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Translate the following news headlines into Myanmar/English.

1. Chief Minister: Yangon bus line will meet international standards by 2018

2. 5 million euro loan, tax bill discussed at Pyidaungsu Hluttaw

3. Attorney-General urges courts to resolves cases in timely manner

4. 2,000 midwives to be appointed this year

5. Tamataw ends area clearance operations in northern Rakhine

6. Asian Games: Japanese try to grit their teeth for Asian ‘Challenge’

7. Scientists explore the impact of global warming on Japan’s sea life

8. UN must take lead in resolving Syria crisis

9. Citizen journalists should learn code of ethics in journalism

10. Winter beans and pulses sell well in Pyay

11. Over 30,000 students in Bago join ethic language classes

12. Measure taken to protect crops against parasites

13. Pone Taung-Pone Nyar area expected to be designated as ecotourism site

14. Vietnamese firms eye investing in Myanmar

15. Germany’s Merkel wants to discuss cyber attacks with Russia

16. Markel calls for joint efforts with Russia to battle Islamists terrorism

17. Nine people flee US border patrol to seek asylum in Canada

18. Thousands of Filipino Catholic march against death penalty, war on drugs

19. Cigarettes and betel quids to be sold with health warnings

20. Plans underway to build shopping mall made out of bamboo

1. (၆၉) ႏွစ္ေျမာက္ ခ်င္းအမ်ိဳးသားေန႔ အခမ္းအနား ရ န္ကုန္ျမိဳ႕၌ က်င္းပ

2. ျမန္မာအမ်ိဳးသမီး ရက္သတၲ ပတ္ က်င္းပမည္

3. ယာဥ္ေၾကာက်ပ္တည္းမႈ ေျဖေလွ်ာ့ ႏု ိင္ရန္ ရ န္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္း အငွားယာဥ္ ထက္ဝက္ခန္႔ ေလွ်ာ့ ခ်မည္

4. ျမန္မာအသင္း အာဆီယံ ယူ -၁၈ ၿပိဳင္ပြဲတြင္ နယူ းဇီလန္ ဗီယက္နမ္တုိ႔ႏွင့္ က်ေရာက္

5. ကယ္လီဖု ိးနီးယားတြင္ မု န္တုိင္းတု ိက္ၿပီး မု ိးသည္းထန္စြာ ရြာသြန္း၊ ေသဆုံ းသူ ငါးဦးအထိ ျမင့္တက္လာ

6. ယြန္းပညာေကာလိပ္ (ပု ဂံ ) ၌ ယြန္းပညာဒီပလု ိမာ အပ္ႏွင္းပြဲက်င္းပ

7. ျပည္ၿမိဳ႕တြင္ ယာဥ္စည္းကမ္း လမ္းစည္းကမ္း အသိပညာေပး

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8. ရခု ိင္ျပည္နယ္ ေမာင္ေတာေဒသ စုံ စမ္းေရး ေကာ္မရွင္ အစည္းအေဝးက်င္းပ

9. က်န္းမာေရး အသိပညာေပး၊ အမ်ိဳးသမီး ၆၅၀၀ ေက်ာ္ စု ေပါင္းလမ္းေလွ်ာက္

10. ေက်းရြာ ၁၀ ရြာအက်ိဳးျပဳ ကု ိ္ယ့္အားကု ိယ္ကုိး ေမတၲာ ေပါင္းကူ းတံ တား ေဆာက္လုပ္ေန

11. ျပည္ပဆန္ တင္ပုိ႔မႈ ယမန္ႏွစ္ကထက္ တန္ခ်ိန္ ၄ သိန္းခန္္႔ ေလ်ာ့ က်

12. ခ်င္းျပည္နယ္ရွိ တု ိင္းရင္းသားျပည္သူမ်ား၏ အနာဂါတ္လူမႈစီးပြးဘဝ ဖြံ ႕ၿဖိဳးေရး ေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးလွ်က္ရွိ

