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Problem #1

The inertia of the elastic elements is negligible. What is the natural frequency of the system
assuming a SDOF model is used?

Given :-

❖ m=150kg
❖ L=0.8m
❖ 𝐸 = 210 ∗ 109 𝑁/𝑚2
❖ 𝐼 = 1.6 ∗ 10−5 𝑚4
❖ assuming a SDOF model

Required

❖ What is the natural frequency of the system (f)?

Solution :- To find the natural frequency of the system

𝜔𝑛
❖ 𝑓= but,
2𝜋
𝑘
❖ 𝑤𝑛 = √𝑚

Where

✓ k is stiffness of the member k= W/Δ static

❖ W weight =mg 150kg*9.81m/s^2 =1,471.50 N
𝑤𝐿3 150𝑘𝑔∗9.81 𝑚/𝑠2 ∗0.83 𝑚3
❖ Δstatic = = 3∗210∗109 𝑁/𝑚2 ∗1.6∗10−5 𝑚4 =𝟕. 𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟓 𝒎
3𝐸𝐼
1471.50𝑁
❖ K=7.4743∗10−5 𝑚
= 19,687,500 N/m
✓ M is mass of the object =150kg
✓ Wn is natural circular frequency
19687500
❖ 𝑤𝑛 = √ 150
=362.284 rad/sec

Problem #2

A mass of 5 kg is dropped onto the end of a cantilever beam with a velocity of 0.5 m/s. The
impact causes vibrations of the mass, which sticks to the beam. The beam is made of steel (E
=210 x109 N/m2), is 2.1 m long, and has a moment of inertia I = 3 x10–6 m4. Neglect inertia of
the beam and assume no damping. Determine the response of the mass.

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Given :-

❖ m=5kg
❖ L=2.1m
❖ v=0.5m/s
❖ 𝐸 = 210 ∗ 109 𝑁/𝑚2
❖ 𝐼 = 3 ∗ 10−6 𝑚4
❖ assuming assume no damping

Required

❖ Determine the response of the mass (𝐴 , ∅)

Solution

❖ Let u(t) represent the displacement of the mass, which is measured positive downward
from the equilibrium position of the mass after it is attached to the beam. The system is
modeled as a 5 kg mass hanging from a spring of stiffness.
✓ The beam is in equilibrium at t = 0 when the particle hits. However, u is measured
from the equilibrium position of the system with the particle attached. Thus,
𝐹𝑠 𝑚𝑔
➢ u(0)=- Δstatic = = but,
𝑘 𝑘
3𝐸𝐼 3∗210∗109 𝑁/𝑚2 ∗3∗10−6 𝑚4
➢ 𝑘= = =204,081.633 𝑁/𝑚2
𝐿3 2.13 𝑚3
5𝑘𝑔∗9.81 𝑚/𝑠2
➢ u(0)=- Δstatic = 204,081.633 𝑁/𝑚2 = −𝟐. 𝟒𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟒 𝒎
✓ where the amplitude A and the phase are determined using Equations
ǔₒ
➢ 𝐴 = √𝑢ₒ2 + (𝜔𝑛2 )but,

𝑁
𝑘 204,081.633 2
➢ 𝜔𝑛 = √𝑚 = √ 𝑚
=202.03rad/sec
5𝑘𝑔

𝑚 2
0.5
𝑠2
➢ 𝐴 = √(−2.40345 ∗ 10−4 )2 𝑚 + (202.03) = 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟐. 𝟒𝟔𝒎𝒎 Ans

𝑢ₒ −2.40345∗10−4 𝑚
➢ ∅ = tan−1 (ǔ/𝑤𝑛) = tan−1( ) = −𝟓. 𝟓𝟒𝟕° 𝒄𝒍𝒐𝒌𝒘𝒊𝒔𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒏
0.5𝑚/202.03

Problem #3

An air conditioner weighs 1 kN and is driven by a motor at 500 rpm. What is the required static
deflection of an undamped isolator to achieve 80 percent isolation? Assume no damping.

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Given :-

❖ W=1KN
❖ Undamped isolator
❖ A motor driven by 500 rpm.
❖ 80% isolation

Required

❖ Determine the static deflection

Solution

❖ Eighty percent isolation means that the transmitted force is reduced by 80 percent of
that if the machine were directly bolted to the floor. It is 20 percent of the value of the
excitation force.
𝑭 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑
✓ TR force transmitted to the ground = 𝐹 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑦 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
=20%
✓ For undamped isolator let( ζ=0 & ζ=0.1)
1
✓ For ζ=0 ,T(r,0)=0.2=(√(1−𝑟2)2) Since r>√2 to achieve isolation, and a positive
result is required from the square root, the appropriate form of the preceding
equation after the square root is taken is
1
⤇ 0.2=𝑟 2 −1
⤇ 0.2(𝑟 2 − 1) = 1
⤇ 0.2𝑟 2 =1.2
⤇ 𝑟 2 =1.2/0.2
∴ r=2.4495The maximum natural frequency for the air conditioner-isolator
system to achieve 80 percent isolation is calculated as
𝑟𝑎𝑑 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜔𝑓 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚∗2𝜋 ∗
✓ 𝜔𝑛 = 𝑟
= 2.4495
𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 𝟐𝟏. 𝟑𝟕𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑘 𝑔 g
✓ The required static deflection is obtained from 𝜔𝑛 = √𝑚 = √Δ so, Δ = 𝜔𝑛2 =
𝑚
9.81 2
𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟒𝟕𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝒎𝒎 Ans
(21.376 )
sec

