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FLUID FLOW HANDBOOK

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FLUID FLOW
HANDBOOK

Jamal M. Saleh, Ph.D., PE

Editor

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00FM JAMAL.qxp 2/20/02 3:15 AM Page v

CONTENTS

Contributors ix
Preface xi

Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1

Jamal M. Saleh

Chapter 2 Fluid Properties 2.1

Jamal M. Saleh

Chapter 3 Fluid Flow and Thermodynamics 3.1

Jamal M. Saleh

Chapter 4 Fluid Statics 4.1

Jamal M. Saleh

Chapter 5 Fluid Flow: Fundamental Concepts 5.1

Jamal M. Saleh

Chapter 6 The General Equations 6.1

Ralph W. Pike

Chapter 7 Applications of the Equations of Change 7.1

Ralph W. Pike

Chapter 8 Incompressible Flow 8.1

Thomas C. Ho

Chapter 9 Flow of Gases in Pipes and Ducts 9.1

Jamal M. Saleh

v
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vi CONTENTS

Chapter 10 Flow Minor Losses 10.1

Jamal M. Saleh

Chapter 11 Hydrodynamics of Vapor-Liquid Two-Phase Flow 11.1

Carl L. Yaws, Jamal M. Saleh

Chapter 12 Non-Newtonian Flow 12.1

Ron Darby

Chapter 13 Two-Phase Flow: Liquid-Solid and Gas-Solid Flow 13.1

Ron Darby, Jamal M. Saleh

Chapter 14 Molecular Flow 14.1

Graeme A. Bird

Chapter 15 Flow Metering 15.1

Zaki Husain

Chapter 16 Flow Control 16.1

Daniel H. Chen

Chapter 17 Fluid Machines 17.1

John Tuzson

Chapter 18 Fluid Flow Networks 18.1

Jamal M. Saleh

Chapter 19 Flow in Open Channels 19.1

Xing Fang, Heinz G. Stefan

Chapter 20 Flow Past Immersed Objects 20.1

Stavros Tavoularis

Chapter 21 Transport Phenomena in Porous Media 21.1

George G. Chase
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CONTENTS vii

Chapter 22 Fluid Transients 22.1

Charles C. S. Song

Chapter 23 Flow Hydrodynamics in Chemical Processing Units 23.1

Jack R. Hopper, Jamal M. Saleh

Chapter 24 An Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics 24.1

Nasser Ashgriz, Javad Mostaghimi

Chapter 25 Corrosion and Erosion in Pipes 25.1

Weixing Chen, Thomas R. Jack, Fraser King

Chapter 26 Blood Flow Dynamics 26.1

George P. Chatzimavroudis

Chapter 27 Heat Transfer in Pipe Flow 27.1

Kuyen Li, John L. Gossage

Chapter 28 Micro and Nano Flows 28.1

Yong Zhao

Chapter 29 Flow Assurance 29.1

Robert J. Wilkens

Chapter 30 Drag Reduction by Polymer Additives to

Turbulent Flow Systems 30.1
Thomas R. Marrero

Chapter 31 Turbulent Flow 31.1

Stavros Tavoularis

Index I.1
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CONTRIBUTORS

Nasser Ashgriz, Ph.D., JD. Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engi-

neering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (Chapter 24)

Graeme A. Bird, Ph.D. Emeritus Professor of Aeronautical Engineering, Uni-

versity of Sydney. (Chapter 14)

George G. Chase, Ph.D., PE. Professor of Chemical Engineering, The Uni-

versity of Akron. (Chapter 21)

George P. Chatzimavroudis, Ph.D. Department of Chemical Engineering,

Cleveland State University, and Division of Radiology, The Cleveland Clinic
Foundation. (Chapter 26)

Daniel H. Chen, Ph.D., PE. Lamar University. (Chapter 16)

Weixing Chen, Ph.D. University of Alberta. (Chapter 25)

Ron Darby, Ph.D., PE. Professor (Emeritus) of Chemical Engineering, Texas

A&M University. (Chapters 12, 13)

Xing Fang, Ph.D., PE. Lamar University. (Chapter 19)

John L. Gossage, Ph.D. Lamar University. (Chapter 27)

Thomas C. Ho, Ph.D., PE. Lamar University. (Chapter 8)

Jack R. Hopper, Ph.D., PE. Dean, College of Engineering, Lamar University.

(Chapter 23)

Zaki Husain, Ph.D. Staff Engineer, I&C–ERTC, ChevronTexaco. (Chapter 15)

Thomas R. Jack, Ph.D. FCIC, NOVA Research and Technology Corporation.

