Mansoura University

Faculty of Computers and Information

Department of Information Technology

[IT139] Digital Signal Processing

Grade: BIOINFORMATICS – 4TH GRADE
Dr. Fatmaelzahraa Ahmed
 PART 2

SIGNAL / SYSTEMS IN TIME DOMAIN

(CONTINUOUS TIME SIGNALS / SYSTEMS, DISCRETE
TIME SIGNALS / SYSTEMS)

2
OUTLINE

 Preamble

 Types of signals

 Basic signals

 Operations on signals

3
PREAMBLE

 Signal: is a description of the evolution of a physical phenomenon. Ex:

analog thermograph Sound over microphone Sound ion tape recorder Photograph
https://www.cpr.org/2019/10/04/its- http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~harrison http://lab2104.tu- http://lab2104.tu-
official-colorados-wild-weather-year-sets- /microphone.html plovdiv.bg/index.php/2016/01/25/ph_c plovdiv.bg/index.php/2016/01/25/ph_c
new-high-temp-and-hailstone-records/ ompensation/ ompensation/

 System: a device which operates on signals according to its characteristics

Input Output
system
Excitation Response
4
PREAMBLE (CONT.)

5
https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/A-
level_Computing/AQA/Problem_Solving,_Programming,_Data_Representation_and_Practical_Exercise/Fundamentals_of_Data_Representation/
Analogue_and_digital
TYPES OF SIGNALS

 Continuous time & discrete time signals:

Continuous time signal: can define the amplitude/value at any instant of time.
𝒙(𝒕)
Discrete time signal: can define the value of the signal at discrete time intervals. https://www.quora.com/Are-all-continuous-time-signals-
analog-signals
Ex: 2
1
𝒙 𝒏 = {𝟏, 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟐, 𝟏} -2 -1 0 1 2 3

https://slideplayer.com/slide/12131131/
Discrete time signal: the time discrete & amplitude are continuous.
Digital time signal: both amplitude & time are discrete (finite set of amplitudes).

6
TYPES OF SIGNALS (CONT.)

 Continuous time & discrete time signals:

Continuous time signal: can define the amplitude/value at any instant of time.
Discrete time signal: can define the value of the signal at discrete time intervals.

https://www.quora.com/Are-all-continuous-time-signals-
analog-signals

 Deterministic & nondeterministic (Random) signals:

Deterministic signal: can defined using mathematical equation.
There is no uncertainty with respect to its value at any instant of time.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-AW60X9mJWQ
Nondeterministic signal: don’t have any proper relation between the signal’s components.
There is uncertainty at any particular instant of time (can’t be defined with a mathematical equation). 7
TYPES OF SIGNALS (CONT.)

 Even & odd signals:

Even signal: is identical to its time reversed signal (can reflected in the origin & equal the original).
It is mirror image (symmetric) about Y-axis. It satisfies the condition 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒙(−𝒕).
Ex: 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 , 𝒕𝟐𝒏 , 𝒆𝒕𝒄.

Odd signal: both the time reversal and amplitude change takes place simultaneously.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_signal_processing/dsp_classi
fication_ct_signals.htm
(equal to the negative reflected signal). It satisfies the condition 𝒙 𝒕 = −𝒙(−𝒕)
Ex: 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 , 𝒕, 𝒕𝟐𝒏+𝟏 , 𝒆𝒕𝒄.

Example of even signal: Notes:

• Sum of two (or) more even functions, product of two (or) more even functions, and
𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕
𝒙 −𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 −𝒕 product of even number of odd functions results in even function.
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 • 𝑬𝒙: 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕𝟒 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕
𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕
Example of odd signal: 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒕)
𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 • Sum of two (or) odd functions, and product of odd number of odd functions results in
𝒙 −𝒕 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 −𝒕 odd function. 8
= −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕
= −𝒙 𝒕
• 𝑬𝒙: 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟑 + 𝒕𝟕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕
- 𝒙 −𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒕 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒕)
TYPES OF SIGNALS (CONT.)

 Even & odd signals:

Even signal: is identical to its time reversed signal (can reflected in the origin & equal the original).
It is mirror image (symmetric) about Y-axis. It satisfies the condition 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒙(−𝒕).
Ex: 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 , 𝒕𝟐𝒏 , 𝒆𝒕𝒄.

Odd signal: both the time reversal and amplitude change takes place simultaneously.
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_signal_processing/dsp_classi
fication_ct_signals.htm
(equal to the negative reflected signal). It satisfies the condition 𝒙 𝒕 = −𝒙(−𝒕)
Ex: 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 , 𝒕, 𝒕𝟐𝒏+𝟏 , 𝒆𝒕𝒄.

Example of even signal: Notes:

• Sum of two (or) more even functions, product of two (or) more even functions, and
𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕
𝒙 −𝒕 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 −𝒕 product of even number of odd functions results in even function.
= 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕 • 𝑬𝒙: 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 + 𝒕𝟒 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕
𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕
Example of odd signal: 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝒕)
𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 • Sum of two (or) odd functions, and product of odd number of odd functions results in
𝒙 −𝒕 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 −𝒕 odd function. 9
= −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕
= −𝒙 𝒕
• 𝑬𝒙: 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟑 + 𝒕𝟕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕
- 𝒙 −𝒕 = 𝒙 𝒕 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒕𝟑 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟐𝒕)
TYPES OF SIGNALS (CONT.)

 Periodic & aperiodic signals:

Periodic signal: the signal that goes with constant time period.
The signal satisfies 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒙(𝒕 + 𝑻)
Aperiodic signal: the opposite. They do not follow a certain format;
https://www.slideshare.net/HrideshVishwdewa/introduction-to-analog-signal

therefore, no particular mathematical equation can describe them.

 Real & imaginary signals: Ex: 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒂 𝒕

𝒙∗ 𝒕 = 𝒂(𝒕)
Real signal: consists of real values.
Is the signal the that satisfies the condition 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒙∗ (𝒕) Ex: 𝒙 𝒕 = 𝒊𝒃(𝒕)
𝒙∗ 𝒕 = (𝒊𝒃 𝒕 )∗
𝒙∗ 𝒕 = −𝒊𝒃(𝒕)
∴ −𝒙∗ 𝒕 = 𝒊𝒃 𝒕
Imaginary signal: if we have any imaginary quotation. =𝒙 𝒕 10

Is the signal that satisfies the condition 𝒙 𝒕 = −𝒙∗ (𝒕)

REFERENCES

 K.S. Thyagarajan. Introduction to Digital Signal Processing Using MATLAB with Application to Digital
Communications. Springer Nature 2019.
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=up55tuwestg&list=PLWPirh4EWFpHr_1ZCkuF9ToYUrmujv9Aa
 https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCQYMhOMi_Cdj1CEAU-fv80A
 https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_signal_processing/index.htm
 Internet resources

11
Thank you ☺

12