1+(2∗0.1∗r)2
✓ For ζ=1 ,T(r,0.1)= 0.2=(√(1−𝑟2)2+(2∗0.1∗𝑟)2)

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1+0.04r2 1+0.04r2
0.2=√(𝑟 4−2𝑟 2+1)+0.04r2 =√(𝑟 4 −1.96𝑟2+1) square both sides the equation
1+0.04r2
becomes. 0.04 = 𝑟 4−1.96𝑟 2+1
0.04(𝑟 4 − 1.96𝑟 2 + 1 ) = 1 + 0.04r 2 Finally the equation becomes,
−𝑏±√𝑏2 −4𝑎𝑐
(𝑟 4 − 2.96𝑟 2 − 24 ) = 0 then to find the value of r 𝑟 2 = =
2𝑎
2.96±√2.962 −4∗(−24)
= 𝑟 2 = (6.5976 & − 3.6376) Choosing the positive value and
2
taking the square root leads to r= 2.5686. Note that this value is greater
than the value obtained for ζ=0. Thus,
𝑟𝑎𝑑 1𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝜔𝑓 500 𝑟𝑝𝑚∗2𝜋 ∗
✓ 𝜔𝑛 = 𝑟
= 2.5686
𝑟𝑒𝑣 60𝑠𝑒𝑐
= 𝟐𝟎. 𝟑𝟖𝟒𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄
𝑘 𝑔 g
✓ The required static deflection is obtained from 𝜔𝑛 = √𝑚 = √Δ so, Δ = 𝜔𝑛2 =
𝑚
9.81 2
𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑 2 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟔𝟏𝒎 𝒐𝒓 𝟐𝟑. 𝟔𝟏𝒎𝒎 Ans
(20.3846 )
sec

Problem #4

During operation, a 100 kg reciprocating machine is subject to a force F(t)=200 sin 60t N. The
machine is mounted on springs of an equivalent stiffness of 4.3 x10^6 N/m. What is the
machine’s steady-state amplitude?

Given

❖ m=100kg
❖ k=4.3*10^6 N/m
❖ p(t)=200sin60t N

Required

❖ What is the machine’s steady-state amplitude? (𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑑𝑦 )

Solution

❖ The natural frequency of the system and the frequency ratio are
𝑁
𝑘 √4.3 ∗ 106 𝑚
𝜔𝑛 = √ = = 207.3644 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 100𝑘𝑔
𝜔 60 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑟=
= = 0.2893
𝜔𝑛 207.3644 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
The steady-state amplitude of the machine is

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𝑃𝑜 1
• ustady = 𝑃𝑜 ∗ 𝑅𝑑 = ∗ (1−𝑟2 )
𝑘
200 𝑁 1
• ustady = 4.3∗106𝑁/𝑚 ∗ (1−0.28932)
• ustady = 5.076 ∗ 10−5 𝑚

Problem #5

For two degree-of-freedom system shown below, determine the steady-state response of the
system. Assume no damping.

Given :-

❖ m1=1kg
❖ m2=2kg
❖ k1=1N/m
❖ k2=1N/m
❖ p(t)=10 sin2t
❖ assuming assume no damping

Required

❖ Determine the steady-state response of the system

Solution

The differential equations governing the motion of the system are

➢ [M][x(t)]+[k][x(t)]=0
1 0 ǖ(t) 2 −1 u(t)
➢ [ ][ ]+[ ][ ]=0
0 2 ǖ(t) −1 1 u(t)
➢ ẍ(t) + 2𝑢1(𝑡) − 𝑢2(𝑡) = 0 _________________𝑒𝑞𝑢(1)
➢ 2ǖ(t) − 𝑢1(𝑡) + 3𝑢2(𝑡) = 10 sin (2𝑡) _________________𝑒𝑞𝑢(2)

The steady-state response is determined by assuming

• X1 = u1 sin(2t)
• X 2 = u2 sin(2t)

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Substituting the solution into the differential equations leads to

• −4u1 + 2u1 − u2 = 0 ____________1

• −8u2 − u1 + 3u2 = 10 ____________2
Or
• −2u1 − u2 = 0 ___________3
• −u1 − 5u2 = 10 u1 = −10 − 5u2 ___________4
10 20
Substitute equation 4 into 3 then u1 = & u2 = − The steady-state responses of
9 9
the two masses are
10
• u1 (t) = sin(2t)
9
20
• u2 (t) = sin(2t − π)
9

Problem #6

When a 40-kg machine is placed on an elastic foundation, its free vibrations appear to decay
exponentially with a frequency of 91.7 rad/s. When a 60-kg machine is placed on the same
foundation, the frequency of the exponentially decaying oscillations is 75.5 rad/s. Determine
the equivalent stiffness and equivalent viscous damping coefficient for the foundation.