(Chapter 25)

Fraser King, Ph.D. NOVA Research and Technology Corporation. (Chapter 25)

Kuyen Li, Ph.D., PE. Lamar University. (Chapter 27)

Thomas. R. Marrero, Ph.D., PE. University of Missouri-Columbia. (Chapter 30)

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x CONTRIBUTORS

Javad Mostaghimi, Ph.D., P.Eng. Fellow ASME, Department of Mechanical

and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
(Chapter 24)

Ralph W. Pike, Ph.D., PE. Professor of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana

State University. (Chapters 6, 7)

Jamal M. Saleh, Ph.D., PE. INTEC Engineering. (Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9, 10,

11, 13, 18, 23)

Charles C. S. Song, Ph.D., PE. University of Minnesota. (Chapter 22)

Heinz G. Stefan, Ph.D. University of Minnesota. (Chapter 19)

Stavros Tavoularis, Ph.D., P.Eng. Department of Mechanical Engineering,

University of Ottawa, Canada. (Chapters 20, 31)

John Tuzson, Ph.D. Pump Consultant, John Tuzson and Associates. (Chapter 17)

Robert J. Wilkens, Ph.D., PE. University of Dayton. (Chapter 29)

Carl L. Yaws, Ph.D., PE. Lamar University. (Chapter 11)

Yong Zhao, Ph.D. School of MPE. NTU, Singapore. (Chapter 28)

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PREFACE

This handbook required expertise in many areas of fluid flow, and I would like
to acknowledge each of the 26 professionals who contributed their time and tal-
ent to the project. I have been involved in software development of fluid flow
computer simulation for the oil and chemical industries for a few years, with a
few more years as a flow assurance engineer for the deepwater oil and gas pro-
duction and transportation industry, but I couldn’t have completed a task of this
size without the help of these contributors. I am very glad I could get profes-
sionals in many of the fluid flow disciplines to summarize some of their experi-
ence in this handbook. I admit that I have learned a lot while proofreading the
various chapters, and I am sure readers of different backgrounds will enjoy and
learn while reading this handbook.
Special thanks to the staff of Lone Wolf Enterprises, including Roger Woodson,
Barb Karg, and Rick Sutherland for their patience and guidance throughout the
production process of the book. My family has sacrificed priceless moments to
see this book come into existence. When I started this project, my daughter Huda
was a week old and I was distracted many times, days and nights, by her smiles
and cries. I am writing this preface after 18 months, and I am distracted again, but
this time by her crayon. My other kids, Sondoss, Yahya, and Heba, have also
grown used to see me working on the book and I appreciate their patience and sac-
rifice of free time ever since the project began. My wife has suffered the most and
has helped type many pages and tables of the book. She was the shining and guid-
ing star when things appeared dark. My parents deserve my deepest appreciation
for their continuous support and encouragement.

Jamal Mohammed Saleh

Editor

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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

Flow of fluids is encountered in or around almost all engineered objects. Flow of

gases and liquids is common inside many types of machinery such as pumps,
fans, compressors, pipes, and heat exchangers, and is also common around many
other objects such as buildings, dams, automobiles, and airplanes. The effects of
forces interacting between gases and liquids and the surroundings (be it external
or internal flow) must be properly designed to avoid health, safety, and haz-
ardous environmental and economical catastrophes. Fluid flow has numerous
applications in many engineering and science disciplines such as: marine engi-
neering, meteorology, biological sciences, aeronautical engineering, chemical,
food, drugs, and petrochemical industries, and onshore and offshore fluid trans-
portation engineering. The study of fluid flow is important to all engineering dis-
ciplines that must deal with the moving of fluids inside or around objects.
Although the beginning of the study of fluid flow (experimental and theoret-
ical) is only faintly visible through human history, many ancient civilizations had
demonstrated use of such fluid flow techniques as the development of water sup-
ply and irrigation systems, and the building of ships and boats. The writings of
Archimedes (287-212 BC) are among the earliest known on fluid mechanics. A
series of major contributions to fluid flow in the 15th and 16th centuries (such as
those of Leonardo da Vinci and Gallieo Galilei) marked the beginning of exper-
imental fluid mechanics. The work of Blaise Pascal (1623-1662) clarified many
principles of pressure concepts and pressure measuring devices. Isaac Newton
(1642-1727) discussed flow resistance and viscous flow. Henri de Pitot (1695-
1771) developed the Pitot tube to measure flow rates. Daniel Bernoulli (1700-
1782) stated the Bernoulli theorem, which was later formulated by Leonhard
Euler (1707-1783). Advances in theoretical and experimental fluid mechanics

1.1
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1.2 FLUID FLOW HANDBOOK

have continued to our current time. The reader is encouraged to explore the refer-
ences at the end of this introduction for a detailed history of fluid mechanics [1, 2].
Fluid flow may be classified into many pairs of categories, some of which are:

• Laminar and turbulent flow

• Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluid flow
• Compressible and incompressible flow
• Homogeneous and heterogeneous flow
• Steady and unsteady state flow
• Closed-conduit and open channel flow
• Isothermal and non-isothermal flow