13. မိတၳီလာ၌ ပထမဆုံ း ဒစ္ဂ်စ္တယ္ ရု ပ္ရွင္ရ ုံသစ္ မၾကာမွီတြင္ ဖြင့္လွစ္မည္

14. အမ်ိုု ဳးသားေဘာလုံ း အကယ္ဒမီ (ရ န္ကုန္) အား ဖီဖာဥကၠ ဌ ဖြင့္လွစ္ေပး

15. ဂ်ပန္ႏု ိင္ငံ ခ်ီဘာေဒသ၌ ေျမငလ်င္လႈပ္ခတ္

16. ၿငိမ္ခ်မ္းေရးေဆြးေႏြးပြဲတြင္ ပါဝင္ရန္ အဆင္သင့္ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္း ဆီးရီးယား အတို က္အ ခံ အဖြဲ႕ေျပာ

17. အီရတ္ႏု ိင္ငံ ၿမိဳ႕ေတာ္ ဘဂၢဒက္၌ ကားဗုံ းေပါက္မႈ ထပ္မံ ျဖစ္ပြား၊ ၄၅ ဦးေသဆုံ း

18. ေရာ္ဘာက႑ ဖြံ ႕ျဖိဳးတု ိးတက္ေရး အလု ပ္ရုံေဆြးေႏြး

19. လူ ကု န္ကူးမႈ တားဆီးကာကြယ္ေရးႏွင့္ က်န္းမာေရးဆု ိင္ရာမ်ား ပညာေပးေဟာေျပာ

20. ဒီမု ိကေရစီ ေျပာင္းလဲေရးက႑တြင္ အမ်ိဳးသမီးမ်ား ၂ ရာခု ိင္ႏႈန္းသာ ပါဝင္မႈရွိေနဟု ဆု ိ

21. Farmer call centre to launch in capital on Peasants’ Day

22. Import, export targets for fiscal 2017-2018 will be issued in March

23. Government settling 38 cases reported by entrepreneurs to develop private sector businesses

24. Gems, jade to be sold in Kyat at emporium from 19 to 24 March

25. Investigation Commission writing full report on Maungtaw

26. Domestic gold price on the rise in keeping with high global price

27. Philippine army to create task force to chase big drug syndicates

28. Iraqi forces advance towards Mosul airport in push to capture city

29. Stimulant pills seized in northern Shan State

30. India looks to expand energy ties with Myanmar

21. ၫႊန္ၾကားေရးမႈးခ်ဳပ္ ဦးကု ိကု ိႏု ိင္အား လာအု ိျပည္သူ႕ဒီမု ိကရက္တ စ္ သမၼတႏု ိင္ငံ ဆု ိင္ရာသံ အမတ္ႀကီး အျဖစ္ ခန္႔အပ္

22. ေတာင္ႀကီး-လြယ္လင္-နမ့္ဆန္ ကားလမ္း အဆင့္ျမွင့္တင္ေန

23. သဘာဝေဘး ႀကိဳတင္ကာကြယ္ေရး လု ပ္င န္းမ်ားေဆာင္ရြက္ရန္ ေထာက္ပံ ံ ံ့ ပစၥည္း ႏွင့္ ေထာက္ပံ ံ့ ေငြ ေပးအပ္

24. ပု ဂၢလိက က႑ ဖြံ ႕ၿဖိဳးတု ိးတက္ မွ ႏု ိင္ငံ ေတာ္၏ စီးပြားေရး ဖြံ ႕ၿဖိဳးတု ိးတက္မည္

25. တပ္မေတာ္ ကာကြယ္ေရး ဦးစီးခ်ဳပ္ မႏၲ ေလးၿမိဳ႕ရွိ တပ္မေတာ္ေဆးရုံ ႏွင့္ နန္းၿမိဳ႕ရု ိး ျပဳျပင္ထိမ္းသိမ္းေနမႈ ၾကည့္႐ႈစစ္ေ
ဆး
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26. တရု တ္ႏု ိင္ငံ ေျမာက္ပုိင္းတြင္ ဆီးႏွင္းမ်ား ဖုံ းလႊမ္းမည္

