History of Andhra Pradesh

6/9/23, 6:36 PM History of Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia
History of Andhra Pradesh

The recorded history of Andhra Pradesh, one of the 28 states of 21st-century India, begins in the
Vedic period. It is mentioned in Sanskrit epics such as the Aitareya Brahmana (800 BCE).[1][2][3] Its
sixth-century BCE incarnation Assaka lay between the Godavari and Krishna Rivers,[4] one of sixteen
mahajanapadas (700–300 BCE). The Satavahanas succeeded them (230 BCE–220 CE), built
Amaravati, and reached a zenith under Gautamiputra Satakarni.
After the Satavahanas, the region fragmented into fiefdoms. By the late second century CE, Andhra
Ikshvakus ruled along the Krishna River. In the fourth, the Pallava dynasty spread from southern
Andhra Pradesh to Tamilakam, and had a capital at Kanchipuram. Their power increased in the
reigns of Mahendravarman I (571–630) and Narasimhavarman I (630–668), and dominated
northern Tamilakam and the southern Telugu-speaking region until the end of the ninth century.
From 1163 to 1323 the Kakatiya dynasty unified the land and in that golden age Tikkana’s translation
of the Mahabharata founded Telugu literature. In 1323 Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, sultan of Delhi, sent
a large army under Ulugh Khan[5] to lay siege to Warangal. After the Kakatiya dynasty fell, the Delhi
Sultanate, the Chalukya Chola dynasty (1070–1279) in the south, and the Persio-Tajik sultanate of
central India competed for the region. In the end the Musunuri Nayaks won over Delhi.
Under Krishnadevaraya of the Vijayanagara Empire (1336–1646) the Telugus became independent,
then the Qutb Shahi dynasty ruled the Bahmani Sultanate there from the early 16th to the end of the
17th centuries, and was tolerant of Telugu culture.
The French, under the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau, and the English, under Robert Clive, altered the
regional polity. In 1765, Clive and the chief and council at Visakhapatnam obtained the Northern
Circars from Mughal emperor Shah Alam. The British later defeated Maharaja Vijaya Rama Gajapati
Raju of Vizianagaram, in 1792.
Andhra State was created in the year 1953. Potti Sriramulu had campaigned for a state independent of
the Madras Presidency, and Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu social-reform movements led to the
founding of Andhra State, with a capital at Kurnool and freedom-fighter Pantulu as its first chief
minister. A democracy with two stable political parties and a modern economy emerged under the N.
T. Rama Rao.
India became independent in 1947. The Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khanto, wanted to
remain independent, but in 1948 the Indian Army annexed Hyderabad to the Dominion of India,
where it became Hyderabad State. Andhra Pradesh, the first Indian state formed primarily on the
basis of language post independence, split off from the Madras Presidency in 1953. Andhra State
merged with the Telugu-speaking portion of Hyderabad State in 1956 to create the state of Andhra
Pradesh.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Andhra_Pradesh 1/20
The Lok Sabha formed Telangana from ten districts of Andhra Pradesh on 18 February 2014.[6]
Pre-Satavahana period
Chalcolithic age
The Chalcolithic period is dated using pottery and is believed to be around 1750 BC or earlier. The
pottery used for dating the time period was discovered from sites near the Krishna and Tungabhadra
rivers such as Patapadu. A painted spouted vessel found there resembles chalcolithic-age vessels from
Navdatoli and as far as Bronze Age Crete.[7]
Great Stupa of Amaravati
Sculpture depicting the Amaravati Marbles, a

stupa, now at the series of marble
Government Museum, sculptures and
Chennai. inscriptions excavated
from the site.
The surviving foundation of the stupa.

The Amaravati Mahachaitya, also known as the Great Stupa of Amaravati was built around the third century BCE.
Proto-Historic and Historic periods
The term Andhra was first mentioned as the name of a tribe in the Aitareya Brahamana, datable to
800 B.C. Andhras left the north of Indian subcontinent near the Yamuna river, crossed the Vindhyas
and came to present-day Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. It also mentions that the Andhras were
socially parallel to other tribes like the Pundras, Sabarasand Pulindas. There are references to an
Andhra kingdom and a people known as the Andhras in Indian epic poetry (the Mahabharata, the
Ramayana and the Puranas). In the Mahabharata Rukmi ruled the Vidarbha Kingdom, which
included the Deccan Plateau, the foothills of the Vindhya Range, present-day Andhra Pradesh,
Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Karnataka and a little-known (now submerged) archipelago in the
Bay of Bengal. Rama is said to have lived in the forest around present-day Bhadrachalam during his
exile.
Ancient literature indicates a history dating to several centuries BCE, but archaeological evidence
exists only from the last two millennia. The fifth-century Kingdom of Pratipalapura, identified with
Bhattiprolu in the Guntur district of Andhra Pradesh, may have been the earliest kingdom in South
India. Inscriptions suggest that King Kubera ruled Bhattiprolu around 230 BCE.[8]
The script of the Bhattiprolu inscriptions was the progenitor of the Brahmi lipi, which later diversified
into modern Telugu scripts.[9]
Middle Kingdoms (3rd century BCE - 12th century CE)
Satavahana dynasty
As part of the Mauryan Empire during the fourth century BCE,

Andhra was a political state in the southeastern Deccan.
According to Megasthenes, who visited the court of Chandragupta
Maurya (322-297), the Andhras had 30 fortified towns along
Godavari River and an army of 1,00,000 infantry, 2,000 cavalry
and 1,000 elephants.[10] The military might of Andhras was
second only to the Mauryas.
Uninterrupted political and cultural accounts of Andhra Pradesh

Archaeological remains of
begin during the rise of the Satavahana dynasty. According to the
Bavikonda.
Matsya Purana, the dynasty had 29 rulers in a 456-year period
from the second century BCE to the second century CE. An
inscription at Nasik, written at the time of Gautamiputra Satakarni (the 23rd Satavahana ruler),
indicates that the kingdom included most of the southern peninsula and southern parts of
Maharashtra, Orissa and Madhya Pradesh. The court language used by the Satavahanas was Prakrit,
and their kings observed the Vedic religion.
The fall of the Satavahana empire left Andhra in political chaos, and local rulers carved out small
kingdoms for themselves. Between 180 and 624 CE, control of Andhra lay with the Ikshvaku,
Brihatpalayana, Salankayana, Vishnukundina, Vakataka, Pallava, Ananda Gotrika, Kalinga and other
small kingdoms; the most important was Ikshvaku. Sanskrit replaced Prakrit as the inscriptional
language at this time.
Ikshvakus
The Andhra Ikshvakus (Sanskrit: इक्श्वाकू ) established a kingdom

