| * ETB. 58 Manufacturer: MARKETING DIV.& ‘(CORRESPONDENCE ADDRESS FACTORY HEAD OFFICE OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS FOR EXPERIMENTAL TRAINING BOARD ON DETERMINATION OF BAND GAP IN ‘A SEMICONDUCTOR DIODE OMEGA TYPE ETB - 58 OMEGA ELECTRONICS B.28, FATEH SINGH SCHEME, OPP. RAJPUTANA PALACE SHERATON, JAIPUR 302 006 (INDIA) PHONE : 2375647, 2379223, 28 E & F. MALVIYA INDUSTRIAL AREA. 7 PUR 302 017 (INDIA) PHONE: 2751136, 2751559 436, HATHI BABU KA BAGH JAIPUR - 302.008 (INDIA) PHONE : 2203694, 2204583 GRAM: OMEGA FAX: 091-0141- INTERNET/EMAIL + omega@sanchamet.in Wes SITE yaww.omegaelectronics.net 2204481PEE ee eee eee ee OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETB -58 Page 2/5 (OMEGA TYPE ETB-58 Experimental Band Gap in Semiconductor using a P-N Ju pparatus. Prat ion Diode. The board is absolutely lence on this board cares great educative value for Science and Engineering Students. OBJECT a To 4a To FEATURES The board consists of the following builtin parts 1, 2VD.C. at 10mA regulated Power Supply. 2. Digital Microammeter, 3% cigits having range 200uA D.C. 3, Semiconductor Diode. 4, Thermometer 0-110 °C. 5. Oven, Electrically neated to heat the Semicondu 6. Mains ON/OFF switch and Fuse. A The unitis operative on 230V #10% at SOH2 A.C. Mains. Adequate no. of patch cords stackable from reer both ends 4mm spring loaded plug length 4 meter a ble terminal/sockets are provided at appropriate places on panel for connections observation of waveforms. PANEL DESCRIPTION On the left hand side of the panel an oven is.erovided with 2 slots, one for fixing the thermometer and second for fixing the wand side, two socket, Red and Blac marking of a diode plug of the diode to the Btack socket. Besides thes: is provided to indicate te current In the bottom ross towards the left hand side of tne panel and below the oven 2 s\ ‘OVEN’ and ‘OFF, “ON on its sides is provided. Towerds the right hand side of the panel in the below the meter 2 switch marked on top as “POWER’ 21d on its sides as ‘OFF’ “ON is provided. Just to this switch a neon po: THEORY 'A semi-conductor doped or undoped alvays eossesses an energy gap between its conduction and valence bands. For conduction of electricity a certain amount of energy is to be given to the electron. so thet {goes from the valence and to the conduction band. This energy so needed is the measure of the energy g2p SE between the two bands apt FIG.1_ REVERSE BIASING OF APN JUNCTION ‘When a p-n jun carriers ie. due to el reverse based as shown in Fig the cutent trough the uncton is due to minosty in P section and holes in N section. The concentiation of these cai —a_ MEGA 1OMEEE:* OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPE ETB -58 Pago 3/5 sndent upon the energy gap AE, Tho ray ndiode, and varies according to the talowing rates oe ‘value is function of the temperature of the Vn OV, Log ly = log [Ao Nn Ng— + “how AEIKT] a Where 7 PN Lt Nq =. density of electrons in N material Ny = density of holes in p material Vp = velocity of holes Vq =: velocity of electrons A = Area of the junction K — = Boltzmann Constant T= Absolute temperature of junction ar 2 (2x mgkT He)? rc) 2 (2x my KT/e) #2 Ny = —— nt Mais the mass of electron and mp is the effective mass of hole. or small range of temperature relation (1) can be put as, og ls = Constant - 6 036. AE (1097) Obviously therefore, if a graph is plotted between log Ig and 10°77, a straight line would be obtained, 25 shown in Fig.2. Where the slope of this fine = 5.036 4€ Here AE is in electron volts. 3.0 logis 32 33 23.24 25 26 27 28 29 30 34 —— 10° F1G.2 GRAPH TO EXPLAIN THE DETERMINATION OF THE SLOPE OF ALINE EXPERIMENT NO. 1 To draw the characteristics of a P-N junction diode for reverse saturation current and temperature. PROCEDURE 1. Plug the main: 2. Insert the thermometer and the diode in the holes 0A-79). 3, Plug the two leads to the diode in the socks od plug in R 410% at 50Hz A.C. 5 lead to the nearest mains socket carrying 230V (The hole ear to the meter is for diode of the oven ed socket and Black plug in Black socket. OMEGA BLECTRONICS, JAIPUR-302 006 (INDIA) ih OMEGAsee: WY A TYPE ETB- 58 Pag 4g OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEG! wt SERRE me 4,, Make the connection as:per Fig. 3 t , FIG. 3 PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM Now put the power ON/OFF Switch to ‘ON’ posiion and see thatthe jewel ight is glowing: Putthe ‘OVEN’ switch to ‘ON’ position and allow the oven temperature to increase up to 90°C. "Note As Soon as the temperature reaches 95°C swith off he oven enabling the temperature to rise further and become stable around 90°C. 7 When the temperature becomes stabe start taking readings of current and temperature: The current (epbing should be taken in steps of SA. The readings should be taken during the fall of ‘temperature from 90°C downwards. 8. Tabuiate your readings in the form shown below : Reverse Temperature Temperature 1077 log ls, : Saturation inc Tink Current in uA ty {ebsolute) & Plata graph betwen the reacings of 1097 on x-axis and log I, 0 Sreight line cuting both the x-axis and y axis, (as shown in Fig 2), EXPERIMENT NO, 2 To determine the Band Gap PROCEDURE 1 Repeat above steps 1 to 9as in Experiment No’ 1 2 Now deiemmine the slope ofthe ne. For determination ofthe Slope ff the line plotted on the basis of readings, refer to the Fig, No.2 n Y-axis. The graph should come as a ina Semiconductor using a Junction Diode. ~ From the graph, CO = 1.0=1 and 8D Therefore slope of he ine = 1/0.4 OMEGA Med OMEGA ELECTRONICS, JAIPUR GOR 006 (INDIA)36 OF PERATING INSTRUCTIONS OMEGA TYPEETE -s8 Pago 8/5 NA a. Aterdetermining the slope o the line calculate th f ° z Slope of t i AEs ooo : 5.036 F PRECAUTIONS - i purine temperature ‘should not exceed 95°C 2 o Of he thermometer and the diode should be inserted wellin the oven the an “odes should not be used with the set up as in that cage the temperature needed is 125°C, and e oven thermometer. ‘provided will not stand to this temperature. QUESTIONS 1. Explain whatis band gap ? 2. How is the reverse current produced in a semiconductor, and on what factors does t depend 7 ql 3 Explain what is valence band and conduction band ? REFERENCES 1. Electronics Fundamentals and Applications - Ryder, J.D. 2 Properties of Silicon and Germanium - Conwell, E.M. pe ) 3. University Practical Physics - Bhatawadekar, Choudhari & Dashora. Diode fixed on Bakelite sheet, two 4mm, Banana pin with Red & Black lead wire - 1 set. Band Gap as follows :- Electron volts, ACCESSORIES Patch cords stackable 4mm spring loaded plug length 4 metre Red-2. Patch cords stackable 4mm spring loaded plug length % metre Black-1. ENCLOSURES : NIL. OMEGA ELECTRONICS, JAIPUR-302 006 (INDIA)