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    Снимок экрана 2022-11-25 в 20.24.49

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    darya

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    Professional —_— English in Use Medicine Eric H. Glendinning Ron Howard enraint Contents INTRODUCTION BASICS @® Health and illness A Asking about health B Sickness © Recovery Parts of the body 1 A Parts ofthe body B Referring to parts of the body © Describing radistion of pain GD Parts of the body 2 A The ablomen 8 Thechest € Thepelvs Functions of the body A Eating B The fire senses © Other functions D Less common functions MEDICAL AND PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL AND PLACES Medical practitioners 1 A Practitioners B Specialties © Choosing a specialty Medical practitioners 2 ‘8 Hospital att B Mecca teas © Shits Nurses A Narsing grades B Support workers © Specialization D The nurse role 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 BD Allied health professionals ‘A. Commit health 8 Technicians C Prostetsts and onhotss D Opicens B hospitals A Inwroxluction 10a hospital BOuspatienss © Inpatients Primary care [A The National Health Service B The practice eam CAGPSday EDUCATION AND TRAINING @® Medical education 1 [A Medical education in the UK B Estracefrom an undergraduate prospectus © A sruden’s view D Medical education 2 A The Foundation Programme 8 People in medieal education © Medical qualifications The overseas doctor 1A Types of registration 8 PLAB © PLAB stations and advice SYSTEMS, DISEASES AND ‘SYMPTOMS. BE} Symptoms and signs ‘A Describing problems B Preseation © Talking about sympeoms B® Blooa {A Fall blood count B Anemia © Pemicious anaemia 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 Bones A Bones B Fracuces © Trean ® Childhood A Milestones B Common infectious diseases © Coeliac disease mt of fractes @® The endocrine system A Excess and deficiency B Negative feedback systems © Goitre D Allee of referral The eye A Pars of the eve B Examination of the eye © Retinopathy The gastrointestinal system ‘A Examination ofthe abdomen B The faces BB Gynaecology A. The female reproductive system B Menstrustion © A gynaccological consultation D Contraception ® The heart and circulation 1 A Shormess of breath Hear chy © Hear fale The heart and circulation 2 [A Physical examination 18 Examining the heart and eieuation Infections A Fevet B Microorganisms © Source and spread of infection 40 42 46 48 50 52 54 Mental illness AA Paychiawic disorders B Substance abuse © Aficctive disorders 1D Nesrotic and stiessrelated disorders E Other types of functional disorder The nervous system 1 A Seton ot B Moor Ine © Lansof consciousness The nervous system 2 A The motor system B Tendon reflexes, © Coma Oncology 1A Neoplasms 8 Symprome and sign of malignancy © Treatment of rumours Pregnancy and childbirth A Childbirth B Labour Presentation and le The respiratory system A Gough B Awsculation The skin 1 1A Some types of shin lesion B Rashes The skin 2 ‘A Injuries the skin B Case port © Sores 8 Urinalysis 58 60 62 64 70 72 14 INVESTIGATIONS © Basic investigations A Ophthalmoscony 8 Blood prewure (© Taking blood Laboratory tests ‘A.A Microbiology test request form B A Biochemisity and Haematology lab report Terms used 10 describe lab results Endoscopy A Functions of endoscopy B Enteroscopy © Report of a dggostic endoscopy X-ray and CT AA Radiography and radiology 8 X-ray examination © Computed Tomography MRI and ultrasound A. Magner Resonance Imaging (MRI) B Uitrasound Preparing for medica imaging D Describing medica imaging ECG A Uses of an BCG B ECG procedure © Anormal ECG ‘TREATMENT Medical treatment AA Prescriptions and deugs B The Beitsh National Formulary Surgical treatment 'A “The operating theatre B Insruments © The operation 1 An operation report 76 78 80 82 84 86 88 90 ©@® therapies 92 ‘A Radiotherapy and chemotherapy. B-Aday inthe life ofa physiotherapist © Cognitive Behavioural Therapy PREVENTION Screening and 94 immunization A Scrcening B Common screcing tests © Immunization for travellers EPIDEMIOLOGY Epidemiology 96 A Rates 1 Incidence and prevalence © Association and causation ETHICS. Medical ethies 98 A GMC guidelines 8 Beth isnes © Asssted drne RESEARCH Research studies A. Case-control studies B Cohort sedis © Trials D Variables 100 TAKING A HISTORY Taking a history 1 A A fall eae history B Personal detils © Talking abou pain © Taking a history 2 A Drug history B