27. ဘယ္လ္ဂ်ီယန္တြင္ မီးရထားတစ္စင္း လမ္းေခ်ာ္တိမ္းေမွာက္၊ တစ္ဦး ေသဆုံ း၊ ၂၀ ဦးဒဏ္ရာရ

28. တု ိင္းရင္းသားမ်ား ျပည္ေထာင္စုစိတ္ဓာတ္ ေမြးျမဴျခင္းျဖင့္သာ အနာဂတ္အ တြက္ အာမခံ ခ်က္ ေပးႏု ိင္မည္

29. ကယားျပည္နယ္ အစု ိးရအဖြ႕ဲအား ၿဗိတိန္ႏု ိင္ငံ သံ ရုံ း၏ ပထမအတြင္းဝန္ လာေရာက္ေတြ႕ဆုံ

30. ေျမာက္ဦးၿမိဳ႕ရွိ မီးေဘးသင့္ျပည္သူမ်ားအား ေထာက္ပံ့

1. As a way of acknowledge International Women’s Day on 8 th March, Women’s Week-Myanmar will

be organized by Kanbawza Group of companies joining hands with Ministry of Social Welfare and
Relief and Resettlement and Yangon Region government.

2. The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Irrigation plans to open a new farmer call centre in the
capital Nay Pyi Taw on Peasants’ Day, which falls on 2 March, with the aim of providing real-time
information to local growers.

1. (၆၉) ႏွစ္ေျမာက္ ခ်င္းအမ်ိဳးသားေန႔ အခမ္းအနားကု ိ ယေန႔ ညေန ၆ နာရီ ခြဲတြင္ ေနျပည္ေတာ္ရွိ ျမန္မာအျပည္ျပည္ဆ ုိင္ရာ ကြ
န္ဗန္းရွင္း ဗဟု ိဌာန (၂) ၌က်င္းပရာ ႏု ိင္ငံ ေတာ္၏ အတု ိင္ပင္ခံ ပု ဂၢိဳလ္ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစု ၾကည္ တက္ေရာက္၍ ႏု တ္ခြန္းဆက္ အမွာ

စကား ေျပာၾကားသည္။

2. ဒု တိယသမၼတ ဦးဟင္နရီဗန္ထီးယူ သည္ ယေန႔နံ နက္ ၈ နာရီတြင္ ရ န္ကု န္တုိင္းေဒသႀကီး လမ္းမေတာ္ၿမိဳ႕နယ္ရွိ ျမန္မာႏု ိင္ငံ အင္ဂ်င္နီ

ယာေကာင္စီ ရုံ းသစ္ ဖြင့္ပြဲႏွင့္ နည္းပညာဆု ိင္ရာစာၾကည္႔တု ိက္ဖြင့္ပြဲ အခမ္းအနားမ်ားသု ိ႔ တက္ေရာက္သည္။

1. The President and the First Lady, together with Union Minister Lt-General Ye Aung,
Deputy Minister Brig-General Toe Yi arrived at the Falam’s Sports Ground at 8 in the
morning and were greeted by Chin ethnic people dressed in traditional clothing.

2. “The regional government is working on upgrading the system after a new city bus system was
changed. We will have a system similar to what is being practiced internationally by January 2018”,
Yangon Region Chief Minister U Phyo Min Thein said at a press conference yesterday in the Yangon
Region Government Office.

1. ရ န္ကုန္ၿမိဳ႕ရွိ လက္ရွိ ေျပးွဆြဲေနေသာ ယာဥ္လုိင္းမ်ားအားလုံ း ကု မၸဏီပုံ စံ ျဖင့္ ဖြဲ႕စည္းကာ ကားအသစ္မ်ားျဖင့္ ေျပာင္းလဲ

