ASSIGNMENT

COURSE : NUMERICAL ANALYSIS AND FINITE ELEMENT

METHODS
COURSE CODE : ECS 555
SEMESTER : OCT 2021 - FEB 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................3

OBJECTIVE 1...........................................................................................................................................4

OBJECTIVE 2...........................................................................................................................................7

OBJECTIVE 3.........................................................................................................................................15

CONCLUSIONS.....................................................................................................................................17

REFERENCES........................................................................................................................................18
INTRODUCTION
Base isolator is a system that helps reducing shock of an earthquake and minimising the
building’s tremors. It is placed between the floor of a building and the foundation. The
importance of a base isolator is that it allows a structure to avoid moving and following the
ground when it shakes during an earthquake. In this assignment, we are required to propose
a new base isolator product.

Referring to the data given area in the United States of America (U.S), Alaska has the
highest magnitude of more than 1000 compared to other states. As a researcher, we will be
implementing the fundamentals principle of numerical analysis by gathering data of
earthquakes from 2010 to 2015 in Alaska, hence performing computer programs on
mathematical models by using Microsoft Excel.

Fundamentals of best fits is the ideal way to represent relationship between data points by
making a trend line through a scatter plot. If the data appears to be quadratic, a quadratic
regression are performed to get the equation for the curve of best fit. If it appears to be
cubic, a cubic regression is used. Regression refers to a quantitative evaluation of the
relationship between one or more independent variables and a resulting dependent variable.
For objective 1, we will be using polynomial regression and for objective 2, we will be using
interpolation. Meanwhile, for objective 3 fundamentals of optimization will be used.
Optimization is a method to maximize or minimize a function with relation to a set, which
frequently represents a range of options in a given circumstance. The function allows
comparison of different options to see which one is the "best."

To find the objective, we will be using the advance tool in Microsoft Excel. Advance tool in
Microsoft Excel describes as tool which helps user to operate complex and large calculation,
data handle on the great amount of data, performing data analysis and a better
representation of data. By using Excel software, many functions, formulas, and shortcuts can
be used to boost productivity/functionality. For our research, we will be using features such
as absolute reference, summing ranges, if function and etc.
OBJECTIVE 1

Table 1

Table 2

Simultaneous linear equations (Inverse Matrix) :

Matrix 1

The value for simultaneous linear equations can be form based on the equation in Matrix 1.
Matrix 2

By doing inverse matrix as in Matrix 2, value for a0, a1, and a2 can be calculated.

a0 = 2137.0357

a1 = -673.5107

a2 = 114.5536

Standard Error of Regression :

St = ∑ ( y i − ȳ ¿ ¿
2

n
Sr =∑ e 2i
i=1

S y / x=
√ Sr
n−2

Hence, by using the formula above, the value for S y / x is 144.7068.

Coefficient of Determination R² :

St −Sr
R2=
St

Thus, by using the formula above, the value for R2 is 0.88851.

2nd Order Polynomial :

2
y=a0 +a 1 x+ a2 x +e

Hence, replace all values for a0, a1, and a2 in the formula above to get the 2 nd order
polynomial equation.

y = 114.55x2 - 673.51x + 2137

By using the data in Table 1, 2nd order polynomials graph can be formed.

2nd Order Polynomials

2500

2000 f(x) = 114.553571428572 x² − 673.510714285715 x + 2137.03571428572

R² = 0.888509566310685
Earthquake Counts

1500

1000

500

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Years

Graph 1
OBJECTIVE 2

Year Earthquake counts

0 2245
1 1409
2 1166
3 1329
4 1296
5 1575
∑= 6 9020

Second Order Polynomial

A B
6.000 15.0000 55.0000 a0 9020.0000
15.0000 55.0000 225.0000 a1 20787.0000
55.0000 225.0000 979.0000 a2 78145.0000

A-1 A-1B
0.821428571 -0.589285714 0.089285714 2137.035714
-0.589285714 0.726785714 -0.133928571 -673.5107143
0.089285714 -0.133928571 0.026785714 114.5535714

By doing inverse matrix, value for a0, a1 and a2 can be calculated.

a0 = 2137.035714

a1 = -673.5107143
a2 = 114.5535714

Second Order Polynomial Equation:

2
y=a0 +a 1 x + a2 x +e

Hence, replace all values for a0, a1 and a2 in the formula above to get the 2nd order
polynomial equation.

