sSarkaria Commission –

Introduction:
The Sarkaria Commission was set up in 1983 by the central government of India. The Sarkaria
Commission's charter was to examine the central-state relationship on various portfolios and
suggest changes within the framework of Constitution of India. [1] The Commission was so
named as it was headed by Justice Ranjit Singh Sarkaria (Chairman of the commission), a retired
judge of the Supreme Court of India.[1] The other members of the committee were Shri B.
Sivaraman (Cabinet Secretary), Dr S.R. Sen (former Executive Director of IBRD) and Rama
Subramaniam (Member Secretary).

Background of Sarkaria Commission 

The Sarkaria Commission has a historical background directly in Indian politics. “The Ministry
of Home Affairs constituted the Sarkaria Commission under the Chairmanship of R.S
Sarkaria,B. Sivaraman, S.R Sen  in 1983, 9th June. This Commission focuses on economic and
social developments by making different constitution frameworks and schemes to protect the
independence of India. It is to ensure the integrity and unity of India that is promoting the
importance of the welfare of the Indian people.

The commission examines the jurisdiction, role and responsibility of the state and centre in the
implementation and planning of different projects with the support of the states while making
recommendations. The Indian government made a decision to implement only 180
recommendations from the Sarkaria commission and the advantages of this recommendation
were developed in the year of 1990 in the internal state council.

Purpose of Sarkaria Committee 

The Sarkaria Commission is made for review and examines the existing relationships between
the states and unions under the Indian constitution for the healthy future of India. The Sarkaria
commission did not favour structural changes and regarded the existing constitutional principles
and arrangements relating to the instructions as sound. However, it emphasised the need for
changes in the functional or operational aspects. It observed that federalism is more a functional
arrangement for cooperative action than a static governmental concept. It rejected the command
to decrease the power of the state and centre to make the strongest Indian central government.
The government proclamation includes several reasons for the state government to use this
article in their state. With the help of the Sarkaria Commission, the central government provides
essential protection for the country’s integrity and national unity. That has been threatened by
fissiparous tendencies in Indian politics.
The main purpose of making this commission is to link different kinds of central assistance with
state performance. The impact of the Sarkaria Commission in fiscal relations that discuss the
relations between the states and centre by “8th to 12th finance commissions” to maintain the
dependence on several funds from the centre. It helps in making the relevance of various taxes
on the sale of services and goods from the central government.

The Sarkaria Commission was formed by the Indian government in 1983 to examine several
relationships of portfolios and generate frame changes in the Indian constitution. The Indian
government constituted the Sarkaria commission to investigate different issues under the
constitution of India in 1983. It was mainly created to explore the relationship between the states
and the central government. Recommendation of the Sarkaria commission about the
establishment of an inter state council and this was generated under article 263. The Indian
governance and polity syllabus includes the Sarkaria commission’s recommendations that were
described under article 263.  The Sarkaria Commission was formed by the central government of
India and appointed a three-member commission on centre state relations. This commission was
asked to review and examine the working of existing arrangements between the state and centre
in all spheres and recommended appropriate changes and measures. It was initially given one
year to complete its work; however, its term was extended four times. It submitted its report in
the year of 1988. 
From the Sarkaria Commission, the politician belonging to any ruling party cannot become a
governor in India. The person must be nominated after consultation with the state chief minister
and he should be an eminent member in his entire life.

Another necessary condition for becoming governor is that the elected person has no political
background and it was necessary to give a logical reason after the termination of any person
under the government sector. The Sarkaria Commission declared some conditions on the process
of selection of the chief minister by the governor. Any party with huge support in the legislative
assembly has a chance to become a government in India. 

Features of Sarkaria commission 

Sarkaria Commission submitted their report to Rajiv Gandhi, the prime minister of India in 1987,
in October. This report is mainly based on 247 several types of recommendations that are
classified into 19 chapters. This commission mentioned the details of the relationship between
the states and the centre. This report is not obligatory, however the court relied on these
recommendations several times. The Sarkaria Commission discusses briefly the utilisation of
Article 356 and the importance of the Governor in legislative areas of the constitution.

Sarkaria Commission describes the advantages of article 252 and describes the prohibition of the
power of the Indian government. Another important suggestion given by this commission was
the organisation of a stable council in all states under article 263 and it gives the power to
investigate and advise any disputes across the states of India.