Family history © Social and personal history 102 104 Taking a history 3 106 A Reviewing the systems B Asking about the central nervous system Patient ideas, concems and expectations D Phrasal verbs in history-taking EXAMINATION Physical examination A Examining 4 patent Giving instructions 108 Mental state examination 110 'A Some sympoms of psychiatric disorders B Mood © Typical questions from a mental EXPLANATION ® Explaining diagnosis 112 and management ‘A Explanations B Using lay terms in explanations Ancxplanation of angina iscussing treatment ‘A Offering options B Advising 2 course of action © Advising patients to avoid something D Warnings © Giving bad news A Principles of giving bad news B A conaultane medical oncologists report 14 116 PRESENTATIONS Data presentation 1 A Referring to «table or Figure B Comparing variables © Approximating 8 Data presentation 2 AA Line graphs B Pie chars and bar chars © Describing trends Research articles [A The structure ofa reseerch article B Objectives © Main findings Abstracts A Stractured abstracts B The BMJ abstract Conference presentations 1A The structure ofa presettion 8 The mmduction © Signaling D The conchsion ED Case presentations [A Sections of a case presentation B Bedside presentation © Slides Appendix | Parts of the body Appendix I Medal abbreviations Appendix Ill Types of medication Appendix IV Symptoms and pain Appendix V Verbs ised in instructions Appendix VI Lay terms and definitions Answer key Index 120 122 124 126 128 130 131 143 144 145 146 147 168 Health and illness Asking about health Health i che state of the body. When doctors want to know about a patients usual health, they ask questions such as__)/-————————"7 . ‘What is your general) (How's your health, health like? ) ( weneraly? WA N If you are im good health, you are well and have no illness (disease|. If you are healthy you are normally well and can resis ilies. Ifyou are fi, you are well and strong healthy fit unhealthy unfit unwell Sly C9 2) ~ not well poorly it poor health for very well Sickness Sickness has a similar meaning t illness. Ic is also used in the names of a few specific dlscase, for example seeping sickness and travel sickness. Patients also ral about sickness when they mean nausea and vomiting, Twas sick this morning. Twas ill this morning. [ele unwell this morning. | vomited this moming, Teel sick, Teel il. feel unwell feel the need to vomit ‘The combination sickness and diarrhoea means vomiting and diarshoea. Recovery ‘When patients return to normal health after illness, they have recovered. We can also say: good | the patient | made a | full recovery complete fa patient’ heal isin the process of returning to normal, the patient is improving. The ‘opposite is deteriorating. We can albo say that the pacient’s condition improved or deteriorated. In speech, we often use the verb get to talk abour change: [over fan ness) Ifa patients better, bur then gets ‘worse again, the patient has relapsed. get [ better Another word for improvement, worse «specially in recurring conditions such, He got over the 7 (Two years later she remains —~ illness very quickly. in complete remission, cf 11 1.2 13 14 ‘Complete the table with words from A and B opposite. The first one has been done for you. Sickness Make word combinations using a word from each box. Look at B and C opposite to help you. complete | | sickness feel health act remission poor sick travel ower ‘Complete the conversation. Look at B opposite to help you. Doctor: How ate you feeling today? Pasient: Not very (I 7 Doctor: How long have you been feeling (2) oe Patient: About a week. Doctor: What is your (3) like normally? Patient: Very good. I'm usually quite (4)... and (5) Doctor: What is the problem now? Patient: Its my stomach. Doctor: Do you feel (6) ? Patient: Yes. Doctor: Have you actually been (7 Patient: No. Doctor: Have you had any serious (8) in the past? Patient: No, none at all Choose the correct word to complete each sentence. Look at B and C opposite to help you. 1 Her condition (deterioraedlimpeoved) and she died 2 He (relapsedfecavered) and was allowed to go home from hospital. 3 The cause of sleeping (illnesbickness) was discovered in 1901 4 The patient made a fall (cemission/eecovery). 