Rugby

Alexandra Zhang 4-805-989

Elham Barbour 1-745-1928

Rugby, football game played with an oval ball by two teams of 15 players (in rugby union play) or 13 players
(in rugby league play). Both rugby union and rugby league have their origins in the style of football played at
Rugby School in England. According to the sport’s lore, in 1823 William Webb Ellis, a pupil at Rugby School,
defied the conventions of the day (that the ball may only be kicked forward) to pick up the ball and run with it
in a game, thus creating the distinct handling game of rugby football. This “historical” basis of the game was
well established by the early 1900s, about the same time that foundation myths were invented
for baseball and Australian rules football. While it is known that Webb Ellis was a student at Rugby School at
the time, there is no direct evidence of the actual event’s having taken place, though it was cited by the Old
Rugbeian Society in an 1897 report on the origins of the game. Nevertheless, Rugby School, whose name has
been given to the sport, was pivotal in the development of rugby football, and the first rules of the game that
became rugby union football were established there in 1845.
Rugby is now a popular sport in many countries of the world, with clubs and national teams found in places as
diverse as Japan, Côte d’Ivoire, Georgia, Uruguay, and Spain. Rugby among women is one of the world’s
fastest-growing sports. At the turn of the 21st century, the International Rugby Board (IRB; founded in 1886 as
the International Rugby Football Board), headquartered in Dublin, boasted more than 100 affiliated national
unions, though at the top level the sport was still dominated by the traditional rugby powers of Australia,
England, France, Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, South Africa, and Wales.

Rugby Ball
A rugby ball, originally called a quanco, is a diamond shape ball used for easier passing. Richard Lindon and
Bernardo Solano started making balls for Rugby school out of hand stitched, four-panel, leather casings and
pigs’ bladders. The rugby ball's distinctive shape is supposedly due to the pig's bladder, although early balls
were more plumb-shape than oval. The balls varied in size in the beginning depending upon how large the
pig's bladder was.
In rugby union, World Rugby regulates the size and shape of the ball under Law 2 (also known as Law E.R.B);
an official rugby union ball is oval and made of four panels, has a length in-line of 280–300 millimetres, a
circumference (end to end) of 740–770 millimetres, and a circumference (in width) of 580–620 millimetres. It
is made of leather or suitable synthetic material and may be treated to make it water resistant and easier to
grip. The rugby ball may not weigh more than 460 grams or less than 410 and has an air pressure of 65.71–
68.75 kilopascals, or 0.67–0.70 kilograms per square centimetre, or 9.5–10.0 lbs per square inch.[32] Spare
balls are allowed under the condition that players or teams do not seek an advantage by changing the ball.
Smaller sized balls may also be used in games between younger players. Much larger versions of traditional
balls are also available for purchase, but these are mainly for their novelty attraction.
The objective in rugby league is to score more points through tries, goals and field goals (also known as drop
goals) than the opposition within the 80 minutes of play. If after two halves of play, each consisting of forty
minutes, the two teams are drawing, a draw may be declared, or the game may enter extra time under the
golden point rule, depending on the relevant competition's format.

The try is the most common form of scoring,and a

team will usually attempt to score one by running
and kicking the ball further upfield, or passing from
player-to-player in order to manoeuvre around the
opposition's defence. A try involves touching the
ball to the ground on or beyond the defending
team's goal-line and is worth four points. A goal is
worth two points and may be gained from a
conversion or a penalty. A field goal, or drop goal,
is only worth one point and is gained by dropping
and then kicking the ball on the half volley between
the uprights in open play

Field position is crucial in rugby league, achieved by

running with or kicking the ball. Passing in rugby league
may only be in a backward or sideways direction.
Teammates therefore have to remain on-side by not moving
ahead of the player with the ball. However, the ball may be
kicked ahead for teammates, but again, if they are in front
of the kicker they are deemed off-side. Tackling is a key
component of rugby league play. Only the player holding
the football may be tackled. A tackle is completed when that
player's progress is halted, or he is put to ground. An
attacking team gets a maximum of six tackles to progress
up the field before possession is changed over. Ball control
is also important in rugby league, as a fumble of the ball on
the ground forces a handover, unless the ball is fumbled
backwards. The ball can also be turned over by going over
the sideline.
Rugby Rules
Rugby is one of the most physical of sports. Internationally the pinnacle of the sport lies in the
Rugby World Cup. Other tournaments such as the Tri Nations (including South Africa, New Zealand
and Australia), Six Nations (including England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Italy and France) and the
Heineken Cup are other tournaments which are held in high esteem throughout.