ေျပးွဆြဲသြားရမည္ျဖစ္ေၾကာင္းရ န္ကု န္တုိင္းေဒသႀကီးဝန္ႀကီးခ်ဳပ္ဦးၿဖိဳးမင္းသိန္းကေျပာၾကားသည္။
2. ကမၻာေပၚတြင္ နဝမေျမာက္ လူ ဦးေရ အထူ ထပ္ဆုံးျဖစ္သည္႕ အျပင္ ကမၻာ႔ေျမျပင္၏ ရွစ္ပုံတစ္ပုံအက်ု ယ္အ ဝန္းရွိ ရွရွားဖက္ဒေရးရွ
င္းႏု ိင္ငံ တြင္ ပထမဆုံ းေသာ ေရႊစည္းခုံ ပုံ တူ ေစတီေတာ္ႀကီးအား အျမန္ဆုံးတည္ထ ားကု ိးကြယ္ႏု ိင္ေရးအတြက္ သီတဂူ ဆရာေ
တာ္ႀကီးက ဦးေဆာင္ႀကိဳးပမ္းလွ်က္ရွိသည္။

1. The Union Government Private Sector Development Committee and entrepreneurs held their
third regular meeting in Yangon yesterday, discussing on how improvements can be made to make it
easier for entrepreneurs to do business, how to streamline application processes and for speedier
private sector development in the country.
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2. Curbing outdoor air pollution may help prevent 2.7 million premature births a year, a conditions
that threatens children’s lives and increases their risk of long-term physical and neurological
problems, scientists said on Thursday.

1. ဘဏ္မ်ားတြင္အပ္ႏွံ ထားသည္႔ေငြ၏ အတု ိးရေငြအေပၚ အခြန္ေပးေဆာင္ရန္ဝင္ေငြခြန္ဥပေဒအရ ျပဌာန္းထားေသာ္လည္း ျပည္တြ င္းအ

ခြန္မ်ား ဦးစီးဌာနအေနျဖင့္ လက္ရွိအေျခအေနတြင္ အတို းရေငြအေပၚ အခြန္ေကာက္ခံ ရန္ အစီအစဥ္မရွိပါေၾကာင္း စီမံ ကိန္းႏွင့္ ဘ႑ာေ

ရး ဝန္ႀကီးဌာနမွ သတင္းရရွိသည္။

2. ျမန္မာႏု ိင္ငံ တစ္ဝန္း အင္ဂ်င္နီယာဘြဲ႕ရမ်ားကု ိ ႏု ိင္ငံ တကာ အဆင့္မီ အင္ဂ်င္နီယာမ်ားအျဖစ္ ကမာၻ႕အင္ဂ်င္နီယာ ဖြံ ႕ၿဖိဳးၿပီး ႏု ိင္ငံ မ်ားန

ည္းတူ ရင္ေပါင္တန္းႏု ိင္ေရး က႑ေပါင္းစုံ မွ ကူ ညီေဆာင္ရြက္ေပးသြားမည္႔ ျမန္မာႏု ိင္ငံ ၏ ပထမဆုံ းေသာ အင္ဂ်င္နီယာေကာင္စီ အေဆာ

က္အ အုံ သစ္ႀကီးကု ိ လမ္းမေတာ္ၿမိဳ႕နယ္ ခေရပင္လမ္း၌ ယေန႔ နံ နက္ပုိင္းက ဖြင့္လွစ္ခဲ့သည္။

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I. Translation is a phenomenon that has a huge effect on everyday life. This can range from the
translation of a key international treaty to the multilingual posters that welcome customers to a
small restaurant. The term translation itself has several meanings: it can refer to the general subject
field, the product or the process. The process of translation involves the translator changing an
original written text (ST) in the original verbal language (SL) into a written text (TT) in a different
verbal language (TL). This corresponds to ‘interlingual translation’. According to Roman Jakobson
(2000), there are three types of translation:
1. Intralingual translation, or rewording: ‘an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of
the same language’:
2. Interlingual translation, or translation proper: ‘an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some
other language’:
3. Intersemiotic translation, or transmutation: ‘an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of
non-verbal sign system’:
Intralingual translation would occur when we rephrase an expression or text in the same language to
explain something we might have said or written. Intersemiotic translation would occur if a written
text was translated into music, film or painting. It is interlingual translation which is the traditional
focus of translation studies.