along the Krishna River in the second half of the second century
CE. Their capital was Vijayapuri (Nagarjunakonda).
Archaeological evidence indicates that the Ikshvakus succeeded
the Satavahanas in the Krishna River valley and may have entered
Andhra from the north.[11] The Ikshvakus left inscriptions at
Nagarjunakonda, Jaggayyapeta, Amaravati and Bhattiprolu, and
their rulers observed the Vedic religion. Nagarjunakonda, which is believed
to be the site of the Andhra Ikshvaku
Some historians believe that Andhra Ikshvakus were related to the
capital.
mythological Ikshvakus, while some believe Andhra Ikshvakus to
be a local tribe who adopted the title.[12][13] Some scholars believe
that this dynasty was related to the ancient Ikshvakus of the Hindu epics, and Rama of the Ramayana,
the incarnation of Vishnu, was descended from the Ikshvaku line. Inscriptions in the Nagarjunakonda
valley, Jaggayyapeta and Ramireddipalli provide some support for this hypothesis.[14]
In the Vayu Purana, Manu (the patriarch of ancient India) had nine sons; Ikshvaku, the eldest,
founded the Suryavanshi dynasty and ruled from Ayodhya at the beginning of the Treta Yuga. He had
100 sons; the eldest was Vikushi, who succeeded his father as the ruler of Ayodhya. Fifty of Vikushi's
brothers founded small principalities in North India, and forty-eight founded kingdoms in the south.
In the Dharmamrita, during the lifetime of the 12th tirthankara, Yasodhara (an Ikshvaku prince from
the kingdom of Anga) went to Vengi. The prince was so impressed with the region's beauty and
fertility that he made it his home and founded the city of Pratipalapura (present-day Bhattiprolu).
In the Puranas, the Andhra Ikshvakus are called Sriparvatiyas (rulers of Sriparvata) and
Andhrabhrityas (servants of the Andhras). They were feudal lords of the Satavahanas, and bore the
title of Mahatalavara. Although the Puranas cite seven kings ruling Andhra for 100 years, only four
are confirmed in inscriptions.
Vashishthiputra Sri Santamula (Santamula I)
Santamula I founded the Ikshvaku dynasty, performing the Ashvamedha, Agnihotra, Agnistoma and
Vajapeya yagnas to proclaim his imperial status. Rulers of subsequent dynasties commonly performed
the Ashvamedha yagna to declare their independence.
Virapurushadatta
Virapurushadatta was the son and successor of Santamula through his wife, Madhari. He had a sister,
Adavi Santisri, took a queen from the Saka family of Ujjain and gave his daughter in marriage to a
Chutu prince.
Ehuvula Santamula (Santamula II)
Ehuvula Santamula (Santamula II), Virapurushadata's son, ruled after a short Abhira interregnum.
Rudrapurushadatta
Rudrapurushadatta was an Ikshvaku ruler mentioned in inscriptions from Gurajala in Guntur district.
Possibly a son of Ehuvula Santamula, he ruled for over 11 years.
Brihatpalayanas
During the third century CE, the Brihatpalayanas ruled northern Andhra from their capital, Kodur, in
the Krishna district.
Anandagotrikas
The Ananda Gotrikas (335-425) ruled coastal Andhra from their capital, Kapotapuram. Their
affiliations are unknown. A few Anandagotras families have been discovered in the Anantapur district
and Kadiri taluk. It is an old Kadapa district: Hiranya Raajya, in the Puranas. Anandagotras live in
Cedaranya of Kadhiri area hill/mountain places called Batrapalli forest, Gogannapeta, Pandava Raju
hill and Vankapalli. Old andha/kandarapuram have been demolished. Kambamraayudu mountain hill
areas' surname is tatam in patras.
Salankayanas
From about 300 to 440, after the fall of the Ikshvakus, the Salankayanas ruled part of the east coast
from Vengi. Like the Vishnukundinas of Vinukonda who succeeded them, the Salankayanas were
vassals of the Pallavas of the southern Telugu and northern Tamil lands. At this time, Telugu and
Kannada scripts began to separate from those of other Indian dialects.
Pallavas
The Pallava dynasty (Telugu: పల్లవులు; Tamil: பல் லவர்) ruled South India from the fourth to the
eighth centuries from Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu. It was ascendant during the reigns of
Mahendravarman I (590–630) and Narasimhavarman I (630–668) and included the southern Telugu
and the north of the Tamil regions.
The Pallavas were noted for their patronage of Dravidian architecture, examples of which survive in
Mahabalipuram. The Chinese traveller Xuanzang visited Kanchipuram under Pallava rule), and
extolled its benign government.[15] The period was characterized by conflict with the Chalukyas of
Badami in the north and the Tamil states of Chola and Pandyas in the south. During the eighth
century, the Pallavas were succeeded by the Chola dynasty.
Vishnukundinas
The Vishnukundina dynasty ruled in the Deccan and South India

