POLICE INTELLIGENCE

AND SECRET SERVICE

“If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the

result of a hundred battles.”

“If you know yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you are a fool who will meet defeat in every
battle” - SUN TZU

“Against organized crime, internal affairs

in my defensive arm; Intelligence is my offensive arm.” – W. Parker

Definition of Terms

National Intelligence – the total product of intelligence developed by all governmental agencies that
cover the broad aspects of national

policy and security.

Military Intelligence – it is used in the preparation of military policies, plans and programs. It includes
the strategic and combat intelligence.

Strategic Intelligence – that knowledge pertaining to the capabilities and probable courses of action of
foreign nations.

Combat Intelligence – is required by the commander in order to determine the best use of his available
firepower and maneuver forces, to accomplish his mission, and to maintain the security of his command.

Counter Intelligence – an integral part of all intelligence operations and as such can’t be separated from
combat and strategic intelligence. Its objective is to safeguard information against espionage, material
and installations against sabotage, and personnel against subversive

Technical Intelligence – concerns foreign technical developments, which have a practical military
application and the physical characteristics, performance,

capabilities, and limitations of material and installation, used by and for foreign.

Area of Operation – those aspects of the operational environment exclusive of

the military/police forces involved. It concerns weather economics, politics, sociology, hydrographic
(study of seas, lakes, etc.) and characteristics of the environment of an area in which military/police
operations are taking place or planned.

Capabilities – form a police/military standpoint, enemy capabilities are courses of action which the
enemy can adopt and which, if adopted, will influenced the

accomplishment of the friendly mission, either favorable or not. From a broader national standpoint,
capabilities of a nation are the available, workable, courses of action to accomplish national objectives.
Vulnerabilities – A nation’s vulnerabilities are the weaknesses, which make it susceptible to any action,
which reduces its war, potential, and or its will to fight.

HISTORICAL FEATURES

MOSES

One of the first recorded formalized intelligence efforts, with format, can also be found in the Holy Bible
Numbers 13:17

“And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan and said unto them, get you up this way
southward, and go up into the mountain; and see the lands, what it is; and the people that dwell
therein, whether they are strong or weak, few or many; and what the land they dwelt in, whether in
tents, or in strongholds; and what land is; whether it be fat or lean, whether there be wood therein, or
not. And be of good courage and bring of the fruit of the land.” The scriptures also named the twelve
intelligence agents whom the Lord directed Moses to sent into the land of Canaan and records that “all
those men were heads of the children of Israel.”

THE 12 MEN SENT BY MOSES TO SPY CANAAN

SHAMMUA THE SON OF ZACCUR – Tribe of Reuben

SHAPAT THE SON OF HORI – Tribe of Simeon

CALEB THE SON OF JEPHUNNEH – Tribe of Judah

IGAL THE SON OF JOSEPH – Tribe of Issachar

HOSHEA THE SON OF NUN – Tribe of Ephraim

PALTI THE SON OF RAPHU – Tribe of Benjamin

GADDIEL THE SON OF SODI – Tribe of Zebulun

GADDI THE SON OF SUSI – Tribe of Joseph, that is from the Tribe of Manasseh

AMMIEL THE SON OF GEMALLI – Tribe of Dan

SETHUR THE SON OF MICHAEL – Tribe of Asher

NAHBI THE SON OF VOPSHI – Tribe of Napthali

GEUEL THE SON OF MACHI – Tribe of Gad

RAHAB

The Harlot of Jericho (Joshua 2:1-21)” who sheltered and concealed the agents of Israel, made a
covenant with the agents and duped their pursuers. She was not only an impromptu confederate of
immense value for the Jewish leader of that far distant day, but also established a plot-pattern which is
still of periodic relief to motion picture producers.

DELILAH
The Philistine used her when she allowed Philistine spies to hide in her house (Judges 16). Delilah was an
impromptu intelligence agent. Apart from her tonsorial specialty, she also allowed sex to gain
intelligence from a powerful enemy. She achieved the largest effective force of her employer’s
adversaries and contriving the stroke which put that force out of action”.

IMPORTANT EVENTS AND PERSONALITIES

IN THE WORLD OF INTELLIGENCE

Sun –Tzu

A Chinese philosopher, creator of the “The Art of War”

“Information must be obtained from men who knew the enemy situation.”

“Know thy enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the results of a hundred battles”

“If you know yourself and not the enemy, for every victory, you are a fool who will meet defeat in every
battle.”

Alexander the Great

When Alexander the Great was marching to Asia, were rumors of disaffection growing among his allies
and mercenaries, he sought the truth, and got it by simplest expedient by devising the first “letter
sorting” and opening to obtain information.

