘A. Origin of the extensor forearm muscles Tennis elbow results from inflammation of the origin of the extensor forearm muscles. Golfer's elbow results from inflammation of the origin of the flexor forearm muscles ‘Subluxation of the radial head is also called nursemaid’s elbow. Reference Halliday. N.L., 8 Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross, ‘Anatomy (3th ed, p. 321). Lippincot Wiliams and Wikins 59 Scanned with CamScanner PAMAAMAAAAAAMAMAMAAAAAAAaaAAAARASSSSIIISIV ITV UUECELELELUEEEEL ddd 77. Which of the following organs are NOT retroperitoneal? ‘A. Ascending colon B. Ureter C. 1st part of the duodenum D. Abdominal aorta C. 1st part of the duodenum Only the 2nd to 4th parts of the duodenum is retroperitoneal. Other retroperitoneal organs can be remembered by the mnemonic SAD PUCKER which is found in First Aid: ‘© Suprarenal (adrenal) glands ‘Aorta and IVC Duodenum (2% 4” parts) Pancreas Ureters Colon Kidneys Esophagus (thoracic portion) Rectum (partially) Reference: Hallday, N.L., & Chung, H. M. (2018) BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 367) Lippincott Willams and ‘wikis, 78. During liver surgery, bleeding is minimized by doing the Pringle ‘maneuver. Which of the following structures is clamped in this maneuver? Falciform ligament Hepatoduodenal ligament Hepatogastric ligament Splenorenal ligament pom> B. Hepatoduodenal ligament ‘The hepatoduodenal ligament, which contains the portal triad (proper hepatic artery, portal vein, common bile duct), is clamped during liver surgery to minimize bleeding. This is called the Pringle maneuver. References: iday, N.L., 8 Chung, HM. (2018) BRS Gross, ‘Anatomy (Sth ed. p. 135). Lippincott Wikams and wikis. ‘© Le, T., Bhushan, V., & Sochat,M. (2023). First Ad forthe USMLE Step 12022, Thity This Eston (Gard ed. p. 368). McGraw Hil Education. J 79. The blood supply to the descending colon comes fromthe __ Celiac trunk Superior mesenteric artery Inferior mesenteric artery Superior rectal artery pomp C. Inferior mesenteric artery + Foregut structures: celiac artery © Midgut structures: superior mesenteric artery © Hindgut structures: inferior mesenteric artery ‘The descending colon is a hindgut structure ‘which means the blood supply is from the IMA. Reference: eT Bhushan, V. & Sochal, M. (2023). First Ad for the USMLE Stop 12022, Tity Third Eatin (93rd e¢, p.371). MeGraw-Hil Education, 80. In the femoral triangle, which of A. Femoral artery Scanned with CamScannerthe following is found lateral to the femoral vein? ‘A. Femoral artery c. D. Femoral neve Lymph nodes Inguinal ligament ‘The structures in the femoral triangle, from lateral to medial, are: Lymphatics Nerve-Artery-Vel Remembered by the mnemonic NAVeL Relerence: Holiday, N. L., & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross Anatomy (Sth ed. . 244). Lippincott Wiliams end Wikre, 81. Which of the following zones in the liver is known to be the most sensitive to metabolic toxins such as paracetamol? A B. Cc. D. Zonet Zone Zone ill Zone V €. Zone til Zone lis the most oxygenated and is therefore most resistant to ischemia. It also the first to be affected by viral hepatitis. Zone Ills the least oxygenated, therefore the first ischemia. Itis also the most sensitive to metabolic toxins such as paracetamol, ethanol, rifampin and CCI4. Reference: Le, 7, Bhushan, V, & Sochat, M. (2023). Fist Ald for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thy Third Editon (33rd ed., .374), McGraw-Hil Education, 82. Which of the following is NOT a site of constriction of the esophagus? A B. ©, D. At the level of the cricoid cartilage At the level of the thyroid cartilage Where it is crossed by the aortic arch At the