Turkish 

(Türkçe ( listen), Türk dili; also Türkiye Türkçesi 'Turkish of Turkey'[15]) is the most widely

spoken of the Turkic languages, with around 80 to 90 million speakers. It is the national language
of Turkey and Northern Cyprus. Significant smaller groups of Turkish speakers also exist
in Germany, Austria, Bulgaria, North Macedonia,[16] Greece,[17] Cyprus, other parts of Europe,
the Caucasus, and some parts of Central Asia, Iraq, and Syria. Cyprus has requested the European
Union to add Turkish as an official language, even though Turkey is not a member state.[18] Turkish is
the 13th most spoken language in the world.
To the west, the influence of Ottoman Turkish—the variety of the Turkish language that was used as
the administrative and literary language of the Ottoman Empire—spread as the Ottoman Empire
expanded. In 1928, as one of Atatürk's Reforms in the early years of the Republic of Turkey,
the Ottoman Turkish alphabet was replaced with a Latin alphabet.
The distinctive characteristics of the Turkish language are vowel harmony and
extensive agglutination. The basic word order of Turkish is subject–object–verb. Turkish has
no noun classes or grammatical gender. The language makes usage of honorifics and has a
strong T–V distinction which distinguishes varying levels of politeness, social distance, age, courtesy
or familiarity toward the addressee. The plural second-person pronoun and verb forms are used
referring to a single person out of respect.