in the fifth and sixth centuries CE. According to Edward B.
Eastwick, the maharaja of Vizianagaram was a descendant of the
maharajas of Udaipur and the Sisodia branch of the Gehlot
tribe.[16] A brother of the maharaja of Udaipur migrated to Oudh.
Early rulers of the dynasty allied with the Vakatakas and the
Rashtrakutas by marriage.
One of the Undavalli Caves, built in
In 529, Madhava Varma (a descendant of the dynasty) and four
the seventh century CE by the
allied clans achieved independence by defeating the Salankayanas
Vishnukundina dynasty.
in coastal Andhra. Their capitals were Amaravati and Bezwada
before they settled on Vizianagaram. Over the centuries the allied
clans were vassals of the Vizianagaram rulers and subsequent dynasties, including the Chalukyas.
Kalidindi in Krishna district was held by the Vishnukundina dynasty, although it was later associated
with the Rajus.
In 1512, the maharaja of Vizianagaram was conquered by the Golkonda dynasty and was made
subahdar of the Northern Circars. The title was conferred by Aurangzeb, who gave the maharaja a
split-tipped sword, still part of the Vishnukundina coat of arms).[17] The rajahs of Vizianagaram
received the title of Gajapati after the 16th-century Battle of Nandapur in the Northern Circars.
In 1845, the British, represented by Lord Northbrook, conferred several honours on Maharaja Vijaya
Rama Gajapati Raju III. On 31 December 1850, Raju III had a son. One of his daughters was married
to Maharaj Kumar Singh, a cousin of, and heir-apparent to, the Maharajah of Rewah.
Kalachuris of Chedi
The Matsyas, Chedis, Pericchedis, Haihayas and Kalachuris may share a common Vedic ancestry and
origin myth, but the link is tenuous. In the Puranas, Matsya (Sanskrit for "fish") was the name of a
tribe (Meenas) and a state under the Vedic civilisation. The Matsya tribe was founded by a fisherman
who became a king. The Mahabharata (V.74.16) describes King Sahaja as a son of Uparichara Vasu, a
Chedi king. Vasu ruled the Chedis and the Matsyas, suggesting the Matsya were once part of the Chedi
kingdom. The Puranas mention six Matsya kingdoms, and the Pandya Kingdom in the south has a
fish on its banner. Signs of the Matsya were later found in the Visakhapatnam region.
Chedi
The Chedi kingdom, in central and western India, was first ruled by Paurava kings and later by Yadav
kings. It corresponds roughly to the present-day Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh.
Haihaya
The Haihaya kingdom (haya means "horse") was one of a number of kingdoms ruled by
Chandravamsha Kshatriya kings in central and western India. The Vishnu Purana links its outlying
tribes to the Yadu tribe. According to the Puranas, the Haihaya were divided into the Talajanghas,
Vitihotras, Avantis, Tundikeras and Jatas. Haihaya rulers included the legendary Kartavirya Arjuna, a
powerful king who defeated Ravana. Although he had a thousand arms, he was felled and his arms
severed by Parasurama. The Haihaya capital was Mahishmati, on the banks of the Narmada River in
Madhya Pradesh.
Kalachuri
Kalachuri is the name used by two kingdoms who claim a common ancestry and ruled in a succession
of dynasties from the 10th to the 12th centuries. The first kingdom controlled western Madhya
Pradesh and Rajasthan in central India. The second, the southern Kalachuri, ruled part of Karnataka.
Kalachuri kings, related by marriage to the Chalukyas and Rashtrakutas, and ruled from Tripuri,
Gorakhpur, Ratnapur and Rajpur.
The name Kalachuri may derive from kali (long moustache) and churi (sharp knife). The Kalachuri
were also known as Katachuris.
In the Telugu epic The Battle of Palnadu, the Kalachuri are referred to as the Haihaya family of the
Kona region (Amalapuram), the Razole Taluqs of the present-day East Godavari district, and the
Haihaya family of Palanadu. They were vassals of the Chalukyas.
The Pericchedis are also mentioned as vassals of the Chalukyas. According to V. Rama Chandra Rao,
they were connected to the ancient Chedi. The Pericchedis had two branches, with Kollipaka and
Bezawada their capitals. Rao also mentions that the Vatsavai dynasty of Peddapuram may be related
to the Matsya dynasty, since there is evidence of a branch in the Visakhapatnam area.[18]
An 1174 record suggests the Kalachuri dynasty was thought to be founded by Soma, who grew a beard
and moustache to save himself from Parashurama's wrath. Their emblem was suvarna vrishabha, a
golden bull. The Kalachuri honoured Krantivirya Sahasrarjun, who killed Rishi Jamdagni (Bhagwan
Parshurama's father). Historians such as P. B. Desai emphasize the Kalachuris' central-Indian origin.
At their zenith, the Kalachuris ruled parts of Gujarat, Malwa, Konkan and Maharashtra. Their rule
was ended by the Badami Chalukyas under Badami Chalukya Magalesa. Lieutenant colonel James
Tod recorded a tribe of Haihayas "near the very top of the valley of Sohagpur in Bagelkhand, aware of
their ancient lineage, and though few in number, still celebrated for their valour".[19]
Eastern Chalukyas
Between 624 and 1323, the Telugu language emerged as a literary medium alongside Prakrit and
Sanskrit. From around 848 (during the time of Gunaga Vijayaditya) to the 11th century, the language
progressed from stanzas to full literary works. At this time, it was written in old Telugu script; Al-
Beruni referred to the script as "Andhri" in his 1000 Kitab Al-Hind. During the 11th century, the
Mahabharata was partially translated by court poet Nannaya under the patronage of the Eastern
Chalukya ruler Rajaraja Narendra. Modern Telugu script evolved from the old Telugu script from the
11th to the 19th centuries.
The Eastern Chalukyas were a branch of the Chalukyas of Badami. Pulakesin II conquered Vengi
(near Eluru) in 624 and installed his brother, Kubja Vishnuvardhana (624-641), as its ruler. The
Vishnuvardhana dynasty, known as the Eastern Chalukyas, ruled for nearly four centuries.
Vishnuvardhana's domain extended from Srikakulam in the north to Nellore in the south.
Control of the Vengi region shifted from Gunaga Vijayaditya to Rashtrakuta rule, to the Kalyani
Chalukya (10th and 11th centuries), and then to the Cholas. In 1118, Kulottunga Chola was defeated by
Vikramaditya VI of the Kalyani Chalukya dynasty. The Cholas at Talakad were defeated by the
Hoysala ruler, Vishnuvardhana, and Vengi was again ruled by the Chalukyas.
The Kalyani Chalukya fell with the death of Vikramaditya VI. By the end of the 12th century, the
Eastern Chalukya empire was divided into three kingdoms: the Hoysala Empire, the Kakatiya
Kingdom and the Yadavas.
Chola Empire
The Chola dynasty, also called Chodas, ruled in Andhra from 500 AD to 1100. Its territory extended
from the Maldives in the south to the Godavari River in Andhra Pradesh. The decline of Chalukya
dynasty led to the emergence of the Kakatiya dynasty. The Kakatiyas also claimed descent from the
Cholas,[20] although some suggest that the word may have been used as a description rather than a
statement of varna.[21] The Renati Chola dynasty ruled Rayalaseema from the fifth to the eleventh
centuries from Cuddapa, Jammalamadugu. The Telugu inscription of Telugu Chola ruler Erikal
Mutturaju Dhananjaya Varma, known as Erragudipadu Sasanam, was engraved in the 575 century
A.D. in the present Kadapa district. It is the earliest record in Telugu.[22] According to K. A. Nilakanta
Sastri and M. Venkataramayya's citations about Telugu inscriptions, this is the earliest known Telugu
inscription available till now. Erikal is the location name. The Muthuraja kings left various Telugu
inscriptions in the Rayalaseema area, such as Punyakumara Mutturaja, Kapi Bola Mutturaja, Gandara
Mutturaja, and Vaidumba Mutturaja. The Chodas made marriage alliances with the Vijayanagara
Kingdom. Many Polegars also had Choda titles.
Late Medieval and Early Modern period (12th - 18th

