UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

PERLIS
FACULTY ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING
DEPARTMENT OF SURVEYING SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE AND GEOMATICS – AP220

LAB EXERCISE 1

COURSE DIGITAL PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MAPPING

(GSS 615)

COURSE CODE AP220

SEMESTER 5

GROUP RAP2205C

TITLE GROUND CONTROL POINT

LECTURER SR. DR. KHAIRULAZHAR BIN ZAINUDDIN

NAME MATRIX NO.

MUHAMMAD AIMAN HAIQAL BIN ABDUL MALEK 2022838682
KHALEED ADIB HAIKAL BIN HAZMEE
MUHAMMAD AMZAR MUAZ BIN AZNUWARDI 2022844084

TABLE OF CONTENTS
 CONTENTS PAGES

1.0 INTRODUCTION 2

2.0 METHOD/PROCEDURE 3-6

3.0 RESULT 7-11

4.0 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION 12

1.0 INTRODUCTION

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 A critical step in the field of photogrammetry is ground control point (GCP)
survey, which entails precisely locating and noting the coordinates of GCPs on the
ground. These coordinates are then used to georeference and create precise 3D models
and maps from aerial photography. GCPs are actual objects that are positioned on the
ground to act as benchmarks for the photogrammetry software to precisely align and
scale the photos. The precise measurement of each GCP's coordinates requires the use of
cutting-edge surveying tools, such as total stations or GPS receivers.

To serve as trustworthy reference points for precise photogrammetry data

collection, the GCPs should be evenly dispersed throughout the area of interest. As a
result, the quantity of GCPs needed for a given project depends on its size and
complexity. In general, accurate photogrammetry output calls for a minimum of three
GCPs. However, a greater number of GCPs is required for larger projects with
complicated terrain and building types in order to increase the output's accuracy.

To make sure the GCPs are appropriately positioned and their coordinates are
documented, the GCP survey is normally carried out before the aerial survey. To
precisely measure the GCPs, the surveyors often combine a variety of surveying
methods, such as measuring the angles and distances between the GCPs, utilising a total
station, or capturing their locations using GPS. After precisely georeferencing the aerial
images with the recorded coordinates, photogrammetry software is used to analyse the
data and create accurate 3D models, topographic maps, or orthophotos.

The calibre and accuracy of the GCP survey have a significant impact on the
photogrammetry output accuracy. As a result, it is crucial that the survey be conducted
by qualified experts using top-notch surveying tools. In order for the photogrammetry
programme to give reliable results, the surveyors must also make sure that the GCPs are
discernible and simple to identify.

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3
2.0 METHOD / PROCEDURE
i. Open PHOTOMOD and input the project name. Choose the central projection and select
the Cartesan Right Projection.

ii. Click block and choose add image from files.

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iii. Go to block layout and click w/o layout to split the overlapped image for the actual
image arrangement.

iv. Go to block editor to re-arrange the picture position.

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 v. Pin/Click at the same features or location that will be overlapped on each picture.
vi. Click insert on the next picture to create the line. Click on the line if we want to delete it.

vii. Go to block layout and choose by ties then click apply to joint to line into the selected
points.

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i.

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3.0 RESULT

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4.0 DISCUSSION & CONCLUSION

GCPs are actual ground-based points of reference that have been surveyed and marked
with precise coordinates. Following that, the photogrammetric method uses these points as a
point of reference, allowing for the alignment and scaling of the photos as well as the creation of
high-quality 3D models, maps, and measurements. Without GCPs, a variety of issues, such as
camera calibration, atmospheric distortion, and picture distortion brought on by terrain relief,
can have an impact on photogrammetric results.

The execution of a well-designed GCP survey requires meticulous planning. The size of
the project area, the desired accuracy of the results, and the features of the terrain should all be
taken into consideration when deciding how many and where to install GCPs. GCPs should be
uniformly dispersed throughout the project area and have an adequate level of redundancy to
guarantee accurate findings.

The success of the GCP survey also depends on choosing the right control points. Using
high-precision surveying tools like total stations or GPS receivers, the chosen spots should be
clearly visible in the photos and have their coordinates precisely determined. For repeatability
and traceability, the measurements should also be accurately documented.

Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) or differential GPS (DGPS) approaches can increase the
accuracy of GCP measurements. To increase the accuracy of the measured coordinates, DGPS
measures the difference between the GPS signal received at the GPS receiver and the GPS signal
received at a stationary reference station with a known location. The more sophisticated RTK
approach uses a real-time correction signal to increase the precision of the measured coordinates.

In conclusion, using GCPs in photogrammetric projects is crucial for producing outputs

that are dependable and of a high calibre. Careful planning, choosing relevant control points,
precise measuring methods, and appropriate documentation are all essential components of a
well-done GCP study. The advantages of greater accuracy and precision outweigh the costs and
additional work associated with using GCPs in photogrammetry.