The final report contained 247 specific recommendations. In spite of the large size of its reports -
the Commission recommended, by and large, status quo in the Centre-State relations, especially
in the areas, relating to legislative matters, role of Governors and use of Article 356.[2]
It is widely accepted that to whatever extent the Commission suggested change, the
recommendations were not implemented by the government.[2][3]
The report contains 247 recommendations spreading over the following 19 Chapters.

 Chapter 0. It gave suggestions like the centre should consult state before legislation on
concurrent list, river water dispute tribunal award should be binding on parties three months
after the award is given by tribunal, and centre should make deliberate use of article 258.
 Chapter I. Perspective
 Chapter II. Legislative Relations
 Chapter III. Administrative Relations
 Chapter IV. Role of the Governor
 Chapter V. Reservation of Bills by Governors for President's consideration and Promulgation
of Ordinances
 Chapter VI. Emergency Provisions
 Chapter VII. Deployment of Union Armed Forces in States for Public Order Duties
 Chapter VIII. All India Services
 Chapter IX. Inter-Governmental Council
 Chapter X. Financial Relations
 Chapter XI. Economic and Social Planning
 Chapter XII. Industries
 Chapter XIII. Mines and Minerals
 Chapter XIV. Agriculture
 Chapter XV. Forests
 Chapter XVI. Food and Civil Supplies
 Chapter XVII. Inter-State River Water Disputes
 Chapter XVIII. Trade, Commerce and Inter-course within the Territory of India
 Chapter XIX. Mass Media
 Chapter XX. Miscellaneous Matters
 Chapter XXI. General Observations
 Chapter XXII. Appendices
 Chapter XXIII Conclusion
Recommendations on Appointment of Governor :

1. should be an eminent person;

2. must be a person from outside the State;
3. not have participated in active politics at least for some time before his appointment;
 4. he should be a detached person and not too intimately connected with the local politics of
the State;
5. he should be appointed in consultation with the Chief Minister of the State, Vice-
President of India and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha;
6. His tenure of office must be guaranteed and should not be disturbed except for extremely
compelling reasons and if any action is to be taken against him he must be given a
reasonable opportunity for showing cause against the grounds on which he is sought to
be removed. In case of such termination or resignation of the Governor, the Government
should lay before both the Houses of Parliament a statement explaining the
circumstances leading to such removal or resignation, as the case may be;
7. After demitting his office, the person appointed as Governor should not be eligible for
any other appointment or office of profit under the Union or a State Government except
for a second term as Governor or election as Vice-President or President of India, as the
case may be; and
8. At the end of his tenure, reasonable post-retirement benefits should be provided.

The Commission felt that the State Government should be given prominence in appointing the
Governor. The appointment should be made

1. From a panel to be prepared by the State Legislature; or

2. From a panel to be prepared by the State Government or invariably by the Chief Minister;
The commission felt that the chief minister should be consulted before appointing the governor.
For proper working of the parliamentary system, there has to be a personal rapport between the
governor and the chief minister. Thus the main purpose of consulting the chief minister is to
ascertain his objections, if any, to the proposed appointment. The commission found that
consultation with the chief minister has not invariably been taking place in recent years. The
general practice, as far as the commission has been able to ascertain, seems to be that the Union
Government merely informs the chief minister that a certain person is being appointed as the
governor of the state. Sometimes even such prior intimation is not given. The commission
recommended that the Vice President of India and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha should be
consulted by the prime minister in the selection of governor. Such consultation, the commission
felt, will greatly enhance the credibility of the selection process.[4]

Conclusion 

The task of the governor is to examine whether the government follows policies made by the
governor. If any single party was to win with a majority, the Sarkaria commission instructed the
governor that the leader of that party would become a government of India.

 The Sarkaria Committee gets orders to finish their work and submit reports within the two years
after their establishment.  The state government in India has to give the rights to legislation; the
government should repeal it at any specific time.
Venkatachaliah Commission:

The National Commission to review the working of the Constitution (NCRWC) also known as
Justice Manepalli Narayana Rao Venkatachaliah Commission was set up by a resolution of the
NDA Government of India led by Atal Bihari Vajpayee on 22 February 2000 for suggesting
possible amendments to the Constitution of India. It submitted its report in 2002.

The 11-member commission was headed by Retired Chief Justice of India Justice M.N.