centuries CE)
Kakatiya dynasty
The Kakatiya dynasty rose to Timeline

power during the 12th and 13th
12th - 18th centuries CE
centuries. Initially vassals of
the Western Chalukyas of The Delhi Sultanate besieges and annexes Warangal, resulting in the end of
Kalyani, they held a small 1323
territory near Warangal. Prola the Kakatiya dynasty.
II of the Kakatiyas (1110–1158)
extended his territory 1326 Musunuri Nayaks reclaim Telugu lands from the Delhi Sulatante.
southwards and declared his The Bahmani Sultanate disintegrates, and the Golconda Sultanate is established
independence, with 1518
Hanumakonda as the capital. by Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk.
His successor, Prataparudra I
(1158–1195), increased the 1687 Mughal Invasion and end of the Golconda Sultanate
holdings eastward to the 1724 The region is conquered by Nizam-ul-Mulk.
Godavari delta. Prataparudra
built Warangal as a second
capital, and countered invasions by the Seuna Yadavas of Devagiri.
The next ruler, Mahadeva, extended the Kakatiyas kingdom to the coast before he was succeeded by
Ganapati Deva in 1199. Ganapati Deva was the first ruler since the Satavahana dynasty to unite the
Telugu lands. In 1210, Ganapati Deva defeated the Velanati Chodas and extended his empire north to
Anakapalle.
Rani Rudrama Devi (died 1289 or 1295), who defended the Kakatiya kingdom against the Cholas and
the Seuna Yadavas, is one of the few queens in Indian history. She was succeeded by her grandson,
Prataparudra. Although his reign was characterized by battles against internal and external foes,
Prataparudra expanded his kingdom west to Raichur and south to Ongole and the Nallamala Hills, all
the way to Kanchipuram. He introduced a number of administrative reforms, some of which were
adopted in the Vijayanagar empire. Muslim attacks began in 1310, and in 1323 the Kakatiya dynasty
fell to the Delhi Sultanate.
Musunuri Nayaks
The Musunuri Nayaks reclaimed the Telugu lands from the Delhi Sultanate and ruled them for fifty
years. Hakka (Harihara) and Bukka, treasury officers at the court of Prataparudra, were inspired by
the Musunuri Nayaks to organise Hindu opposition to Muslim invaders.[23]
Prataparudra was captured by the Muslims.[24] Two Telugus, Annaya

Mantri and Kolani Rudradeva, united the Nayaks against the invaders.
Musunuri Prolaya Nayaka of the Musunuri Nayaks was chosen as their
leader.[25][26] By 1326, Prolaneedu had liberated Warangal.[27] Inspired
by the victories of Prolaneedu and his cousin, Kaapaneedu, other states
(including Kampili, Hoysala, Dwarasamudram and Araveedu) asserted
their independence.[28]
Ulugh Khan captured Harihara and Bukka at Warangal. Converted to

Islam, they were sent by the sultan to suppress the Hoysala ruler's
rebellion. Instead, the brothers established the Vijayanagara Empire. The
Sultan led a large army south, but was halted by an epidemic and Nayak
resistance. Kaapaneedu, with the assistance of the Hoysala, liberated Kaapaneedu
Andhra Pradesh.[29]
In 1345 Muslim nobles rebelled against Muhammad bin Tughluq in Devagiri, resulting in the
foundation of the Bahmani Sultanate by Hasan Gangu. He assumed the name Alauddin Bahman
Shah, and moved his capital to Gulbarga in 1347. With raids and coercion, Singama of the Recherla
Nayaks destabilised Alauddin's rule. Kapaya Nayaka forged a treaty with Alauddin and surrendered
Kaulas Fort.[30] In 1351, Muhammad bin Tughluq died. Eight years later, Alauddin died and was
succeeded by Mohammed Shah. Kapaya Nayaka then sent his son, Vinayaka Deva, to liberate Kaulas
Fort and Bhuvanagiri from the Bahmanis; Vijayanagar emperor Bukka Raya assisted Deva in the
campaign. Deva initially succeeded, but was eventually defeated, captured and killed.[30]
Kapaya Nayaka persisted, capturing Golconda and Warangal. In 1365, Golconda was chosen as the
border between the Bahmani and Warangal kingdoms. Kapaya Nayaka was forced to pay reparations,
including a turquoise throne, to Mohammed Shah.[30] In 1370 Anapota Nayaka of the Recherla
Nayaks marched against Warangal as part of a Bahmani invasion, and Kapaya Nayaka died in the
ensuing battle at Bhimavaram. With Kapaya Nayaka gone, the Bahmanis soon subjugated their allies
and ruled Andhra.[31]
Reddy Kingdom
Prolaya Vema Reddy established the Reddy kingdom. The Reddys

ruled from present-day Srikakulam in the north to Kanchi in the
south, most of the present-day Andhra and Rayalaseema
regions.[32][33][34][35]
The Reddy Kingdom (1326–1448) ruled portions of coastal

Andhra Pradesh for over a century.[32][36][37][35][38][39][40][41]
Prolaya Vema Reddy, was the first king of the Reddy dynasty.[42] Kondapalli Fort, constructed in 1325
The capital of the kingdom was Addanki. It was moved to CE by the Reddi Kingdom.
Kondavidu and then later to Rajahmundry.[43] His reign was
characterised by the restoration of peace, patronage of the arts
and literature and broad development.[44] Errana, the translator of the Mahabharata, lived during
this period.
Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire was founded by Harihara (Hakka) and

Bukka, who were treasury officers in the administration of the
Kakatiya dynasty or commanders of Hoysala's forces. When
Warangal fell in 1323 the brothers were captured, taken to Delhi
and converted to Islam. The Delhi Sultanate sent them to the
Deccan as governors of Kampili in the hope that they could deal
with the local revolt and invasions by neighboring Hindu kings.
Their first campaign was against neighboring Hoysala emperor
Sculpture of Ganesha at the Veera Ballala III of Dwarasamudra. The brothers later reconverted
Veerabhadra Temple at Lepakshi, to Hinduism under the influence of the sage Vidyaranya, and
built during the reign of the proclaimed independence from the Delhi Sultanate. Some,
Vijayanagara Empire. however, claim that the founders of the empire were Kannadigas
stationed in the Tungabhadra region under Veera Ballala III to
fight off Muslim invaders.
Harihara I (r. 1336–1356) established his new capital, Vijayanagar, in an easily defended position
south of the Tungabhadra River. The empire reached its zenith under Krishnadevaraya in the early
16th century, and Telugu literature developed at this time. Vijayanagar monuments were built across
South India, and in Lepakshi, Tirupati and Sri Kalahasti in Andhra Pradesh. The largest and best-
known collection of such monuments is at Hampi in present-day Karnataka.
Bahmani and Golconda Sultanates
In 1323, Delhi sultan Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army

