Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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Acoustic study of novel eco-friendly material for vehicle NVH

applications
Hans Rämmal, Jüri Lavrentjev
TalTech, Tallinn University of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical and Industrial Eng., Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: A new environmentally friendly sound absorbing material designed for vehicle noise absorption and
Received 10 January 2020 insulation applications is presented and its acoustic properties are studied in this paper. First the general
Accepted 23 April 2020 physical properties of the relatively light and soft material are introduced. Scanning electronic micro-
Available online xxxx
scope (SEM) imaging results are provided to expose the internal structure of the material with fibrous
nature, composed of reticulated natural leather collagen based foam.
Keywords: The principal part of the paper presents a complete acoustic study of the novel material and describes
acoustic material
adequate methods to experimentally determine the main acoustic properties of this type of materials.
insulation
ecofriendly
Measurement procedures are followed by analysis of characteristics and results obtained from the exper-
vehicle NVH iments.
absorption coefficient Finally the acoustic effect of the material is validated by the applicational tests, fitted inside motorcycle
sound transmission helmets.
The results of the acoustic study demonstrate the appropriateness of the material for a variety of vehi-
cle NVH implementations were noise absorption and transmission insulation are required.
Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Con-
ference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Nanotechnology.

1. Introduction aspects. Technologically the production of the material can be

Vehicle manufacturers are looking for environmentally friendly
replacements for materials used in their products. Preferably the
material should also be easy to recycle. Moreover, the natural
materials are considered to reduce the industrial dependence on
the oil and its products. Efforts are also made to find environmen-
tally friendly alternatives to the existing noise suppression materi-
als in vehicle structures.
A novel ecofriendly acoustic material introduced in this paper is
acoustically characterized and tested in helmet noise control appli-
cations. In the following sections the standard experimental meth-
ods for the determination of comlplete acoustic data of the
material are described in details giving an overview of adequate
equipment for the type of experiments.
1.1. General characteristics of the material
The absorbing material [1] is manufactured of natural leather
waste and its properties are similar to genuine leather in many
arranged in various geometries and the production cost is esti-
mated to be competitive to synthetic polymers. The material is
light and soft consisting of reticulated foam with an open porosity
about 90% (see Figs. 1-4). The density can be varied to adjust other
properties for the application needs and in the current paper
acoustic properties of the most common 10-11mm thick panels
with 4% material density are studied.
Followingly, the main engineering characteristics [2] are
presented:

specific weight – 45-120 kg/m3;

tensile strength – 30-100 N with elongation at break – 15%;

ultimate tensile strength – 250 kPa;

compressive stress at 40% deformation – 90 kPa;

softness at 25 mm aperture – 4-5 mm2
The new material has low flammability. When no fire retar-
dants are used, 100% natural material burns slowly with a small
flame. The material passes the flammability test and has been
designed specifically for vehicle interiors such as cars or aircrafts,
exhibiting low flammability, low flame, stubborn glow, burning

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.632
2214-7853/Ó 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 2nd International Conference on Advances in Mechanical Engineering and Nanotechnology.

Please cite this article as: H. Rämmal and J. Lavrentjev, Acoustic study of novel eco-friendly material for vehicle NVH applications, Materials Today: Pro-
ceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.632
2 H. Rämmal, J. Lavrentjev / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
rate <4 inch/min [3]. The material is stable in a wide temperature
range of -70...+120°C and is is a heat insulator:

thermal conductivity – 35-40 mW/Km

heat capacity – 3000 J/kgK

thermal diffusivity – 210-7 m2/s
1.2. Characterization methods for acoustic materials
In general two important acoustic properties of the absorbing
materials are: the noise absorption inside the material layer and
the noise reduction when it transmits through the material layer.
Different methods exist to experimentally determine these acous-
tic properties of acoustic materials. The most commonly used
methods are based on acoustic one-ports [4], experimentally stud-
ied by the impedance tube technique or alternatively on the meth-
ods requiring reverberation rooms, described below.
Following the classical wave decomposition techniques [4–6]
developed for acoustic characterization of one-port elements, the
usual method to determine the absorption coefficient for materials,
is an impedance tube method described in details in ISO 10534-
2:1998 [7]. The main advantage of the method is the requirement
for only small size test specimens. The second option is to perform
measurements in the reverberant room [8]. The main difference of
the methods is that in the impedance tube only direct incident field
is considered while in the second case the absorption coefficient is
determined in random incident sound field conditions. The most
precise method including the lower frequency region is following
ISO 354:2003 [8]. The method is usable in the frequency range from
100 to 5000 Hz. Another standard, which integrates ISO 354:2003 is
ISO 17497-1:2004 [9] aimed for determination of the sound-
scattering properties of surfaces. Both standards assume a large
Figs. 1-4. Images of the new absorbing material consisting of reticulated natural leather foam. 10mm insulation layer ca 4X magnified (a), internal structure 200X magnified
(b), internal structure 1000X magnified (c), internal structure 10000X magnified (d).
Please cite this article as: H. Rämmal and J. Lavrentjev, Acoustic study of novel eco-friendly material for vehicle NVH applications, Materials Today: Pro-
ceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.632
reverberation rooms with the volume greater than 150 m3, prefer-
ably 200 m3 and more. The US standard ASTM C432 requires smaller
minimum room volume (125 m3) but also recommends the volume
200 m3 and more [10], with the minimum sample size of 5.57 m2.
There has been a certain interest in the development of smaller
reverberation chambers for sound absorption measurements. A
smaller room enables to use smaller specimens, thus allowing the
reduction of the manufacturing costs of new material prototypes.
The test procedure described in SAE standard J2883 201504 [11]
has been developed for measurements in rooms with the volume
between 6m3 and 25m3 and the frequency range of interest between
250 Hz and 8000 Hz. A few small test chamber methods have been
developed [12,13], the most famous one being probably the Alpha
Cabin widespread in the automotive industry [14]. It has a standard
volume of 6.5 m3 and the frequency range 400 to 10000 Hz with the
specimen size of 1.2 m2. It is however known the overestimation of
the absorption coefficient in Alpha Cabin and other small reverber-
ant rooms, particularly in the low and middle frequency range com-
pared to large reverberation rooms [15].
The transmission loss (TL), as one of the most common param-
eters for acoustic characterization of flow duct elements [16–19] is
usually expressed as the sound reduction index (Rw) of the mate-
rial. Hereby also the impedance tube can be utilized, but it is how-
ever more common to apply the reverberation room method
following ISO 10140-2:2010 [20]. By using the transmission loss
determination method method for induct samples mentioned
above, test specimens with relatively small area (usually the
cross-section of test pipes) can be used for the measurements,
although the accuracy of the results may decrease at lower fre-
quencies in comparison to [20] followed in this study and
described in section 2.2.
 H. Rämmal, J. Lavrentjev / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
2. Experiments
2.1. Determination of sound absorption coefficient
2.1.1. Impedance tube method
The most commonly used method to determine the absorption
coefficient of materials is the impedance tube method following
ISO 10534-2:1998. Hereby the specimen size is only determined
by the cross-sectional area of the test tube (see Fig. 5). The material
specimen is fitted onto the rigidly closed end of the tube (see
Figs. 6-8). By applying excitation noise from the electro-dynamic
driver from the other end of the tube and by measuring the acous-
tic signals from two microphones, it is possible to calculate the
absorption coefficient of the material tested, see Fig. 4. The plane
wave acoustic pressures at two microphones separated by distance
s can be expressed as [4].
p1 ðf Þ ¼ p1þ ðf Þ þ p1 ðf Þ and
p2 ðf Þ ¼ p1þ ðf Þexp þ ðik þ sÞ þ p1 ðf ÞexpðiK  sÞ;
where p is the acoustic pressure, f is the frequency, k ¼ 2pf =c is
the wave number, c is the speed of sound, - and + denote the
pressure waves propagating in negative and positive direction
along the tube axis. The reflection coefficient at microphone 1 is
defined as:
Fig. 5. Six circular test samples of the new acoustic material cut out from larger
panel for testing in the impedance tube.
Figs. 6-8. An Impedance tube testrig implemented to determine the absorption
coefficient of the porous material samples fitted onto the rigidly closed test sample
holder at the tube termination (images on the right side).
Please cite this article as: H. Rämmal and J. Lavrentjev, Acoustic study of novel eco-friendly material for vehicle NVH applications, Materials Today: Pro-
ceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.632
3
Rðf Þ ¼ p1 ðf Þ=p1þ ðf Þ
It can be shown that:



Rðf Þ ¼ He12  expðik þ sÞ = expðik  sÞ  He12 ;
where H12 ¼ p2 =p1 is the transfer function between induct
mounted measurement microphones 1 to 2. Then the absorption
coefficient of the material is calculated as:
aS ðf ÞjRðf Þj2 :
Hereby the experimental work was performed at TalTech (Tal-
linn University of Technology), in AcouTech Lab, see Fig. 9. In the
impedance tube set-up the following equipment was used:
1. two ¼” prepolarized pressure microphones (G.R.A.S. 40BD);
2. four channel DAQ analyzer (NI 9234), USB Carrier (NI USB-
9162);
3. electro-dynamic driver (DAS ND8);
4. signal amplifier (HQ, 50W);
Due to the limitation of the two-microphone method and
regarding the cut-off frequency of the tube with inner diameter
of 28 mm, the measurable frequency range becomes 200 to 6300
Hz.
Earlier investigations [18,19,21] performed on a variety of
acoustic materials and modern reinforced composites [22,23] have
shown that the basic impedance tube method often lacks sufficient
accuracy for vehicle NVH applications. Also it has been stated that
the frequency range is limited and does not extend to sufficiently
low frequencies usually important in machinery noise control.
Alternative methods (e.g the reverberation room method described
in the following section) are therefore often in demand for precise
determination of the absorption coefficient.
2.1.2. Reverberation room method
A two-chamber facility has been set up in TalTech Acoustics Lab
(66 m3 source room and 50 m3 receiving room) in order to exper-
imentally determine sound insulation properties of materials and
absorbing elements according to ISO 10140-2:2010. The source
room (see Fig. 9) has been proven to be applicable for absorption
coefficient measurements of materials, although being approxi-
mately three times below the minimum volume in respect to spec-
ifications in ISO 354:2006 and ISO 17497:2004. The reverberation
room method described
refers to ISO 354:2003 standard.
An averaged reverberation time is hereby measured inside the
room (see Figs 10-11) with and without the test specimen fitted
in as: T1 and T2 accordingly. From the difference of the reverbera-
tion times obtained an equivalent sound absorption area of the test
specimen is calculated by using Sabine‘s equation:
 
1 1
AT ¼ 55; 3V   4V ðm2  m1 Þ
C2T 2 C1T 1
where:
c1 and c2 are the propagation speeds of sound in the air (m/s) for
empty and filled room conditions,
m1 and m2 are the acoustic power attenuation coefficients cal-
culated according to ISO 9613-1 using the atmospheric conditions
of the empty and filled room correspondingly.
Thereafter the sound absorption coefficient is obtained by
dividing the equivalent sound absorption area by the absorbing
area S of the test specimen fitted inside the room:
AT
aS ¼
S
4 H. Rämmal, J. Lavrentjev / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 12. The porous material layer sample (S1) tested in between the source room
(depicted here) and the receiver room during the sound transmission index
determination experiments using omnidirectional source (LS), tripod mounted 1/2”
microphone (M) and sound field diffusers (R).

the omnidirectional loudspeaker for acoustic excitation. The gener-

Fig. 9. Test facility at AcouTech Lab designed for the determination of acoustic ated sound field was measured in both laboratory rooms, before
properties of noise absorption and insulation materials.
and after transmission through the material layer tested, in 6
microphone locations specified in ISO 10140:2010. The sound
pressure level results obtained togethe with reverberation times
The standard procedure of ISO 354:2003 assumes measure-
determined were used to calculate the sound transmission index
ments performed in one-third-octave bands with the center fre-
as described in ISO 10140:2010.
quencies between 100 and 5000 Hz.
The total dimensions of the material layer tested in standard-
The experiments were performed using an interrupted noise
ized opening were 1,23x1,47m (see Figs 12-14) with an average
method, with pink noise emitted by omnidirectional loudspeaker
thickness of 10-11mm. The material layer was fixed to the test
Brüel & Kjær 4292-L through audio signal amplifier Brüel & Kjær
opening between the laboratory rooms (see Fig. 9) on a metal wire
2734 (see Fig. 10). The equipment used in this test also includes:
support frame by universal glue. The material layer tested for
2-channel noise level meter Brüel & Kjær 2270, microphones Brüel
sound transmission index consisted of 27 rectangular sheets form-
& Kjær 4189, rotating microphone boom Brüel & Kjær 3923 and
ing a total area of 1,79m2.
microphone calibrator Brüel & Kjær 4231.