Venkatachaliah. The terms of reference given to the Commission stated that the Commission
shall examine, in the light of the experience of the past fifty years, as to how best the
Constitution can respond to the changing needs of efficient, smooth and effective system of
governance and socio-economic development of modern India within the framework of
parliamentary democracy, and to recommend changes, if any, that are required in the provisions
of the Constitution without interfering with its 'basic structure' or 'basic features'.

The National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution was set up by Government
Resolution dated 22 February, 2000 under the Chairmanship of Justice M.N. Venkatachaliah.
The terms of reference stated that the Commission shall examine, in the light of the experience
of the past 50 years, as to how best the Constitution can respond to the changing needs of
efficient, smooth and effective system of governance and socio-economic development of
modern India within the framework of Parliamentary democracy, and to recommend changes, if
any, that are required in the provisions of the Constitution without interfering with its basic
structure or features. The Commission submitted its report in two volumes to the Government on
31st March, 2002.
The commission was asked to complete its work and make recommendations within one year.
However, after three extensions, the Commission submitted its report on 31 March 2002. [4] The
report is bulky one, comprising 1979 pages in two-volumes was received by Law and Justice
Minister Arun Jaitley. Volume I contains the recommendations while Volume II (divided in
Books 1, 2 & 3) consists of detailed consultation papers, background papers, details of
deliberations and the report of its drafting and editorial committee dividing into three books.

The Commission felt that article 263 of the Constitution has vast potential and the same has not
been fully utilized for resolving various problems concerning more than one State. The
Commission observed that where a treaty is entered into by the Union Government concerning a
matter in the State List vitally affecting the interests of the States no prior consultation is made
with them. The Commission recommended that the forum of Inter-State Council could be very
well utilized for discussion of policy matters involving more than one State and arriving at a
decision expeditiously.
In all, the commission made 249 recommendations. Of them, 58 recommendations involve
amendments to the Constitution, 86 involve legislative measures and the remaining 105
recommendations could be accomplished through executive action.
The various recommendations of the commission are mentioned below in an area-wise manner :

On Fundamental Rights

1. The scope of prohibition against discrimination (under Articles 15 and 16) should be
extended to include ‘ethnic or social origin, political or other opinion, property or birth’.
2. The freedom of speech and expression (under Article 19) should be expanded to include
explicitly ‘the freedom of the press and other media, the freedom to hold opinions and to seek,
receive and impart information and ideas’.
3. The following should be added as new Fundamental Rights : (a) Right against torture,
cruelty and inhuman treatment or punishment. (b) Right to compensation if a person is
illegally deprived of his right to life or liberty. (c) Right to leave and to return to India.
(d) Right to privacy and family life. (e) Right to rural wage employment for a minimum
of 80 days in a year. (f) Right to access to courts and tribunals and speedy justice. (g)
Right to equal justice and free legal aid8. (h) Right to care and assistance and protection
(in case of children). (i) Right to safe drinking water, prevention of pollution,
conservation of ecology and sustainable development.
4. The right to education (under Article 21-A) should be enlarged to read as : ‘Every child
shall have the right to free education until he completes the age of fourteen years; and in
the case of girls and members of the SCs and STs until they complete the age of eighteen
years’.
5. Two changes should be made with respect to preventive detention (under Article 22),
namely, (i) the maximum period of preventive detention should be six months; and (ii)
the advisory board should consist of a chairman and two other members and they should
be serving judges of any high court.
6. Sikhism, Jainism and Buddhism should be treated as religions separate from Hinduism
and the provisions grouping them together (under Article 25) should be deleted. At
present, the word ‘Hindu’ is defined to include these religions also.
7. The protection from judicial review afforded by Article 31-B to the Acts and Regulations
specified in the Ninth Schedule should be restricted to only those which relate to (i)
agrarian reforms, (ii) reservations, and (iii) the implementation of Directive Principles
specified in clause (b) or (c) of Article 39.
8. No suspension of the enforcement of the Fundamental Rights under Articles 17, 23, 24,
25 and 32 in addition to those under Articles 20 and 21 during the operation of a national
emergency (under Article 352).

