DATAC

ommu
nic
ati
on
1
.Di
ffe
ren
ceb
etwe
enh
alf
-du
ple
xan
dfu
ll
-du
ple
xtr
ans
mis
sio
nmo
des
?

A)
Hal
f-
Dup
lex:
-Da
taf
lowsi
nbo
thd
ire
cti
onsb
uto
nlyo
ned
ire
cti
ona
tat
imeo
nth
eda
tac
ommu
nic
ati
onl
in
e.

Ex.
Con
ver
sat
iono
nwa
lki
e-t
alk
iesi
sah
alf
-du
ple
xda
taf
low.
Eac
hpe
rso
nta
kest
urn
sta
lki
ng.
Ifb
otht
alka
ton
ce-
not
hin
goc
cur
s!

Bi
-di
rec
tio
nal
buto
nly1d
ire
cti
ona
tat
ime
!

Ha
lf-
Dup
lexi
sli
ket
hed
rea
ded"
onel
ane
"ro
ady
ouma
yha
ver
uni
ntoa
tco
nst
ruc
tio
nsi
tes
.

On
lyo
ned
ire
cti
onwi
ll
bea
ll
owe
dth
rou
gha
tat
ime
.Ra
ilr
oad
sha
vet
ode
alwi
tht
hiss
cen
ari
omo
reo
fte
nsi
ncei
t'
sch
eap
ert
ola
ya
s
ing
let
rac
k.

Ad
isp
atc
herwi
ll
hol
dat
rai
nupa
ton
een
doft
hes
ing
let
rac
kun
til
atr
aing
oin
gth
eot
herd
ire
cti
ong
oest
hro
ugh
.

F
ull
-Du
plx:
e Da
taf
lowsi
nbo
thd
ire
cti
onss
imu
lta
neo
usl
y.Mo
demsa
rec
onf
igu
redt
ofl
owd
ata
i
nbo
thd
ire
cti
ons
.
Bi
-di
rec
tio
nal
bot
hdi
rec
tio
nss
imu
lta
neo
usl
y!
F
ull
-Du
ple
xisl
ik
eth
eor
din
aryt
wo-
lan
ehi
ghwa
y.
Inso
mecase
s,whe
retra
ffi
cish
eav
yen
oug
h,ar
ail
roa
dwi
ll
dec
idet
ola
yad
oub
let
rac
ktoa
ll
ow
t
rai
nst
op a
ssinb
othdi
rec
tio
ns.
I
nco
mmu
nic
ati
ons
,th
isi
smo
stc
ommo
nwi
thn
etwo
rki
ng.
2
.Wr
itet
hen
ame
sofNe
two
rkC
omp
one
nta
ndb
rie
flye
xpl
ain
.
A)Ad
atac
ommu
nic
ati
onS
yst
emi
sma
deo
ffi
vec
omp
one
nts-
1
)Me
ssa
ge2
)So
urc
e3)
Des
tin
ati
on4)
Med
ium5
)Pr
oto
col
.
1
)Mess
age:
-Th
eMe s
sagei
sth
ein
forma
tion/
dat
atobec
ommu
nic
ate
d.I
tco
nsi
stso
fte
xt,
numb
ers
,
p
ict
ures
,so
und
s,o
rvide
ooran
ycomb
inat
iono
fthi
s.
2)
Sourc
e:-
TheSo
urc
e/Se
nderi
sth
edevi
cethats
end
sth
eda
tame
ssa
ge.
Itc
anb
eaC
omp
ute
r,
Work
stati
on,
Tel
eph
onehan
dse
t,t
ele
vis
iona
ndsoon
.
3)
Desti
nati
on:
-TheDest
ina
tio
n/Rec
eiverist
hede
vicet
hatr
ece
ive
sth
eme
ssa
ge.
Itc
anb
eaC
omp
ute
r,
Work
stati
on,
Tele
p h
onehan
dset
,te
levi
si
o nan
dsoon
.
4)
Me di
um:-
Thetr
ansmis
sio
nmediu
misthephy
sica
lpathb
ywh i
chames
sagetr
avel
sfromS
enderto
Rece
iver.
Itca
ncons
istoftwi
ste
dp a
irwir
e,Co
axial
cabl
e,F
ibr
eopti
csca
ble
,Las
er,o
rRadiowav
es.
5
)Pro
toc
ol:
-Apr
otoc
oli
safor
malde
scr
ipt
ionofase
tofr
ule
san
dco
nve
nti
onst
hatg
ove
rnap
art
icu
lar
a
spe
ctofhowd
evic
esonan
etwor
kCommuni
cat
e .