Sertorius

He was the Roman Commander in Spain who possessed a White Fawn and allowed it to become widely
known - that he derived secrets and guidance from the fawn. His intelligence agents credited their
information to the supernatural power of animals.

Akbar

He was known to be the sagacious master of the Hindustan. He employed more than 4,000 agents for
the sole purpose of bringing him the truth that his throne might rest upon it.

Genghis Khan

He was known “The Great Mongol”, who used intelligence to conquer China and invade Cathay. He
instructed his Generals to send out spies and used prisoners as sources of information. The leader of the
so-called MONGOL CONQUERORS - made use of effective propaganda machine by spreading rumors of
Mongol Terror, they collected information on weaknesses and rivalries of Europe. The leaders usually
disguised as merchants.

RENAISSANCE PERIOD

With the rise of Nationalism and development of modern armies, intelligence became apparent to large
states. In England, Sir Francis Walsingham, under Queen Elizabeth, organized the first National
Intelligence Service. He employed spies on the staff of the Admiral in Command of the Spanish Army and
able to obtain information regarding Spanish Army as to their ships, equipment, forces and stores. He
protected Queen Elizabeth I from countless assassins.
In France, Richlieu – introduced the network of covert collectors who transmitted prompt and accurate
information to Paris regarding the activities of the rebels and dissidents of the kingdom.

Louis XIV – systematized political policy, continuous surveillance, postal censorship and military
intelligence organization were his contributions.

The French Intelligence System continued since 15th Century.

Napoleon Bonaparte once said, “One Spy in the right place is worth 20,000 men in the field”. He
organized two Bureaus of Interest: Bureau of Intelligence – which consolidate all incoming information
regarding the enemy for presentation to the emperor and to obtain information as desired, and
Topographic Bureau – which maintains a large map which covers the latest information regarding both
enemy and friendly forces. He maintained Military Intelligence and Secret Political Police Service all over
Europe. His main arm was “Spy against spy” concept.

Frederick the Great

He was known as the “Father of Organized Military Espionage”

He has divided his agents into four classes:

Common spies – those recruited among poor folk, glad to earn a small sum or to accommodate as
military officer.

Double spies – are unreliable renegades, chiefly involved in spreading false information to the enemy.

Spies of Consequences – couriers and noblemen, staff officers, and kindred conspirators, requiring a
substantial bribe or bait,

Persons who were forced to undertake espionage against their own will.

Hannibal

He was considered one of the brilliant military strategists in the history of military intelligence. He had
developed an effective intelligence system for 15 years in Rome. He usually roam around the city often
disguise himself as a beggar to gather first hand information.

Julius Caesar

During his time, the staff of each Roman Legion includes ten “speculators” who served as an
information-collecting agency. The “speculators” were the first intelligence personnel to appear
definitely in a military organization. Military success of the Romans was aided by communication
system. Made use of carrier pigeons, which made possible the amazing speed with which intelligence of
Imperial Rome was transmitted. They also employed ciphers to ensure secrecy of communications.

George Washington

Conspirator under oath abounds in the history of every nation. George Washington was grand master in
intelligence. He mobilized the Free Masons of the colonies at the outbreak of the American war of
Independence.

Karl Schulmeister
He was Napoleon’s eye, Napoleon’s military secret, born on August 5, 1770. He began his career in
offensive espionage under a cover role. He was able to infiltrate the Austrian General Staff.

Wilhelm Stieber

He incorporated intelligence in the General Staff Support System. He further device military censorship
and organized military propaganda. He introduced military censorship and organized military
propaganda. He works as a census taker and developed informal gathering of data.

Alfred Redl

He was one of the most brilliant intelligent agents. Though a homosexual, he became Chief of the Austro
– Hungarian Secret Service. He became a double agent of Russia.

Brahma Kautilya

In Ancient India, he overthrew the Nanda Dynasty and established the first MAYURYAN king in the
Indian throne. He recommended to his king that for the ruler to succeed, the ruler should strike at his
enemy’s weak points by means of spies. He proposed the following means to conquer enemy’s
stronghold: Intrigues and spies - Winning over enemy’s people - Siege and assault - Before beginning
military operation, a conqueror should know the comparative strength and weaknesses of himself and
his enemy. No war should be undertaken without careful examination of all factors reported by the
kings’ spies.

Maj. General Donovan

He was the organizer of the OSS, builder of a central intelligence system - OSS whose exploits become
legendary in World War II.

