ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Prevalence of Hearing Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and

Its Association with Severity of Diabetic Neuropathy and
Glycemic Control
Abin M Abraham1*, Jubbin Jagan Jacob2, Ashish Varghese3
Received: 13 November 2022; Accepted: 13 February 2023

A b s t r ac t patients with diabetes. However, there has

been no study comparing the association
Objectives: This study assessed the prevalence of hearing loss (HL) in patients with type 2 diabetes
mellitus (T2DM) and its relationship with the presence and severity of diabetic neuropathy. of HL with the presence of distal peripheral
sensory-motor neuropathy (DSPN) and its
Materials and methods: Patients between the ages of 30 and 60 years (both ages inclusive)
with T2DM were recruited and divided into three groups. Group I included patients without severity. In this study, the prevalence of HL in
neuropathy. Group II had patients with mild neuropathy. Group III had patients with moderate patients with T2DM and its association with
and severe neuropathy. After informed consent hearing threshold was assessed using pure tone the presence of DSPN and its severity was
audiometry (PTA). studied. Identifying the potential risk factors
Results: Of the 200 patients recruited, the prevalence of HL was overall 81%. The prevalence and the association of neuropathy with HL
was 66.7% in group I, 80.9% in group II, and 87.6% in group III (p = 0.009). Among patients with can help in targeting the population that is
moderate to severe neuropathy (group III), 33.3% had clinically significant HL (CSHL) (p = 0.015). at high risk of developing HL. This can help us
Age, gender, presence of neuropathy, and severity of neuropathy were associated with an increased in planning optimal strategies for screening
risk of developing HL. and prompt treatment of patients with HL
Conclusion: Among patients with diabetes, age, nephropathy, and neuropathy were associated among patients with T2DM.
with HL. The severity of HL worsened with the worsening severity of neuropathy and increase in
glycated hemoglobin (Hba1c) levels. Patients with moderate to severe neuropathy might benefit
from screening for HL. M at e r i a l and Methods
Setting
Journal of the Association of Physicians of India (2023): 10.5005/japi-11001-0270
This was a cross-sectional comparison
conducted among patients with T2DM
Introduction superoxide leads to oxidative stress which attending the outpatient clinics of the
plays a major role in endothelial dysfunction
T ype 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is one of Department of Endocrinology, Christian
and diabetes related complications.8 There is Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana,
the major health problems with global
reduction in dendritic branching, degradation Punjab, India. The study was conducted from
estimates of more than 463 million affected
of vasa vasorum of blood vessels supplying 1st November 2016 to April 2018.
individuals.1 The increasing prevalence
the vestibulo-cochlear nerve, reduction in
of T2DM is likely to result in an increased
the number of cochlear cells and cochlear Subjects
number of individuals with diabetes related
microangiopathy. The stria vascularis has Consecutive patients between the ages of 30
complications. T2DM has been associated
an abundant vascular supply and this and 60 years (both ages inclusive) who were
with hearing loss in several population-based
makes it particularly vulnerable to diabetic diagnosed to have T2DM for at least 6 months
studies.2–4 Hearing loss (HL) is an impairment
Angiopathy.9–11 There is substantial delay were enrolled after informed consent. The
that severely affects quality of life and has
in auditory brainstem latencies of patients participants in the study included patients
significant economic and emotional impact.
with T2DM which is suggestive of impaired from Punjab, India. Patients with a history
It leads to social withdrawal, psychological
neurological transmission in patients with of intake of ototoxic drugs, previous history
alienation, anxiety, depression, cognitive
diabetes.12,13 of ear surgeries, recent infections in the ear,
decline and dementia among those who
Strong evidence suppor ts that patients with a clinical history suggestive
suffer from it. T2DM and hearing loss have
timely diagnosis and use of hearing aids of Meniere’s disease (history of vertigo or
been proven to be independent risk factors
can signif icantly improve the qualit y
for the development of dementia. The risk of
of life, improve communication, and
developing dementia is three fold in a patient
reduce depression and the rate of cognitive 1
Assistant Professor, Department of
with moderate hearing loss and five fold
decline in patients with HL.14,15 Despite the Medicine; 2Professor, Department of
in a patient with severe hearing loss when Endocrinology; 3Professor, Department of
prevalence and burden of HL in society,
compared to a person with normal hearing.5,6 Otorhinolaryngology, Christian Medical
it is underdiagnosed and undertreated.
Proposed pathophysiological mechanisms College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India;
This makes it important to identify the
involved in the development of hearing *Corresponding Author
patients with T2DM who are at high risk for
impairment in T2DM includes microangiopathy, How to cite this article: Abraham AM, Jacob JJ,
developing HL so that effective screening
neuropathy and mitochondrial damage.7 Varghese A. Prevalence of Hearing Loss in
can be done for diagnosis and prompt Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Association
Angiopathy occurs in diabetes as a result of
initiation of treatment can then follow. with Severity of Diabetic Neuropathy and
glycoprotein accumulation in the tunica intima
There are few published studies that Glycemic Control. J Assoc Physicians India
and endothelial damage. Hyperglycemia
assess the risk factors leading to HL among 2023;71(6):14–19.
induced overproduction of free radicals and

