ANTIMICROBIALS

Methicillin is an example of the beta-lactam class of drugs that

inhibits cell wall synthesis.

Explain the mechanism of action action of cephalosporins as well as the rule of effects the different
generations of cephalosporins. (5pts)

The mechanism of action of cephalosporins is that it inhibits bacterial cell wall peptidoglycan
synthesis by hindrance of penicillin sensitive enzymes. The first generation has basically gram-positive
movement. The second and third era has more gram-negative movement with mostly diminished
action against gram-positive bacteria. The fourth generation of cephalosporins encompasses a wide
spectrum movement.

AZT and Valaciclovir are antiviral nucleoside analogs that interfere with

nucleic acid synthesis.

Beta-lactam antibiotics affects which type of cells?

bacterial cells

Which of the following is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs?

They are less stable and consequently have fewer side effects.

Which of the following interferes with cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation?

both cycloserine and vancomycin

Amoxicillin is very effective for treating infections with Gram-positive bacteria but rarely causes side
effects in humans. This is an example of

Selective toxicity

Bacillus licheniformis secretes a compound that inhibits the growth of other Gram-positive bacteria. This
is an example of a(n):

antibiotic.

The therapeutic index of an antimicrobial is the

range of concentrations at which the antimicrobial is both effective and non-toxic.

Which of the following antibiotics disrupts cytoplasmic membrane function in fungi?

amphotericin B

What does "narrow spectrum antimicrobial" mean?

The antimicrobial is effective against a few microbes.

A compound is extracted from a microbial culture and is modified in the laboratory for use as an oral
medication. This product would be a(n)

semisynthetic antimicrobial.

Azithromycin is very effective for treating infections with Gram-positive bacteria and Gram-negative
bacteria as well. This is an example of

a broad-spectrum antimicrobial

The tetracyclines interfere with

protein synthesis.

The mechanism of action of erythromycin is

inhibition of protein synthesis.

Which of the following statements is TRUE of selective toxicity?

Selective toxicity takes advantage of structural differences between host and pathogen.

Describe and Discuss the mathematical equation of Addition, Synergism, Potentiation and Antagonism.
(10pts)

Synergistic drug combinations have been appeared to be exceedingly efficacious and remedially more
specific . Drug antagonism, in contrast, is frequently undesirable, but can be valuable in selecting
against drug resistant mutations. Potentiating effects are another type of chemical interaction in
which one chemical maximizes the impact of another one.

Which of the following drugs specifically targets cell walls that contain mycolic acid?

isoniazid

Gram positive bacteria is no more susceptible to Amoxicillin. This is an example of

selective toxicity

Which of the following steps in the folic acid synthesis pathway is specifically inhibited by sulfonamides?

the conversion of PABA to dihydrofolic acid

The antimicrobials called quinolones act by

inhibiting DNA replication.

Most broad-spectrum antibiotics act by

inhibiting protein synthesis.

Beta-lactamase production is an example of which of the following types of resistance?

alteration of the target of the drug

Drug-resistant populations of microbes arise when

exposure to drugs selectively kills sensitive cells, allowing overgrowth of resistant cells.

Which of the following drugs inhibits nucleic acid synthesis specifically in most bacteria?

fluoroquinolones

Antimicrobials that block protein synthesis by binding to the mRNA are

antisense nucleic acids.

If an antimicrobial agent inhibits cell wall synthesis, this will result to:

Cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure.

The antimicrobial polymyxin

disrupts cytoplasmic membranes.

Describe the structure of your Penicillin. What makes it differ with Cephalosporins. (5pts)

The beta lactam ring in penicillins is connected to a five membered thiazolidine ring or penam
whereas in cephalosporins, the beta lactam ring is bonded to a six membered dihydrothiazine ring or
cepham.

Which of the following antifungals works by binding to ergosterol in membranes?

fluconazole

turbinafine

Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by

preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits.

Which of the following is NOT a target of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis?

interference with alanine-alanine bridges

A drug is structurally similar to PABA and inhibits folic acid synthesis. It is most likely a(n)

sulfonamide.
Who proposed the concept of chemotherapy, that compounds might selectively kill pathogens without
harming people?

Paul Ehrlich

An antimicrobial that inhibits cell wall synthesis will result in which of the following?

Cells become more susceptible to osmotic pressure

Beta-lactam antibiotics have an effect on which of the following types of cells?

bacterial cells

Which of the following is a primary advantage of semisynthetic drugs?

they have a broader spectrum of action

Which of the following drugs specifically targets cell walls that contain arabinogalactan-mycolic acid?

isoniazid

Which of the following antibiotics disrupts cytoplasmic membrane function?

amphotericin B

Which of the following is NOT a target of drugs that inhibit protein synthesis?

interference with alanine-alanine bridges

this figure represents a petri plate. the gray area is where bacteria A is growing, the black area is where
bacteria B is growing. the white area is a zone where neither organism is growing. What is the best
interpretation of what is observed on the plate?