under his son Ulugh Khan (Muhammad bin Tughlaq) to conquer
the Telugu country and lay siege to Warangal, which was soon
annexed and governed as "Tiling", a provinces of the Deccan.
Their rule in Andhra lasted until the 1330s, when 72 nayaka
chieftains from Andhra and Telangana rebelled and drove
governor Malik Maqbul Tilangani out of Warangal. In 1347, after a
revolt against the Delhi Sultanate, an independent Muslim state,
the Bahmani Sultanate, was established in South India by Ala-ud- The mosque at Gandikota Fort was
Din Bahman Shah whose successors gradually occupied the built by the Golconda Sultanate.
Andhra regions by 1471. By the end of the 15th century, the
sultanate was plagued with factional strife. Five Shahi sultanates
were founded, and the Qutb Shahi dynasty played a major role in the history of the Telugu country.
The founder of the dynasty was Quli Qutb Mulk, a Shia Turkmen from Hamadan in Persia. He first
migrated to Delhi and then to the Deccan to serve under the Bahmani Sultanate, where he earned the
title Qutb-ul-Mulk. Later, when the Bahamani Sultanate declined and was divided into five Deccan
sultanates, he gained control over the south-eastern region and founded a sovereign kingdom. He
adopted the title of Qutb Shah and his dynasty became known as the Qutb Shahi dynasty.
Qutb Shah occupied the region of Vengi between the Krishna River and the Godavari River after the
death of Prataparudra Deva, the Gajapati monarch who ruled the region. However, the advance of
Quli Qutb Shah was stopped at the banks of the Godavari by the regional Gajapati Empire feudatory
Vishwanath Dev Gajapati and a treaty was signed marking the river as the boundary between the two
kingdoms. The treaty was engraved on a copper plate, now in the Nizam Museum.[45] However with
the decline of the Gajapatis, Ibrahim Quli Qutb Shah later rescinded the terms of the treaty and
invaded Kalinga in 1571 after the death of Vishwanath Dev, and defeated his son the new king,
Maharaja Balaram Dev, enforcing a tributary status upon the Nandapur Kingdom. The military
conquests of Qutb Shahi Sultans led to the annexation of regions of southern Kalinga into their
kingdom and the Sultanate prospered.[46] The rule of the Jeypore Kings over coastal Andhra came to
an end when their feudatories of the region claimed independence in the rebellion of Balaram Dev III
against his brother the king, Maharaja Ram Chandra Dev I, in 1711.[46] Some of those notable
feudatories of Jeypore were - Kurupam, Chemudu, Madugula, Pachipenta, Araku, etc. However,
coastal Andhra later became a part of the Nizamate of Hyderabad until the arrival of the British.
Mughal conquest
In 1687, Aurangazeb invaded and annexed Golconda and appointed a Nizam (governor). The Mughal
Nizams controlled Andhra for about 35 years. In 1707 Aurangazeb died, and the Mughal regime
weakened and lost control of the provinces. This enabled the British East India Company and the
French Compagnie des Indes Orientales to consolidate power in India.
Colonial era (1753-1947 CE)

In a 1753 decree, Deccan subedar Asif ad-Dawlah Mir Ali Salabat
Jang ceded Chicacole, Ellore and Rajahmundry to the Marquis de
Bussy-Castelnau. An annual stipend of 200,000 rupees was paid
to maintain French troops in the subah; revenue in the Northern
Circars amounted to one million rupees a year.Bussy had helped
Salabat Jang become subedar of the Deccan. The agreement
between the French and Salabat Jang in Aurangabad bears the
signature of Said Loukshur, Salabat Jang's minister. Yanam was
an important town during the French occupation of the Northern
Circars.
In 1758, the French and English fought at Chandurthi in present-

day Gollaprolu mandal of East Godavari district. The French were
defeated by the British and Salabat Jang made a treaty with the
Maximum extent of French influence
British, giving them the Northern Circars in a firman.
(1741–1754)
The Nizam later rebelled against the English. The war ended with
a second treaty; the Northern Circars remained under the control
of British India, and after 1760 the French lost their hold there
and throughout South India. In 1765, Robert Clive and the chief and council at Vizagapatam obtained
from Mughal emperor Shah Alam a grant for the Northern Circars. During the rule of Hyder Ali and
Tipu Sultan, the Kingdom of Mysore pursued an expansionist policy against the Marathas, the Nizam
and the English and made incursions into the Rayalaseema region.
The western part of Vishakapatnam district consisted of the Jeypore Estate ruled by king Vikram Dev
I (1758-1781). In 1777, the British invaded Jeypore with the help of Vizianagaram and defeated
Vikram Dev, turning his kingdom into a zamindari.[46][47][48] The region later was reorganized on
linguistic lines.
Madras Presidency
The Northern Circars became part of the British Madras

Presidency. The Nizam later ceded five territories (Datta
Mandalālu) to the British, which became Rayalaseema. The
Nizams retained control of the interior provinces as a princely
state, acknowledging British rule in return for local autonomy.
The provinces were governed in a feudal manner, with zamindars
in areas such as Kulla and elsewhere in the Godavari acting as
lords under the Nizam. The zamindari system was dismantled
after independence.
Telugu districts
Vizagapatam (later Srikakulam, Vizianagaram and
Visakhapatnam districts)
Godavari (later East Godavari district) Madras Presidency in 1859; North
Machilipatnam (later Guntur, Krishna and West Godavari Canara (Uttara Kannada) was
Districts) transferred to the Bombay
Kurnool Presidency in 1862.
Nellore
Cuddapah
Anantapur
Zamindaris
Vizianagaram estate
Vizagapatam
Bobbili Estate
Nuzvid Estate
Pemmasani clan
Ravella clan
Yarlagadda rajas
Balusu clan
Mullapudi clan
Adusumilli clan
Marni clan
Indriyal Clan of Rajamahendravaram
Padmanayaka Zamindari
Vavilavalasa Inuganty kings
Siripuram Inuganty kings
Palakonda
Kirlampudi
Kasimkota
Annavaram
Nuzividu
Mylavaram
Gurazala
Shri Kalahasti
Polavaram
Venkatagiri
Pithapuram
Madugula Samasthanam
Vishakapatanam
Bhimavaram
Pachipenta
Salur
Post-Independence (1947 CE - present)
Timeline
1947 CE - present
1947 India becomes independent
1953 Andhra State is created by separating Telugu-speaking regions of the Madras State.
According to the States Reorganization Act, the Telugu-speaking regions of Hyderabad State and the Andhra State were
1956
merged to create Andhra Pradesh (United).
2014 Andhra Pradesh (United) is bifurcated into Telangana and Andhra Pradesh.
In 1947, India gained independence from the United Kingdom. Although the Muslim Nizam of
Hyderabad resisted, he was forced to cede his state to India in 1948 to form Hyderabad State. When
India became independent, Telugu-speaking people (Urdu is spoken in some parts of Hyderabad and
a few other districts of Hyderabad State) were distributed in 22 districts: nine in Hyderabad State, 12
in the Madras Presidency and one in French-controlled Yanam. In 1953 Andhra State was created
from part of the Madras Presidency, the first state in India formed on a linguistic basis. In 1956,
Andhra State was merged with the Telugu-speaking area of Hyderabad State to form the state of
Andhra Pradesh.
Madras Manade movement
Madras possessed Tamil and Telugu cultures. In the early 1920s, Madras Presidency Chief Minister
Panagal Raja said that the Cooum River should be the boundary between the Andhra and Tamil
regions. In 1953 Telugu speakers in the former Madras Presidency sought to make Madras the capital
of Andhra Pradesh, adopting the slogan Madras manade ("Madras is ours"). However the city of
Madras had 65 percentage of Tamil speakers as opposed to 27 percent Telugu speakers that time and
Madras stayed with the Tamil state.
Creation of Andhra State
Activist Potti Sriramulu advocated inclusion of the Telugu-speaking areas of Rayalaseema and Coastal
Andhra in an Andhra state. He conducted a hunger strike until Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru
promised to form an Andhra state. On 19 October 1952, when Nehru's promise had not been fulfilled,
Sriramulu began fasting again at Maharshi Bulusu Sambamurthy's Madras home. The Andhra
Congress committee disapproved of Sriramulu's hunger strike, but his action became widely known.
He died shortly after midnight on 15 December 1952 at 126 Royapettah High Road, Mylapore,
Madras, and the house has been preserved.
During Sriramulu's funeral procession, mourners praised his sacrifice. When the procession reached
Mount Road, thousands of people joined it and raised banners hailing Sriramulu. Later, they began
destroying public property. The news spread quickly, and seven people were killed by police gunfire in
Anakapalle and Vijayawada. The unrest continued for several days.
On 19 December 1952, Prime Minister Nehru announced the formation of a separate state for the
Telugu-speaking people of the Madras Presidency. On 1 October 1953, eleven districts in the Telugu-
speaking portion of Madras State (Coastal Andhra and Rayalaseema) voted to become Andhra State,
with Kurnool as their capital. Andhra Kesari Tanguturi Prakasam Pantulu became chief minister of
the new Telugu state.
Merger of Hyderabad and Andhra States
In December 1953, the States Reorganisation Commission

