Aim

To locate Toronto's ethnic enclaves in Toronto and learn more about those
communities
To analyze Canada's immigration and refugee policies.

Keywords
Enclave
Refugee
Point System

Starter

What are 3 examples of settlement patterns?

Let’s have a look at…

DO YOU UNDERSTAND WHAT ENCLAVES ARE?
TOP 5 ETHNIC NEIGHBOURHOODS IN TORONTO
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=RHLFB8LHWTE 2:12
 Ghetto or Enclave?
 An Enclave is a
neighbourhood that
is self-sustaining,
with full community
and professional
services that are
culturally and
linguistically
sensitive to the
dominant ethnic
group (restaurants,
groceries, retail
stores and medical
offices).
 GHETTOS…
Ghettos are marked by segregation based on race and associated with
deep poverty, unemployment, crime, poor literacy skills and limited
opportunities for social advancement, along with social problems.

Usually, people in ghettos have no choice about where to live but

people in enclaves make an active choice to live there.
WHY DO PEOPLE COME HERE?
 We already discussed why people leave their
countries and come to countries as “PUSH and
PULL” factors.
 What is it called when people leave their
country because of political reasons,
persecution of some kind, or some other form
of discrimination or negative treatment,
disaster or negative events?
 Did you guess that they are REFUGEES? GOOD!
Map Toronto's Ethnic Enclaves with
Google Earth
 A special place to find a map…
 Toronto Social Atlas – Some local Characteristics

 https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/data-research-
maps/neighbourhoods-communities/toronto-social-
atlas/#:~:text=The%20Toronto%20Social%20Atlas%20is
,takes%20places%20every%205%20years
Immigration
How Many Immigrants come
to Canada?
 2015 – Canada took in 271,847 people as permanent residents
 170,390- economic class immigrants and their dependents
 65,395 - family class immigrants
 32,100 - refugees
 3,962 - other immigrant categories
WHERE DO THEY COME
FROM?
• In 2015 about 50 816 immigrants came from the
Philippines
– 39 495 from India
– 19 512 from China
• The top ten source countries for immigrants to
Canada in 2015 were the Philippines (50 816), India (39
495), China (19 512), Iran (11 665), Pakistan (11 320),
Syria (9 848), the USA (7 519), France (5 802), the UK
and Colonies (5 446), and Nigeria (4 131).
 TYPES OF IMMIGRANTS

Temporary Worker
Permanent Residence

Economic Class Family Class Refugees

Skilled Workers Business Immigrants Live-in Caregivers Canadian Experience

Temporary Workers

 Temporary workers are issued work visas for prescribed

periods of time
 Them getting jobs cannot have a negative impact on
the Canadian labour market
 Examples: live-in nannies, seasonal agricultural workers from
Mexico & the Caribbean who help farmers with planting
and harvesting
 Most low-skilled workers are not eligible to become
permanent residents in Canada, but there are
exceptions.
Types of
Permanent
Residents
 1) Refugees

 People who come to Canada for protection because

they are at risk of cruel and unusual treatment, torture
or persecution in their home country
 Examples: political dissidents, members of a persecuted religion
or ethnic group or sexuality, people fleeing war, people fleeing
a natural disaster
Refugee Portrait… children at risk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBQ-IoHfimQ
How many refugees?
 2) Economic Immigrants

 Usedto be called the “independent

immigrant” category

 Permanent residents selected for:

 Their skills
 Their ability to contribute to Canada's economy

 Types: Skilled Worker, Business Immigrant, etc

How to get in as a Skilled
Worker?

 The applicant must either have a job offer from a

Canadian employer …
 OR be enrolled in a PhD program in Canada
 OR the applicant must have 1 year continuous
work experience

 Their job must be in one of the specific, high-

demand fields

 If those requirements are met, then they will be

processed through the point system
 SKILLED WORKER POINT SYSTEM

 A score of at least 67 points is

required to be accepted under this
category
 Education, language ability and
work experience are verified
 Medical exams are administered
 The immigrants must have
enough money to support
themselves and dependents in
Canada
https://youtu.be/a4FCtrl0sG8
 Subcategories of Economic Immigrant

1. Live–in caregivers
2. “Canadian Experience class” immigrants
3. Business class immigrants
Live-in Caregivers:
 Live-in caregivers are given special status in Canada
 These individuals are qualified to care for children, elderly
or disabled persons in private homes, where they also
live.
 After a few years, a caregiver may apply for full
permanent immigrant status and may bring family to
Canada.
 CANADIAN EXPERIENCE CLASS
• People who have already lived and worked in Canada for at least 1 year
and are otherwise admissible under language, health and security
screening.
• Temporary foreign workers or foreign students with skilled work
experience and are already living in Canada can take advantage of this
program.
BUSINESS IMMIGRANT

• THESE ARE PEOPLE WHO WILL CREATE JOBS AND CONTRIBUTE TO

CANADA’S ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
• INCLUDES: INVESTORS, ENTREPRENEURS, AND SELF-EMPLOYED PEOPLE.
• BUSINESS IMMIGRANTS ARE NOT ASSESSED ON THE POINTS SYSTEM.
 3) Family Class immigrants

 Immigrants brought to Canada through their families.

 You can bring over family members to live in
Canada if you are over 18, have a good record and
must help provide the basic living requirements for
their sponsee.
 They (the SPONSOR) must have a minimum* annual
net income of $24,602 per year.
 Family class immigrants are not assessed on a points
system
*Based on no other dependents
Finding a way in… NOT SO LEGAL!

 Marriage fraud occurs when people marry

Canadians for immigration purposes and not for
love. Soon after they come to Canada, they claim
citizenship and abandon their spouses.
 Spouses without children must now be sponsored for
a period of 3 years, and must live together for 2
years after landing. If they do not remain in their
marriage for 2 years, the permanent resident status
can be revoked.
 HOW TO BECOME A
CANADIAN CITIZEN
In order to apply for Canadian citizenship you must:
1.Be over 18 years of age
2.Provide proof that you know how to speak and write in 1
of Canada's official languages
3.Be a Permanent Resident
4.Declare that you plan to live in Canada after you
become a citizen
5.Have lived in Canada as a Permanent Resident for at
least 4 years out of the 6 years (1,460 days) before you
apply
6.Be physically present in Canada for at least 183 days of
each year during the 4-year period
7.Have filed your taxes
 Citizenship Test
 If your application is accepted you have to write a
citizenship test. Children under 14 years of age and persons
64 and over do not have to write the citizenship test.
 To prepare for the test, you can take a citizenship class.
These are generally free or low cost and cover topics such
as:
 Canadian geography, Canadian economics, Canadian
history, Canadian government, Voting in Canada, Rights and
responsibilities of citizenship, Canadian culture and symbols,
Current events
 Could you pass it? https://www.yourlibrary.ca/citizenship/
 Try it and see…
 Difference between a Permanent
Resident and a Canadian Citizen
Permanent Resident:
- can't vote
- can't have Canadian passport
- must be in Canada 2 out of every 5 years to maintain status
Citizen:
- can vote
- can have passport
- no residence rules
A Permanent Resident is not a Canadian citizen but has been
granted permission to live and work in Canada without any time limit on
their stay.