1990 년대 미국

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Pop Culture Dominance: The 1990s witnessed a significant rise of pop culture, with mainstream
music, television shows, and films gaining immense popularity. Genres like grunge, hip hop, and
alternative rock emerged as dominant forces in the music industry.

그런지 락(grunge rock): The grunge movement, led by bands like Nirvana, Pearl Jam, and
Soundgarden, gained popularity with its raw and introspective sound. The genre became
synonymous with the Seattle music scene.

힙합: The decade witnessed the golden age of hip hop, with artists like Tupac Shakur, The
Notorious B.I.G., Dr. Dre, and Snoop Dogg making significant contributions to the genre.

Films

Blockbusters: The 1990s produced several iconic films, including Titanic, Jurassic Park, The Lion
King, Pulp Fiction, Forrest Gump, and The Matrix. These movies achieved massive commercial
success and continue to be celebrated for their storytelling and visual effects.

Independent Cinema: Independent films gained prominence during this decade, with directors like
Quentin Tarantino, Kevin Smith, and Richard Linklater making their mark with movies such as
Reservoir Dogs, Clerks, and Dazed and Confused.

Technological Advancements: The rapid development of technology, particularly the rise of the
internet and personal computers, had a profound impact on American culture. It revolutionized
communication, entertainment, and the way people accessed information.

The 1990s witnessed a significant leap in visual effects and computer-generated imagery (CGI).
Films like Jurassic Park (1993) and Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991) showcased
groundbreaking CGI that revolutionized the way filmmakers created and integrated realistic visual
effects into their movies.

Distribution and Home Video:

The advent of DVDs in the 1990s revolutionized home video distribution. DVDs offered superior
video and audio quality compared to VHS tapes, providing viewers with a more immersive
cinematic experience at home.

DVDs also introduced bonus features such as director's commentary, behind-the-scenes footage,
and deleted scenes, enhancing the overall film-watching experience. This expanded the
possibilities for film marketing and created new revenue streams.

Personal computers (PCs) became increasingly popular and affordable during the 1990s.
Companies like IBM, Apple, and Compaq released powerful and user-friendly models that
appealed to a broader consumer base.

The mainstream adoption of the internet revolutionized communication, information sharing, and
commerce. The World Wide Web, developed by Sir Tim Berners-Lee, became widely accessible,
allowing people to access websites and navigate hyperlinked content.

Fashion and Trends: Fashion trends of the 1990s included flannel shirts, ripped jeans, oversized
clothing, and platform shoes. The grunge aesthetic gained prominence, influenced by bands like
Nirvana and Pearl Jam.

Grunge Style: The grunge aesthetic heavily influenced fashion, with flannel shirts, ripped jeans,
band t-shirts, and combat boots becoming popular. The "just rolled out of bed" look and
unkempt hairstyles were embraced.

Hip Hop style: The rise of hip hop culture in the 1990s had a significant impact on fashion. Baggy
jeans, oversized t-shirts, athletic wear, and tracksuits became emblematic of the hip hop fashion
aesthetic.

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Economic Boom: The 1990s experienced a period of sustained economic growth, with low
unemployment rates and a booming stock market. This prosperity contributed to an overall sense
of optimism and consumerism.

Multiculturalism: The decade saw an increased recognition and celebration of multiculturalism,

with greater representation of diverse voices in media, arts, and literature.

Rise of Individualism: There was a shift towards individualism and personal empowerment. Self-
help books and motivational speakers gained popularity, promoting the idea of self-improvement
and personal success.

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Multiculturalism and Identity:

The 1990s saw an increased focus on multiculturalism and exploring the complexities of identity.
Authors delved into issues of race, ethnicity, gender, sexuality, and the intersectionality of these
identities.

Postmodernism and metafiction

Postmodernist literary techniques continued to be popular in the 1990s. Writers experimented

with narrative structures, intertextuality, and self-reflexivity, blurring the boundaries between fiction
and reality.

Feminism

Women writers gained significant prominence in the 1990s, exploring feminist themes and
experiences. Authors such as Alice Walker, Amy Tan, and Joyce Carol Oates examined issues of
gender inequality, female empowerment, and the complexities of women's lives.

Notable works include "The Color Purple" (1982) by Alice Walker, which won the Pulitzer Prize for
Fiction, and "The Joy Luck Club" (1989) by Amy Tan, which explored the relationships between
Chinese-American mothers and daughters.

LGBTQ+ Literature:

LGBTQ+ voices became more prominent in 1990s American literature, challenging societal norms
and exploring diverse sexual and gender identities. Authors like Armistead Maupin, Dorothy
Allison, and Edmund White depicted LGBTQ+ experiences and addressed issues of discrimination,
love, and self-acceptance.

Notable works include "Bastard Out of Carolina" (1992) by Dorothy Allison, which explored themes
of sexuality and abuse, and "The Hours" (1998) by Michael Cunningham, which reimagined
Virginia Woolf's novel "Mrs. Dalloway" through the lens of queer characters.

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Racial Tensions: The 1990s saw significant racial tensions and conflicts, including the Los Angeles
riots in 1992 following the Rodney King verdict and ongoing debates over racial profiling and
police brutality.

LGBT Rights: The decade saw progress in LGBTQ+ rights, with the repeal of the "Don't Ask, Don't
Tell" policy in the military, the recognition of same-sex marriage in some states, and increased
visibility and activism within the LGBTQ+ community.

Culture Wars: The 1990s witnessed contentious debates on issues such as abortion, affirmative
action, and censorship. These debates fueled a divide between conservatives and liberals, leading
to cultural and political clashes.

-Ideological Polarization: The culture wars of the 1990s highlighted deep divisions between liberal
and conservative ideologies. These divisions encompassed a range of topics, including abortion
rights, LGBTQ+ rights, feminism, religious freedom, affirmative action, and censorship.