5 L have been in (poor/good) health for months and feel very fi 6 Ie was 2 month before I (gor over / got bee the ile. 7 He seems to be rather (unlealthy/anwell ~ his diet is bad and he never errs What advice do you give people fo ceping fit and well? P4 Parts of the body 1 HERZD Parts oF the boay Most external parts of the body have ordinary English names as well as anatomical names, Doctors normally use the English names, even when talking to exch other. There are a few ‘exceptions where doctors use the anatomical name; these are shown in brackets below. jaw (mandible) neck shoulder armpit (axilla) ‘upper arm elbow back buttock thigh calf lex chest (thorax) breast stomach, tummy ‘abdon navel (umbilicus) hip groin {inguinal region) knee (putella = shin kneecap) ‘Limb means arm (upper limb) or eg (lower limb). The unk is the body excluding the head and limbs. For a more detailed diagram showing parts of the body, see Appendix I on page 00, HERD eferring to parts of the body ( nn \When patiens speak about ther problem they | Pm having trouble with my | tale > \“ Describing radiation of pain A patient is telling the doctor about his back pain and the parts of the body it radiates to. — 7 Ie stars inthe back. Then it soms to go into the right buttock and down the back of the right thigh to the knee, f 2 Professional Englsh n Use Medicne 24 2.4 responding anatomical terms in the table Write the ordinary English words for the using your medical knowledge. Look at A opposite 10 help you. rs abdomen carpus patel ‘Complete the sentences using ordinary English words. Look at A and C opposite to help you. ‘8 A male patient describing angina pectoris: Its like a tightness across my (1). sand it goes up Q my (3) and into my left | 4) and (51 the left (6) nanan bb A male patient describing renal colic: 4 Ie starts (1) the loin and goes into the) {@ oe ANB) eeeessene tO the testicle. Complete the sentences. Look at A opposite co help you. Anatomical term Patient's statement 1 inguinal swelling I've gor a lump in the 2 abdominal pain My litle bor’s got a ache. 3 periumbilical rash [ve gor some spots around my... 4 thoracic pain [hve gota pain in the middle of the 5 enlarged axillary node There’sa painful swelling in my 6 mandibular pain Pve gota pai in My oon Complete the table with words from the box. The first one has been done for you bdomen elbow loin writ thigh | chest arm keg finger era [Make a list of the words From A opposite that you find it hard to remember or that you ‘need most often, Try to learn at least one of them every day. Professional Engh hv Use Mecine B RJ Parts of the body 2 MEY 1h abdomen The main organs of the body have ordinary English names and doctors use these words. when an adjective is needed they often use an anatomical word, For example, we ccan say disease of the liver or hepatic disease. Some abdominal organs, for example the pancreas, have no ordinary name. pancreas. duodenum gall bladder \ right kidney“ When doctors talk about the main parts of the digestive system, they use the words bowel cr intestine: the small intestine or the small bowel, the large intestine or the large bowel ‘When speaking to patients, doctors may refer to the anus and rectum as the back passage. The chest ‘The chest (thorax) contains the organs of respiration and the heart. The main parts of the respiratory system are the airways and the lungs. ‘The left lung is divided into two lobes, and the right into tree, The airways consist of the larynx, the trachea (or windpipe), the right and left bronchus, and the bronchioles. The chest is separated from the abdomen by the diaphragm, The pel A doctor is explaining the function of the bladder to a patient {The bladder is scuated in the pelvis, as you know, and itis connected to each kidney by a long tube called the ureter ~ one on each side. The ureters carry the urine from the kidneys, to the bladder, where ir is stored until you decide to empty your bladder, When that J | happens, the urine passes down another tube, called the urethra, to the outside. Profesianal English ip Use Medine Ly 31 3.2 3.3 Label the diagram using words from the box. Look at B opposite to help you. diaphragm lobes windpipe heart tung aieways bronchioles Match the conditions (1-8) with the organs affected (a-h), using your medical knowledge, 1 hepatitis a bladder 2 pneumonia b gall bladder 3 nephritis © heart 4 gastric ulcer 4 kidney 5 cystitis liver 6 angina pectoris f lung 7 cholecystitis 9 scomach 8 ulcerative colitis fh large bowel Complete the textbook extract. Look at A and C opposite to help you. Examination of the abdomen To examine the patient for enlarged abdominal (1)... fit fed forthe) 9 tHE (3) annem ‘on the right side. To do this, ask the patient to take e deep brat, whe presing with he Fingers upnarck and inwards. Newt fo forthe ight (2) _and then cross over to the other side for the left (5)... .