Given :-

❖ m1=40kg
❖ m2=60kg
❖ 𝑤𝑑1 =91.7 rad/sec
❖ 𝑤𝑑2 =75.5 rad/sec
❖ free vibration

Required

Determine the equivalent stiffness and equivalent viscous damping coefficient for the
foundation (k,c)

Solution

When a machine is attached to the foundation, its free vibrations are modeled by a mass
connected to a spring of stiffness k in parallel with a viscous damper of damping coefficient c.
The frequency of damped free vibrations is

𝜔𝑑 = 𝜔𝑁 √1 − 𝜁 2 ---------1

Where the natural frequency and damping ratio are given by

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𝑘
𝜔𝑁 = √𝑚 and _____________2

𝑐
𝜁 = 2𝑚𝑤 _______________3
𝑛

Substitution of eqs. (2) and (3) in eq.(1) leads to

𝑘 𝑐 2 1 𝑐2
𝜔𝑑 = √𝑚 ∗ √1 − (2𝑚𝑤 ) = ∗ √𝑘 − 4𝑚 ___________4
𝑛 √ 𝑚

Squaring eq. (4) and rearranging leads to

𝑐2
𝜔𝑑2 𝑚 = 𝑘 − 4𝑚 ---------------------------5

When m = 40 kg, ωd = 91.7 rad/s. Substituting into eq. (5) leads to

𝑐2 𝑐2
91.72 ∗ 40𝑘𝑔 = 𝑘 − 4∗40 = 336,355.6 = 𝑘 − 160

𝑐2
336,355.6 + 160 = 𝑘 ______________6

When m = 60 kg, ωd = 75.5 rad/s.

𝑐2 𝑐2
75.52 ∗ 60𝑘𝑔 = 𝑘 − 4∗60 = 342,015 = 𝑘 − 240 ____________7 substitute equation 6 into
equation 7
𝑐2 𝑐2
342,015 = 336,355.6 + 160 − 240

𝑐2 𝑐2
342,015 − 336,355.6 = 160 − 240

𝑐2
5,659.4 = 480

5,659.4 ∗ 480 = 𝑐 2

𝒄 = 𝟏, 𝟔𝟒𝟖. 𝟏𝟖𝟒𝟒 kg/s and

k= 353,333.80 N/m

Problem #7

During a long earthquake the one-story frame structure shown below is subject to a ground
acceleration of amplitude 50 mm/s2 at a frequency of 88 rad/s. Determine the acceleration

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amplitude of the structure. Assume the girder is rigid and the structure has a damping ratio of
0.03.

Given :-

❖ m=2000kg
❖ 1.8*10^5 N/m
❖ ζ=0.03
❖ 𝑤 2 𝑌=50 mm/s^2
❖ 𝜔=88 rad/sec
❖ Assume the girder is rigid and the structure has a damping

Required

Determine the acceleration amplitude of the structure 𝑤 2 𝑋

Solution

The natural frequency and damping ratio for the system are

𝑘 18 ∗ 105
𝜔𝑁 = √ =√ = 30 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 2000𝑘𝑔

𝜔 88
𝑟= = = 2.9333
𝜔𝑁 30

The acceleration amplitude is calculated from

𝑤2 𝑋 1 + (2𝜁𝑟)2
= √
𝑤2 𝑌 (1 − 𝑟 2 )2 + (2𝜁𝑟)2

𝑤2 𝑋 1+(2∗0.03∗2.9333)2
= √(1−2.93332)2+(2∗0.03∗2.9333)2=0.1335
50𝑚𝑚/𝑠2

𝑤 2 𝑋 =0.1335*50mm/s^2 = 6.675mm/s^2

Problem #8

A 30-kg compressor is mounted on an isolator pad of stiffness 6x10^5 N/m. When subject to a
harmonic excitation of magnitude 350N and frequency 100rad/s, the phase difference between
the excitation and steady–state response is 24.3°. What is the damping ratio of the isolator and
its maximum deflection due to this excitation?

