142-1 KLEIN GORDAN EQUATION, The Schroedinger equation in operator from is a Hy=ih ~ 4) The non-relativistic Hamiltonian for a free particle is a Be pv? = om ~~ 2m -Q) {since b= TV =-a9) ‘Substituting this in (1), we obtain 2 nn = in & iat Vy(no sin a (r,t). 3) Let us now discuss the general situation in cartesian co-ordinates. This means that the transformations (under which the requirements of special theory of relativity are invariant) to be considered are the linear transformation xH =a} .x” (4) These transformations leaves the metric tensor guy invariant, where ate { 1 for p=v lad 0 for pev fe. 811 = 822 = 833 = 844 = | and guy = 0 for #vsum Mechanics ee oon theory of relativity treats spatial and temporal (time) variables on equal footings in 1s gel Penson space, coordina reresenalion mus necenary Be cat int Scnoe dB" yao ot eons ution () my be writen as i 4 wr nv ” aa -Ertivas. am ax" as” ve a reg 2 yor ve) 45) See ee Tae a lee arenes ee rions this equation can become of secondsorder in new time co-ordinates ¥* and mixed space er ‘ies oe ore er Enna eo Aa bat Oem a2 pes mcll? o essa ee £2 + mel? y win BY AT) sur we to dificuties inthe interpretation of above equation. “he fist dificulty is to interpret the positive and negative signs. In classical theory this was no since in classical theory the energy changes contiunously with a gap of 2mc™ between the Fenum postive and the maximum negative value, a particle whose energy at one instant is known to be wil always have a positive energy. Under such conditions the negative energies could be ignored. {fain quntum mechani the energy of the particle can change discontinuously and either we must show tai negative energies are spurious or we must take them into account, ‘The second difficulty is even more serious. If we write the equation (7) as fav WP ym in BY ro) 22 nv oO aa a, “ rag 2 el yuh (aw) [ ant ax” vier v= 1, 2,3 We ae unable to interpret the square rot of an operator. However if we get ri of square roo of an «grab expanding it in ferms of power series, the expansion will aus the space and time derivatives in {Symnetral form and therehy would make impesibe the formulation of aconvariant theory. Moseover fe kf hard side wil contain a large number of terms involving various powers of operator V., making # cake solved. Obviously the equation (8) sill lacks the necessary invariance under Lorenz transformations. Hence ‘one father modification is tequted. This was done by Klein-Gordan. He operated the ene equation ayy Hy sin by Hand obtained fi yah (ind -in ai Pea 6 eeeteemeaneate er? eetareereee)a ‘Advanced Quantum Mechaniy| “This equation i called the Klein-Gordan equation orelativisie Seroedinger equation 22 Fora free particle Papesme (Boy tame ie. Re wre oe + met Tie Ken Gone oman ora the arm peda endye wee cr Aw aa ‘This equation may be written as - a where oe? 45 is called the D'Alembertian operator. ince anne mpeenition epion (1) ksh frm (O35 -F lve =0 where & = this form he nvartnceof Klein. Gordan equation i obvious. ax a (2) Ciarge and Current Dewsities: The Klein-Gordan equation for a free particle is ‘Multiplying equations (13) and (14) by y* and y respectively, we obtain ing (1) ~) (19) (a) ~«) 19) «3 09)Quantum Mechanics ra el Tai rr) Ba) Wivays (16) W sotsrcing (16 fom (15), we gt vy yay 4 Vet Vy—yvyy « 2 n Mutplying throughout by 27, we get 1 v [ain YY - wow] 2 i subsiting n Pon = Ta (¥e ee) 0 me as and S(e.) = (Vy ~ y yt) (b) : gation (17) tekes the form Ve s(n + 2 ey =o, 9) chs well known equation of continuity. The current density expressions (e,) has the same form as in son-eatvistc case, but the inspection of expression P (r, 1) indicates that it can not be interpreted as ‘sti probability