2.2. Determination of sound transmission index 2.3. Application tests with motorcycle helmets

A rectangular reverberation room in TalTech Acoutec Lab is con-
structed of mansonry concrete block walls (see photo 9), with the
specific mass of walls greater than 400 kg/m2 (class: heavy). The
dimensions of the room are: 2.8 x 4.0 x 5.9 m and the total area
of the walls: 55.4 m2, with the floor area: 23.6 m2 and the cealing
area: 23.6 m2.
The standard reverberation room method according to ISO
10140:2010 was followed using the same room acoustics measure-
ments equipment described in section 2.1, with additional tripod
mounted 1/2” condenser microphone Brüel & Kjær 4189. In the
source room (See Fig. 9 and 12), pink noise was again emitted by
In order to test the efficiency of the material in vehicle NVH
application, exposed to relatively high levels of propulsion system
and aerodynamic noise, the material layers were fitted inside a
typical modular type motorcycle helmet (see Figs. 15-18). During
road tests based experiments where a test motorcycle (see
Fig. 20) was driven at two determined highway speeds (90km/h
and 110km/h) on straight highway test section (see Fig. 21) closed
for public transport, the sound pressure level inside the helmet
was measured by using 1⁄2” condenser microphone inserted inside
the helmet and pointed at the location of the riders left ear (see
Fig. 19). The equivalent noise level was recorded by sound level

Fig. 10-11. Test facility at TalTech Acoustics Lab designed for the determination of acoustic properties for noise absorption and insulation materials, including the
omnidirectional source (LS), tripod mounted microphone (M) and the material sample layer (S) fixed on the ground by universal tape. The photos exhibit the layout of the
novel acoustic material fixed on the floor during absorption coefficient determination experiments.

Please cite this article as: H. Rämmal and J. Lavrentjev, Acoustic study of novel eco-friendly material for vehicle NVH applications, Materials Today: Pro-
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 H. Rämmal, J. Lavrentjev / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx 5

Figs. 13-14. The porous material layer fixed between the reverberation rooms during the sound transmission index experiments. A view to the installed material from the
source room side, (left) and from the receiver room side (right), exhibiting the metal wire support frame and the wooden insert structure in the standard opening.

Figs. 15-18. The modular type of helmet (2 images on the left) used for the experiments and the region of the helmet around the location of rider´s ear exhibited without (left
image) and with (right image) the acoustic material installed.

Figs. 19-21. Acoustic condenser microphone installed inside rider’s helmet and pointed onto the opening of the left ear (left). A classical sport bike (Honda CBR1000F, middle
image) was driven by 1,84m tall rider wearing test helmet with and without the absorbing material inserts in road tests on straight highway section closed for public
transport (right).

meter carried by the rider in the backpack. The measurement per-
iod during each test riding cycle was chosen 20 seconds.
The equipment used for the in-helmet sound pressure level
experiments consisted of: sound level meter Brüel & Kjær 2270,
1⁄2” microphone Brüel & Kjær 4189, acoustic calibrator Brüel &
Kjær 4231 and additionally, a purpose-built data acquisition sys-
tem for acoustic data processing. The riding speed was recorded by
motorcycle mounted GPS based vehicle dynamics analysis system
(VBOX Sport). 3 measurements were performed for both riding
speeds and averaged results were thereafter calculated.
3. Results
The absorption coefficient experimentally determined for the
new material layer by the impedance tube method is presented
in Fig. 22. According to ISO 10534-2:1998 the weighted sound