II. Consistently good performance in conference interpreting depends on sustained mental alertness.
An interpreter must maintain attention and concentration through many hours of meetings and
absorb the contents of lengthy discussions on many subjects. This means keeping fit, notably by
getting enough sleep and following good habits of nutrition and exercise.
An interpreter must also adopt an attitude of intellectual modesty and willingness to learn, keeping
up with changes in his languages. Interpreter must be able to understand and clearly state a wide
range of possible ideas and arguments representing different sides of any issues. Gaining familiarity
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with the subject matter is important, and attending a meeting in advance will be especially helpful to
get a grasp of procedural rules and terms.
Careful observations of speakers’ gestures and demeanor, as well as the reactions of listeners, will
provide additional clues to the intent behind the words. Knowing the specific themes of a
conference in advance and getting a copy of agenda, background documents, list of speakers, and
any prepared speeches can also be very helpful. Many speakers prepare their speeches well in
advance and will gladly give a copy to an interpreter. Copies of speeches can often be obtained from
the office or their websites. Sometimes a translation of the speeches can readily be read out by the
interpreter if the translation is of good quality.

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I. Rearrange the following sentences to form a paragraph. Translate the paragraph and give title.
(a) Progress leads to differences of opinions and points of view.
(b) My generation and my parents’ generation are different, but this does not mean that one is
significantly better than the other one.
(c) I think we all should remember that before starting to judge one another.
(d) Differences between generations have always existed and it is natural for them to exist.

II. (a) The most important is the power to cope with circumstances and keep our spirit goes on in
the most difficult situations.
(b) There are many people, who are honest, intelligent and even faithful, but only some are
successful in achieving their goals.
(c) Many people believe that one can be successful if one is honest, faithful or intelligent.
(d) It is well said that ‘we cannot direct the wind but we can adjust the sail’.
III. (a) So it is good to tell truth to people with whom you are in a relationship.
(b) The foundation of any relationship is truth and as long as people in the relationship be
truthful to each other, that relationship continues in a smooth manner.
(c) Telling truth is no doubt the most important consideration in any relationship.
(d) However always telling the truth may not be good and there may be situations where it is
better not to reveal the truth for the benefit of other people.

IV. (a) Like other arts, music is ubiquitous and it has become a part of our life.
(b) A baby falls in sleep in the music of a lullaby; a young student may listen to music from a
radio, TV and iPod.
(c) Music is a very important form of art.
(d) The whole lifetime of people is accompanied by music.
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(e) There is music for every single occasion in our life.

**************
I. Translate the following paragraph into Myanmar/English.
Obviously music has inspired a seemingly endless stream of fantastic productions such as
CD, MTV, concerts, and so on, which we cannot live without. Today music is not just something for
fun at all. It springs out general human feelings, needs and desires at every level. Music can bring us
information about cultures, history, science and religion all over the world. It is like the vase that
can collect every little dew in every corner in the world and then pour it to irrigate people’s hearts
and allow people to understand each other better regardless of different languages, ages and races.

II. Many people believe that one can be successful if one is committed, honest, faithful or
intelligent. There are many people, who are honest, beautiful, good and soft spoken, intelligent and
even faithful, but only some are successful in achieving their goals. While all of these act as the
medium for success, the most important is the power to cope with circumstances and keep our spirit
goes on in the most difficult situations. It is well said that ‘we cannot direct the wind but we can
adjust the sail’. Similarly, on the way to our destination, we will come across a lot of obstacles, but
we need to find the way to come across that situation. This is where success lies. No matter how low
we fall, what matters is how high we bounce back.