V2 – Rackets - OSS agents working in conjunction with the British Intelligence, through penetration and
technical intelligence discovered Punemundo which was the V2 guide missile research project of Nazi
Germany. It resulted to its destruction and heavy bombing.

Battle of Midway

In June 1442, the turning point of the Naval in the Pacific, the victory gained by the Americans was due
to the disrupted messages from the Imperial Japanese Navy.

Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto

April 1943, He was the crypto analyst of the U.S. Navy Communications Intelligence intercepted a top-
secret signal relaying the travel of the Admiral. En route, he was intercepted and crashed in the Jungles
of Baungainville.

State Informer

Edward I, King of England in 1725 organized a systematic police system so called Witch and Ward. By
Royal proclamation, the profession “State Informer “was created in 1734 enjoining all informers to
expose criminal activities and be compensated.

Joseph Fouche
“Father of Police Intelligence Operations”. A Frenchman born in 1759, rose to become the most feared
and respected intelligence director in French history. He created a network of agent. His assistance
founded the modern system of spying on spies, which later was known as counter espionage.

Joseph Petrosino

He was member of the New York Police Department in early 1900, he was the head of the Italian Squad.
Through extensive intelligence network, he was credited to smash and neutralization of the Black
Society.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

First established in 1908 as an investigative arm of the U.S. Department of Justice and became what is
known as the F.B.I. under its first director John Edgar Hoover in 1924. On September 6, 1939 by a
presidential directive, it came to its responsibility the task of a domestic intelligence.

Central Intelligence Agency - The agency was created under the US National Security Act of 1947. It was
the Central Intelligence group established during the time of President Truman in January 1946. The CIA
was under the National Security Council.

Committee for State Security - Russia - The Intelligence agency known as the KGB - Komitet
Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti (KGB)

British Secret Service – Great Britain

Mossad – Israel

Britain: Scotland Yard, London Metropolitan Police Force

It was established by Sir Robert Peel in 1829 which signaled the beginning of a colorful legendary police
force and considered one of the most efficient in the world today.

WORLD WAR 1

1900 – Europe powers developed modern staff systems and place intelligence on the same level with
personnel, operations and logistics. Intelligence then functioned in time of peace and war. Intelligence
during this period, concentrated on information about the armed forces of the enemy and their
capabilities. AIRCRAFT was introduced as a method of conducting aerial reconnaissance. WIRELESS
TELEGRAPH was used wherein CODES AND CIPHERS were applied. ARMY INTELLIGENCE rapidly
expanded during this period.

GERMAN INTELLIGENCE – gained a high reputation for offensive effectiveness throughout Europe but
declined at the outset of the war.

BRITISH INTELLIGENCE – succeeded greatly by means of censorship and its CODE ROOM combined with
skillful use of COVERT agents.

US expanded their NAVAL INTELLIGENCE wherein DOMESTIC COUNTERINTELLIGENCE became a principal

activity. At this time US created three branches of its Intelligence System: POSITIVE BRANCH – function
of collecting evaluating and disseminating intelligence. Prepare situation estimate and translate
documents; NEGATIVE BRANCH – it is the counterintelligence functions which involve in investigating
disloyalty and sedition, investigate enemy activities, investigate graft and fraud in organization;
GEOGRAPHIC BRANCH – Produces maps, photographs, and terrain studies. SECTIONS - Administration,
Collection by attaches and troops, Codes and ciphers

WORLD WAR II

GERMAN INTELLIGENCE – started the war with the world’s best organized intelligence service through
advance preparation of intelligence accompanied by troop movements. GERMAN INTELLIGENCE
WEAKENED by the attitude of the Officer Group wherein they subordinated intelligence to operation
and did not regard intelligence assignment worthy of a soldier.

JAPANESE INTELLIGENCE – failed because it was not provided with sufficient number of trained
personnel to assemble and evaluate the mass of materials which were collected although Japanese
Intelligence was involved in short war and defensive in nature.

BRITISH INTELLIGENCE – the delay in the use of German V-BOMB against them was their main
achievement during this time.

In 1942 – a female special agent was able to transmit vital information concerning the activities and
installations of the main research station at Penemuenda. Its intelligence failed in the defeat of
GENERAL MONTGOMERY’S forces at ANNHEIM.

US INTELLIGENCE – In 1941, The US Strategic Service was established to research and analyze military,
political and economic information as it affected the security of the country. US JOINT CHIEFS OF STAFFS
– was organized to act in support of the army and the navy in the collection and analysis of strategic
information and to be responsible for the planning and operation of special services. US greatest
contribution to intelligence was the development of the AMPHIBIOUS WARFARE where coordination of
many types of intelligence activities was required to provide adequate knowledge of the successful
operation of a complex military force transported over water with the objective of establishing itself on
an enemy – held shore against opposition. US successes in WW II were based on personnel drawn from
CIVILIAN POPULACE, BUSINESS AND PROFESSIONAL MEN AND WOMEN.

