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ABSTRACT
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Blockchain is one of the emerging technology in global. Blockchain is fundamentally an
accounting and finance technology. In this paper, we discuss Blockchain technology in
accounting and Distributed ledger technology (DLT), Triple-Entry Accounting and the Benefits
of Blockchain-based accounting, a negative impact on Blockchain-based accounting. The focus
on this paper is to explain an overview of the current Blockchain market size, leading countries
in Blockchain technology, major companies using Blockchain Technology, Blockchain
formation, types of Blockchain, and core components of Blockchain.
Introduction
Blockchain technology has to be one of the biggest innovations of the 21stcentury given the
ripple effect it is having on various sectors, from financial to manufacturing as well as education.
Unknown to many, is that Blockchain history dates back to the early 1990’s.
Source: https://101blockchains.com/history-of-blockchain-timeline/
Forecasts suggest that global blockchain technology revenues will experience massive growth in
the coming years, with the market expected to climb to over 23.3 billion U.S. dollars in size by
2023. The financial sector has been one of the quickest to invest in blockchain, with over 60
percent of the technology’s market value concentrated in this field (Liu, S. 2019) Blockchain is
the underlying technology that originated in the form of a public ledger to keep a track of all
crypto currency transactions. The technology works as an electronic transaction-processing and
record-keeping system. This allows various participants that are connected to the network,
usually public, to track information through a secure network, thereby eliminating the need for
any kind of third-party verification (Reportlinker)
Since the introduction of the blockchain in 2008, this emerging innovative technology has
already conquered a number of industries worldwide. Security, transparency, cost and time-
efficiency is just some of the blockchain’s benefits companies take advantage of. Increasingly
these days, more and more large corporations are implementing blockchain, transforming and
improving their operations dramatically. Let’s take a look at some of the biggest.(Yafimava, D.
2018)
1. Industrial and Commercial Bank of China
2. China Construction Bank Corporation
3. J.P. Morgan Chase
4. Berkshire Hathaway
5. Agricultural Bank of China Limited
6. Apple
7. Microsoft
8. Alphabet (formerly Google)
9. Walmart
10. Daimler
11. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
governments of Telangana and Goa, bringing in ideas about blockchain adoption to India
(Blockchain Technology 2019)
The Indian government is working towards improving the blockchain adoption in India.
Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY) has acknowledged the potential of
blockchain technology that blockchain is very important for development of the shared
infrastructure. The ministry's work on the "National Level Blockchain Framework" will help in
further strengthening the reach of this technology (Tech Gig 2019)
What is Blockchain?
The blockchain is a chain of blocks which contain specific information (database), but in a
secure and genuine way that is grouped together in a network (peer-to-peer). In other words,
blockchain is a combination of computers linked to each other instead of a central server,
meaning that the whole network is decentralized.To make it even simpler, the blockchain
concept can be compared to working on the same Google Doc simultaneously (MLSDev 2019).
In the simplest of terms, blockchain technology is an immutable ledger that records transactions
into blocks. A collection of transactions forms a block and the interlinking of blocks forms a
blockchain. Once a transaction is placed in a block, the block cannot be reversed to change the
contents of a previous transaction—unless the security of the system is compromised. A user can
only append new details to a previous transaction—all previous transactions are still contained in
the ledger’s immutable history. Diagram 1 shows the contents of each block and how blocks are
interlinked to one another to form a chain. (Blockchain Technology 2019)
2. Blockchain Formation
Source: https://sci.smithandcrown.com/
3. DECENTRALIZED TECHNOLOGY
Source: https://elevate-org.com/
All the transactions are stored in blocks and data stored in blocks are not controlled and owned
by one company rather everyone in the network will have the copy of full data with encryption.
A Block gets added to Blockchain network for every valid transaction and all the block are
chained ( Murughan 2018)
There are three primary types of blockchains, which do not include traditional databases or
distributed ledger technology (DLT) that are often confused with blockchains (Dragonchain.
