KNC 1073

Thermodynamics

Lecture 4 – The Second Law of Thermodynamics

Nazeri Abdul Rahman

Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Energy Sustainability
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Malaysia Sarawak
 Objectives

i. To define Second Law of Thermodynamics.

ii. To introduce the application of Second Law of Thermodynamics
to Heat Engine.
iii. To discuss Thermodynamics Temperature Scales
iv. To present the principle of entropy and its applications.
 Statements of The Second Law

§ The first law reflects the observation that energy is conserved, but
it imposes no restriction on the process direction.
§ Yet, all experience indicates the existence of such a restriction, the
concise statement of which constitutes the second law.

§ The observations just described suggest a general restriction on

processes beyond that imposed by the first law. The second law is
equally well expressed in two statements that describe this
restriction:

• Statement 1
No apparatus can operate in such a way that its only effect (in
system and surroundings) is to convert heat absorbed by a
system completely into work done by the system.

• Statement 2
No process is possible which consists solely in the transfer of
heat from one temperature level to a higher one.
Heat Engines
Heat Engines
Heat Engines
Carnot’s Theorem
Carnot’s Theorem
Thermodynamic Temperature Scales
Thermodynamic Temperature Scales
Ideal-Gas temperature Scale;
Carnot’s Equation
Ideal-Gas Temperature Scale;
Carnot’s Equation
Ideal-Gas Temperature Scale;
Carnot’s Equation
Entropy
Entropy
Entropy
Entropy
Entropy
Entropy Changes of An Ideal Gas
Entropy Changes of An Ideal Gas
Mathematical Statement of
The Second Law
Mathematical Statement of
The Second Law
Mathematical Statement of
The Second Law
Mathematical Statement of
The Second Law
Entropy Balance for Open Systems
Entropy Balance for Open Systems
Entropy Balance for Open Systems
Calculation of Ideal Work
Calculation of Ideal Work
Calculation of Ideal Work
Lost Work
Lost Work
The Third Law of Thermodynamics
 Entropy from
The Microscopic Viewpoint
 Entropy from
The Microscopic Viewpoint
 Entropy from
The Microscopic Viewpoint
 Entropy from
The Microscopic Viewpoint
 Further reading

• Smith. J. M., Van Ness, H. C., and Abbott, M. M., (2005), Chapter 5: The
Second Law of Thermodynamics, Introduction to Chemical Engineering
Thermodynamics, 7th Edition, Mc Graw-Hill, New York, USA
• Richard Elliot, J., and Lira, C. T., (1999), Chapter 4: Entropy, Introductory
Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics, Prentice Hall, Saddle River, New
Jersey, USA