3
.Wh
ata
ret
hea
dva
nta
gesa
ndd
isa
dva
nta
geso
fMe
shTo
pol
ogy
?
A)
Adv
ant
age
:-i
)Re
ach
abi
li
tyi
shi
gh.
ii
)Pr
ovi
demu
chPr
ote
cti
on.
Iii
)Us
eda
tan
ucl
earp
owe
rpl
ant
.
Di
sad
van
tag
e:-
i)C
osti
shi
gh.
Ii)
Ver
yCo
mpl
ext
oBu
il
d.I
ii
)Ma
int
ena
ncei
sal
soh
igh
.

4.
Namet
hef
ourb
asi
cne
two
rkt
opo
log
ies
.

A)
i>Me
shi
i>Bu
sii
i>r
ingi
v>s
tar

5
.Sh
ortn
ote
s:Me
sh,
Sta
r,Ri
nga
ndBu
sTo
pol
ogy
.
A)
1.
//Me
sht
opo
log
y:-e
ver
yde
vic
eha
sad
edi
cat
edp
oin
t-t
o-p
oin
tli
nkt
oev
eryo
the
rde
vic
e.Th
ete
rmd
edi
cat
edme
anst
hatt
hel
in
kca
rri
est
raf
fico
nlyb
etwe
ent
het
wod
evi
cesi
tco
nne
cts
.

Afull
yconn
ect
edme
shn
etwo
rkt
her
efo
reh
asn
(n-
1)/2p
hys
ica
lch
ann
elst
oli
nknd
evi
ces
.Toa
cco
mmo
dat
eth
atma
nyl
in
ks,
eve
ryd
evi
ceo
nth
ene
two
rkmu
sth
aven-
1
i
npu
t/o
utp
ut(
I/O)
ports
.

Ad
van
tag
e:-
i>Re
ach
abi
li
tyi
shi
gh.
ii
>Pr
ovi
demu
chPr
ote
cti
on.
ii
i>Us
eda
tan
ucl
earp
owe
rpl
ant
.

Di
sad
van
tag
e:-
i>C
osti
shi
gh.
ii
>Ve
ryC
omp
lext
oBu
il
d.i
ii
>Ma
int
ena
ncei
sal
soh
igh
.

2
.//
Startopol
ogy
:-eac
hdevi
cehasaded
icat
edpoi
nt-
to-
poi
ntl
inkon
lytoace
ntra
lco
n t
rol
l
er,
usu
all
ycal
le
dah ub
.Thed
evi
cesa
reno
tdir
ectl
yli
nke
dt oon
ea n
oth
er.
Unl
ik
eameshto
pol
ogy,
a
s
tartopol
ogydoesn
otall
owdi
recttr
affi
cbetwe
endevi
ces
.Th
ec o
n-tr
oll
erac
tsasanexc
han
ge:
Ifonedev
icewant
stose
nddat
atoan
othe
r,i
tsendsth
ed a
tatoth
econ
tro
ll
er,
whi
chthe
n
r
elaysth
ed at
atotheoth
ercon
nect
eddevi
ce.

Ad
van
tag
e:-
i>L
essC
oll
is
ion
.ii
>Mo
stEf
fic
ien
t.i
ii
>Si
mpl
ean
dea
syt
oid
ent
ifyF
aul
t.

Di
sad
van
tag
e:-
i>Tr
aff
ici
smo
rea
tCe
ntr
alPo
int
.ii
>Al
lNo
desa
red
epe
nde
donC
ent
ral
dev
ice
s.

3.
//Bust
opol
ogy
:-o
ntheo
therh
and
,ismu
ltip
oint
.Onel
ongca
blea
ctsa
sab
ack
bon
etol
in
kal
lth
ede
vic
esi
nan
etwo
rk.No
desa
rec
onn
ect
edt
oth
ebu
sca
bleb
ydr
opl
in
esa
ndt
aps
.Ad
ropl
in
eis
aconn
ect
ionr
unni
ngbe
tweenth
edevi
ceandthemai
ncabl
e.

Ad
van
tag
e:-i
>Ea
syt
oCo
nst
ruc
tii
>Co
sti
sLo
w.

Di
sad
van
tag
e:-
i>Tr
aff
ici
sHi
gh.
ii
>IfL
inki
sBr
eakTh
enn
oon
eca
nco
mmu
nic
atewi
tho
the
rs.
 4.
//Ri
ngtopo
logy
:-ea
chdevi
cehasaded
ica
tedpoi
nt-
to-
poi
ntcon
necti
ononl
ywit
hth
etwodev
ice
so neit
hers
ideofit
.Asig
na l
ispas
sedal
ongt
heri
ngi
nonedi
rec
tion
,fr
om
d
evi
cetode
vice,
unti
litr
eache
sitsdes
tin
atio
n.Eac
hdevi
ceint
heri
nginc
orp
orate
sar e
peate
r.Wh
enade
vicere
ce i
vesasi
gnal
int
ende
df orano
therde
vic
e,i
tsr
epea
terre
gener
atesth
ebi
ts
a
ndpas
sesth
ema l
ong
.