Bacteria B is producing an antibiotic that inhibits the growth of bacteria A.

Which of the following type of antimicrobial agent has the narrowest spectrum of action?

antivirals

The first synthetic antimicrobial widely available for treatment of infections

was an attachment antagonist

In the compound lamivudine an -SH group replaces an -OH group found in cytosine. When used as a
medication it will

interfere with nucleic acid synthesis

Which of the following groups of drugs can become incorporated into the bones and teeth of the fetus?

tetracyclines

Which of the following can result when antibiotic therapy disrupts the normal microbiota?
both pseudomembranous colitis and thrush

A compound is extracted from a microbial culture and is modified in the laboratory for use as an oral
medication. this product would be a

semisynthetic antimicrobial

B-lactamase production is an example of which of the following types of resistance?

inactivation of the drug

Bacillus licheniformis secretes a compound that inhibits the growth of other Gram-positive bacteria. this
is an example of an

antibiotic

Most drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the cell wall act by

preventing the cross-linkage of NAM subunits.

Most broad spectrum antibiotics act by

inhibiting protein synthesis

Which of the following antifungals works by inhibiting ergosterol synthesis?

both fluconazole and turbinafine

A drug is structurally similar to PABA and inhibits folic acid synthesis. It is most likely a

sulfonamide

Which of the following pathways is specifically inhibited by sulfonamides?

the conversion of PABA to dihydrofolic acid

Which of the following drugs inhibits nucleic acid synthesis in prokaryotes?

quinolones

The cooperative activity of drugs such as beta-lactam antibiotics and clavulanic acid, a B-lactamase
inhibitor, is known as

synergism

Alterations in the structure of which of the following are an important aspect of Gram-negative bacterial
resistance to antimicrobial drugs?

porins

it is inappropriate to prescribe antibacterial agents to treat colds or flu becasue

these diseases are caused by viruses

Who discovered the first antibiotic widely available to the general public?
Domagk

Which of the following statements is true of selective toxicity?

Selective toxicity takes advantage of structural differences between host and pathogen.

Antimicrobials that block protein synthesis by binding to the mRNA are

antisense nucleic acids

The E-test determines which of the following?

both susceptibility and MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration)

The therapeutic range of an antimicrobial is the

range of concentrations at which the antimicrobial is both effective and non-toxic

Which of the following interferes with cell wall synthesis by blocking alanine bridge formation?

both cycloserine and vancomycin

Antimicrobial sugars analogs are effective for

preventing virus attachment

Which of the following is a measurement associated with the broth dilution test?

lack of turbidity

Infection of the _____ would be the hardest to treat with antimicrobial drugs.

brain

Disruption of the normal microbiota can result in infections caused by which of the following microbes?

Candida albicans, Mycobacterium, and Clostridium difficile

The antimicrobials called quinolone act by

inhibiting DNA replication

How does resistance to drugs spread in bacterial populations?

Both horizontal gene transfer and the growth of biofilms spread drug resistance

The mechanism of action of the antibiotic vancomycin is

inhibition of cell wall synthesis

The tetracyclines interfere with

protein synthesis

Pentamidine is an example of an antimicrobial that

binds to DNA
The mechanism of action of erythromycin is

inhibition of protein synthesis

Methicillin is an example of the beta-lactam class of drugs that

inhibits cell wall synthesis

Ribavirin is an antiviral that interferes with

nucleic acid synthesis

The antimicrobial polymyxin

disrupts cytoplasmic membranes

Drug resistant populations of microbes arise when

exposure to drugs selectively kills sensitive cells, allowing overgrowth of resistant cells.