-+« «Still on the left side, palpate for an enlarged (6 Fialy movirg tothe ewer abdomen, el fo he 8) wich is onl fo iti fl (eT or} a Mary patients do not know the location or function of the spleen or the pancreas. How would you explain them to a patient, in English? Professional Engh in Use Medecine 1s Functions of the body HEY tin oon ee Bc Bietcirm Beaae the waizer bigs Your mouth mrchew tard fF ametomething FPF od yout ete yout fF wating, fp "ombowic | sublease. You FSS tea ee f Miissina! | mac PT dng aca HED) hc five senses In addition to smell and taste, the T senses include sight (or vision), What is your isa like? hearing, and touch (socalled east, sensation or feeling). To ask abour Is your Sense of eaete | OFM the senses, doctors use the questions: " ‘To ask about the sense of touch, doctors talk about numbness (loss of sensation) HEED other functions speaking 5 speech bness L—~ 7 walking walk breathing | inhale / breathe in / take a breath in exhale / breathe out respiration pass urine / pass water efecation | defecate - facces ass faeces / pas stools stools ‘enstuation | menstraate (mensrual period Ihave a pesiod monthly) period | When taking a history, doctors ean ask SN ir = >) When ausculacing a patient's if trouble | Yathine? | tes the doctor tells the patient: Do yu have any | SAY | passing rin? dep breath in hold youhave any | Problems | Passing urine Take a deep breath in, hold S with your speech? your breath, then breathe varie ‘out complet you bate in I ) ———y RED ss common functions There are some things we do less often. When we are hot, we sweat, Wher we are nervous, we shake. When we are sad, we Doctors can as: ( Do you | S¥t Shoke. | More chan usual? Z \Y 6 Profesoncl Engl in Use Medicine al 42 43 Match the symptoms (1-5) to the questions (a-e), using your medical knowledge What is your breathing like? b Do you have any pain when you pass water? 1 dysuria 2 dyspha 3 diplopia © Do you have any difficulty with your speech? 4 dysphasia d_Do you have any trouble swallowir 5 dyspnoea Is your vision normal? Patients are describing symptoms of the conditions shown in brackets. Complete the ip you sentences. Look at and D opposite to 1 Pe got pain and _--~ in both feet. (peripheral neuropathy) 2 Vim having difficulty solid food. (oesophageal scricture) 3 Lhave a lot of problems {prostatic hypertrophy) 4 ve been. __. more than usta, even when it’s not hot. (hyperthyroidism) 5 Eve noticed that my hands when Pm not using them. (Parkinsonism) 6 Thave trouble 20... When T climb the stairs. (left heart failure Complete the sentences. Look at A, B, Cand D opposite ro help you. oe (eT eal food Hiarete (bielchewd it 7 eee St. 27 ee oe ajar nay ease peonarleoia—) c ‘ 307 Thhave 10 annem (tastelappetite) and I've lost five kilos in the last few weeks. f 4 1, ‘When did you lat. Gaon egatoa? ( pass) period?) $ Sl Tia gad ll ens ae (emehensaton) af anal has ciappeated and Ica coy te perfume (Take a deep... (breathe/breath) in eee You think a patient may have diabetes. Think of five questions you can ask investigate further. Try to use the question types presented in this unt patient to Professional Engh in Use Mediane 7 HY Medical practitioners 1 HED :iones . doctors, also known as medical practitioners, must be qualified: have a degree in medicine. They mast also be registered — included in the General Council’ list, or register ~in order to practise (see Unit 13). A doctor who treats Patients, as opposed to onc who only does research, is called 4 clinician. A doctor who provides primary care for patients iy known as a general practitioner (GP), or family doctor. GPs usually work in « group practice. Larger group practices work in a building called a health centr, Note: In British Englsh, the verb is spelt practise and the noun is spelt practice. BED speciaties Specialise doctors, for example paediatricians, generally work in hospitals, However, those who work outside the NHS, providing private health care, may have consulting rooms ‘ouside a hospital - for example in che famous Harley Strect in London. ‘The two main branches of medicine are surgery and internal medicine, and the doctors, who practise these branches are called surgeons and physicians, respectively. In Britain, imale surgeons are addressed as Mr