Ad
van
tag
e:-
i>e
asyt
oin
sta
lla
ndr
eco
nfi
gur
e.

i
i>Ea
chd
evi
cei
sli
nke
don
lyt
oit
simme
dia
ten
eig
hbo
rs.
Toa
ddo
rde
let
ead
evi
cer
equ
ire
sch
ang
ingo
nlyt
woc
onn
ect
ion
s.

i
ii
>Th
eon
lyc
ons
tra
int
sar
eme
diaa
ndt
raf
ficc
ons
ide
rat
ion
s.

i
v>f
aul
tis
ola
tio
niss
imp
lif
ied
.
7
.Sh
ortn
ote
s:L
AN,
MANa
ndWAN.
A) L
oca
l-a
rean
etwo
rks(
LANS
)LANSc
ons
isto
fth
efo
ll
owi
ngc
omp
one
nts
:
i
>Co
mpu
ter
s.i
i>Ne
two
rki
nte
rfa
cec
ard
s.i
ii
>Pe
rip
her
ald
evi
ces
.iv
>Ne
two
rki
ngme
dia
.
Networ
kdevi
ces:
-LANsall
owb us
ine
ssestol
ocal
lysha
rec o
mpute
rfil
esandpri
nters
eff
ici
entl
yan
dma kei
nterna
l c
ommunic
ati
onsposs
ible
.Agoodexamp
leofth
istech
nolo
g yi
se-
mai
l.L
ANSmanag
ed at
a,lo
calcommuni
cati
ons
,andcomput
ingequi
pment
.So
mec o
mmo nLAN
te
chnol
ogi
esi
ncl
udethefol
lowing
:
i
>Et
her
neti
i>To
kenRi
ngi
ii
>FDDI
⚪L
ANSa
red
esi
gne
dto
:-i
>Op
era
tewi
thi
nal
imi
tedg
eog
rap
hica
rea
.
i
i>Al
lo
wmu
lti
-ac
ces
stoh
igh
-ba
ndwi
dthme
dia
.
i
ii
>Co
ntr
olt
hen
etwo
rkp
riv
ate
lyu
nde
rlo
cal
admi
nis
tra
tio
n.
i
v>Pr
ovi
def
ull
-t
imec
onn
ect
ivi
tyt
olo
cal
ser
vic
es.
V>C
onn
ectp
hys
ica
ll
yad
jac
entd
evi
ces
.
⚪ Us
ing
:-
Rou
ter
,Br
idg
e,Hu
b,Et
her
netS
wit
ch,
Rep
eat
er.

Me
tro
pol
it
an-
Are
aNe
two
rk(
MAN)
:-I
tisd
esi
gne
dtoe
xte
ndo
vera
nen
tir
eci
ty.
It
maybeasin
glenet
worksuc
ha sacabletel
evi
si
onnet
work
,oritmaybeamea
nsofco
nnec
tin
ga
nu
mberofLANSintoal
argernetworksoth
atreso
urc
esmaybeshar
edLAN-
to-
LANaswel
las
dev
ice-
to-
devi
ce.F
orexample
,ac o
mp an
ycanuseaMANtocon
n e
cttheL
ANSinal
li
tsof
fice
s
th
roug
houtacit
y.
Wir
ele
ssb
rid
get
ech
nol
ogi
est
hats
ends
ign
alsa
cro
ssp
ubl
ica
rea
sca
nal
sob
eus
edt
o
c
rea
teaMAN.
⚪ AMANu
sua
ll
yco
nsi
stso
ftwoo
rmo
reL
ANsi
nac
ommo
nge
ogr
aph
ica
rea
.
F
ore
xamp
le,
aba
nkwi
thmu
lti
pleb
ran
che
sma
yut
il
izeaMAN.
⚪ aser
vic
epro
vid
erisuse
dt oc
onn
ectt
woo
rmo
reL
ANs
ite
sus
ingp
riv
ate
c
ommu
nic
ati
onl
in
esoro
pti
cal
s e
rvic
es.
⚪ AMANc
ana
lsob
ecr
eat
edu
sin
gwi
rel
essb
rid
get
ech
nol
ogyb
ybe
ami
ngs
ign
alsa
cro
ss
p
ubl
ica
rea
.
⚪S
omec
ommo
nMANt
ech
nol
ogi
esi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
i>ATM
i
i>S
MDS(
Swi
tch
edMu
lti
med
iaDa
taS
erv
ice
).