Please cite this article as: H. Rämmal and J. Lavrentjev, Acoustic study of novel eco-friendly material for vehicle NVH applications, Materials Today: Pro-
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6 H. Rämmal, J. Lavrentjev / Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 22. An absorption coefficient of the material (blue solid line) experimentally
determined by the standard impedance tube method and compared to the
reference curve (red dashed line) according to the standard.
Fig. 24. Sound transmission through the material experimentally determined by
the standardized 2-chamber method for the studied layer with 4% material density
(blue solid line) and for a comparison layer with 2% material density (red dashed
absorption coefficient of the material was found to be 0.20(H),
line).
indicating a modest absorption class E. The absorption coefficient
result obtained from the reverberation room experiments is pre-
sented in Fig. 23. A remarkably good correlation between the
results obtained by following the two different measurement tech-
niques can be observed. Both absorption coefficient curves
approach a respectable value of 0,70 at ca 2000Hz, respectable
for such a relatively thin material layer.
The sound transmission index characteristics experimentally
determined for the acoustic material layers composed of 2% and
4% base material per volume are presented in Fig. 24. The transmis-
sion index results exhibit an adequate noise insulation capability,
reaching up to ca 12dB’s, considering the type of relatively thin
and highly porous low-density material layer tested (Fig 25 and
Fig 26).
Expectedly, the material with higher density (4%) and lower Fig. 25. A-weighted sound pressure level measured inside the motorcycle helmet at
porosity provides ca 2dB higher noise insulation across almost riding speed 90km/h: with (red dashed line) and without the material inserts (blue
solid line).
the entire frequency range studied. Despite of a few peaks at
around 125Hz and 200Hz the material offers a relatively frequency
independent sound transmission index often preferable for broad-
band noise (e.g. vehicle tire – road noise and aerodynamically gen- inside the modular helmet, in the most critical region of the riders
erated noise) control applications. ears. Fig. 27 evidently shows the noise cancellation effect of the
The sound pressure level results, obtained from the in-helmet material inserts inside the helmet, almost similarly in in both the
noise measurements clearly indicate the new material’s capability riding speeds, offering from notable few dB’s at low frequencies
to suppress the dominantly aerodynamically induced noise level to outstanding 20dB’s in the high frequency region.

Fig. 23. Absorption coefficient of the material experimentally determined in the reverberation room and presented in the 1/3 octave centre frequencies according to the
standard.

Please cite this article as: H. Rämmal and J. Lavrentjev, Acoustic study of novel eco-friendly material for vehicle NVH applications, Materials Today: Pro-
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Fig. 26. A-weighted sound pressure level measured inside the motorcycle helmet at
riding speed 110km/h: with (red dashed line) and without the material inserts (blue
solid line).
Fig. 27. Silencing effect of the material fitted inside the motorcycle helmet at riding
speed: 90km/h (red solid line) and 110km/h (green dashed line).
Table 1
Sound pressure level measured inside the helmet with and without the absorption
material inserts at 90km/h and 110km/h.
Speed, km/h SPL, withour insulation, dBA SPL, with insulation (S1), dBA
90 98 93
110 103 99
The respectable noise reduction by using the new material
inserts in helmet is also confirmed by the A-weighted sound pres-
sure level results compared in Table 1.
4. Conclusions
Sound absorption and sound insulation properties of a new eco-
friendly acoustic material are experimentally determined in this
paper providing the complete data for the acoustic characteriza-
tion of this material.
The absorption coefficient was measured in comparison of two
standard methods: the impedance tube method and the reverber-
ation room method and the results exhibit a good correllation and
the material’s ability to offer adequate noise absorption. By per-
forming a standard transmission index determination, the mate-
rial’s suitability for noise insulation applications was proven.
It has also been demonstrated that an outstanding noise level
reduction can be achieved inside motorcycle helmet in a wide
Please cite this article as: H. Rämmal and J. Lavrentjev, Acoustic study of novel eco-friendly material for vehicle NVH applications, Materials Today: Pro-
ceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.04.632
7
frequency range by fitting the new material into critical regions
around the rider’s ears.
Acknowledgements
This research was supported by: the Estonian Centre of Excel-
lence in Zero Energy and Resource Efficient Smart Buildings and
Districts, ZEBE, grant TK146 funded by the European Regional
Development Fund and Smart Manufacturing and Materials Tech-
nologies Competence Center (supported by Enterprise Estonia
and co-financed by the European Union Regional Development
Fund, project F15027). Mr. Pavel Kudinski from Mikromasch Eesti
Ltd is acknowledged for providing acoustic material test samples
and funding for the experimental work.
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