and females as Ms ~ so Dr Smith isa physician, and Ms Smith isa surgeon, diseases of the heart and circulation, or cardiology Specializes in [ diseases of ede isa specialist in is ly patients, or geriatres. anaesthetics, Note: Names of specialties usa end in -ology; names of specialists usually end in -ologist. If the name ofa specialty ends in ~ies, the name of the specialist ends in ican. There are some ‘xceptions, e9, anaesthetics and anaesthetist HRS) Choosing a specialty Jill Mathews has just graduated from medical school and is talking about her future. ‘haven't decided what to specialize in yet. { need more experience before I decide, bat I'm quite attracted to the idea of paediatrics because I like working with childen, Pd certainly prefer to work with children than, says elderly patients ~so I dont fancy geriatrics. I was never very interested in detailed anatomy, so the surgical specialties like neurosurgery don‘ really appeal. You have to be good with your hands, which 1 don't think is a problem for me ~ I've assisted at ‘operations several times, and I've even done some minor ops by myself — but surgeons have to be able to do the same thing again and again without getting bored, like tying off eut arteries and so on. I don't think that would be a problem for me, but they need to make decisions fast and T'm not too good at that. like to have time to think, which means surgery's probably not right for me. ‘Note: The collocation good with is followed by a noun = He's good with children The colocation good at is followed by the -ing form (gerund) ofa vert, or by 8 noun - She's good at expiaining procedures. She's good at explanations. 8 Professional Engh in Use Medine 51 5.3 Write sentences to describe the work of the specialist in each branch of medicine. Look at B oppoxite to help you. 1 dermatology lermat 2 rheumatology 2 traumarology 4 paediatrics 5 obstetrics Complete the table with words from A, B and C opposite and related forms. Put a stress mark in front of the stressed syllable in each word. The first one has been done for you. Verb Noun (person) Noun (activity or thing) [ specialize - _| practise | consult _ _ graduate | (Sa — Find prepositions in C opposite that can be used to make word combinations with the words in the box. Then use the correct forms of the words to complete the sentences good interested specialize work 1A pathologist diagnosing disease through examining cells and tissue 2 A paediatrician must enjoy children 3 An oncologist is the diagnosis and treatment of cancer 4A psychiatrist must be ‘counselling, 5 A neurosurgeon must be her hands, Make word combinations using a word from each box. Two words can be used twice Look at A, B and C opposite to help you consulting centre general practice group specialties health medicine internal practitioner surgical rooms | fea Co ot Re-read what Dr Jill Mathews says about surgeons in Section C. Make a list of the qual nake a similar list of qual rinks are needed to be a good surgcon. Then reese tg If you are a student, which branch of medicine do you think you you have already completed your training, why did you choose your part perened e the qualities for? If a Professenal Engh in Use Medcine | 6] Medical practitioners 2 HRY Hospital start The people who work in any type of workplace, including hospitals, are called the staff ‘The medical staff in a British hospital belong to one of four main groups: © A pre-registration house officer (PRHO), or house officer, is a newly graduated doctor in the first year of postgraduate training. After a year, he or she becomes a registered medical practitioner. In the cucrent system of training, the Foundation Programme, the name for these junior doctors is Foundation Year 1 doctor (FY1). (See Unit 12) © A senior house officer (SHO) is in the second year of postgraduate training. The tile is now Foundation Year 2 doctor (FY2), but the old terms senior house officer and SHO are still used) © A speci and is taining in onc of th ~ doctors who have compl. ist registrar (SpR) is a doctor who has completed the Foundation Programm medical specialties. There are also some noa-training registrars ed their training bur do nor wish to specialize yet. ‘A consultant isa fully qualified specialist. There may also be some associate specialists ~ senior doctors who do not wish to become consultants. In addition, there is atleast one ‘medical (or clinical) director, who is responsible forall of the medical staff