2
y=2137.0357−673.5107 x +114.55357 x +e

Coefficient Of Determination, R2

R2 = 0.8885

By using the data in table above, 2nd order polynomials graph can be formed.

Graph 2
Third Order Polynomial

A B
6 15 55 225 a0 9020
15 55 225 979 a1 20787
55 225 979 4425. a2 78145
225 979 4425 20515 a3 326439

A-1 A-1B
0.9603 -1.2235 0.4365 -0.0463 2226.2302
-1.2235 3.6232 -1.7196 0.2114 -1080.8320
0.4365 -1.7196 0.8948 -0.1157 337.5397
-0.0463 0.2114 -0.1157 0.0154 -29.7315

By doing inverse matrix, value for a0, a1, a2 and a3 can be calculated.

a0 = 2226.2302

a1 = -1080.8320

a2 = 337.5397

a3 = -29.7315
Third Order Polynomial Equation:

2 3
y=a0 +a 1 x + a2 x + a3 x + e

Hence, replace all values for a0, a1, a2 and a3 in the formula above to get the 3rd order
polynomial equation.

2 3
y=2226.230159−1080.832011 x +337.5396825 x −29.73148148 x +e

Coefficient Of Determination, R2

2 St−Sr
R =( )
St

Thus, by using the formula above, the value of R2 is:

R2=0.9648

By using the data in table above, 3rd order polynomials graph can be formed.

Graph 3
Fourth Order Polynomial

A B
6 15 55 225 979 a0 9020
15 55 225 979 4425 a1 20787
55 225 979 4425 20515 a2 78145
225 979 4425 20515 96825 a3 326439
979 4425 20515 96825 462979 a4 1443865

A-1 A-1B
0.9960 -1.8188 1.0764 -0.2546 0.0208 2251.0516
-1.8188 13.5439 -12.3843 3.6836 -0.3472 -1494.5225
1.0764 -12.3843 12.3594 -3.8484 0.3733 782.2569
-0.2546 3.6836 -3.8484 1.2307 -0.1215 -174.5231
0.0208 -0.3472 0.3733 -0.1215 0.0122 14.4792

By doing inverse matrix, value for a0, a1, a2, a3 and a4 can be calculated.

a0 = 2251.0516 a3 = -174.5231

a1 = -1494.5225 a4 = 14.4792

a2 = 782.2569
Fourth Order Polynomial Equation:

2 3 4
y=a0 +a 1 x + a2 x + a3 x +a 4 x + e

Hence, replace all values for a0, a1, a2, a3 and a4 in the formula above to get the 4th order
polynomial equation.

2 3 4
y=2251.0516−1494.5225 x+782.2569 x −174.5231 x +14.4792 x + e

Coefficient Of Determination, R2

2 St−Sr
R =( )
St

Thus, by using the formula above, the value of R2 is:

2
R =0.9877

By using the data in table above, 4th order polynomials graph can be formed.

Graph 4
Fifth Order Polynomial

A B
6 15 55 225 979 4425 a0 9020
15 55 225 979 4425 20515 a1 20787
55 225 979 4425 20515 96825 a2 78145
225 979 4425 20515 96825 462979 a3 326439
979 4425 20515 96825 462979 2235465 a4 1443865
223546
4425 20515 96825 462979 5 10874275 a5 6610647

A-1 A-1B
1.0000 -2.2833 1.8750 -0.7083 0.1250 -0.0083 2245.0000
-2.2833 67.9272 -105.8750 56.7972 -12.5417 0.9756 -786.0833
1.8750 -105.8750 173.0799 -95.1563 21.3368 -1.6771 -435.6250
-0.7083 56.7972 -95.1563 53.1042 -12.0313 0.9528 517.3750
0.1250 -12.5417 21.3368 -12.0313 2.7465 -0.2188 -144.3750
-0.0083 0.9756 -1.6771 0.9528 -0.2188 0.0175 12.7083

By doing inverse matrix, value for a0, a1, a2, a3, a4 and a5 can be calculated.

a0 = 2245.0000 a2 = -435.6250

a1 = -786.0833 a3 = 517.3750
a4 = -144.3750

a5 = 12.7083
Fifth Order Polynomial Equation:

2 3 4 5
y=a0 +a 1 x + a2 x + a3 x +a 4 x + a5 x +e

Hence, replace all values for a0, a1, a2, a3, a4 and a5 in the formula above to get the 5th order
polynomial equation.