Any drug that acts against a disease is called a (analog/ antibiotic/ chemotherapeutic) agent.

chemotherapeutic

Selective (toxicity/ action/ treatment) means that a given antimicrobial agent is more toxic to a
pathogen than to the host being treated.

toxicity

Nucleotide or nucleoside (analogs/ antisense/ acids) are antimicrobial agents that mimic the chemical
structure of DNA building blocks.

analogs

A microbe resistant to a variety of different antimicrobials is said to have (cross/ drug/ multiple)
resistance.

multiple

Secondary infections that result from the killing of some of the normal microbiota are called
(antagonism/ superinfection/ resistance).

superinfections

Competition between beneficial microbes and potential pathogens is called (synergy/ antagonism).

antagonism

A (bacteriostatic/ bacteriocidal/ minimum) concentration of a drug is one at which microbes survive but
are not able to grow and reproduce.

bacteriocidal
the ratio of a medication's dose that cane tolerated to its effective dose is the therapeutic (range/ index)
of the medication.

index

Some bacteria develop resistance to groups of drugs because the drugs are all structurally similar to
each other; this is a phenomenon known as (cross/ multiple) resistance.

cross

Second generation drugs are semisynthetic drugs developed to combat (immunity/ resistance) against
an existing drug.

resistance

Drugs that slow down bacterial growth would be (competitive/ synergistic/ antagonistic) to penicillin.

antagonistic

External infections can be treated by (surface/ topical) administration, in which a drug is applied directly
to the site of infection.

topical

the abbreviation (MIC/ MID/ MD) stands for the smallest amount of a drug that will inhibit the growth
and reproduction of a pathogen.

MIC

Antiviral medication frequently block unique (proteins/enzymes/ molecules) to prevent production of

new virus.

enzymes

Some medications for influenza are (attachment/ binding/ microbial) antagonists that block the ability of
the virus to enter cells.

attachment
VIRUSES

Double-stranded RNA genomes can be found

only in viruses.

The ________ of a virion determines the type of cell it enters.

glycoproteins

The shape of a virion is mostly determined by which of the following factor/s?

the capsid

Viruses differ from the rest of the pathogens because:

Viruses lack cytoplasm and organelles.

What is a virion?

A single virus particle outside a cell.

Which of the following is associated with the attachment of a bacteriophage to a bacterial cell?

random collisions, chemical attractions, and receptor specificity

A lipid membrane is present in which of the following?

enveloped viruses

During ________, viruses remain dormant in animal cells.

latency

Viroids only infect

plants.

Which of the following infectious particles do NOT have protein in their structure?

viroids

Which of the following laboratory procedures is used for culturing animal viruses in the laboratory?

both cell cultures and embryonated eggs

A ________ is a mass of neoplastic cells.

tumor

Which of the following lists stages of a lytic replication cycle in order, from earliest to latest stages?

I. Attachment, Entry, Synthesis, Assembly, Release

Naked capsid animal viruses are commonly released from the infected cell by ________, a process the
host cell does not survive.

lysis

Virus replication results in the death of the cell in ________ infection(s).

a lytic

How are prions different from all other known infectious agents?

They lack nucleic acid.

Tumors invade other organs and tissues in a process called

metastasis.

The viral envelope:

is composed of cellular phospholipid membrane, cellular and viral proteins.

Host specificity of a virus is due to:

interactions between viral and cellular surface molecules.

What is a virus that infects bacterial cells called?

bacteriophage

Which of the following functions does the outermost layer of a virion fulfill?

both protection and recognition

Which of the membranes below can produce a viral envelope?

the nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum

Which of the following is a feature shared by viruses and living organisms?

possession of a genome that directs synthesis of materials necessary for replication

Attachment of herpesviruses results in ________, a process in which the host cell facilitates viral entry.

endocytosis

In what ways do viruses differ from other pathogens?

b. viruses lack cytoplasm and organelles

The outermost layer of a virion fulills which of the following functions of the virus?

d. both protection and recognition

A(n) ___________ is a virus that infects bacterial cells

c. bacteriophage
Which of the following is a characteristic by which viruses are classified?
a. type of nucleic acid

Host specificity of a virus is due to

e. interactions between viral and cellular surface molecules

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the shape of a virion?

d. the capsid

How are fungal viruses transmitted?

c. as a result of fusion of cells or hyphae

The genome of influenza virus is

e. multiple pieces of linear ssRNA

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the viral envelope

d. it is composed of cellular phospholipid membrane

Which of the following statements regarding virus taxonomy is true?

c. some virus family names are derived from the name of an important member of the family

Which of the following is NOT used for the classification of viruses?

b. class

Which of the following lists stages of a lytic replication cycle in order, from earliest to latest stages?