convened to create states on linguistic lines.[49] Due to public
demand, the commission recommended abolishing Hyderabad
State and merging its Marathi-speaking region into Bombay State
and its Kannada-speaking region into Mysore State.
The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) discussed a merger

of the Telugu-speaking Telangana region of Hyderabad State and
Andhra State. According to Paragraph 374 of the report, "The
creation of Vishalandhra is an ideal to which numerous
individuals and public bodies, both in Andhra and Telangana,
have been passionately attached over a long period of time, and
unless there are strong reasons to the contrary, this sentiment is
entitled to consideration". About Telangana, paragraph 378 reads: Map of India, with the Telangana
"One of the principal causes of opposition of Vishalandhra also region highlighted in red
seems to be the apprehension felt by the educationally backward
people of Telangana that they may be swamped and exploited by
the more advanced people of the coastal areas". In its analysis, the SRC opposed an immediate
merger. Paragraph 386 reads, "After taking all these factors into consideration we have come to the
conclusion that it will be in the interests of Andhra as well as Telangana, if for the present, the
Telangana area is to constitute into a separate State, which may be known as the Hyderabad State
with provision for its unification with Andhra after the general elections likely to be held in or about
1961 if by a two thirds majority the legislature of the residuary Hyderabad State expresses itself in
favor of such unification". The central government, led by Nehru, merged Andhra State and
Telangana to form Andhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956 after ensuring safeguards to Telangana in the
form of a gentleman's agreement.
Telangana movement
1972 and 2009. On 9 December 2009, the Government of India announced the formation of a
Telangana state. Protests in the Coastal Andhra and Rayalseema regions took place immediately after
the announcement, and on 23 December 2009 the decision was indefinitely deferred. The Telangana
movement for statehood continued, with suicides, strikes and protests.[50][51]
Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh
On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously

approved a resolution recommending the formation of a
Telangana state. In February 2014, a bill was placed before
ParliamentN.Chandrababu Naidu became the chief minister for
Andhra Pradesh .[52] The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act,
2014 was passed, allowing the formation of a Telangana state of
ten districts from north-western Andhra Pradesh.[53] The bill
received the assent of the president, and was published in The
Gazette of India on 1 March.[54] The state of Telangana was
officially formed on 2 June 2014.
Telangana (in white) and Andhra
Capitals of Andhra Pradesh Pradesh (in yellow) after bifurcation
Amaravati is the legislative capital and the de facto seat of