I. ဘာသာျပန္ဆုိျခင္းမွာ သီးျခား အတတ္ပညာ တစ္ရပ္ျဖစ္ေပရာ အခ်ိန္ယူေလ့ လာရန္ လု ိအပ္သည္။ သိမ္ေမြ႕နက္နဲလွသည့္ ပညာရပ္တစ္ခုလ

ည္းျဖစ္သျဖင့္ အေတြးအေခၚ အယူ အဆမွန္ရန္ အေရးၾကီးသည္။ သု ိ႔မွသာ မူ ရင္းစာ၏ ဆု ိလု ိရင္းအနက္အ ဓိပါၼယ္ေပၚ လြင္ေစရန္ သ
င့္ေလ်ာ္ မွန္က န္သည္ ႔ စကားလုံ းမ်ားကု ိ ေရြးခ်ယ္ႏု ိင္မည္ျဖစ္သည္။ ဘာသာျပန္ဆုိရာတြင္ ပုံ ေသနည္းသဖြယ္ သတ္မွတ္ထ ားသည္႔ နည္းစနစ္၊
သု ိ႔မဟု တ္ နည္းလမ္းဟူ ၍ မရွိေခ်။ မူ ရင္းစာေရးဆရာ၏ အာေဘာ္ကုိ ျခဳံ ငုံ မိေစရန္ မူ ရင္းစာ၏ အနက္အ ဓိပါၼၸယ္ကုိ စာဖတ္သူ ကြ
က္ကြက္ကြင္းကြင္း ျမင္လာေစရန္ မိမိႏွစ္သက္ရာနည္းလမ္းျဖင့္ ျပန္ဆုိႏု ိင္သည္။

II. ဆရာသမားေကာင္းတု ိ႔ကု ိ္ တပည္႕တို ႔ ရ င္ထဲ တစ္သက္တ ာ စြဲထင္က်န္ရစ္သည္။ ဆရာ အသင္အျပ ေကာင္းသည့ ္ အခ်ိန္ဆို လွ်င္ တစ္တန္းလုံ း တု
ပ္ တု ပ္မွ် မလႈပ္ ။ အပင္ပန္းခံ ႏို င္ လု ႔ံ လစု ိက္ ႏု ိင္ပါမွလည္း၊ စာသင္ေကာင္းသည္ မည္သည္။ သု ိ႔မွသာ ဆရာတု ိ႔ ပီတိအရသာ ခံ စားရသ
ည္။ ဆရာသမားေကာင္းတု ိ႔မည္သည္ ဂု ဏ္ပကာသနမမက္။ ဓနဥစၥာမလု ိ။ ပညာဥာဏ္ ၊ ၀ါသနာ အေလ့ အထုံ ႏွင့္ ျပီးျပည္႕စုံ သ

ည္႔ ျမင့္ျမတ္သူ မ်ားသာျဖစ္သည္။ ဆရာေကာင္းမွန္လွ်င္ ေငြေၾကး လာဘ္လာဘကု ိ မေမွ်ာ္။ တပည့္ငယ္မ်ား အခ်ိန္သင့္တန္၍ လူ တစ္လုံးသူ

တစ္လုံး ေပါက္ေျမာက္ေအာင္ျမင္သည္ကိုသာ အစဥ္ေမွ်ာ္ကုိးသူ ျဖစ္သည္။

1. State Counsellor Daw Aung San Suu Kyi addressed at 69 th Chin National Day, which was held at
Myanmar International Convention Centre II in Nay Pyi Taw, 6:30 pm this evening. (pg-3)
2. Vice President U Henry Van Thio attended the opening ceremony of Myanmar Engineer Council
Building and Technological Library, which was held in Lammadaw Tsp, Yangon, 8: am this morning.
1. Current bus lines in Yangon to be reformed as Public Companies and the old buses must be
replaced by modern ones: said Yangon Region Chief Minister U Phyo Min Thein. (pg-3)
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2. Venerable Sitagu Sayadaw is now organizing donors in order to build the first Shwe-zi-gon-like
pagoda in Russian Federation, which is 9 th most populated and covering one-eight of the earth’s
area. (pg-3)

1. According to Income Tax Law, interests generated from bank deposits are to be taxed but it
currently has no plans to impose taxes on them: Internal Revenue Department. (pg-4)
2. Myanmar Engineer Council Building was opened at Khraypin St, Lammadaw Tsp this morning, with
the aim of providing assistance to certified engineers in Myanmar so that they will become
international professionals. (pg-4)