level of T10 B. At the level of the thyroid cartilage ‘The 3 constrictions of the esophagus are the following: 1. Attthe level of the cricoid cartilage (C8) oF the beginning of the esophagus 2. Middle constriction where itis crossed by the aortic arch and then left main bronchus 3, At the level of T10 where the ‘esophageal hiatus is located NL, & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross, Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 85). Lippincott Willams and ‘wining 6 Scanned with CamScanner AAAAAAAAARAARAAAAAAAA CO KK KSPPAVINNFSSSISIGIIVVUUGULUEYUELUEEEEE 83. The left testicular vein drains into which of the following? ‘A. Inferior vena cava B. Right renal vein C. Left renal vei D. Left internal iliac artery C Left renal vein ‘The right testicular vein drains directly into the IVC. The left testicular vein drains into the left fenal vein which then drains into the IVC. ‘The left testicular vein has higher venous pressure than the right (because the left testicular vein joins the left renal vein at a ‘90degree angle) which results to more cases f varicocele on the left. Reference: . ., & Chung, H. M, (2018). BRS Gross ‘ed. p. 191) Lippincott Wiliams and Wikins. © Le, T., Bhushan, V, & Sochal, M. (2023). Fist Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thity Third Edition (33d 0d, p, 644). McGraw-Hill Education 84. Cavernous sinus thrombosis from an infection will affect all of the following structures, EXCEPT? NI NII CNV CN: oem> A.CNIL CN Il does not pass through the cavernous sinus. The structures which pass through the cavernous sinus are the following: © CNII cNIV CNVe CNV; cNVI Postganglionic sympathetic pupillary fibers. ‘* Cavernous portion of the internal carotid artery Relerence: ‘© Holiday, N.L., & Chung, H.M, (2018). BRS Gross. ‘Anatomy (th 6d, p. 385). Lippincot Wiliams and waiins, © Le, T., Bhushan, V. & Soc, M. (2023). Fist Aid {forthe USMLE Step 1 2022, Tity Third Eaton (Gad ed, p. 559). MeGraw-Hil Education, 85. A patient with a nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma presents with bitemporal hemianopia, Where is the lesion most likely located? ‘A. Althe optic chiasm B. Atthe left optic nerve ‘A. Al the optic chiasm Lesion at the optic chiasm = bitemporal hemianopia ‘+ Lesion at the left optic nerve ~ left anopia 62 Scanned with CamScanner. At the Meyer loop D. Atthe left visual cortex. ee ‘© Lesion at the left Meyer loop -» ‘tight upper quadrantanonia Lesion at the left visual cortex + tight hemianopia with macular spering Reference: Halliday, N. L., 8 Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross, ‘Anatomy (Sth ed. p. 856) Lippincott Wiliams and wiki, £86, Which of the following hypothalamic nuclei is responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm? A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus B. Supraoptic nucleus C. Paraventricular nucleus D. Anterior nucleus ‘A. suprachiasmatic nucleus The suprachiasmatic nucleus is responsible for regulating the circadian thythm, The supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei are responsible for the synthesis of ADH and ‘oxytocin. The anterior nucleus is for cooling of the body. Reference: Haliday, NL, & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed, p. 09). Lippincott Wiliams and Wikins 87. The spleen can be located in the left upper quadrant covered by which set of ribs? A. 4-5th ribs B. 68th ribs CC. 9-11th ribs D. 10-12th ribs. C. 9th-110h ribs. The spleen can be located in the left upper ‘quadrant covered by the Sth-11th ribs. Reference: Halliday. N.L, & Chung, H.M, (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (3th ed, p. 130). Lippincott Wiliams and wikis: 8. Incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis can give rise to which of the following? A. Varicocele B. Hydrocele C. Spermatocele D. Any of the above B. Hydrocele Incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis can give rise to a congenital hydrocele. Varicocele is from enlargement of the ‘pampiniform plexus, not incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis, ‘Spermatocele is a cyst from a dilated epididymal duct References: ‘+ Haliday, N.L., & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (th ed, p. 176). Lippincot Waiams and wiikins + Le, T., Bhushan, V, 8 Sochat, M. (2023) First Aid 63 Scanned with CamScanner AAAAAAAAAAAA AA AAA 44448 aaa aaaePeVVVIINSFSSIIGIVIIIUGLLELLULOEEEEE ISMLE Step 1 2022, Thirty Third Edition (672). McGrave- Hil Education, £89, The presence of Wernicke aphasia is attributed to a stroke in what artery? A, Anterior cerebral B. Middle cerebral C. Posterior cerebral D. Basilar B. Middle cerebral ly presents with Wernicke aphasia. EFFECTS OF STROKE ‘Artery | tesionarea | Signs and symptoms ‘Anterior [Motorand | © Contratateral cerebral | sensory paralysis and cortices ~ fsenory es =) peri, lower tim © Urinary incontinence Middle ‘= Contralateral cerebral paralysis ond artery sensory loss ~ lower face and upper fimb (Wemnicke | © Aphasiaitin area), the dominant Frontal lobe (usualy let) (Groca area) hemisphere. ‘© Hemineglect it lesion affects ‘nondominant (usually right) hemisphere Lenticulo- | Sviatum, |» Contralateral striate | internal artery —_| capsule fs visual field loss) ‘Adapied fom Le, T., Bhushan, V_ & Sochat, N. (2022), Fist Ad for ne USMLE Siep 1 2022, Thity ‘Second Editon (32nd ed.) MeGraw-Hill Education. | 1. V. & Sochat, M. (2023). First Aid for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thity Third Editon (33¢d ed p.§28). MeGrawe Hil Education 90. What is the remnant of the ‘embryonic notochord? C. Nucleus pulposus: ‘The remnant of the embryonic notochord is Scanned with CamScanner‘A. Umbilical ligament B. Ligamentumm venosum C. Nucleus pulposus D. 1st cervical vertebra the nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disc, atiday,N.L, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross Ato (6, p27), Upon Wilms and kins 91. The glomerular filtration barrier consists of the following, EXCEPT? A. Capillary endothelium with fenestrations B. Basement membrane with Type Il collagen . Podocyte foot processes D. None of the above B. Basement membrane with Type Il collagen ‘The glomerular basement membrane (GBM) is composed of ype IV collagen chains, not type I The other components of the glomerular filtration barrier are: ‘© Capillary endothelium with fenestrations * Podocyte foot processes Reterenee: Lo, T, Bhushan, V,& Sochat, M. (2023). Fist Aid for the USMLE Stop 1 2022, Thity Third Edition (331d ed. . 601), MeGraw-Hil Education, 92. Which of the following structures in the kidney produces renin? Macula densa Juxtaglomerular cells Distal convoluted tubule Renal medulla, pomp B. Juxtaglomeruiar cells, The juxtaglomerular cells in the afferent arteriole produce renin. Reference: Halliday. N.L, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross. Anatomy (td, p. 40), Lppncot Wams and king 93. Which of the following zones of the adrenal gland produces androgens? ‘A. Zona glomerulosa B. Zona fasciculata C. Zona reticularis, D. Any of the above €. Zona reticularis. Androgens are produced in the zona reticularis, Zona glomerulosa ~ aldosterone Zona fasciculata ~ glucocorticoids Relerence Haligay, N-L., & Chung, H. M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (9th ed. p. 142) Lippincott Willams and Wikis [= 94, The adrenal medulla is embryologically derived from the ANeural crest ‘The adrenal medulla is embryologically derived from the neural crest. 