Object of the Game

The object of the game is score more points than your opponents in the 80 minute time frame
allotted for each rugby match. The team with the greater number of points at full time is announced
as the winner. Games may end as a draw.

The team with the ball must move the ball up the field in ‘phases of play’. The ball can never be
passed forwards but players can run forwards with the ball or kick the ball forward to chase it down.
The opposing team needs to stop the attacking team by tackling and trying to retain the ball.

Players & Equipment

Each rugby team will consist of 15 players. The team is split into two groups known as forwards and
backs. There are 8 forwards (positions include Hooker, Prop, Second Row, Flanker and Number
Eight) and 7 backs (positions include Scrum Half, Fly Half, Inside Centre, Outside Centre, Wingers
and a Full Back).

The pitch is split up into three sections; one main playing area which must not exceed 100 metres
and two dead goal areas which can range from 10 to 20 m. The pitch must then be equal to 70
metres wide. The goal posts are in an ‘H’ shape and are roughly 5 to 6 meters apart with no
restrictions on height.

Studded boots can be worn along with gum shields, head guards, shoulder pads and shin pads.
Each team must wear the same coloured jerseys with matching shorts and socks.

Scoring
Points can be scored by one of four ways:

 A try is awarded when a player places the ball down in their opponent’s dead ball area
behind the goal. 5 points are awarded.
 A conversion is a free kick that the team is awarded after a try to earn 2 bonus points. A
successful kick needs to pass between the upper posts and top bar on the goal.
 A penalty kick will gain a team 3 points and is awarded to a team when the opposing team
causes an infringement.
  A drop goal can be kicked out of the hand as long as the ball bounces first and can earn a
team 3 points.

Winning the Game

To win the game you must score more points than your opponent within 80 minutes. Points can be
scored via any of the methods mentioned above.

Rules of Rugby
 The game is broken down into two 40 minute halves with a 10 minute rest period in between.
The game carries no stoppage time and will end exactly on 80 minutes.
 Each team can start with 15 players and up to 7 substitutes. Players that have left the field
are only allowed to return if they have been treated for an injury.
 The field must be roughly 100 metres long and 70 metres wide with a minimum of a 10 metre
dead ball area. The H shaped goal needs to be 6 metres wide with no restrictions on height.
 The field consist of the following markings; half way line, 5 metre line, 22 metre line, 10 metre
line and dead ball line. Also included is a centre spot for restarting the game after a try,
penalty or drop goal has been scored.
 The game must have one referee and two touch judges. It’s the referee’s job to time keep,
make decisions throughout the game and keep order on the field. The two touch judges can
assist the referee with decisions and also notify the referee when players are in touch (out of
playing boundaries).
 The game will stop if a player is fouled, the ball goes out of play or a try or drop goal is
scored.
 The defending team must tackle a player by grabbing a hold and pulling them to the floor. A
tackle cannot be made above shoulder height and doing so will cause the referee to award a
foul.
 Once the ball goes into touch a line out is called. Up to 7 players can enter a line out and any
of these players can be lifted in order to catch the ball being thrown in. Both teams can
compete to win the ball.
 A successful conversion, penalty or kick at goal only occurs when the player manages to kick
the ball through the top section of the goal. If a player is unsuccessful the ball is still in play
until it crosses one of the playing fields boundaries.
 Attacking players must remain behind the ball whilst active or run the risk of being called
offside. Players not interfering with play can be in front of ball but must get back behind the
ball before then again interfering with play.