I Synthesis

II Assembly

III Attachment

IV Release

V Entry

a. III,V,I,II,IV

Which of the following is associated with the attachment o a bacteriophage to a bacterial cell?

e. random collisions, chemical attractions, and receptor specificity

The enzyme lysozyme is critical for which of the stages of a bacteriophage T4 infection cycle?
c. entry and release

A(n) ____________ is a bacterial virus which is integrated into the host cell DNA.

b. prophage

Which of the following events occurs in the lytic cycle of bacteriophage T4 infection but NOT in the
lysogenic cycle?

c. digestion of host DNA

Why is lysogeny advantageous to a bacteriophage?

b. the genetic material of the bacteriophage is amplified many times over that seen in a lytic phage

Which of the following agents is capable of inducing conversion of a prophage to the lytic cycle?

d. both UV light and xrays

Replication of most _____________ viruses is similar to normal cellular processes

a. dsDNA

Attachment of herpesviruses results in _______, a process in which the host cell facilitates viral entry.

c. endocytosis

Reverse transcriptase is associated with which of the following?

d. retroviruses

The genome of which of the following types of animal virus can act directly as mRNA?

b. +ssRNA viruses

Which of the following type of animal virus requires RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase to be replicated

c. -ssRNA viruses

Naked capsid animal viruses are commonly released from the infected cell by _____________, a process
the host cell does not survive.

b. lysis

Which of the following membranes can give rise to a viral envelope?

e. the nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum

A cell is infected with a virus carrying an oncogene sequence in its genome. What process may occur if
the oncogene is expressed in the infected cell?

b. neoplasia

How is the HIV provirus different from a lambda-phage prophage?

a. the HIV provirus is integrated permanently into the host cells DNA

Which of the following lab procedure is used for culturing animal viruses in the lab?

d. both cell culturers and embroyonated eggs

One mechanism by which viruses may cause cancer is to interrupt the genetic regulatory sequences of
repressor proteins. Which of the following types of viruses is the most likely to be involved in cause
cancer by this mechanism?

d. retroviruses

Tumors invade other organs and tissues in a process called

e. metastasis

Plaque assays are used for

b. determining the density of phage in a culture

Disadvantages of continuous cell cultures include

c. they may be significantly different genetically from the original source animal

Viroids infect

b. plants

How are prions different from all other known infectious agents?

e. they lack nucleic acid

which of the following infectious particles do NOT have protein in their structure?

d. viroids

A lipid membrane is present in which of the following?

b. enveloped viruses

What is a virion?
c. a single virus particle outside a cell

Which of the following virus families has a double stranded RNA genome?

b. reoviridae

Which of the following is a feature shared by viruses and living organisms?

a. possession of a genome that directs synthesis of materials necessary for replication

Small circular RNAs called ________ are plant pathogens

c. viroids

The __________ of a virion determines the type of cell it enters

c. glycoproteins

Which of the following infectious particles is most susceptible to damage

b. enveloped viruses

A viral infection which does not result in the production of new virions is _____ infection(s)

e. either latent or lysogenic

A _______ is a mass of neoplastic cells.

c. tumor
The process known as ________________ is a mechanism of release for enveloped viruses

e. budding

46
True/False

Viruses cause most human cancers

False

47
True/False

Most viruses cannot be seen by light microscopy

True
48
True/False

Protozoa are susceptible to viral attack

True

49
True/False

Budding release of virus may result in long lasting or persistent infection

True

50
True/False

Members of a virus family have the same type of nucleic acid

True

51
True/False

The genome of all DNA animal viruses is replicated in the nucleus of the cell

False

52
True/False

Bacteriophage release is a gradual process in which small numbers are released at a time

False

53
True/False

Bovine spongiform encephalopathy is an example of a prion disease

True

54
True/False

All viruses use the host cells nucleic acid polymerases for replication
False

55
True/False

Fertilized chicken eggs are used to culture some vaccine strains

True

In what ways do viruses differ from other pathogens?

Viruses lack cytoplasm & organelles

The outermost layer of a virion fulfills which of the following functions of the virus?

both protection & recognition

A n ______ is a virus that infects bacterial cells.

bacteriophage

Which of the following is a characteristic by which viruses are classified?

type of nucleic acid

Host specificity of a virus is due to

interactions between viral and cellular surface molecules

Which of the following is primarily responsible for the shape of a virion?

the capsid

How are fungal viruses different from viruses that infect other organisms?

they have no extracellular state.

Which of the following infectious particles do NOT have protein in their structure?

viroids

Which of the following may occur in a lysogenic infection, but not a latent one?

The inserted viral DNA may leave the host DNA

Which of the following statements regarding virus taxonomy is true?

Some virus family names are derived from the name of an important member of the family.

Which of the following statements comparing virus classification and taxonomy of organisms is true?

Genus and specific epithet are used in both classification systems.

Which of the following places stages of a lytic replication cycle in order, from earliest to latest stages?