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Given :-

❖ m=30kg
❖ k=6*10^5 N/m
❖ Ø=24.3°
❖ 𝑃0 =350 N
❖ 𝜔=100 rad/sec

Required

What is the damping ratio of the isolator and its maximum deflection due to this excitation? (ζ
& Δ)

Solution

The natural frequency and damping ratio for the system are

𝑘 6 ∗ 105
𝜔𝑁 = √ =√ = 141.421 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑚 30𝑘𝑔

𝜔 100 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐
𝑟= = = 0.7071
𝜔𝑁 141.421 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐

The damping ratio is calculated from the phase angle

2𝜁𝑟 1 − 𝑟2
∅ = tan−1( ) 𝑏𝑢𝑡, 𝜁 = tan ∅( )
1 − 𝑟2 2𝑟
1 − 0.70712
𝜁 = tan 24.3°( ) = 0.15964
2 ∗ 0.7071
The magnification factor is
1 1
M(r, 𝜁)= =M(0.7071, 0.15964)= =1.8228
√((1−𝑟 2 )2 +(2𝜁𝑟)2 ) √((1−0.70712 )2 +(2∗0.15964∗0.7071)2 )

The amplitude is calculated using the magnification factor

𝑃0 ∗ 𝑀(𝑟, 𝜁) 𝑚𝑤 2 𝑋 𝑃0 ∗ 𝑀(𝑟, 𝜁)
= 2
= 𝑀(𝑟, 𝜁) 𝑠𝑜, ∆=
𝑚𝑤 𝑃0 𝑚𝑤 2
350𝑁∗1.8228
, ∆= = 𝟏. 𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 𝒎
30∗141.4212

Problem #9

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For two story shear building structure shown below, calculate

a) Natural frequency of vibration

b) Mode shapes

c) Modal mass and Modal stiffness matrix

d) Orthonormal zed mode shapes

Solution
a) Calculation of Natural frequency of vibration
𝑚 0 1360 0
1. Mass matrix M=[ ]=[ ]kg
0 𝑚 0 660
2. Stiffness matrix
𝑘 + 𝑘2 −𝑘2
K=[ 1 ]but first find 𝑘1 & 𝑘2 so,
−𝑘2 𝑘2
2(12𝐸𝐼) 48∗2.5∗104 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ∗5∗10^5𝑚𝑚4 𝑁
➢ 𝑘1 = = = 22.222 𝑚𝑚 = 22.222 ∗ 103 𝑁/𝑚
ℎ3 30003 𝑚𝑚3
2(12𝐸𝐼) 48∗2.5∗104 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 ∗5∗10^5𝑚𝑚4 𝑁
➢ 𝑘2 = = = 38.4 𝑚𝑚 = 38.4 ∗ 103 𝑁/𝑚
ℎ3 25003 𝑚𝑚3
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 −𝑘2 22.222 + 38.4 −38.4 60.622 −38.4
K=[ ] = 103 [ ] = 103 [ ]N/m
−𝑘2 𝑘2 −38.4 38.4 −38.4 38.4
3. Determine eigenvalue 𝜔 2

To find the eigenvalue use matrix [k]-[ 𝜔2 𝑀]=0 then solve the 𝝎𝟐

60.622 −38.4 𝟐
⤇103 [ ] − [𝝎 1360 0 ]=0
𝟐
−38.4 38.4 0 𝝎 660

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60,622 − 𝝎𝟐 1360 −38,400

⤇[ ]=0
−38,400 38,400−𝝎𝟐 660

⤇ (60,622-𝝎𝟐 1360)*(38,400−𝝎𝟐 660)-(-38,400*-38,400) =0

⤇60,622*38,400-𝝎𝟐 1360 ∗ 38400 − 𝝎𝟐 660 ∗ 60,622 + 𝝎𝟐 1360 ∗ 𝝎𝟐 660 − 38,4002 = 0

⤇853,324,800-92,234,520𝝎𝟐 +897,600𝝎𝟒 =0

⤇ 𝜔4 -102.757𝜔2 + 950.674=0

−𝑏±√𝑏 2 −4𝑎𝑐 102.757±√102.7572 −4∗950.674

a=1, b=-102.757, c=950.674 𝜔21−2 = =
2𝑎 2

102.757±82.197
=𝜔21−2 = 2

𝝎𝟐 𝟏 =10.28 rad/sec 𝝎𝟏= 𝟑. 𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝝎𝟐 𝟐 =92.477 rad/sec 𝝎𝟐= 𝟗. 𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄 Natural circular frequency

b) Calculation of Mode shapes

To find the eigenvector use [k-𝝎𝟐 𝑴][∅] = 𝟎

Case 1:-

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝝎𝟐 𝟏 = 10.28 and setting Ø𝟐𝟏 = 𝟏

60,622 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 ∗ 1360 −38,400 ∅

⤇[ ] [ 11] = 0
−38,400 38,400 − 𝟏𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 ∗ 660 1
46,641.20 −38,400 ∅11
⤇[ ][ ] = 0
−38,400 31.615.20 1

⤇46,641.20 ∅11 − 38,400 = 0 _______(1)

⤇-38,400 ∅11 + 31,615.20 = 0________(2) by using to equation we know the value of