government of Andhra Pradesh. The city is located on the banks of the Krishna River in Guntur
District. Built on the southern banks of the Krishna River in the Guntur district, it was selected
because it was close to the geographical center of the state.
Amaravati was founded by former Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu in 2014 as
the Greenfield administrative capital city of the Andhra Pradesh state, and its foundation stone was
laid at Uddandarayunipalem by the Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi on 22 October 2015.
The office of the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh has operated from Velagapudi since April 2016.
The Andhra Pradesh Legislature remained in Hyderabad until March 2017, when it relocated to newly
constructed interim legislative buildings in Velagapudi.
Amaravati, formerly known as Dhānyakatakam, is important in the cultural heritage and history of
Andhra Pradesh. Its history dates back to second century BCE, when it was the capital of the
Satavahana Dynasty of the Andhras, one of the earliest Indian empires and the ancestral dynasty of
Andhra Pradesh. The Satavahanas inaugurated the Telugu New Year festival Ugadi.
The city once a holy site of Mahayana Buddhism and had a large stupa known as Amaravati Stupa
which later fell into ruins. It was the center of Buddhist learning and art, visited by many buddhist
followers. Buddhist inscriptions, sculptures and Gautam Buddha Statue remain. Buddhist relics from
the region were destroyed or exported to Chennai Museum and the British Museum during the British
Raj and can be seen there today. The Amaravati Marbles depict many Buddhist art, inscriptions and
buddhist stupas. Along with Nagarjuna Konda is viewed as one of the richest holy sites of Buddhism
in all of India.
The capital recorded its first-ever legislation 2,200 years ago. The capital region includes ancient
Amaravati. The area was ruled by the Mauryas, Satavahanas, Andhra Ikshvakus, Vishnukundina,
Pallavas, Cholas, Kakatiyas, Delhi Sultanate, Reddys, Musunuri Nayaks, Bahmani Sultanate,
Vijayanagara Empire, Sultanate of Golconda and Mughal Empire successively before the founding of
the Nizam of Hyderabad in 1724. It was ceded to the Kingdom of France in 1750 but was captured by
the British in 1759. Guntur returned to the Nizamate in 1768 but was ceded to Britain again in 1788. It
was briefly occupied by Hyder Ali, then ruled by Vasireddy Venkatadri Nayudu. It was part of the
Madras Presidency during the British colonial period.
Under the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, Hyderabad became the capital of the newly-
formed state of Telangana, post-bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh. However, Hyderabad would remain
as the joint capital of both states for a period not exceeding ten years. Hence, Amaravati is being built
to serve as the capital of Andhra Pradesh.
The foundation for the city was laid at Uddandarayunipalem on 22 October 2015. The Prime Minister
of India, Narendra Modi; the Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, N. Chandrababu Naidu; the Vice
President of India and the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha Muppavarapu Venkaiah Naidu; then
Governor E. S. L. Narasimhan; the Japanese minister for economy trade and industry, Yosuke Takagi;
and the Singaporean Minister for Trade and Industry, S. Iswaran, laid the foundation for the city.
Dynasties
Chola Dynasty Vengi
Satavahana Pandyan dynasty
Shakas Rashtrakuta dynasty
Andhra Ikshvaku Kakatiya dynasty
Brihatpalayana Musunuri Nayaks
Ananda Gotrika Reddy dynasty
Vishnukundina Paricheda
Kalachuris of Chedi Qutb Shahi
Salankayana Gupta dynasty
Pallavas
See also
History of Visakhapatnam
History of India
References
1. Dance Dialects of India (https://books.google.com/books?id=KRz5ykKRVAEC&pg=PA66). Ragini
Devi. Motilal Bansarsi Dass. 1990. ISBN 81-208-0674-3. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
2. "History of Andhra Pradesh" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120716182646/http://www.aponline.g
ov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html). AP Online. Government of Andhra Pradesh. Archived
from the original (http://www.aponline.gov.in/quick%20links/hist-cult/history.html) on 16 July 2012.
Retrieved 22 July 2012.
3. Ancient and medieval history of Andhra Pradesh (https://archive.org/details/ancientmedievalh0000
ragh). P. Raghunadha Rao. Sterling Publishers, 1993. 1993. p. iv. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
4. Bimala Churn Law. Ancient Indian Tribes (http://archive.org/details/ancientindiantri032697mbp).
Osmania University, Digital Library Of India. Motilal Banarsidas.
5. later Muhammad bin Tughluq, the Delhi sultan
6. Menon, Amamath K. (1 June 2014). "Telangana is born, KCR to take oath as its first CM" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20141111151025/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/telangana-braces-to-celebr
ate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr/1/364724.html). India Today. Archived from the original (http://indi
atoday.intoday.in/story/telangana-braces-to-celebrate-its-birthday-celebrations-kcr/1/364724.html)
on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
7. Sarma, I. Karthikeya (1967). "Patapadu revisited: A new painted pottery culture of South-East
India" (https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.51105/page/n85/mode/2up). Purātattva. 1–4: 68–84.
8. Commissioner & Director of Municipal Administration (2021). "District Profile" (https://cdma.ap.go
v.in/te/district-profile). Government of Andhra Pradesh.
9. The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems by Florian Coulmas, p. 228; Salomon (1998), p.
40.
10. Megasthenes and Arrian, McKindle J. W. (ed. and trans.) Ancient India Thacker and Spink,
Calcutta and Bombay, 1877, p. 30-174.
11. Buhler and Rapson
12. Durga Prasad. "Chapter 3". History of the Andhras (http://www.katragadda.com/articles/HistoryOf
TheAndhras.pdf) (PDF). P. G. Publishers. Retrieved 9 June 2014.
13. Ancient India, A History Textbook for Class XI, Ram Sharan Sharma, National Council of
Educational Research and Training, India, pp. 212
14. Rao 1994, p. 24.
15. Sadasivan 2011, p. 87.
16. Gade 2016, pp. 37, 38.
17. Rao 1994, pp. 140, 141.
18. Ninan 2008, p. 265.
19. Sharma 1980, pp. 21, 22.
20. Talbot 2001, p. 51.
21. Sastry 1978, pp. 27–29.
22. R. Parthasarathy. Andhra Culture: A Petal in Indian Lotus. Government of Andhra Pradesh, 1984.
p. 40.
23. Rao 1994, p. 97.
24. Somasekhara S. M. A Forgotten Chapter of Andhra History Andhra University, Waltair, 1945.
25. Prasad D. History of the Andhras up to 1565 A. D. 1988, p. 168.
26. Talbot C. Pre-colonial India in Practice Oxford University Press, 2001, pp.177-182, ISBN 0-19-
513661-6.
27. Rao C. V. R. Administration and Society in Medieval Andhra (AD. 1038–1538) Manasa
Publications,1976, p.36.
28. Rao 1994, p. 89.
29. Rao 1994, p. 96.
30. Rao 1994, p. 90.
31. Rao 1994, p. 91.
32. Eṃ Kulaśēkhararāvu (1988). A history of Telugu literature (https://books.google.com/books?id=Gp
AOAAAAYAAJ). For copies, M. Indira Devi. p. 96. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
33. Government Of Madras Staff; Government of Madras (1 January 2004). Gazetteer of the Nellore
District: brought upto 1938 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2qx-smrZLyUC). Asian
Educational Services. p. 51. ISBN 978-81-206-1851-0. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
34. Gordon Mackenzie (1990). A manual of the Kistna district in the presidency of Madras (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=430nAMZz8LwC&pg=PA10). Asian Educational Services. pp. 9–.
ISBN 978-81-206-0544-2. Retrieved 7 July 2011.
35. K. V. Narayana Rao (1973). The emergence of Andhra Pradesh (https://books.google.com/books?
id=II0BAAAAMAAJ). Popular Prakashan. p. 4. ISBN 9780882534725. Retrieved 9 July 2011.
36. Government Of Madras Staff; Government of Madras (1 January 2004). Gazetteer of the Nellore
District: brought upto 1938 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2qx-smrZLyUC). Asian
Educational Services. p. 52. ISBN 978-81-206-1851-0. Retrieved 1 July 2011.
37. Gordon Mackenzie (1990). A manual of the Kistna district in the presidency of Madras (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=430nAMZz8LwC&pg=PA10). Asian Educational Services. pp. 10–.
38. Pran Nath Chopra (1982). Religions and communities of India (https://books.google.com/books?id
=ggtuAAAAMAAJ). Vision Books. p. 136. ISBN 9780391027480. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
39. M. D. Muthukumaraswamy; Molly Kaushal; Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts (2004).
Folklore, public sphere, and civil society (https://books.google.com/books?id=Xsrgg1Mel8UC&pg=
PA198). NFSC www.indianfolklore.org. pp. 198–. ISBN 978-81-901481-4-6. Retrieved 5 July
2011.
40. Mallampalli Somasekhara Sarma; Mallampalli Sōmaśēkharaśarma (1948). History of the Reddi
kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to circa 1448 A.D.) (https://books.google.com/books?id=diYLAQAAIA
AJ). Andhra University. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
41. Andhrula Sanghika Charitra, Suravaram Pratapa Reddy, (in Telugu)
42. "A Sketch of the Dynasties of Southern India" (https://books.google.com/books?id=d7UIAAAAQA
AJ&pg=PA47). E. Keys. 24 July 1883 – via Google Books.
43. Sheldon I. Pollock (2003). Literary cultures in history: reconstructions from South Asia (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=ak9csfpY2WoC&pg=PA385). University of California Press. pp. 385–.
44. Rao 1994, p. 83.
45. Ferishta, Mahomed Kasim (28 March 2013). History of the Rise of the Mahomedan Power in
India, Till the Year AD 1612 (https://books.google.com/books?id=PTjhqWHCRIwC). Cambridge
University Press. p. 362. ISBN 978-1-108-05556-7.
46. Senapati, N; Sahu, NK (1966). "Orissa district gazetteers : Koraput" (https://indianculture.gov.in/ga
zettes/orissa-district-gazetteers-koraput). INDIAN CULTURE. pp. 69, 70. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
47. Nanda, Chandi Prasad (1997), "MOBILISATION, RESISTANCE AND POPULAR INITIATIVES:
Locating The Tribal Perception Of Swaraj In The Jeypore Estate Of Orissa (1937-38)" (https://ww
w.jstor.org/stable/44143959), Indian History Congress, 58: 543–554, JSTOR 44143959 (https://w
ww.jstor.org/stable/44143959), "Jeypore Estate Of Orissa"
48. Pati, Biswamoy (1980), "Storm over Malkangiri : A Preliminary Note on Laxman Naiko's
Revolt(1942)" (https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141897), Indian History Congress, 41: 706–721,
JSTOR 44141897 (https://www.jstor.org/stable/44141897), "Jeypore Estate"
49. "SRC submits report" (https://web.archive.org/web/20060301045415/http://www.hindu.com/2005/1
0/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm). The Hindu. Chennai, India. 1 October 2005. Archived from
the original (http://www.hindu.com/2005/10/01/stories/2005100100040900.htm) on 1 March 2006.
Retrieved 9 October 2011.
50. "Pro-Telangana AP govt employees threaten agitation" (http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.co
m/2012-02-10/news/31046433_1_pro-telangana-telangana-employees-separate-statehood-dema
nd). The Economic Times. 10 February 2012. Retrieved 18 February 2012.
51. Telangana Students Suicides Increase in Hyderabad
http://www.politicsdaily.com/2010/02/25/telangana-protests-student-suicides-increase-in-
hyderabad-durin/
52. "Telangana bill passed in Lok Sabha; Congress, BJP come together in favour of new state" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/20140218081502/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telanganath
etroubledstate/parliament-adjourned-till-noon-over-telangana-issue/article1-1185194.aspx).
Hindustan Times. Archived from the original (http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/telangan
athetroubledstate/parliament-adjourned-till-noon-over-telangana-issue/article1-1185194.aspx) on
18 February 2014. Retrieved 18 February 2014.
53. "Telangana bill passed by upper house" (http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/telangana-bill-in-rajya-
sabha/liveblog/30712218.cms). The Times of India. Retrieved 20 February 2014.
54. "The Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act, 2014" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/htt