HRD Vcdical teams Consultant physicians and surgcons are responsible for a specific number of patients in the hospital. Each consultant has a team of junior doctors to lclp care for those patients. ln many hospitals, there are multdisciplinary teams whieh consist not only of doctors but ako of physiotherapists and other alliod health professionals (sce Unit 8) ‘When parients enter ~ or are admitted 10 — hospital, they are usually seen first by one of the junior doctors on the ward where they will receive treatment and care. The junior doctor clerks them ~ takes their medical history (see Units 4749) ~ and examines them. Some time later, the registrar also sees the patients, and may order investigations or tests, for example X-rays or an ECG, make a provisional diagnosis, and begin treatment. The consultant usually sees the new admissions - people who have recently been admitted to the ward ~ for the first time on one of the regular ward rounds, when the management of the patients is discussed with the registrar. Consulsants also decide when a patient is ready to be discharged (sent home). On the ward round, the consultant is accompanied by the team and a nurse, and they visi all the patients in the consultant's care, HRD shirts Junior doctors now normally work in shifts, which means they normally work for eight hours every day, for example 7 am to 3 pm, and are then free until 7am the next day Aer a week they change to a different sift, for example 3 pm to 11 pm or L1 pm to 7 am. The alkernative system is to work from 9 am to 5 pm every day and to take turns to be on call = available ro retumn co the hospital if necessary ~ from 5 pm to 9 am the next day. Days on call are set out ina rota, or ist of names and times. Doctors on call cazty a radio pager, oc bleeper, a device which makes a noise when someone is trying to contact them. 20 Professional Engh i Use Meccine 61 6.2 63 6.4 Make word combinations using a word from each box. Look at A, Band C opposite to help ‘ascociate call house diagnosis on officer provisional | | pager radio round ward specialist |-5) with the job titles (a-e). Look at A and B opposite to help you. Match the descriptions 1 Dr Graham has been a paediatri admitted to Ward 60, 2. Dr Stewart has just started the second year of her Foundation Programme 3. Dr Singh has started his training as a surgeon. 44 Dr Philips has juse graduated and is working in a large hospital in Birm 5 Dr Millar isin charge of the medical staf in the Birmingham hospital. for eight years and is responsible for treating the children a specialise regis b medical director consultant d SHO. © PRHO or house officer re the following statements true or false? Find reasons for your answers in A, B and C opposite nedical graduate becomes registered two years after graduation. system of training doctors in Britain is called the Foundation Programme. « name senior house officer is no longer used in Beta « consultant is usually che first doctor to see new patients 1en working in shifts, all doctors take turns to be on call, 1A at 3T 4T 5W lete the text of a PRHO describing her job. Lock at A, B and C opposite to help you. When I get ro the ward, the firs thing I do is talk to the house officer who was.on duty ag the last (1) 1 to find out if there have been any new i Then [ generally see the charge nurse. He tells me if there is ‘hing that needs to be done urgently, such as intravenous lines to put up or take wn, Later in the morning, I (3) any new patients, which basically ves taking a history. On Tuesday and Friday moming the consultant does her ward / ind [ have to make suze I'm completely up to date on ber patients. After that there are usually loes of things to do, like writing up request forms for blood § and so on. In the afternoon, I have to prepare for any patients who are 10 be (6 the next day. They're usually happy to be going home! e there are the lectures and tutorials in the programme on Manday and Wednesday And then of cou oT a odd . How does the hospital taining of doctors in your country differ from the British system Pert hoes cee ae mera Professional Ergich n Ute Maccne 21 n Nurses Nursing grades Nurses working i a hospital have the following grades: student nurse | a nurse who is still in cain aff nurse ‘a nurse who has completed the waning course | changenarse ‘@ more experienced nurse who isin charge of, or responsibie fos. a ward or department ‘nurse manager nurse who is in change of several wards ] Net: Te ol term sisters a sometns wse for emale Charge nos Af une manager ny be aed mat ( emir 7 Support workers “The clinical support worker, who has done a short course and obtained basic ‘qualifications, and the nursing auxiliary, who is usually unqualified, both assist nursing staff, There may also be ward clerks, whose duties include making sure patients’ notes and information are up to date, and answering the telephone. Specialization Like doctors, nurses ean specialize: (© A midwife has specialized from the beginning by doing a course in midwifery, the ‘management of pregnancy and childbirth, (© District nurses vist patients in their homes. © Health visitors also work in the community, giving advice on the promotion of health and the prevention of illness. The nurse's role ‘The nurse’ role has changed considerably in recent years. In addition to general patient care, checking temperatures, pulse rates and blood pressures, changing dressings, giving injections and removing sutures, nurses now do some of the things previously reserved for doctors, such as prescribing drugs, and ordering laboratory tests. More responsibility for ‘aurses is planned, as the following article demonstrates. [Nurses carry out surgery in effort to cut patient wating lists Nurses in Scotland tine to perform minor surgery have entered the operating theatre fo the fist time in en ttt ct patent waling tines Fe nee wi ne pasted a new couse a Clsgow Caledonian Uns ‘re now quid to camry out such procedures es the removal srl sors, benign moles and ys. ‘enorme canoe Re Sctsmon ‘The verbs perform and carry out are used with all types of procedures. They are often used in the passive form. tnopenion { Meeps stormed | «mai | peciim —_| Sposiae Ganryout | at esperinent atest a biopsy 7A 72 73 74 Comple 1 Son the sentences. Look at A, Band C opposite to help you. .one who specializes in delivering babies is 2 Someone who is qualified to assist murses is a Somes ‘A nurse who has qualified is a nurse 2 3 1¢ who is not qualified but is able to assist nurses is 2 4 5 A nurse who specializes in health promotion is a 6 1 a A nurse who looks after a ward is a nurse A nurse who works in the community 1 a ruse, Someone who answers the ward telephone Make word combinations using a word or phrase from each box. Look at D opposite to help you. carry out sutures change 2 procedure check an injection sive a dressing remove the temperature ‘Complete the sentences with the correct grammatical form of perfor. 1 An isotope brain scan is painless and easy 2 Biopsy of the pancreas last March 2. the patient's condition deteriorates, a laparotomy should 4 If a diagnosis of meningitis is suspected a lumbar puncture must 5 Last year we 2 randomized, double blind group study ‘Complete the sentences with the correct grammatical form of carry out 1 Low intend a larger study 2 Unfortunately few properly controlled trials so fax 3A number of studies recently to look at this question 4 A ight hemicolectom ‘and the patient made a full recovery 5 This procedure can in the emergency department. eer at kind of tasks do nurses carry out in your country? Are nurses’ responsibilities ing? What are the implications of this? B 4 Allied health professionals Community health TThe health of the community depends on a large number o practitioners and nurses. These can be grouped under the professionals. They include the following: cople other th .eading of allied health ‘@ Physiotherapists (physios) help people 10 move by getting them to do exercises or by tucating their body with heat oF massage ~ treatment by manip with the hands. (See Unit 42) Jing muscles and joints ac and at work. A disability is 2 physical or mental condition that makes it difficult to live normally, for example blindness or deafness pational therapists (OTs) help people with a disability to perform tasks at home © Social workers help people to solve their social problems ~ for example poor housing or unemployment ~ or family problems. © Chiropodists, also know as podiatrists, teeat conditions affecting the feet Technicians There are numerous technicians ~ people who work with scieatfic equipment ~ such as radiographers, who are known as X-ray technicians. Ambulance technicians work in the emergency medicine service, An ambulance technician with more advanced qualifications is called a paramedic. Prosthetists and orthotists Prosthetists and orthotists provide care for anyone who needs an artificial limb, (2 