∅𝟏𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟑

Case 2:-

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝝎𝟐 𝟐 = 92.477 and setting Ø𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏

60,622 − 𝟗𝟐. 𝟒𝟕𝟕 ∗ 1360 −38,400 ∅

⤇[ ] [ 12 ] = 0
−38,400 38,400 − 𝟗𝟐. 𝟒𝟕𝟕 ∗ 660 1

−65,146.72 −38,400 ∅
⤇[ ] [ 12 ] = 0
−38,400 −22,634.82 1

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⤇-65,146.72 ∅12 − 38,400 = 0 _______(1)

⤇-38,400 ∅12 − 22,634.82 = 0________(2) by using to equation we know the value of

∅𝟏𝟐 = −𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟒

Mode shapes in matrix form

∅𝟏𝟏 ∅𝟏𝟐 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟒

Ø= [∅𝟏 ∅𝟐 ] = [ ]=[ ]
∅𝟐𝟏 ∅𝟐𝟐 𝟏 𝟏

c) Calculation of generalized (modal) mass & stiffness matrix

1. Generalized (modal) mass

M = ∅𝑻 𝑴∅

𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟏 1360 0 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟒

M =[ ]*[ ]*[ ]
−𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟒 𝟏 0 660 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏, 𝟓𝟖𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟑 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓
M =[ ]
𝟎. 𝟎𝟓 𝟏, 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝟒

Note: non-zero off diagonal terms are due to round off errors in calculation.

2. Generalized (modal) stiffness

K = ∅𝑻 𝑲∅

𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟑 𝟏 60,622 −38,400 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟒

K =[ ]*[ ]*[ ]
−𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟒 𝟏 −38,400 38,400 𝟏 𝟏
𝟏𝟔, 𝟐𝟔𝟏. 𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟐𝟒 𝟏. 𝟐𝟑
K=[ ]
𝟏. 𝟐𝟑 𝟏𝟎𝟒, 𝟕𝟐𝟓. 𝟓𝟑𝟗𝟔

Note: non-zero off diagonal terms are due to round off errors in calculation.

D) Calculation of orthonormalized mode shapes

∅𝑖
⃗⃗⃗
∅𝑖 =
√m𝑖

∅𝟏𝟏 ∅𝟏𝟐 𝟎. 𝟖𝟐𝟑𝟑 −𝟎. 𝟓𝟖𝟗𝟒

Ø= [∅𝟏 ∅𝟐 ] = [ ]=[ ]
∅𝟐𝟏 ∅𝟐𝟐 𝟏 𝟏

❖ Divide each element of ∅𝑖 by √m𝑖 to orta- normalize the mode shapes with respect to
generalize mass matrix.
❖ Divide elements of ∅𝟏 𝒃𝒚 √𝟏𝟓𝟖𝟏. 𝟓𝟎𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∅𝟐 𝒃𝒚 √𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟒𝟓𝟒

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⃗⃗⃗ 𝟐. 𝟎𝟕𝟎𝟑 −𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟏𝟒

∅𝑖 = 10−2 [ ]
𝟐. 𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝟐. 𝟗𝟕𝟏𝟔

Problem #10

Calculate the displacement of the shear building structure shown in below subjected to
impulsive loading by modal superposition of spectral response method. Also, calculate inter-
story shear forces and the elastic force at each floor level. The total mass lumped at each floor
is m = 40,000 kg and the lateral stiffness of each story is k = 15 × 10 6 N/m. Assume no damping.

Required

❖ Calculate the displacement of the shear building structure

❖ Calculate inter-story shear forces and the elastic force at each floor level.

Solution
a) Calculation of Natural frequency of vibration
𝑚 0 0 40,000 0 0
1. Mass matrix M=[ 0 𝑚 0 ]=[ 0 40,000 0 ]kg
0 0 𝑚 0 0 40,000
2. Stiffness matrix
𝑘1 + 𝑘2 −𝑘2 0 30 −15 0
K=[ −𝑘2 𝑘2 + 𝑘2 −𝑘3 ] =10^6 [−15 30 −15]
0 −𝑘3 𝑘3 0 −15 15
3. Determine eigenvalue 𝜔 2

To find the eigenvalue use matrix [k]-[ 𝜔2 𝑀]=0 then solve the 𝝎𝟐

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30 −15 0 𝝎𝟐 40,000 0 0
⤇10 [−15
6
30 −15] − [ 0 𝟐
𝝎 40,000 0 ]=0
0 −15 15 𝟐
0 0 𝝎 40,000

30 ∗ 106 − 𝝎𝟐 40,000 −15 ∗ 106 0

⤇[ −15 ∗ 106 30 ∗ 106 − 𝝎𝟐 40,000 −15 ∗ 106 ]=0
0 −15 ∗ 106 6 𝟐
15 ∗ 10 − 𝝎 40,000
𝝎𝟐
Let X= 𝟐𝟓 , the above equation reduced to 𝑿𝟑 − 𝟕𝟓𝑿𝟐 + 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝟎𝐗 − 𝟑𝟑𝟕𝟓 = 𝟎