Wi
deAreaNet
work(
WAN):
-Itpro
vid
eslo
ng-
dis
tanc
etra
nsmi
ssi
ono
fdata,
voi
ce,
i
mag
e,a
ndvi
deoi
nfor
mati
onov
erl
arg
eg e
ograp
hica
reasth
atmayco
mpri
seaco
unt
ry,a
c
ont
ine
nt,
ore
vent
hewh
olewo
rld.
⚪ WANsi
nte
rco
nne
ctL
ANS
,wh
icht
henp
rov
idea
cce
sst
oco
mpu
ter
sorf
iles
erv
ers
.
i
not
herl
oca
tio
n.
⚪ Be
causeWANsco
nne
ctuse
rnetwor
ksove
ralar
gegeog
rap
hic
ala
rea
,th
eyma
ke.
it
p
oss
ibl
eforbu
sin
e s
sest
oco
mmuni
catea
cros
sgre
atdis
tanc
es.
⚪ WANSall
owc
omp
ute
rs,
pri
nte
rs,
ando
the
rde
vic
eso
naL
ANt
obes
har
edwi
th
d
ist
antl
oca
tio
ns.
⚪ WANsp
rov
idei
nst
antc
ommu
nic
ati
onsa
cro
ssl
arg
ege
ogr
aph
ica
rea
s.
⚪C o
ll
a b
ora
tio
nsoft
warepro
vid
esa
cce
sst
ore
al-
timei
nfo
rma
tio
nan
dre
sou
rce
san
d
a
ll
owsmee
tingstob
eheldr
emot
e l
y.
⚪ WANsha
vecrea
tedanewcl
asso
fwo
rke
rsc
all
edt
ele
commu
ter
s.Th
esep
eop
len
eve
r
h
avet
ole
avet
hei
rhome
stogotowor
k.
⚪ WANsa
red
esi
gne
dtod
oth
efo
ll
owi
ng:
i
>Op
era
teo
veral
arg
ean
dge
ogr
aph
ica
ll
yse
par
ate
dar
ea.
i
i>Al
lo
wus
erst
oha
ver
eal
-t
imec
ommu
nic
ati
onc
apa
bil
it
ieswi
tho
the
rus
ers
.
i
ii
>Pr
ovi
def
ull
-t
imer
emo
ter
eso
urc
esc
onn
ect
edt
olo
cal
ser
vic
es
i
v>Pr
ovi
dee
-ma
il,
Int
ern
et,
fil
etr
ans
fer
,an
de-
comme
rces
erv
ice
s
⚪S
omec
ommo
nWANt
ech
nol
ogi
esi
ncl
udet
hef
oll
owi
ng:
i
>In
teg
rat
edS
erv
ice
sDi
git
alNe
two
rk(
ISDN)
Di
git
als
ubs
cri
berl
in
e(DS
L)
i
i>F
rameRe
lay
i
ii
>T1
,E1
,T3
,an
dE3
i
v>S
ync
hro
nou
sOp
tic
alNe
two
rk(
SONET)
.
8
.Ho
wca
nwec
las
sif
yth
etr
ans
mis
sio
nme
diu
m?
A)
trans
missi
onmedi
umisaphysi
calco
nnect
ionorani
nte
rfaceb
etweent
he
tr
ansmi
tterandt
herec
e i
ver.
Therearetwomajorca
tego
rie
softra
nsmi
ssi
on
medi
a,na
me l
ygui
dedan
dwi r
eles
s(orung
uided)
.
i
)Twi
ste
dPa
irC
abl
e(a
)UTP(
b)S
TP
i
i)
Coa
xia
lCa
ble
s

1
1.Wh
ata
ret
het
hre
ema
jorc
las
seso
fgu
ide
dme
dia
?
A)
The
rea
ret
hre
eba
sict
ype
sofg
uid
edme
diawh
icha
rea
sfo
ll
ows−
i
)Twi
ste
dpa
irc
abl
e
i
i)
Co-
axi
alc
abl
e
i
ii
)F
ibe
r-o
pti
cca
ble

1
0.Ho
wdog
uid
edme
diad
iff
erf
romu
ngu
ide
dme
dia
?
A)Gui
dedmedi
a: -1Thesig
nalcal
lsforabod
ilycou
rsefortr
ansmis
sion
.2.I
tis
ref
erredtoa
swiredcommun
icat
ionorboun
dedt r
ansmis
sio
nmedia.
3.
Itgive
sp a
th
tosi
gnalf
ortra
veli
ng.
4..
Type
sTwi st
edpairc
ab l
e,c
o a
xica
lcab
le,f
ibreopt
ic
cab
le.
Un
gui
dedmedia:
-1.
Thesig
nali
sbro
adcas
tedviaai
roro
nceinawhil
ewater2 .
It
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