2019)
1. Public blockchains
2. Private blockchains
3. Consortium blockchain or Federated Blockchains
Public Blockchain
A public blockchain is permission less. Anyone can join the network and read, write, or
participate within the blockchain. A public blockchain is decentralized and does not have a
single entity which controls the network. Data on a public blockchain are secure as it is not
possible to modify or alter data once they have been validated on the blockchain. Bitcoin and
Ethereum are well-known examples of a public blockchain.(Sharma, T. K. 1970)
Private Blockchain
Blockchains that are private or permissioned work similarly to public blockchains but with
access controls that restrict those that can join the network, meaning it operates like a centralised
database system of today that limits access to certain users. Private Blockchains have one or
multiple entities that control the network, leading to the reliance on third-parties to transact. A
well-known example would be Hyperledger (Sara A. Mohammed 2018)
Consortium blockchain
This blockchain structure can consist of a few organizations. In a consortium, procedures are set
up and controlled by the preliminary assigned users. (Anastasiia Lastovetska (2019)
The following table provides a detailed comparison among these three blockchain systems:
Source: https://enterprise-info.trimble.com/
Modern accounting originated about 500 years ago in 1494 by Luca Paciolo. Paciolo was a close
aide of Leonardo Da Vinci and a Franciscan by religious order. Paciolo developed an accounting
equation which in its simplicity means:
At first, let us have a look at the case of keeping immutable records. The regulatory
requirements for record keeping in Germany for example urge the proof of immutability over the
entire retention period. For paper receipts, the risk of unnoticed modification is seen as
comparably low, because of their physical nature. In contrast, electronic files cannot be
perceived physically and hence are especially vulnerable. As a consequence, digitalizing paper
records introduces the necessity for further preventive measures (Finance, D.)
Triple Entry Accounting is a term for a new method of accounting, a change from Double Entry
Accounting that was proposed in the 1980’s. It was more recently popularized when Ian Grigg
associated it with blockchain technology. (Taylor, B.2017)
Tamper-Proof Record
Permissioned Distributed Ledger - blockchain
Double-Entry+Cryptography
Validated, Secure & Private
Digital Signed Receipts
Source: https://daostreet.com/
Triple entry accounting (TEA) adds a public ledger to the existing private double entry
(debit/credit) ledgers. One party puts the invoice in the public ledger, and the other party
acknowledges it. Thanks to the immutability of a blockchain, it audits itself. It’s the first time in
history that we can follow the money around the globe. Internal processes become more
efficient, opportunities for fraud are greatly reduced. (https://blog.pacio.io/blockchain)
Distributed ledger technology (DLT) takes a different, more modern approach. Records are
entered, maintained, and stored in a distributed ledger which is made accessible to all the
relevant parties. Blockchain thus employs a triple-entry bookkeeping model.Typically, the
accountant, auditor, client, and the regulator will have an identical copy of the ledger at all times.
And the security is top-notch since blockchain technology utilizes private and public keys to
authenticate users.Today, blockchain is slowly paving its way into accounting and if fully
embraced, it has the potential to change accounting forever (Biliavska 2019).The blockchain will
allow auditors to verify a large number of data in a short period of time. The use of blockchain
technology can even considerably decline the cost and time that is necessary to conduct an audit
(The Future of Accounting Industry 2018).
Source: https://www.invoiceberry.com/
The negative impacts blockchain will cause the accounting profession can be divided into two
main categories: technical and non-technical.
In technical terms, most accounting software is not compatible with blockchain technology. So
even if you are ready to put your accounting firm on a blockchain, your record- keeping software
probably isn’t interested in playing along. Adoption will require purchase of cloud-based
accounting services as they become available, and possibly hiring a blockchain developer to
create custom user interfaces for your firm. As more and more blockchain accounting platforms
emerge to fill this new market, cost-effective solutions will help reduce the need for custom-
designed blockchains.
The non-technical impact will be reduced long-term viability for accounting firms that wait too
long to embrace DLT technology. While it is true that enterprise-ready blockchain solutions for
the accounting industry are not yet readily available, that excuse will soon evaporate as
innovators and investors move into to satisfy this emerging market.
As for disruption, sure it will happen. The capabilities of distributed ledger technology will
inevitably force accountants to change the way they work, and in ways we cannot yet foresee.
Even so, whatever duties or roles accountants must abandon because of blockchain probably
only add inefficiency and error to the process anyway.
CONCLUSION
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