𝑿𝟏 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟗, 𝑿𝟐 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟒 , 𝑿𝟑 = 𝟒𝟖. 𝟕𝟎𝟒𝟕

𝝎𝟐 𝟏 = 𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟓𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄, 𝝎𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟓𝟖𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄, 𝝎𝟐 𝟑 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟓𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄

b) Calculation of Mode shapes

To find the eigenvector use [k-𝝎𝟐 𝑴][∅] = 𝟎

Case 1:-

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝝎𝟐 𝟏 = 74.2725 and setting

30 − 2.9709 −15 0 ∅11

⤇[ −15 30 − 2.9709 −15 ] [∅21 ] = 0
0 −15 15 − 𝟐. 𝟗𝟕𝟎𝟗 ∅31

27.0291 −15 0 ∅11

⤇[ −15 27.0291 −15 ] [∅21 ] = 0
0 −15 12.0291 ∅31

⤇27.0291 ∅11 − 15∅21 = 0 _______(1)

⤇-15∅11 + 27.0291 ∅21 − 15∅31 = 0________(2)

⤇ -15∅21 + 12.0291∅31 = 0_____________(3) by using to equation we know the value of

∅𝟏𝟏 = 𝟏 , ∅𝟐𝟏 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟒, ∅𝟑𝟏= 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟕

𝟏
∅𝟏 = [𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟒]
𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟕
Case 2:-

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝝎𝟐 𝟐 = 583.11 and setting

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30 − 23.3244 −15 0 ∅12

⤇[ −15 30 − 23.3244 −15 ] [∅22 ] = 0
0 −15 15 − 𝟐𝟑. 𝟑𝟐𝟒𝟒 ∅32

6.6756 −15 0 ∅12

⤇[ −15 6.6756 −15 ] [∅22 ] = 0
0 −15 −8.3244 ∅32

⤇ 6.6756∅12 − 15∅22 = 0 _______(1)

⤇-15∅12 + 6.6756 ∅22 − 15∅32 = 0________(2)

⤇ -15∅22 − 8.3244∅32 = 0____________(3) by using to equation we know the value of

∅𝟏𝟐 = 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 , ∅𝟐𝟐 = 𝟏, ∅𝟑𝟐= − 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟓

𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗
∅𝟐 = [ 𝟏 ]
−𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟓
Case 3:-

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝝎𝟐 𝟑 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟓 and setting

30 − 48.7047 −15 0 ∅13

⤇[ −15 30 − 48.7047 −15 ] [ ∅ 23 ] = 0
0 −15 15 − 48.7047 ∅33

−18.7047 −15 0 ∅13

⤇[ −15 −18.7047 −15 ] [∅23 ] = 0
0 −15 −33.7047 ∅33

⤇ −18.7047∅13 − 15∅23 = 0 _______(1)

⤇-15∅13 − 18.7047 ∅23 − 15∅33 = 0________(2)

⤇ -15∅23 − 33.7047∅33 = 0____________(3) by using to equation we know the value of

∅𝟏𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑 , ∅𝟐𝟑 = −𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟖, ∅𝟑𝟑= 𝟏

𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑
∅𝟐 = [−𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟖]
𝟏
Mode shapes in matrix form

∅𝟏𝟏 ∅𝟏𝟐 ∅𝟏𝟑 𝟏 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑

Ø= [∅𝟏 ∅𝟐 ∅𝟑 ] = [∅𝟐𝟏 ∅𝟐𝟐 ∅𝟐𝟑 ] = [𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝟏 −𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟖]
∅𝟑𝟏 ∅𝟑𝟐 ∅𝟑𝟑 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 −𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝟏

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c) Calculation of generalized (modal) mass & stiffness matrix

1. Generalized (modal) mass

M = ∅𝑻 𝑴∅
𝟏 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 40,000 0 0 𝟏 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑
M=[𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 𝟏 −𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟓] [ 0 40,000 0 ] [𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝟏 −𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟖]
𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑 −𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟖 𝟏 0 0 40,000 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 −𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝟏

𝟑𝟕𝟏, 𝟖𝟑𝟖. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟗 −𝟏. 𝟐𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟐 −𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟔

M =[ −𝟏. 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟐 𝟑𝟕𝟏, 𝟖𝟑𝟗. 𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟓 −𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟒 ]
−𝟎. 𝟖𝟒𝟔 −𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟐𝟒 𝟑𝟑𝟏, 𝟖𝟑𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟐

Note: non-zero off diagonal terms are due to round off errors in calculation.

2. Generalized (modal) stiffness

K = ∅𝑻 𝑲∅

𝟏 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗
K =[𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 𝟏 −𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟓]*10^6
𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑 −𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟖 𝟏
30 −15 0 𝟏 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑
[−15 30 −15] [𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝟏 −𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟖]
0 −15 15 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 −𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝟏
27.61766 −0.202 0.0002
K=𝟏𝟎𝟔 [ −0.202 217.5799 −0.09 ]
0.0002 −0.09 452.7525
Note: non-zero off diagonal terms are due to round off errors in calculation.