prosthesis) or a device to support or control part ofthe body (an orthosis). They also advise on rehabilitation ~ helping patients etuan to normal lfe and work after treatment cial replaces were born without limb, for patients who have had an amputation o Prosthetiss provide ar Orthotists provide a range of splints cortect deformity from an abnormal development of part of the ody for example club foot (calipes), and rekon t and other devices to aid move A prosthesis Salo Opticians Opticians tse eyesight and presribe gasses — also know as spoctaces ~ and contact ) HUEI8€ notes, the abbreviation c/o is used: complaining of chest pain. o/o ohest pain X coeeenteammnnnt HED Pesentation Patients say they went to (see) the doctor; doctors say the patient presented. The symptom which causes a patient to visit a doctor ~ or to present ~ is called the presenting symptom, presenting complaint or presentation. vas) Peering ON | way chet pein, 27 presenting complaint Pain He presented to his GP with chest pain, ) (“The usual presentation is chest pain, +) oa So HE) T2kking about symptoms Cem ey Joss of energy | 1 feel tired all the time | | feel completely worn out. fatigue | Lately I've been feeling completly lassitude exhausted at the end ofthe day. malaise ‘general feeling of being | [feel unwell unwell 1 don’t feel well, I've been feeling off-colour for two days T haven't been feeling myself for a week. ve been out of sorts all day anorexia Toss of appetite My appetite is very poor Tye been off my food for days. weight gain | increase in weight Tve put on eight kilos in the last year ve gained five kilos weight lose decrease in weight Tm nor eating any less than usual bur I lost a lot of weight recently ‘constipation | hard, infrequent faeces | My motions are very hard Tye been quite constipated lately. Pim not very regular. Note:The vei felis aso used with other adjectives such a ho, col, nervous, anvious, izzy, weak She said she elt acy 36 Profesional Engh in Use Medicine 14.1 Complete the table with words from C opposite. Put a stress mack in front ofthe stressed syllable in each word. The fst one has been done for you. exhaustion lethargy tiredness a word from each box. Look at A, Band C opposite to help you. 14.2. Make word combinations usin ‘complain with off | of out of out colour sorts 4.3 Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verb present 1A 67-yearold n with a 9-month history of increasing shortness of breath. 2 The most common is loss of consciousness. 3 Cranial arteritis may as fever without any obvious causes. 44 The patient usually with a severe sore throat 5 The ‘symptoms in this patient could perhaps be due to renal failure 5 Other conditions with a similar include acute cholecystitis 7 Reduced growth is an impoctant ‘complaint of coeliac disease B Two months following, + the patient was able to walk 4.4 Read the patient's description of her symptoms then complete the case report. Look at C ‘opposite o help youn 4 Prosi A 1 was well until a few months ago. In the beginning ast fee offcoleur and | | @ s0year-od housewife, who had been wel a bier, Bu ae T've been feeling | | nil our month previous, completely worn outa the end ofthe day. | | (1) n-ne of Gears and Pmnor eating any more than astal but | | @2) She ha (3) Te puton min kos in the last year My | | 9 kgin weight in the year before she motions are hard and my hair has stared | | (4 to ner GP although she to fll on denied eating more than ustal, She was —————— — ee sow and she noticed that her hair had started to fall out. ola Co ot Write a short case report about this 60-year-old man: n't bccn inyself for several months now. I feel completely worn out after doing anything. I've been off my food and I've lost ten kilos in wei Write in the past tense and use medical terms for the underlined expressions. Practise writing similar case reports for your own patients Professional Engh in Use Mectone 37 LEY Blood HEY 1! blood count In the investigation of blood diseases the simplest test sa fall blood count (FBC). A ful blood count measures the following in a sample of blood: {the amount of haemoglobin @ the number of the different cells —red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leucocytes) and platelets (thrombocytes) 1 the volume of the cells ‘the erythrocyte sedimentation rare (ESR) ~a measurement of how quickly red blood cells fall to the bortom of a sample of blood. BY

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