On Right to Property

Article 300-A should be recast as follows:

1. Deprivation or acquisition of property shall be by authority of law and only for a public
purpose.
2. There shall be no arbitrary deprivation or acquisition of property.
3. No deprivation or acquisition of agricultural, forest and non-urban homestead land
belonging to or customarily used by the SCs and STs shall take place except by authority of law
which provides for suitable rehabilitation scheme before taking possession of such land. In brief,
a right to ‘suitable rehabilitation’ for the SCs and STs if their land is to be acquired.

On Directive Principles

1. The heading of Part-IV of the Constitution should be amended to read as ‘Directive

Principles of State Policy and Action’.
2. A new Directive Principle on control of population should be added.
3. An independent National Education Commission should be set-up every five years.
4. An Inter-Faith Commission should be established to promote inter-religious harmony and
social solidarity.
5. There must be a body of high status to review the level of implementation of the
Directive Principles.
1. A strategic Plan of Action should be initiated to create a large number of employment
opportunities in five years.
2. Implementation of the recommendations contained in the Report of the National
Statistical Commission (2001).

On Fundamental Duties

1. Consideration should be given to the ways and means by which Fundamental Duties
could be popularized and made effective.
2. The recommendations of the Justice Verma Committee on operationalisation of
Fundamental Duties should be implemented at the earliest9.
3. The following new fundamental duties should be included in Article 51-A: (a) Duty to
vote at elections, actively participate in the democratic process of governance and to pay taxes.
(b) To foster a spirit of family values and responsible parenthood in the matter of education,
physical and moral well-being of children. (c) Duty of industrial organizations to provide
education to children of their employees.

On Parliament and State Legislatures

1. The privileges of legislators should be defined and delimited for the free and independent
functioning of Parliament and state legislatures.
2. Article 105 may be amended to clarify that the immunity enjoyed by members under
parliamentary privileges does not cover corrupt acts committed by them in connection with their
duties in the House or otherwise. Further, no court would take cognizance of any offence arising
out of a member’s action in the House without prior sanction of the Speaker / Chairman. Article
194 may also be similarly amended in relation to the members of state legislatures.
3. The domiciliary requirement for eligibility to contest elections to Rajya Sabha from the
concerned state should be maintained. This is essential to ensure the federal character of the
Rajya Sabha.
4. The MP local area development scheme should be discontinued.
5. The Election Commission should be empowered to identify and declare the various
offices under the central and state governments to be ‘offices of profit’ for the purposes of being
chosen, and for being, a member of the appropriate legislature.

On Executive and Administration

1. In case of hung Parliament, the Lok Sabha may elect the leader of the House. He may
then be appointed as the prime minister by the president. The same procedure could be
followed at the state level also.
2. A motion of no-confidence against a prime minister must be accompanied by a proposal
of alternative leader to be voted simultaneously. This is called as the ‘system of
constructive vote of no confidence’.
3. For a motion of no-confidence to be brought out against the government, at least 20 per
cent of the total number of members of the House should give notice.
4. The practice of having oversized Council of Ministers should be prohibited by law. A
ceiling on the number of Ministers in any State or the Union government be fixed at the
maximum of 10 per cent of the total strength of the popular house of the legislature.
5. The practice of creating a number of political offices with the position, perks and
privileges of a minister should be discouraged. Their number should be limited to 2 per
cent of the total strength of the lower house.
6. The Constitution should provide for appointment of Lokpal keeping the prime minister
outside its purview and the institution of lokayuktas in the states.
7. Lateral entry into government jobs above joint secretary level should be allowed.
8. Article 311 should be amended to ensure not only protection to the honest public servants
but penalisation to dishonest ones.
9. The questions of personnel policy including placements, promotions, transfers and fast-
track advancements should be managed by autonomous Civil Service Boards constituted
under statutory provisions.
10. Officials, before starting their career, in addition to the taking of an oath of loyalty to the
Constitution, should swear to abide by the principles of good governance.
11. Right to information should be guaranteed and the traditional insistence on secrecy
should be discarded. In fact, there should be an oath of transparency in place of an oath of
secrecy.
12. Public Interest Disclosure Acts (which are popularly called the Whistle-blower Acts) may
be enacted to fight corruption and mal-administration.
13. A law should be enacted to provide for forfeiture of benami property of corrupt public
servants as well as non-public servants.
On Judiciary

1. A National Judicial Commission under the Constitution should be established to

recommend the appointment of judges of the Supreme Court. It should comprise the chief justice
of India (as chairman), two senior most Judges of the Supreme Court, the Union law minister and
one person nominated by the president.
2. A committee of the National Judicial Commission should examine complaints of deviant
behaviour of the Supreme Court and high court judges.
3. The retirement age of the judges of high courts and Supreme Court should be increased to
65 and 68 respectively.
4. No court other than the Supreme Court and the High Courts should have the power to
punish for contempt of itself.