2 3 4 5
y=2245.000−786.0833 x−435.6250 x +517.3750 x −144.3750 x +12.7083 x + e

Coefficient Of Determination, R2

2 St−Sr
R =( )
St

Thus, by using the formula above, the value of R2 is:

R2=1.0000

By using the data in table above, 5th order polynomials graph can be formed.

Graph 5
OBJECTIVE 3
Simplex method

Let =
product Resources x y z Availability
Laminated bearing x Rubber 0.75 0.8 0.85 1000
Strip bearing y Metals 0.25 0.2 0.15 800
Pot bearing z Production time 3 4 5 10
profit 50 70 60

Formula:

Z - 50x - 70y - 60z =0 Z - 50x -70y - 60z = 0

0.75x + 0.8y + 0.85z <= 1000 0.75x +0.8y + 0.85z +s1 = 1000
0.25x +0.2y +0.15z <= 800 0.25x + 0.2y +0.15z +s2 = 800
3x + 4y + 5z <= 10 3x +4y + 5z +s3 = 10

Simplex method

basic Z x y z s1 s2 s3 solution intercept

Z 1 -50 -70 -60 0 0 0 0
s1 0 0.75 0.8 0.85 1 0 0 1000 1250
s2 0 0.25 0.2 0.15 0 1 0 800 4000
s3 0 3 4 5 0 0 1 10 2.5

Table 1

basic Z x y z s1 s2 s3 solution intercept

Z 1 2.5 0 27.5 0 0 17.5 175
s1 0 0.15 0 -0.15 1 0 -0.2 998
s2 0 0.1 0 -0.1 0 1 -0.05 799.5
y 0 0.75 1 1.25 0 0 0.25 2.5

Table 2

Answers:

Y= 2.5
Z= 175
Using solver:

X Y Z
0 2.5 0 TOTAL AVAILABLE
RUBBER 0.75 0.8 0.85 2 1000
METAL 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.5 800
PRODUCTION TIME 3 4 5 10 10
Table 3

UNIT PROFIT 50 70 60
PROFIT 0 175 0 175
Table 4

Answers:

Y= 2.5
Z= 175
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusions, all the objectives required for this research are successfully achieved.

For objective 1, polynomial regression is used to identify a nonlinear relationship between

independent and dependant variable. Here we have Alaska earthquake magnitude as our
independent variables, whereas our objective 1 is our dependable variable. By using the
method of polynomial regression, the correlation coefficient a0, a1, a2 were found as
2137.036, -673.511, 114.554 respectively. Hence, we obtained the value of 387.628 for
standard deviation, Sy, 144.707 for the standard error of estimation, S y/x and 0.889 for
coefficient of determination, R2. Hence obtaining a 2nd order polynomial of y= 114.55x2 -
673.51x + 2137. Because Sy/x < Sy, the linear regression model has a good fitness.

For objective 2, using the knowledge learned in Topic 3c, Polynomial Interpolation we get to
evaluate the intermediate value between precise data points. To prove, looking at R 2 on 2nd
order polynomials we obtained 0.889, meanwhile for 5th order polynomial we obtained R2 as
1.0. Hence, prove that the line is a perfect fit.

For objective 3, we’ve proposed 3 types of rubber bearing which is laminated bearing (x),
strip bearing (y) and pot bearing (z) while considering the limitations such as types of
materials (rubber and metal), production time and profit. By using the Simplex method, a
linear programming model were changed to standard form, where slack variables are
introduced. Using the tableau and pivot variables, an optimal solution was reached. Taking
Z = 50x + 70y + 60z as the objective function, values of x, y, z and the maximum profit was
found. From the Excel, maximum profit, Z obtained by selling 2.5 strip bearing, y is 175.
Verifying using Excel Solver, the same value of y= 2.5 and Z= 175 were obtained. However,
the profit obtained for selling product x and z is not obtained. This is because of the varies of
the constraints in the calculation. This data analysis used in numerical simplex method is
very useful to the company in improving their service and business quality of the product.

In a nutshell, it is important to make use of the advance tools in Microsoft Excel. This helps
to solved sophisticated problems in a simple manner. Thus, all objectives required for this
assignment are successfully achieved.
REFERENCES
Rockafellar, R. (n.d.). FUNDAMENTALS OF OPTIMIZATION LECTURE NOTES 2007.
Retrieved from https://sites.math.washington.edu/~rtr/fundamentals.pdf