p://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/mha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf) (PDF). Ministry of law and
justice, government of India. Archived from the original (http://www.mha.nic.in/sites/upload_files/m
ha/files/APRegACT2014_0.pdf) (PDF) on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2014.
Bibliography
Gade, Jayaprakash Narayana (2016), Water Resources and Tourism Promotion in Telangana
State, Zenon Academic Publishing, ISBN 978-9385886041
Ninan, M. M. (2008), Madathil Mammen Ninan, Madathil Mammen Ninan, ISBN 978-1438228204
Rao, P. Raghunatha (1994), History And Culture Of Andhra Pradesh: From The Earliest Times To
The Present Day, Sterling Publishers, ISBN 81-207-1719-8
Sadasivan, Balaji (2011), The Dancing Girl: A History of Early India, Institute of Southeast Asian
Studies, ISBN 9789814311670
Sastry, P. V. Parabhrama (1978). N. Ramesan (ed.). The Kākatiyas of Warangal. Hyderabad:
Government of Andhra Pradesh. OCLC 252341228.
Sharma, R. K. (1980), The Kalachuris and their times (https://books.google.com/books?id=iK0BA
AAAMAAJ&q=Kalachuri), Sundeep Prakashan
Talbot, Austin Cynthia (2001), Pre-colonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in
Medieval Andhra, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19803-123-9
External links
Planning Commission Study of Andhra Pradesh's Development and Regional in balances (https://
web.archive.org/web/20181005024510/http://planningcommission.nic.in/reports/sereport/ser/std_
pattrnAP.pdf)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Andhra_Pradesh&oldid=1156792387"

History of Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

History of Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

6/9/23, 6:36 PM History of Andhra Pradesh - Wikipedia

Great Stupa of Amaravati

Sculpture depicting the Amaravati Marbles, a

The surviving foundation of the stupa.

Proto-Historic and Historic periods

Middle Kingdoms (3rd century BCE - 12th century CE)

As part of the Mauryan Empire during the fourth century BCE,

Uninterrupted political and cultural accounts of Andhra Pradesh

The Andhra Ikshvakus (Sanskrit: इक्श्वाकू ) established a kingdom

Vashishthiputra Sri Santamula (Santamula I)

Ehuvula Santamula (Santamula II)

The Vishnukundina dynasty ruled in the Deccan and South India

Late Medieval and Early Modern period (12th - 18th

The Kakatiya dynasty rose to Timeline

Prataparudra was captured by the Muslims.[24] Two Telugus, Annaya

Ulugh Khan captured Harihara and Bukka at Warangal. Converted to

Prolaya Vema Reddy established the Reddy kingdom. The Reddys

The Reddy Kingdom (1326–1448) ruled portions of coastal

The Vijayanagara Empire was founded by Harihara (Hakka) and

Bahmani and Golconda Sultanates

In 1323, Delhi sultan Ghiaz-ud-din Tughlaq sent a large army

Colonial era (1753-1947 CE)

In 1758, the French and English fought at Chandurthi in present-

The Northern Circars became part of the British Madras

Post-Independence (1947 CE - present)

Madras Manade movement

Creation of Andhra State

Merger of Hyderabad and Andhra States

In December 1953, the States Reorganisation Commission

The States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) discussed a merger

Bifurcation of Andhra Pradesh

On 30 July 2013, the Congress Working Committee unanimously

Amaravati is the legislative capital and the de facto seat of

54. "The Andhra Pradesh reorganisation act, 2014" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160108223043/htt

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Andhra_Pradesh&oldid=1156792387"

You might also like