In this handbook, the reader will find chapters that discuss all of the above
categories, and much more. The purpose of this book is to provide the reader with
a quick reference to many areas in fluid flow. In addition to covering traditional
areas in fluid flow, such as pressure drop in pipes and networks, pumps, flow
meters, incompressible, compressible, and multiphase flows, minor losses due to
pipe fittings, and flow in open channels, I have strived to add non-conventional
and new developing areas in fluid flow, such as: flow in nano- and micro- chan-
nels, deepwater flow assurance for gas and oil pipelines, flow of fluids under vac-
uums, dynamics of blood flow, corrosion and erosion associated with fluid flow
in pipes, transient flow, and many more.
The reader will be able to gain a general understanding of particular topics
through definitions, classifications, and industrial applications. Also, equations,
tables, and graphs are included to enable the user to solve, analyze, and assess
fluid flow problems. It is not intended to cover each topic in full detail, but rather
to provide a well-documented entry point with balanced theory and estimation
methods so that reader may enjoy, learn, and apply solutions to practical prob-
lems. The reference list at the end of each chapter is an excellent resource for full
coverage of the particular topic.
While a few chapters deal with derivation of fluid flow equations, such as
Chapter 6, “The General Equations,” Chapter 7, “Application of the Equation of
Change,” and Chapter 31, “Turbulent Flow,” the bulk of the handbook provides
equations, charts, figures, and recommendations to solve and analyze fluid flow
problems. It was necessary to add the “Fluid Statics” chapter (Chapter 4) to clar-
ify many concepts, such as pressure head. Chapters 2, 3, and 27 discuss the topics
of “Fluid Properties,” “Fluid Flow and Thermodynamics,” and “Heat Transfer in
Pipe Flow,” respectively, which is necessary since the flow of fluids is directly
affected by the fluid properties, the thermodynamics of the flow process, and the
heat transfer between the fluid and the surroundings.
Chapters 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, and 14 cover the principles and characteristics of
different fluid flows inside pipes. When considering flow of fluid in pipes, it is
essential to include the effect of piping and other elements (elements to control
the flow of fluids) on flow behavior. Topics on fluid flow, piping, and flow com-
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INTRODUCTION 1.3

ponents such as fittings, flow meters, flow control, and fluid machinery are dis-
cussed in Chapter 10, “Flow Minor Losses,” Chapter 15, “Flow Metering,” Chap-
ter 16, “Flow Control,” and Chapter 17, “Fluid Machines.” In real life, flow of
fluids is encountered in complex networks of pipes. Chapter 18 deals with analy-
sis and design of fluid flow networks.
Flow in open channels, flow past immersed objects, and flow through porous
materials have wide applications in urban development and industrial sectors, and
is therefore included as Chapters 19, 20, and 21, respectively. Numerous fluid
flow applications must be treated in a transient, rather than steady state to account
for the time trends of pressure, temperature, flow rates, and other variables that
may be severe enough to cause failure in the transport systems. Chapter 22 deals
with transient flow. Chapter 23 deals with flow hydrodynamics in processing
units such as mixers, reactors, contactors, and heat exchangers. The efficiency of
processing units is a strong function of the fluid hydrodynamics. Serious mal-
functions, such as channeling or dead zones, may result due to improper design
of the hydrodynamic aspects of the processing unit. Chapter 24, “Computational
Fluid Dynamics,” covers the ever-growing science of computational fluid
dynamics. This chapter discusses numerical approximation to the equations that
govern fluid motion, and algorithms to solve the system equation by direct or iter-
ative procedures. Flow-induced corrosion and erosion in pipes are common prob-
lems in industry and can damage operating systems. Chapter 25 covers
flow-induced erosion-corrosion problems.
Chapter 26, “Blood Flow Dynamics,” discusses biofluid mechanics or fluid
flow inside our bodies, which is an important subject to the medical community.
Micro- and nano-scale devices are emerging technologies and have many appli-
cations in the areas of biomedical engineering, information technology, materials
engineering, and energy and environmental engineering. Chapter 28 discusses
fluid flow in micro and nano channels.
The production and transportation of oil and gas from deepwater reservoirs
offshore west Africa and in deep sections of the Gulf of Mexico faces many chal-
lenges, such as hydrate formation and wax deposition. Chapter 29 discusses top-
ics in oil and gas transportation. Energy conservation has and will continue to be
a concern to world civilization because fluid transport requires pumping power.
Chapter 30 discusses the fluid flow and drag reduction topic.

REFERENCES

1. Rouse, H. and Ince, S. 1963. “History of Hydraulics.” Iowa Institute of Hydraulic

Research, Iowa City, Dover, New York
2. Tokaty, G. A. 1971. “History and Philosophy of Fluidmechanics.” G.T. Foulis and
Co., Ltd., Oxfordshire, Great Britain.