CHINESE INTELLIGENCE – In 1932, TAI LI – organized the China’s Secret Police to conduct espionage and
counterespionage against Japanese Spies and Chinese communist.

SOVIET INTELLIGENCE – AMTORG was organized for the purpose of purchasing all kinds of materials for
the Soviet Union.

SMERSH or “DEATH TO SPIES” was organized during the war as counterintelligence concerned with
disaffection among Soviet troops and anti-communism in any form. Its five major divisions are:
Administration, Operation, Investigation, Prosecution, and Personnel.

POST WAR PERIOD: The superpowers

Soviet Intelligence System

SOVIET COUNTERINTELLIGENCE known as “IRON CURTAIN” signified that no one may cross the borders
of the USSR without being detected. This means that all communications are rigidly controlled. Its
contribution to modern intelligence was the dissemination of false information designed to mislead and
confuse opponents and prospective victims. The MGB – MILITARY INTELLIGENCE AND THE MINISTRY OF
STATE SECURITY formerly NKGB was concerned on political espionage and propaganda abroad and for
the control of espionage activities of foreign communist countries. The KGB resumed the former
function of the old MGB. It is now the official secret police agency of the Soviet Union, in charge of the
state security KGB means (Commission of State Security) K- Omissija G- Osudarstyennoj B – Ezopasnosti
or Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti

British Intelligence System

It is composed of several intelligence agencies such as the BRITISH MILITARY INTELLIGENCE DIVISION
(MID) which is divided into 20 different departments. The M15 – devoted to counterespionage and
security. It is the special branch of the SCOTLAND YARD charged with guarding the Royal Family and
important British officials and Visiting Foreign Dignitaries.

French Intelligence System

The SDECE DE DOCUMENTATION EXTERIEURE ET DEER CONTRE ESPIONAGE (SDECE-FOREIGN

Intelligence and counterintelligence Service) was under the office of the Prime Minister. GENERAL
CHARLES DE GAULLE set up the Bureau Central de Renseignements et d’ Action (BCRA Central Office for
Intelligence and Action in London in 1940. It is an expansion of the Service De Reassignments (SR-
Intelligence Service which is a part of the Old Renzieme Bureau (Second Bureau) of the French General
Staff. SDECE concerned on Strategic and Counterintelligence while SURETE NATIONALE became part of
French Intelligence Service.

German Intelligence System

The RED GESTAPO which serves as security service organized by East Germany to combat the covert
activities of West Germany Group when Germany was still divided by the Berlin Walls.

United States Intelligence System

The CIA and the FBI – the CIA is one among the biggest in the world in terms of intelligence networking.
CIA and the FBI and the other state/ federal units of intelligence services were US main intelligence
agencies.

Agents of Betrayal

Intelligence is sometimes described as a “world of deceit and betrayal”. Some of the high personalities
which evidence this description are:

JUDITH COPLON, a political analyst of a Department of Justice, was accused of taking unlawful
possession of government documents and spying for a foreign power.

DR. EMIL JULIUS KLAUS FUCHS was accused of releasing American Atomic Secrets to the Soviet in 1945
and to the British in 1947. He detailed knowledge of the construction of atomic bombs.

ERNST HILDING ANDERSON was a Royal Swedish Navy who provided military secrets to a foreign power
and was found guilty and sentences to life imprisonment in 1951.

ESSENTIAL INTERESTS IN INTELLIGENCE

Intelligence Defined
Webster defines intelligence as the capacity for understanding and for other forms of adaptive intellect
of behavior; the mind in operation; the power of meeting any situation, especially a novel situation,
successfully by proper behavior adjustments; the ability to apprehend the interrelationships of
presented facts in such a way as to guide action towards goal; knowledge of an event, circumstances,
etc., received or imparted; the gathering or distribution of information; the staff of persons engaged in
obtaining such information.

Base on Psychology- Intelligence is the capacity of a person to adjust to new situations through the use
of what has been previously learned.

According to Government - Commission Task Force - It means the collection, processing, collation,
interpretation, evaluation and dissemination of information, with references to national security. In
certain context, it may also mean the network or the system for the collection, collation, interpretation,
evaluation, processing, and dissemination of information. “The term as used here doesn’t include any
police powers or authorities, any investigative function other than those involve in the collection of
information nor any function involved in the enforcement of laws, orders, or regulation.

