Chapter 3 Fourier Series

Review

1. The orthogonality of sine and cosine.

For all integers m and n,

L
a)  sin mLx dx  0
L

L
b)  cos mLx dx  0
L

L
c)  sin mLx cos nLx dx  0
L

L
 0 if mn
d)  sin mLx sin nLx dx  
L if mn
L


L  0 if mn

e)  sin mLx sin nLx dx  
0  L if mn
 2

L
 0 if mn
f)  cos mLx cos nLx dx  
L if mn
L


L 0 if mn

g)  cos mLx cos nLx dx  
0 L if mn
 2

2. Trigonometric identities.

a) 2 sin A cos B  sin( A  B )  sin( A  B )

b) 2 cos A cos B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )

c) 2 sin A sin B  cos( A  B )  cos( A  B )

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Chapter 3 Fourier Series

3. Tabular integration by parts.

The tabular integration by parts comes from the basic integration by parts
formula  u dv  uv   v du .
a) Since zero is obtained after differentiating polynomial several times,
this method works best if one of the two product functions is a
polynomial . For example to evaluate ( x  1) sin x dx .
4

Solution :

( x
4
 1) sin x dx

Derivatives of Integration of
u v

x4 1 sin x
+

4x 3  cos x
-

12 x 2  si nx
+

cos x
24x
-

sin x
24
+

0  cos x

 ( x 4  1)(  )(  cos x )  ( 4x 3 )(  )(  sin x )

 ( 12 x 2 )(  )(cos x )  ( 24 x )(  )(sin x )  ( 24 )(  )(  cos x )

which can be simplified as

 ( x 4  1) cos x  4 x 3 sin x  12 x 2 cos x  24 x sin x  24 cos x

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Chapter 3 Fourier Series

b) This method can be extended for product functions that repeat

themselves, for example e sin x dx .
x

Solution:

e
x
sin x dx

Derivatives of Integration of
u v

ex sin x
+

ex  cos x
-

ex +  si nx (repeated)

 e x cos x  e x sin x   e x sin x dx

which can be simplified further to

e
x
sin x dx 
1
2
 e x cos x  e x sin x  c 

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