Tuto: II. 1. President U Htin Kyaw and Daw Su Su Lwin arrived back Nay Pyi Taw yesterday after
concluding their visit to Cambodia. They were welcomed back at Nay Pyi Taw International Airport
by Vice President U Myint Swe, Deputy Commander-in-Chief of Defence Services, Commander-in-
Chief (Army) Vice Senior General Soe Win and officials.
Tuto: II. 2. ျပည္ေထာင္စု ၿငိမ္းခ်မ္းေရး ေဆြးေႏြးမႈ ပူ းတြဲေကာ္မတီ (UPDJC) အစည္းအေဝးကု ိ ယေန႔ နံ နက္ ၁၀ နာရီတြင္
ေနျပည္ေတာ္ရွိသဂၤဟဟု ိတယ္၌က်င္းပရာ (UPDJC) ဥကၠ ဌ၊ ႏု ိင္ငံ ေတာ္၏အတု ိင္ပင္ခံ ပု ဂၢိဳလ၊္ ေဒၚေအာင္ဆန္းစု ၾကည္ တ
က္ေရာက္ အမွာစကား ေျပာၾကားသည္။

1. One needs to take time to improve his skill of translation as it is the specific branch of study. As it
is a very subtle and complex, one needs to keep the proper idea and thinking and so that he can
choose the appropriate words. There is no fixed formula or techniques in translation. We can
translate a text in various ways we like in order to cover the original writer’s idea and to provide the
readers a vivid background of it. (pg-6)

2. Good teachers leave an ever-lasting mark on the lives of students. The quality of their teaching
has a great influence on students’ learning. To have quality teaching, it should be a mix of hard work
and successes. Teachers can get inner satisfaction. They do not really hope for external rewards such
as money and power. A real teacher must possess three basic qualities: well-established knowledge,
intellectual practices and being noble. For teachers, money does not matter nor should it matter.
The best reward for a true teacher is to see his or her student learn, grow and develop. In the end,
he or she wants to see students’ crowning success. (pg-6)
A personal system of note-taking is very useful not only in consecutive but in simultaneous
interpretation, as well as for translators. Developing a personal system of notes also helps to form
the habit of summarizing and symbolizing words and phrases, which is an important aspect of the
interpretation process.
Note-taking is most important to the consecutive interpreter. Consecutive interpretation relies on
long-term memory. Psychological studies have shown that long-term memory fades very rapidly.
Although it is very difficult to remember a large number of words, however, it is not so difficult to
remember a series of ideas.
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A successful note-taking for consecutive interpretation calls for a method of reducing words and
ideas and putting the ideas into symbols that can be re-expressed in another language. An
interpreter must not try to write down word for word everything the speaker says because a
hundred of words contain only one idea.
There are some basic guidelines on note-taking that we should follow:
 Your note-taking system must be your own. It must be one that you can easily use, based on your
own style of handwriting.
 It is helpful to learn a stenographic system such as shorthand, or note-taking system such as
Speedwriting, or to invent your own way of ‘writing phonetically’.
 Adopt and use symbols that are useful for the subjects you are dealing with.
 Always use a symbol to mean only one thing in a given context.
 Use pictorial or graphic devices like circles and squares or lines and arrows.
 Arrange your notes on the page in a meaningful way. Use indentations logically and consistently.
 Learn and use conventional abbreviations and acronyms.
 Adopt a simple, one-stroke symbol which means ‘the main subject of the speech’.
 Adopt a simple sign which will mean ‘three zeros’. Adopt another symbol to represent ‘two
zeros’.
 Adopt or coin abbreviations or acronyms for often-used phrases.
 Invent symbols for common prefixes and suffixes.
 Do not double any consonants, and delete any vowels that are not necessary to make the word
recognizable.
 Write your notes in the target language.
 Always have enough sharp pencils or functional pens at hand.
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