© The Author(s). 2023 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/
by-nc/4.0/). Please refer to the link for more details.
 Prevalence of Hearing Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

tinnitus in spells), patients with a past history Assessment of HL continuous variables between more than two
of neurological diseases (stroke, multiple Pure tone audiometry (PTA) was performed groups. ANOVA for repeated measures was used
sclerosis, dementia, or central nervous system using Maico-MA 32 diagnostic audiometer in a to find the change in PTA averages at different
infections), patients with a past history of soundproof compartment. Air conduction and frequencies. Linear regression was used to find
closed or open head injuries, patients with bone conduction audiometric thresholds at the significant predictors by taking the PTA
chronic overexposure of loud noises (90 dB for 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz were average as the outcome for both the right and
8 hours a day, 5 days a week), patients unable obtained using 5 dB steps. Hearing sensitivity left ear. Bivariate logistic regression was used to
to comprehend PTA assessment, and patients for each ear was measured separately, and find the significant predictors by taking an HL in
not willing to consent or not capable to the severity of HL was assessed according any one ear as an outcome. A p-value of <0.05
consent were excluded. Demographic details to Goodman’s classification. Patients were was considered statistically significant. Data
were obtained from the subject’s clinical classified into those with mild, moderate, analysis was done using Statistical Package for
notes, followed by a clinical assessment of moderately severe, severe, or profound HL Social Sciences (version 21.0).
DSPN and an assessment of hearing using PTA. accordingly.18,19 Severity of HL in the worse ear
Ethical Approval and Registration of was considered for statistical analysis. In our R e s u lts
study, HL was defined as pure tone average A total of 200 patients with T2DM were enrolled
Study Protocol >15 dB hearing level (dBHL) in the worse in the study, and the overall prevalence of HL
The Institutional Ethics Committee of Christian ear. CSHL was defined as pure tone average
was 81%. Among them, 152 patients had
Medical College and Hospital approved the > 25 dBHL in the worse ear. Pure tone average
neuropathy, and 48 patients did not have
study protocol prior to any study-related was defined as the average of 500, 1000, and
neuropathy. The prevalence of HL was 66.7%
activities, and the protocol was registered 2000 Hz.
among patients without neuropathy, 80.9%
with the Baba Farid University of Health
among patients with mild neuropathy, and
Sciences prospectively as part of the Doctor Statistical Analysis
87.6% in patients with moderate to severe
of Medicine thesis in general medicine for
Data was collected using a structured proforma. neuropathy (p-value = 0.004). The PTA values
the first author and the principal investigator
Data entry was done in Microsoft Excel increased with an increase in the Hba1c
of the study under the supervision of the
spreadsheets. Mean, frequency, and standard levels. The flow of patients in the study is
other two authors (https://www.bfuhs.ac.in/
deviation (SD) were calculated. The Chi-squared summarized in Flowchart 1.
examination/PlanOfThesis/27-8-18/CMC-2016.
test was used to compare categorical variables
pdf). Patients were recruited in the study Baseline Profile of Patients
between the groups. An independent t-test
after they provided informed consent in a
was used to compare the continuous data The demographic, clinical, and biochemical
language comfortable to them (English, Hindi,
between two groups, and a one-way analysis profile of the patients is summarized in
or Punjabi)
of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the Table 1. Patients with neuropathy, males, and
Sample Size
The prevalence of neuropathy in patients Flowchart 1: Flow of patients in the study
with diabetes was noted to be 50%.16 The
sample size was calculated to be n = 200
by using the formula n = Z α/2 2 *p (1-p)/d2,
where Z = α/2 is the critical value of the
normal distribution at α/2 (for our study,
the confidence level of 95%, α is 0.05 and
the critical value is 1.96), p = 50% is the
proportion and d = 7% is margin of error.

