Answer the following questions:

Research briefly the following:

•Brief history

- Athletics in Greece has a long history, dating back to 776 BC, with continuous activity recorded
up to 393 BC. Running, long jump, boxing, wrestling, Pankration (combat sport), discus throw,
and javelin throw were all part of the ancient Olympic Games, which tested warrior skills.

•Playing court/ Brief dimension and parts

Kickball
- Kickball fields can be adaptable, but at higher levels of play, there are regulatory dimensions to
keep gameplay consistent. The total distance between the bases is 60 feet. The distance from
home to second is 84 feet and 10 1/4 inches, and the pitching strip is 42 feet and 5 1/8 inches
from home plate. The sidelines begin 10 feet behind home plate and extend all the way to the
fence.
Soccer
- FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) defines a regulation soccer field as
being 110 to 120 yards long and 70 to 80 yards wide. Although 360 feet long (120 yards) by 225
feet wide (75 yards) is the ideal soccer field size, many professional soccer fields vary in size.
Rugby
- The playing field is no more than 100m long and 70m wide. Each ingoal is no more than 22m
long, and the distance between the goal line and the dead ball line is no less than 10m. The
perimeter area or runoff must be at least 5m.

•Team component

Kickball

- Kickball is similar to baseball and softball in that particular player positions for fielders are
preferred but not required. The pitcher, catcher, and basemen are the only roles in kickball that
must be filled. The coach or manager of the club is in charge of determining how the positions
and alignment on the field should be structured.

Soccer

- Soccer is a team sport in which an 11-player team competes against another 11-player team on
a field. One goalie and ten outfield players make up the squad. Outfield players usually specialize
 in either attacking or defending, or a combination of the two. A team is usually divided into
defenders, midfielders, and strikers, though players can move around freely on the field.

Rugby

- Rugby teams have 15 players, eight of whom are "forwards" who play in the more physical
"pack" that scrums the ball. The forwards are primarily responsible for giving the team a
territorial advantage on the field. The remaining seven players are known as the "backs," and
they are positioned behind the forwards, beginning with the scrum half, who handles the ball
the most frequently, and spreading out to the wing.

•Basic rules

a. Kickball (rulesofsport.com)
 Kickball can be played on any type of pitch or surface but it is most usually played on a
softball diamond.
 Games often consist of 6 innings, but this can be flexible when not playing under WAKA
rules as long as both teams agree.
 Kickballs are made of inflated rubber and can be a variety of sizes and usually measure
between 8 and 16 inches in diameter.
 Because Kickball is usually played in school sports sessions, then team sizes can vary,
although WAKA recommends teams should be between 8 and 11.
 In Kickball, the order of kickers is not specified, but the usual convention is to have an order
of girl/boy or boy/girl.
 Unlike baseball, there are no strikeouts, leading off, or stealing.
 The play comes to an end once the ball returns to the pitcher.
 A player can be out in Kickball when:
- The ball is caught by an opposing team member
- They are tagged out by an opposing player
- The player is forced out at a base by an opposition team member
 To score a run, a runner simply has to safely reach the home plate before the end of an
innings.
 In Kickball, fair play is taken very seriously and players are expected to monitor themselves
and ‘walk’ if they themselves think that they are out and not wait for the referee’s decision.
Any kind of cheating or poor sportsmanship will result in a player being asked to leave the
field of play immediately.
b. Soccer (topendsports.com)
 A football match is played by two teams, with each allowed no more than 11 players on the
field at any one time, one of whom is a goalkeeper.
 A match is played in two 45-minute halves.
  The game begins with the toss of a coin, and the winning captain decides which goal to
defend or to take the first kick off.
 All players must use their feet head or chest to play the ball. Only the goalkeeper is allowed
to use their hands, and only within their designated goal area.
 The aim of the game is to score a goal, which is achieved by kicking or heading the ball into
the opposition team's goal.
 If the ball touches or crosses the sideline, it is thrown back in by the team that was not the
last to touch the ball.
 The game is controlled by a central referee, and two linesmen. They award free kicks and
penalties when rules are broken. For continual breaking of rules or for a bad foul, the player
may be sent off.
c. Rugby (rulesofsport.com)
 The game is broken down into two 40-minute halves with a 10-minute rest period in
between. The game carries no stoppage time and will end exactly on 80 minutes.
 Each team can start with 15 players and up to 7 substitutes. Players that have left the field
are only allowed to return if they have been treated for an injury.
 The field must be roughly 100 metres long and 70 meters wide with a minimum of a 10-
meter dead ball area. The H shaped goal needs to be 6 meters wide with no restrictions on
height.
 The field consist of the following markings; half way line, 5 metre line, 22 metre line, 10
metre line and dead ball line. Also included is a center spot for restarting the game after a
try, penalty or drop goal has been scored.
 The game must have one referee and two touch judges. It’s the referee’s job to time keep,
make decisions throughout the game and keep order on the field. The two touch judges can
assist the referee with decisions and also notify the referee when players are in touch (out
of playing boundaries).
 The game will stop if a player is fouled, the ball goes out of play or a try or drop goal is
scored.
 The defending team must tackle a player by grabbing a hold and pulling them to the floor. A
tackle cannot be made above shoulder height and doing so will cause the referee to award
a foul.
 Once the ball goes into touch a line out is called. Up to 7 players can enter a line out and
any of these players can be lifted in order to catch the ball being thrown in. Both teams can
compete to win the ball.
 A successful conversion, penalty or kick at goal only occurs when the player manages to kick
the ball through the top section of the goal. If a player is unsuccessful the ball is still in play
until it crosses one of the playing fields boundaries.
 Attacking players must remain behind the ball whilst active or run the risk of being called
offside. Players not interfering with play can be in front of ball but must get back behind the
ball before then again interfering with play.
References:

•Brief history

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_sport

•Playing court/ Brief dimension and parts

Kickball: https://www.rookieroad.com/kickball/rules-and-regulations/field-dimensions/

Soccer: https://backyardsidekick.com/soccer-field-size-layout-and-dimensions/

Rugby: https://www.dlgsc.wa.gov.au/sport-and-recreation/sports-dimensions-guide/rugby-union

•Team component

Kickball: https://www.rookieroad.com/kickball/player-positions/

Soccer: https://www.bundesliga.com/en/faq/all-you-need-to-know-about-soccer

Rugby: https://www.encyclopedia.com/sports/sports-fitness-recreation-and-leisure-magazines/rugby-
strength-training-and-exercises

Basic rules

Kickballs: https://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/kickball.html

Soccer: https://www.topendsports.com/sport/soccer/basics.htm

Rugby: https://www.rulesofsport.com/sports/rugby.html

Rubric

Organized 35%

Informative 30%

Neatness/ cleanliness 10%

Submitted on time 10%

Creativity/ style 15%