According to Military Terminologies - Intelligence is the end product resulting from the collection,
evaluation, analysis, integration and interpretation of all available information which my have
immediate or potential significance to the development and execution of plans, policies and programs of
the users.

According to Police Parlance - The end product resulting from the collection, evaluation, analysis,
integration and interpretation of al available information regarding the activities of criminal and other
law violators for the purpose of affecting criminals and other law violators for the purpose of affecting
their arrest, obtaining evidence, and forestalling plan to commit crime.

The Principal Areas of Interest

Military – offensive and defensive tactics, war plans, strategic concepts and tactical principles,
organizations, installations, industrial lease, armed forces, command structure, command personnel,
material, tactics, morale,

General – topographical and hydrographic characteristics, historical backgrounds

Diplomatic – foreign policies, alliances, diplomatic establishment, foreign service personnel, technique
of conducting foreign relations

Political – ideology, traditions, institutions, personalities, area of friction

Communications and Transportation – telephones, telegraphs, wireless, railways, shipping, automobiles

and trucks, highways, aviation, ownership, policies, organization, personnel

Social – nationality structure, classes and caste, historical factors, census, personal aspects,
characteristics and mentality of people forces, social legislation, radio, television, press, motion picture

Intelligence – organizations, methods and personnel of competing intelligence system

Economic - On economics, the areas are on:

Financial – Monetary policies, Currency structure, Transactions, Institutions, Personalities

Commercial – trade policies, markets, trading methods, price policies, personalities

Industrial – structure of Capacity, manufacturing plants and processes, raw material, energy rotations,
labor relations, personalities

Mining – Mineral Resources, Production method, Output

Agriculture – policies, crop structure, cultivation method, mechanization, financing, specific

characteristics of rural population

Principles of Intelligence

Objectivity - in intelligence, only the well guided succeed. It is a basic intelligence concept that there
must be unity between knowledge and action. It follows therefore that intelligence should interact and
condition the decision. Intelligence must be adapted to the needs of the decision; it is both giver and
taker. Action or decision is planned by knowledge and guided by it at every step.

Interdependence - Intelligence is artificially subdivided into component elements to insure complete

coverage, eliminate duplication and to reduce the overall task or manageable sizes. Nevertheless, each
subdivision remains as essential part of unity; contributes proportionately to the end result; possesses a
precise interrelationship; and interacts with each other so as to achieve a balanced and harmonious
whole.

Continuity - Intelligence must be continuous. It is necessary that coverage be continuous so that the
shape of what happens today could be studied in the light of what happened before, which in turn
would enable us to predict the shape of things to come.

Communication - Intelligence adequate to their needs must be communicated to all the decision makers
in manner that they will understand and form that will permit its most effective use.

Usefulness - Intelligence is useless if it remains in the minds, or in the files of its collectors or its
producers. The story must be told and it must be told well. The story must be convincing and to be
convincing it must not only be plausible or factual but its significance must be shown.

Selection - Intelligence should be essential and pertinent to the purpose at hand. Intelligence involves
the plowing through a maze of information, considering innumerable number of means or of picking the
most promising of a multitude of leads. The requirement of decision-making covers very nearly the
entire span of human knowledge. Unless there is selection of only the most essential and the pertinent,
intelligence will go off in all directions in one monumental waste of effort.

Timeliness - Intelligence must be communicated to the decision maker at the appropriate time to permit
its most effective use. This is one of the most important and most obvious, for Intelligence that is too
soon or too late are equally useless. Timeliness is one principle that complements all the others.

Security - Security is achieved by the measures which intelligence takes to protect and preserve the
integrity of its activities. If intelligence has no security, it might be as well being run like a newspaper to
which it is similar.
General Activities

Strategic Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity which is primarily long range in nature with little
practical immediate operation value.

Line Intelligence – it is an intelligence activity that has the immediate nature and value necessary for
more effective police planning and operation.

National Intelligence - it is the integrated product of intelligence developed by all the governmental
branches, departments concerning the broad aspect of national security and policy. It is concerned to
more than one department or agency and it is not produced by single entity. It is used to coordinate all
the activities of the government in developing and executing integrated and national policies and plans.

Counter-Intelligence – phase of intelligence covering the activity devoted in destroying the effectiveness
of hostile foreign activities and to the protection of info against espionage, subversion and sabotage.

Undercover Work – is an investigative process in which disguises and pretext cover and deception are
used to gain the confidence of criminal suspects for the purpose of determining the nature and extent of
any criminal activities that maybe contemplating or perpetuating.