D) Calculation of orthonormalized mode shapes

∅𝑖
⃗⃗⃗
∅𝑖 =
√m𝑖

∅𝟏𝟏 ∅𝟏𝟐 ∅𝟏𝟑 𝟏 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟑

Ø= [∅𝟏 ∅𝟐 ∅𝟑 ] = [∅𝟐𝟏 ∅𝟐𝟐 ∅𝟐𝟑 ] = [𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟒 𝟏 −𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟖]
∅𝟑𝟏 ∅𝟑𝟐 ∅𝟑𝟑 𝟐. 𝟐𝟒𝟔𝟗𝟗 −𝟏. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝟏

❖ Divide each element of ∅𝑖 by √m𝑖 to orta- normalize the mode shapes with respect to
generalize mass matrix.
❖ Divide elements of ∅𝟏 𝒃𝒚 √𝟑𝟕𝟏, 𝟖𝟑𝟖. 𝟎𝟕𝟐𝟗 , ∅𝟐 𝒃𝒚 √𝟑𝟕𝟏, 𝟖𝟑𝟗. 𝟓𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝒂𝒏𝒅 ∅𝟑 =
√𝟑𝟑𝟏, 𝟖𝟑𝟔. 𝟔𝟏𝟒𝟐

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𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟗 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟓

⃗⃗⃗ −3
∅𝑖 = 10 [𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟐 −𝟑. 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟓]
𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟗 −𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟓 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓
To determine the maximum displacement find dynamic load factor

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝝎𝟐 𝟏 = 74.2725 (rad/sec), 𝝎𝑵𝟏 = 𝟖. 𝟔𝟏𝟖𝟏𝟓 rad/sec

𝟐𝝅
➢ 𝑻𝑵𝟏 = 𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟔(𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆)
𝑵𝟏

➢ 𝒕𝒅
𝑻𝑵𝟏
𝟎.𝟐(𝒔𝒆𝒄)
= 𝟎.𝟕𝟐𝟗𝟎𝟔(𝒔𝒆𝒄) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟒𝟑

➢ 𝑹𝒅𝟏 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓

𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝝎𝟐 𝟐 = 583.11 rad/sec 𝝎𝑵𝟐 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟕 rad/sec

𝟐𝝅
➢ 𝑻𝑵𝟐 = 𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟐(𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆)
𝑵𝟐

➢ 𝒕𝒅
𝑻𝑵𝟐
𝟎.𝟐(𝒔𝒆𝒄)
= 𝟎.𝟐𝟔𝟎𝟐(𝒔𝒆𝒄) = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟔𝟖𝟔𝟒

➢ 𝑹𝒅𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒

𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟐
𝑭𝒐𝒓 𝝎𝟐 𝟑 = 𝟏, 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟓 ( 𝒔𝒆𝒄 ) 𝝎𝑵𝟑 = 𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟗𝟒𝟒𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝟐𝝅
➢ 𝑻𝑵𝟑 = = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟏(𝒔𝒆𝒄/𝒄𝒚𝒄𝒍𝒆)
𝝎𝑵𝟑

➢ 𝒕𝒅
𝑻𝑵𝟑
𝟎.𝟐(𝒔𝒆𝒄)
= 𝟎.𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟏(𝒔𝒆𝒄) = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟎𝟓

➢ 𝑹𝒅𝟑 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖

̈ + 𝝎𝟐 𝒁 (𝒕) = 𝑷∗ (𝒕) = ∅ 𝑷 (𝒕) + ∅ 𝑷 (𝒕)+∅ 𝑷 (𝒕)

✓ 𝒁̈𝟏 (𝒕) 𝑵𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝟏 𝟏

✓ 𝒁̈𝟐 (𝒕)̈ + 𝝎𝟐 𝒁 (𝒕) = 𝑷∗ (𝒕) = ∅ 𝑷 (𝒕) + ∅ 𝑷 (𝒕)+∅ 𝑷 (𝒕)

𝑵𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟏𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝟐 𝟐 𝟑𝟐 𝟐
̈
✓ 𝒁̈𝟑 (𝒕) + 𝝎𝟐 𝑵𝟑 𝒁𝟑 (𝒕) = 𝑷𝟑 (𝒕) = ∅𝟏𝟑 𝑷𝟑 (𝒕) + ∅𝟐𝟑 𝑷𝟑 (𝒕)+∅𝟑𝟑 𝑷𝟑 (𝒕)
∗

∅𝟏𝟏 ∅𝟏𝟐 ∅𝟏𝟑

Where Ø= [∅𝟏 ∅𝟐 ∅𝟑 ] = [∅𝟐𝟏 ∅𝟐𝟐 ∅𝟐𝟑 ] are orthonormalized modal shapes
∅𝟑𝟏 ∅𝟑𝟐 ∅𝟑𝟑

𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟐 𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟗 𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟓

⃗⃗⃗ −3
∅𝑖 = 10 [𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟒 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟐 −𝟑. 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟓]
𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟗 −𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟓 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓
For static condition, acceleration=0

For 𝒁𝟏

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✓ 𝟎 + 𝟕𝟒. 𝟐𝟕𝟐𝟓𝒁𝟏 (𝒕) = (𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟐(𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎) + 𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟒(𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) + 𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟗(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎)) ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

𝒁𝟏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 = 𝟕. 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟔𝒎

𝒁𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = 𝑹𝒅𝟏 ∗ 𝒁𝟏𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟓 ∗ 𝟕. 𝟓𝟎𝟐𝟔

𝒁𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 =6.3772m

For 𝒁𝟐

✓ 𝟎 + 𝟓𝟖𝟑. 𝟏𝟏𝒁𝟐 (𝒕) = (𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟗(𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎) + 𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟑𝟗𝟐(𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) − 𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟒(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎)) ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

𝒁𝟐𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟕𝒎

𝒁𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = 𝑹𝒅𝟐 ∗ 𝒁𝟐𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟒 ∗ (−𝟎. 𝟐𝟎𝟖𝟕𝒎)

𝒁𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = −𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟐𝒎

For 𝒁𝟑

✓ 𝟎 + 𝟏, 𝟐𝟏𝟕. 𝟔𝟏𝟕𝟓𝒁𝟑(𝒕) = (𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟓(𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎) − 𝟑. 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟓(𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎) + 𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓(𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎)) ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑

𝒁𝟑𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟐𝒎

𝒁𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = 𝑹𝒅𝟑 ∗ 𝒁𝟑𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒄 = 𝟏. 𝟓𝟖 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟔𝟔𝟐𝒎

𝒁𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒𝒎

❖ To determine 𝒖𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 by using sum of absolute values

𝒖𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = |∅𝟏𝟏 ∗ 𝒁𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 | + |∅𝟏𝟐 ∗ 𝒁𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 | + |∅𝟏𝟑 ∗ 𝒁𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 |

−𝟑 −𝟑 −𝟑
𝒖𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = |𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟐| + |𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟐| + |𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒|

𝒖𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = (0.01177m) =11.77mm

❖ To determine 𝒖𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 by using sum of absolute values

𝒖𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = |∅𝟐𝟏 ∗ 𝒁𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 | + |∅𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝒁𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 | + |∅𝟐𝟑 ∗ 𝒁𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 |

𝒖𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = |𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟐| + |𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ −𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟐| + |−𝟑. 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒|

𝒖𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = (0.01961m) =19.61mm

❖ To determine 𝒖𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 by using sum of absolute values

𝒖𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = |∅𝟑𝟏 ∗ 𝒁𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 | + |∅𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝒁𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 | + |∅𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝒁𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 |

𝒖𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = |𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟐| + |−𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ −𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟐| + |𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒|

19
 UoG Institute of Technology

𝒖𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = (0.02449m) =24.49mm

❖ To determine 𝒖𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 by using sum of squares root

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒖𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = √((∅𝟏𝟏 ∗ 𝒁𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 ) + (∅𝟏𝟐 ∗ 𝒁𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 ) (∅𝟏𝟑 ∗ 𝒁𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 )
𝒖𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = √((𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟐)𝟐 + (𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟐)𝟐 + (𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝟖𝟎𝟔𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒)𝟐

𝒖𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟏𝒎 = 𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟏𝒎𝒎

❖ To determine 𝒖𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 by using sum of squares root

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒖𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = √((∅𝟐𝟏 ∗ 𝒁𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 ) + (∅𝟐𝟐 ∗ 𝒁𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 ) + (∅𝟐𝟑 ∗ 𝒁𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 )

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
−𝟑
𝒖𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = √((𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟒 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟐) + (𝟏. 𝟔𝟑𝟗𝟗𝟐 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ −𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟐) + (𝟑. 𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒)

𝒖𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟖𝟖𝟓𝒎 = 𝟏𝟖. 𝟖𝟓𝒎𝒎

❖ To determine 𝒖𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 by using sum of squares root

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝒖𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = √((∅𝟑𝟏 ∗ 𝒁𝟏𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 ) + (∅𝟑𝟐 ∗ 𝒁𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 ) + (∅𝟑𝟑 ∗ 𝒁𝟑𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 )

𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
−𝟑
𝒖𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = √((𝟑. 𝟔𝟖𝟒𝟖𝟗 ∗ 𝟏𝟎 ∗ 𝟔. 𝟑𝟕𝟕𝟐) + (𝟐. 𝟗𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ −𝟎. 𝟐𝟗𝟐𝟐) + (𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟓𝟗𝟓 ∗ 𝟏𝟎−𝟑 ∗ 𝟎. 𝟎𝟕𝟒)

𝒖𝟐𝒎𝒂𝒙−𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟏𝒎 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟓𝟏𝒎𝒎

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