Assessment of Peripheral
Neuropathy
Distal peripheral sensory-motor neuropathy
(DSPN) among the participants of the study
was assessed using the clinical Michigan
Diabetic Neuropathy Score (MDNS). The MDNS
score is calculated based on a neurological
examination, and it is a validated tool for
diagnosis and assessment of the severity
of neuropathy in patients with DSPN, as
discussed in the study by Feldman et  al.17
Based on the MDNS score, recruited patients
were divided into three groups. Group I
included patients with no neuropathy (MDNS
score of ≤6). Group II included patients with
mild neuropathy (MDNS score of 7–13). Group
III included patients with both moderate
(MDNS score of 13–30) and severe neuropathy
(MDNS score of ≥30).

Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, Volume 71 Issue 6 (June 2023) 15

 Prevalence of Hearing Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

older patients (p = 0.003) had a higher risk of (MDNS Grade). The prevalence of HL and CSHL tone average increased with an increase in
developing HL. increased with the increase in severity of the severity of neuropathy (p = 0.005). On
neuropathy (MDNS Grade), and the correlation univariate linear regression with PTA average
Prevalence of HL and its Association was statistically significant (p-value 0.009 and as the dependent variable, age, severity of
with Neuropathy 0.015, respectively). neuropathy (MDNS score and MDNS Class),
Figure 1A shows the prevalence of HL and and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was found
CSHL among patients with and without Hearing Loss (HL) in Speech to have a significant positive correlation. The
neuropathy. The correlation was statistically Frequencies (Pure Tone Average) estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) had
significant for HL and CSHL (p = 0.004 and The clinical pure tone average (average of 500, a negative correlation with the PTA average.
0.016). Figure 1B shows the association of HL 1000, and 2000 Hz) was found to be higher
and CSHL with the severity of the neuropathy in patients with neuropathy, and the pure Association of MDNS Score/MDNS
Class with Hearing Threshold in
Various Frequencies
Table 1:  Baseline profile of patients in the study
Figure 2 shows the association of the severity
Neuropathy of neuropathy with hearing threshold values
at various frequencies in the right and left ears.
No Mild Moderate to severe p-value
In patients with neuropathy, the HL was found
(n = 48, 24%) n = 47 (23.5%) n = 105 (52.5%) to be worse at higher frequencies like 2000,
Age (years) 46 ± 9.4 49 ± 8.0 51 ± 7.6 0.001 4000, and 8000 Hz. With worsening grades of
Mean ± SD neuropathy, HL in the higher frequencies also
Gender n (%)
worsened. The correlation was statistically
significant in the higher frequencies like 2000,
Male (n =100) 27 (56.3) 21 (44.7) 52 (49.5) 0.524 4000, and 8000 Hz. The p-values were <0.001,
Female (n = 100) 21 (43.8) 26 (55.3) 53 (50.5) 0.024, and 0.020 in the left ear. In the right ear,
BMI (body mass index) 24.2 ± 3.0 25.0 ± 4.5 25.4 ± 3.2 0.183 p-values were 0.005, 0.007, and 0.028 for these
kg/m2, mean ± SD frequencies.
On comparing the MDNS score with
Duration of DM (years) 4.7 ± 4.0 6.0 ± 4.1 6.6 ± 4.9 0.067
the PTA hearing threshold, similar results
Mean ± SD
were seen. The correlation was statistically
FPG (mg/dL) 174.8 ± 55.9 183.9 ± 64.8 183.7 ± 58.5 0.660 significant for 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz
Mean ± SD (p = 0.001, 0.001, and 0.006 in the right ear
HbA1c (%) 8.9 ± 2.7 10.3 ± 2.9 10.2 ± 2.7 0.073 and p ≤ 0.001, 0.004, and 0.022 in the left ear).
Mean ± SD
eGFR (mL/minute/1.73 m2) 100.5 ± 25.4 84.0 ± 32 79.4 ± 27.2 <0.001 Association of Hba1c with HL or PTA
Mean ± SD The severity of HL in speech frequencies (pure
Hypertension 5 (10.4) 10 (21.3) 36 (35.0) 0.004 tone average) had a significant correlation
n = 81 (40.5 %)
with HbA1c. The PTA values at 250, 500,
1000 Hz, and pure tone average increased with
Established cardiovascular 3 (6.3) 6 (12.8) 10 (9.5) 0.556
an increase in Hba1c levels, and the correlation
disease
was statistically significant (p = 0.017, 0.004,
n = 19 (9.5 %)
0.029, and 0.048, respectively). In the left ear,