density in analogy with nca-relaivistic case in which P (r,t) = y* y due to following, The expression 2(r,#) may be expressed as ren = By (yy 2) = sale )yev (FB) (20) Now using Schroedinger equation in operator frm and keeping in mind thatthe Hamiltonian operatce ‘scciaed with dynamic observable energy E is Hermitian, we have aya in® ie in = ey ‘Soequation (20) may be expressed as P(e. = 5 Ey") w+ vt EW) 2me!494 ‘Advanced Quantum Me, ie Pen =v ay From expression E = + Vipre + mic}, we note that the energy of a particle can be either Potitine gy ee re ea ace eee te aera aoe eee ee a cere eee taro sto eae Ths weds Pl end Wenn 134 (er ot T ete Kee canon wes popondl scrdng oes Pesci ef, (¢P) one intcpoed a cure at Reh nay te pe ed seeie sen cry son oe cite sg en ow oe wa ee ee ere ered er eee aS a a ee , ese ale aan ae og ome a Re ane ae an eee Se rans eee ae ee Se eee RS rere ty, Ee ik Substituting ven =v oe 2) IF E” is non-relativistic energy, then total energy E may be expressed as E = E’ + mc? :mc* being rest energy. a) = yen ce mein iE ine vine =Wwirnne are By were non-relativistic raefnction WG =O) Si (24) Differentiating (2) with respect tar, we ge 2 % (Mime y 0 “aking comple conjogntes of 23) and (25, we get wren enn im x oye) auc en ‘Substituting these values in (18a), we get Por = SW! m{( ey = tw nn mem {{495 )-vo(- ever ~(in®E)]evew" E! nye yty’ -aavewevey (Since £”* = E” .cigen-valve of H being real) syty’ (28) (Since non-relativistic energy E” << m2) sscorect non-elatvistic expression for probability density wich 2.KLEIN-GORDAN EQUATION IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD. iquely represented by a vector potential A. and a scalar potential @- ;nsform like ‘an electromagnetic Field can be uri ne catntl fesm a four vetor Ay whose components ae Ay Ay, Ay and Ay = Hand a sonestun-enreyf0U veto Py Having COMORES PPa Ps D4 = £ ‘Therefore the potentials A and taded in Klein Gordan equation with momentum and energy. ge on the particte, then in analogy with non-relativistic expression p 29) EvE-@ So the relativistic expression between momentum and energy of a, particle of charge ¢ in e-aP=e(p- ay +m €- a) = (pea emt Replacing operators E and p by itt 2 and ~ its V respectively sboudbe incl Ie isthe cha ~ Rand E — ep respectively ie and E are replaced ep eatomagnetic field becomes. 30) weet Klein Gordan equation as (m3- v= [cited - eA + mc v. GY) ae, apna Re Basen B sem gr ee|y 2, _ ZY — ieny %-rieng Me 2G wt EF —ieny Sf 2iene te496 Advanced Quantum Mec, lan incY - eA ya ine viy + lech V+ (AY) + iectA «Vy 4 242 = [WAVE 4 iene VA + Bieto AV + 242) these values in GH), the Klein Gordan equation for & parle of chee, a electromagnetic field takes the form. 2 2a ~ en B-rieng Feely 2 TEM2V? + iete Ve A + 2ieNcA VFA + mich y To find connection between equation (32) and similar non-relativistic equation, let ys a? following substitution taking mc” as the rest energy. : the Weed = wd «mewn (le ime? a ime an - = dine ay! _ mel) incu ar not wr 3 ‘Substituting these values in (32), we get ws aime?n x, micdy -ien ay —2ieng we = Ime? ey’ + 24h a eincin EMV + ietc V+ A + Dietic A+ V+ CA? + me y’ einem ime of Concelling out the common factor e~ "©, m? c* y' on both sides and dividing throughout by 2m we get age = et ne eH, 8g _ EHO BY’ _ gy Oy me? ar ame* me 2me? 2 [x ist gy ith én), aie + VeAt AV+ “° Keepding mind that rest energy mc” > > non-relativistic energy E and me™ >"> eb, we may neglect the terms of order 1/mc” as eae to E’ and e@ and rearranging. iw a[ te hye ae way. or am me mc ‘ame? ‘This is simply non-relativistic Schroedinger equation for a particle of charge ¢ in electomagnt field Thus Kls-Goduneuaton in ceca Ti ees to covet nna et paae arenes