65 Scanned with CamScanner AMAA a aaa aanaggaa AA‘ AAAAAAAAAAAAASSSSSISIIIIIVIULELELEELOLEEEE eves ee A, Neural crest B. Neural tube . Surface ectoderm D, Mesoderm a Other structures derived from the neural rest are (mnemonic: EMO-PASSES) ‘© Enterochromaffin cells © Melanocytes ‘© Odontobiasts ‘© PNS ganglia (cranial, dorsal root, autonomic) ‘+ Adrenal medulla ‘© Schwann cells ‘© Spiral membrane {aorticopulmonary septum) Endocardial cushions (also derived partially from mesoderm) © Skull bones olerences: © Holiday, N.L, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross "42), Lippincott Witlams and 4 Sochat, M. (2023), First Aid 1.2022, They Third Eaton (Bord ed, p. 633). McGraw Hil Education. 95, The lovator ani muscle consists of the following, EXCEPT? Puborectalis Pubococeygous Wococcygeus Coceygeus poe> D | D. Coccygeus ‘The 3 muscles that form the levator ant muscle are: 4. Puborectalis 2. Pubococeygeus 3. Wiococeygeus ‘The coceygeus is not part of the levator ani Reterence: Holiday, N.t. & Chung, H.M. (2018) BRS Gross, ‘Anatomy (5th ed. . 178) Lippincott Wiliams and Wikins 96, During hysterectomy, the ligation ff which of the following ligaments may rosult in urteral injury? \. Infundibulopetvic ligament Ovarian ligament . Cardinal ligament Broad ligament © |.C.Cardinat ligament During hysterectomy, the ligation of the cardinal ligament (which contains the uterine vessels) may result in ureteral injury Rolerences: ‘+ Halliday, NL. & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (th ed, p. 196). Lippincott Wiliams and Waki, + Le, T., Bhushan, V8 Soca M. (2023) First Add forthe USMLE Stop 1 2022, Trtly The Editon (dud ea, p. 645). McGraw it Education, 97, Which of the following ligaments ‘connects the uterine horn to the labia ‘majora via the inguinal canal? C |G. Round ligament Tho round ligament connects the uterine Scanned with CamScanner‘A. Infundibulopelvic ligament B. Ovarian ligament C. Round ligament D. Uterosacral ligament horn to the labia majora via the inguinal canal. Reference: le, T, Bhushan, V., & Sochot, M. (2023). Fist Aid for the USMLE Stop 12022, Thity Third Edion 32rd ed, . 645). McGraw-Hill Education. 98. Which of the following is homologous to the scrotum? ‘A, Labia minora B. Labia majora C. Clitoris D. Pudendal nerve B. Labia majora ‘The labia majora is homologous to the scrotum, The clitoris is homologous to the penis. Reference: Holliday, N. L, & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed ,p. 206) Lippincott Willams and waking. 99. The phrenic nerve arises from which ofthe following cervical nerves? gom> c1-c2 c2-C4 ¢3-¢5 c6-C7 C.C3-C5 ‘The phrenic nerve arises from C3-CS. Auseful mnemonic from First Aid is shown below. €3,4,5 keeps the diaphragm alive References: ‘© Halliday, NL. & Chung, H.M. (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Gth ed, p. 67) Lippincott Willams and wikis. Le, T. Bhushan, V.,& Sochat, M. (2029). Fist Aid for ne USMLE Step 1 2022, Thity Third Edition (Gd ed. p. 683). McGraw-Hill Education, 100. What cranial nerve is responsible for eyelid opening by innervating the levator palpebrae superioris? A 8. c. o. cnt NII cNIV . CN VI B.CNIII ‘The levator palpebrae superiois is innervated by CN Ill. This muscle opens the eyelids, References: ‘+ Haliday. NL, & Chung, H. M4, (2018). BRS Gross ‘Anatomy (Sth ed. p. 393). Lippincott Wilams and wikis, ‘+ Le,T., Bhushan, V, & Sochat M. (2023). Fist Ai for the USMLE Step 1 2022, Thy Third Edition (@3id ed, p. 521). MeGram Hit Education 67 Scanned with CamScanner AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAANAAAAA 444A aa aaad