Figs 1A and B: (A) Prevalence of HL and CSHL in patients with neuropathy and without neuropathy; (B) Prevalence of HL and CSHL in patients without
neuropathy (MDNS* grade 0), mild neuropathy (MDNS grade 1) and moderate to severe neuropathy (MDNS grade 2); *MDNS, Michigan Diabetic
Neuropathy Score

16 Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, Volume 71 Issue 6 (June 2023)

 Prevalence of Hearing Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

the PTA values at 250 Hz and PTA average Univariate and Multivariate Patients with neuropathy were more likely to
had a significant correlation with Hba1c levels Regression Analysis with HL in Any have HL, and the severity of HL increased with
(p = 0.037 and 0.012, respectively). The PTA One Ear as an Outcome an increase in the severity of the neuropathy.
values and their correlation with Hba1c levels The prevalence of CSHL was 20.8% in patients
On univariate analysis, age, gender, the
are shown in Figure 3. without neuropathy (group I), 25.5% in patients
severity of neuropathy (MDNS score and
with mild neuropathy (group II), and 33.3% in
Association of eGFR with HL MDNS grade), and the presence of neuropathy
patients with moderate to severe neuropathy
were found to have significant correlations
The mean eGFR for patient s with HL (group III). The clinical pure tone average, which
(Table 2). The prevalence of HL was higher in
and those without HL was 84.1 ± 28.3 represents the average hearing threshold in
older patients (p = 0.004) and patients with
and 91.8 ± 3.4, respectively (p = 0.145). speech frequencies, increased with increased
neuropathy (p = 0.006). The risk of developing
With worsening renal function, there was severity of neuropathy. This was suggestive
HL increased with the worsening severity of
worsening HL across all the frequencies. of worsening hearing impairment with an
neuropathy (p = 0.007). Women had some
There was an increase in the PTA threshold increase in the severity of neuropathy. It was
protection against developing HL (p = 0.033).
across various frequencies as the eGFR noted that the hearing impairment was more
On multivariate analysis with AHL in any one
decreased. At 2000 Hz, the increase in PTA in the higher frequencies, like 2000, 4000, and
ear as an outcome, age (p = 0.018), gender, and
threshold with the decrease in eGFR was 8000 Hz, among patients with T2DM, and the
MDNS score (p = 0.005) were found to have a
found to be statistically significant (p-value correlation of HL with neuropathy was more in
significant correlation.
of 0.034). However, the correlation was not the higher frequencies. Age, gender, presence
significant in the other frequencies. The of neuropathy, and severity of neuropathy were
average PTA also increased with a decrease D i s c u s s i o n associated with a significantly increased risk of
in eGFR (negative correlation); however, the Among the patients enrolled in our study developing HL.
correlation was not statistically significant with T2DM, the overall prevalence of HL was In our study, the clinical pure tone average
(p-value > 0.05). 81%, and the prevalence of CSHL was 28.5%. (average hearing threshold in 500, 1000, and