On Decentralisation (Panchayats and Municipalities)

1. The Eleventh and Twelfth Schedules of the Constitution should be restructured in a

manner that creates a separate fiscal domain for panchayats and municipalities.
2. State panchayat council should be established under the chairmanship of the chief
minister.
3. Panchayats and Municipalities should be categorically declared to be ‘institutions of
selfgovernment’ and exclusive functions be assigned to them. For this purpose, Articles 243-G
and 243-W should be suitably amended.
4. The Election Commission of India should have the power to issue directions to the State
Election Commission for the discharge of its functions. The State Election Commission should
submit its annual or special reports to the Election Commission of India and to the Governor.
This requires the amendment of Articles 243-K and 243-ZA.
5. Article 243-E should be amended to the effect that a reasonable opportunity of being
heard shall be given to a Panchayat before it is dissolved.
6. To ensure uniformity in the practice relating to audit of accounts, the CAG of India
should be empowered to conduct the audit or lay down accounting standards for Panchayats.

On Institutions in North East India

1. Efforts are to be made to give all the States in this region the opportunities provided
under the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments. However, this should be done with due
regard to the unique political traditions of the region.
2. The subjects given under the Sixth Schedule and those mentioned in the Eleventh
Schedule could be entrusted to the Autonomous District Councils (ADCs).
3. Traditional forms of governance should be associated with self-governance because of
the present dissatisfaction.
4. A National Immigration Council should be set up to examine a range of issues including
review of the Citizenship Act, the Illegal Migrants Determination by Tribunal Act, the
Foreigners Act and so on.
5. As regards Nagaland, the Naga Councils should be replaced by elected representatives of
various Naga society groups with an intermediary tier at the district level.
6. As regards Assam, the Sixth Schedule should be extended to the Bodoland Autonomous
Council and other Autonomous Councils be upgraded to Autonomous Development Councils.

On Political Parties

1. A comprehensive law regulating the registration and functioning of political parties or

alliances of parties should be made. The proposed law should –- (a) provide that political party
or alliance should keep its doors open to all citizens irrespective of any distinctions of caste,
community or the like. (b) make it compulsory for the parties to maintain accounts of the receipt
of funds and expenditure in a systematic and regular way. (c) make it compulsory for the
political parties requiring their candidates to declare their assets and liabilities at the time of
filing their nomination. (d) provide that no political party should provide ticket to a candidate if
he was convicted by any court for any criminal offence or if the courts have framed criminal
charges against him. (e) specifically provide that if any party violates the above provision , the
candidate involved should be liable to be disqualified and the party deregistered and
derecognized.
2. The Election Commission should progressively increase the threshold criterion for
eligibility for recognition so that the proliferation of smaller political parties is discouraged.

On Anti-Defection Law

The provisions of the Tenth Schedule of the Constitution should be amended to provide the
following:

1. All persons defecting (whether individually or in groups) from the party or the alliance of
parties, on whose ticket they had been elected, must resign from their parliamentary or assembly
seats and must contest fresh elections.
2. The defectors should be debarred to hold any public office of a minister or any other
remunerative political post for at least the duration of the remaining term of the existing
legislature or until the next elections whichever is earlier.
3. The vote cast by a defector to topple a government should be treated as invalid.
4. The power to decide questions regarding disqualification on ground of defection should
vest in the Election Commission instead of in the Speaker / Chairman of the House concerned.

REFERENCES
1. "Ncrwc - Final Report". Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 27
September 2010.
2. Judicial reforms cannot ignore public perceptions – The New Indian Express
3. Laxmikanth, M (2012). Indian Polity for Civil Services Examination. New Delhi: Tata McGraw
Hill Education Private Limited. p. 64.16.
4. "NCRWC - Final Report". Archived from the original on 12 February 2015. Retrieved 27
September 2010.
5. "Report of the National Commission to Review the Working of the Consitution [sic]". Archived
from the original on 5 April 2015. Retrieved 2 April 2015.