III, V, I, II, IV

Which of the following is associated with the attachment of a bacteriophage to a bacterial cell?

random collisions, chemical attractions, and receptor specificity

The enzyme lysozyme is critical for which of the stages of a bacteriophage T4 infection cycle?

entry and release

Which means of entry into host cells is common to both some animal viruses and bacteriophage T4?

direct penetration

Which of the following events occurs in the lytic cycle of bacteriophage T4 infection but NOT in the
lysogenic cycle?

digestion of host DNA

Why is lysogen advantageous to a bacteriophage?

The genetic material of the bacteriophage is amplified many times over that seen in a lytic phage.

Which of the following agents is capable of inducing conversion of a prophage to the lytic cycle?

both UV light and X-rays

Zones of clearing in cell cultures that are the result of virus infection are called plaques. Sometimes
"cloudy plaques" are seen on bacteria cultures infected with bacteriophage. What type of viral infection
might cause this appearance?

lysogenic

Which of the following is matched Incorrectly?

adenovirus; membrane fusion

Reverse transcriptase is associated with which of the following?

retroviruses

The genome of which of the following types of animal virus can act directly as mRNA?

+ssRNA viruses

Which of the following types of animal virus requires RNA-dependent RNA transcriptase to be
replicated?

-ssRNA viruses

In contrast to most dsDNA animal viruses, the poxviruses replicate solely in the cytoplasm of the host
cell. this fact implies that the viral genome may encode

a DNA polymerase

Which of the following membranes can give rise to a viral envelope?

the nuclear and cytoplasmic membranes and the endoplasmic reticulum

A cell is infected with a virus carrying an oncogene sequence in its genome. What process may occur if
the oncogenes expressed in the infected cell?

neoplasia

How is the HIV provirus different from a lambda-phage prophage?

The HIV provirus is integrated permanently into the host cell's DNA

Which of the following laboratory procedures is used for culturing animal viruses in the laboratory?

both cell cultures and embryonated eggs

One mechanism by which viruses may cause cancer is to interrupt the genetic regulatory sequences of
repressor proteins. which of the following types of viruses is most likely to be involved in causing cancer
by this mechanism?

retroviruses

Tumors invade other organs and tissues in a process called

metastasis

Plaque assays are used for

determine the density of phage in a culture.

Diploid cell cultures and continuous cell cultures differ in which of the following ways?

both longevity and source of cells

Viroids infect

plants

How are prions different from all other known infectious agents?

they lack nucleic acid

The viruses of fungi have RNA genomes and lack a capsid. they are therefore similar to

prions

A lipid membrane is present in which of the following?

enveloped viruses

Some human viruses are difficult to study because

they only grow in normal human cells.

Double stranded RNA genomes can be found

only in viruses

Which of the following is a feature shared by viruses and living organisms?

possession of a genome that directs synthesis of materials necessary for replication

Small circular RNA molecules without capsids are characteristic of

viroids

Viruses are shed slowly and steadily during

lysogenic infection

During _____ viruses remain dormant in animal cells.

latency

Virus replication results in the death of the cell in ______ infections.

a lytic
A ______ is a mass of neoplastic cells.

tumor

The process known as ______ is a mechanism of release for enveloped viruses.

budding

The combination of a virus's protein coat and nucleic acid core is called the (capsid/ virion/
nucleocapsid).

nucleocapsid

Viral capsids are composed of subunits called (nucleocapsids/ capsomeres).

capsomeres

Virus infection is initiated by the specific (fit/affinity/interaction) between proteins on the surface of a
virion the surface of the target cell.

affinity

Some viruses can be cultured on (continuous/diploid/animal) cells which are descended from neoplastic
cells.

continuous

The virions shown in the figure have a (polyhedral/ helical/ complex) capsid.

complex

Another term for a lysogenic phage is a (temperate/ latent/ prophage) phage.

temperate

The process in which viral capsids are removed within the infected cell is called (entry/ disassembly/
uncoating).

uncoating

Uncontrolled cell division in animals is known as (metastasis/ neoplasia/ cancer).

neoplasia

RNA viruses such as HIV require the activity of reverse (transcriptase/ polymerase) to become
proviruses.

transcriptase
In enveloped viruses, virus-encoded (matrix/ capsomers/ envelope) proteins are required for the
assembly of the envelope around the capsid.

matrix

Genes that play a role in proper cell division but may also play a role in some types of cancer are called
(oncogenes/ protooncogenes/ promoters)

Protooncogenes

A (colony/ plaque) is a clear zone on a bacterial lawn where cells have been killed by the activity of a
bacteriophage.

plaque

Three (orders/ families/ classes) represent the highest level of taxonomic rank uses in classifying viruses.

orders

Prions are composed of a single protein called (plaque/BSE/ PrP).

PrP

An animal virus that does not have an envelope is described as a (naked/ unenveloped/ capsid) virion.

naked