Figs 2A and B: (A) Comparison of Hearing threshold across various frequencies for patients without neuropathy, mild neuropathy, and moderate to
severe neuropathy in the right ear; (B) and left ear

Figs 3A and B: (A) Association of Hba1c with HL (PTA values) in the left ear; (B) Association of Hba1c with HL (PTA values) in the right ear

Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, Volume 71 Issue 6 (June 2023) 17

 Prevalence of Hearing Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Table 2:  Univariate binary logistic regression with HL as the outcome
Predictors Coefficient β p-value
Age 0.06 0.004
Gender
Male
Female −0.802 0.033
MDNS score 0.093 0.002
MDNS grade 1.775 0.017
0 1
1 0.52 0.272
2 1.168 0.007
Neuropathy
Absent
Present 1.045 0.006
Multivariate binary logistic regression with HL as the outcome
Age 0.055 0.018
Gender
Male
Female −1.143 0.006
MDNS score 0.107 0.005
2000 Hz) showed a significant correlation with
the severity of neuropathy, age, and HbA1c. As
speech sounds are more densely represented
in the mid frequencies, the average of 500,
1000, and 2000 Hz signifies the involvement of
speech frequencies. Clinical pure tone average
had a significant association with MDNS
score and MDNS grade. This was suggestive
of worsening hearing impairment in speech
frequencies with an increase in the severity of
neuropathy. The pure tone average was higher
in older patients and patients with higher
HbA1c. Similar results were seen in the study by
Austin et al. and Sugimoto et al., where higher
HbA1c and uncontrolled blood glucose levels
correlated with HL in patients with T2DM.8,20
Most patients with T2DM tend to develop HL
in the higher frequencies; however, those with
poorly controlled glucose levels had significant
HL in the speech frequencies also. In a cross-
sectional study conducted by Sugimoto et al.,
diabetic neuropathy, creatinine clearance,
and retinopathy were found to have some
association with HL. 20 Pathophysiological
changes seen in the auditory nerve and inner
ear, which are similar to the changes seen in
the peripheral nerves of patients with diabetic
neuropathy, might explain the association of
HL with neuropathy. In our study, HL had a
negative correlation with eGFR, and this was
consistent with other studies where patients
with diabetic nephropathy were found to have
a significant association with HL.20,21
It was noted in our study that HL was
more prominent in the higher frequencies
18 Journal of the Association of Physicians of India, Volume 71 Issue 6 (June 2023)
Odds ratio 95% confidence interval
Lower Upper
1.062 1.019 1.107
1 our study, it was seen that the prevalence of
0.448 0.214 0.938
1.097 1.035 1.163
0.326 3.224
1.682 0.665 4.252
3.217 1.385 7.47
1 symptoms. Due to the gradual onset of HL,
2.843 1.344 6.012
1.056 1.01 1.105
1 difficult to use hearing aids. Delays in diagnosis
0.319 0.141 0.723
1.113 1.041 1.191
(2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz) for patients with
T2DM. The correlation between hearing
threshold and neuropathy was more in
the higher frequencies. This suggests that
patients with diabetic neuropathy are
more likely to have hearing impairment in
the higher frequencies. The HL in higher
frequencies was more than the HL seen in
speech frequencies. Similar results were
seen in a study by Sugimoto et al. in which
neuropathy correlated significantly with HL
in the higher frequencies among patients
with T2DM. 20 Studies were done on diabetes
and its association with HL, and a systematic
review by Akinpelu et  al. concluded that
the severity of HL was higher in frequencies
among patients with T2DM.22–24 Patients with
HL in the higher frequencies have difficulty
hearing when there is background noise or
when they are in a group which can lead to
social withdrawal and avoidance of social
interactions. People with high-frequency
HL tend to have difficulty in hearing certain
consonants, like s, h, and f, which are uttered
at a higher frequency than vowel sounds.
This can result in speech sounding muffled,
especially when talking on the phone,
watching TV, or trying to have a conversation
in background noise.
Among patients enrolled in our study with
moderate to severe neuropathy, the prevalence
of CSHL was 33.3%, while studies have reported
that the prevalence of HL in a population of
