Chapter 6: Thermodynamics Revision Notes

TERMINOLOGIES IN THERMODYNAMICS
System: The region of the cosmos that is being seen is referred to as a system.

Surroundings: Everything in the cosmos other than the system is referred to as surroundings. The
Universe is made up of the System and its surroundings.

Open System: A system in which energy and matter are exchanged with the environment.

An open system, for example, is the presence of reactants in an open beaker.

Closed System: When there is no interchange of matter yet there is an exchange of energy, a system is
said to be closed.

The existence of reactants in a closed vessel consisting of conducting material, for example.

Isolated System: An isolated system is one in which there is no exchange of energy or matter with the
environment.

An isolated system is, for example, the existence of reactants in a thermoflask or a material in an
insulated closed vessel.

Homogenous System: When all of the elements of a system are in the same phase and uniform
throughout, it is said to be homogeneous.

For example: A- mixture of two miscible liquids.

Heterogeneous system: When a combination consists of two or more phases and the composition is not
uniform, it is said to be heterogeneous.

A combination of insoluble solids in water, for example.

A thermodynamic system's state refers to its macroscopic or bulk qualities that may be characterised
using state variables:

Pressure (P), volume (V), temperature (T), and quantity (n), among other things.

Isothermal process: An operation is considered to be isothermal if it takes place at a constant

temperature. dT = 0 for an isothermal process, where dT is the temperature change.

Adiabatic process: It is a process in which there is no heat transmission between the system and its
surroundings.

Isobaric process: A process is considered to be isobaric if it is carried out under constant pressure. dP = 0
in this case.

Isochoric process: When a process is carried out at a constant volume, it is referred to as isochoric.

Cyclic process: A process in which a system goes through a sequence of modifications before returning
to its original condition.
Reversible Process: When a change is introduced into a process in such a way that the process might be
reversed at any time by an infinitesimal modification. Reversible refers to a change that can be reversed.

FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

Internal Energy

It's the total of all the many types of energy that a system can have.

It is symbolised by AM in thermodynamics, which can vary when

– Heat enters or exits the system.

— Work is done on the system or by it.

— Substance enters or exits the system.

Internal Energy Changes as a Result of Work

Let us endeavour to bring about a shift in internal energy.

Assume that the system's starting condition is A and that the temperature is TA. Internal energy = uA

The new state is termed state B, and the temperature is TB, after conducting some mechanical work. It is
discovered to be

TB > TA

The internal energy after change is denoted by uB.

∴ Δu = uB – uA

Internal Energy Changes as a Result of Heat Transfer

The internal energy of a system may be adjusted without doing work by transferring heat from the
environment to the system.

Δu = q

The heat absorbed by the system is denoted by q. It may be calculated as a difference in temperature.

When heat is transmitted from the environment to the system, q is positive. When heat is transmitted from
the system to the environment, q is -ve.

When a change of state is accomplished by both effort and heat transmission.

Δu = q + w

Thermodynamics' first law

Energy cannot be generated or destroyed, according to this theory. An isolated system's energy remains
constant.
Δu = q + w.

Enthalpy

It is a measure of how hot something is (H)

It is defined as the system's overall heat content. Internal energy plus pressure-volume work equals total
work.
H = U + PV is a mathematical formula.
Change in enthalpy: At constant pressure, change in enthalpy is the heat absorbed or emitted by the
system.

ΔH = qp

When an exothermic reaction occurs (System loses energy to Surroundings),

ΔH and qp both are -Ve.

In case of an endothermic reaction (System absorbs energy from the Surroundings).

ΔH and qp both are +Ve.

Extensive property

An extensive property is one whose value is proportional to the amount or size of matter in the system.
Extensive properties include things like mass, volume, and enthalpy.
Intensive property

The size of the matter or the amount of matter present in the system have no bearing on intensive
characteristics.
Temperature, density, pressure, and other intense qualities are examples.
Capacity for heat

The heat transmitted is proportional to the rise in temperature.

q = coeff. x ΔT
q = CΔT
The heat capacity is denoted by the coefficient C.
The amount of material is directly proportional to C.
Cm = C/n
It's the amount of heat a mole of a material can hold.
The Law of Constant Heat Summation of Hess
"If the temperature is kept constant, the total quantity of heat developed or absorbed in a reaction is the
same whether the reaction takes place in a single step or in a series of stages."