middle-aged adults is 14–20%.25 Even though
the prevalence of CSHL was higher in our study
group, none of them were evaluated for HL prior
to our study or underwent any treatment for HL.
Few studies showed some benefits of
screening for HL among adults; however,
there is no consensus regarding the high-
risk groups who require screening for HL. In
CSHL was significantly higher in patients with
moderate to severe neuropathy compared to
the prevalence of HL reported among middle-
aged adults. Studies have shown that a 10 dB
increase in PTA values was associated with
52% increased odds of social isolation and
significant cognitive decline.26,27 Subclinical
HL has also been independently associated
with cognitive impairment and depressive
many elderly individuals are unaware of their
hearing impairment, and increasing age is
associated with the underestimation of the
severity of HL. 4 With increasing age and
cognitive decline, it becomes progressively
can lead to an unwillingness to start treatment,
poor compliance, improper maintenance
of the hearing aids, and poor treatment
outcomes. 28 Diagnosis and initiation of
treatment at the right time are important
for the acceptance of treatment, adequate
compliance, and optimal treatment outcome.
Screening for HL in patients with diabetic
neuropathy who are at a higher risk of
developing HL can help in the timely diagnosis
and treatment of these patients.
American Speech-Language-Hearing
Association recommends screening all
adults, and World Health Organization’s
guidelines on integrated care for older
people recommend screening of elderly.
As suggested by Nieman et  al., although
definitive recommendations have yet to
be developed, the appropriate clinical
practice would be to screen any person with
perceived HL and persons with risk factors
for developing HL. 29 Studies have suggested
that stimulation of the auditory system may
reduce age-related degeneration, and using
hearing aids might be beneficial in modifying
the aging process in the auditory system. 30
Hence screening of patients with moderate-
severe diabetic neuropathy who are at high
risk for developing HL should be considered
to prevent the further worsening of quality
of life-related to hearing impairment.
Single question screening, hearing
handicap inventory for the elderly- screening
version (HHIE-S), clinical tests like whispered
voice tests, finger rub tests, and hand-held
audiometers have been used for screening
for HL in various studies. In single-question
screening, the patient is asked a single
screening question like “Do you have difficulty
 Prevalence of Hearing Loss in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
with your hearing?” It has a sensitivity of
80% and a specificity of 74%. HHIE-S is a
well-studied self-report questionnaire with
10 questions. It has a sensitivity of 68% and
a specificity of 78%.31 These are simple tools
that can be used by a physician or in a primary
care center for screening. Poor quality of life
due to Hearing impairment can be a potential
preventable burden, and the only cost of the
screening questionnaire consists of the time
required by the patient and clinician.
Limitations
In a group of patients with severe neuropathy,
the prevalence of CSHL might be higher than
the prevalence reported in our study. Further
studies, including more patients with severe
neuropathy, can help in understanding the risk
of HL in patients with severe neuropathy. Further
studies using self-reported questionnaires
can help in evaluating the efficacy of the
questionnaires in screening these patients.
Treatment and treatment outcomes of the
patients diagnosed to have HL were not
evaluated in our study. Further randomized
control trials studying the treatment outcomes
in patients with diabetic neuropathy who
are diagnosed to have HL can help in better
screening and treatment recommendations.
C o n c lu s i o n
Among patients with T2DM, age, nephropathy,
and diabetic neuropathy was associated
with HL. The severity of HL worsened with
the worsening severity of neuropathy and
an increase in Hba1c levels. Patients with
moderate to severe neuropathy might benefit
from screening for HL using simple and
cost-effective measures like self-reported
screening questionnaires.
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