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PROJEK JALAN KENING KE SEBERANG TEMERLOH (FASA 2), BERA
I HEREBY CERTIFY THAT THESE WORKS HAVE BEEN DESIGNED BY ME IN

ACCORDANCE WITH SOUND ENGINEERING PRACTICE AND THAT I TAKE
FULL RESPONSIBILITY FOR DESIGN AND PROPER PERFORMANCE OF THE
SAME.
………………………………………….
Ir. MUHAMAD BIN ADBUL RAHMAN
Managing Director
BESTARI CONSULTING ENGINEERS SDN BHD

PROPOSED DESIGN REPORT
TABLE OF CONTENT
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION

1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 OVERVIEW
The Government of Malaysia is desirous to carry out the project PROJEK JALAN
KENING KE SEBERANG TEMERLOH (FASA 2), BERA. Th road consist of 4.95km
long. This road is being constructed with the aim of providing a shorter route from
Bera to Termeloh. By creating this shortcut, it is intended to reduce the travel time
and distance between the two locations, making transportation more efficient and
convenient for the people using this road. The construction of this road is expected to
improve connectivity and enhance accessibility between Bera and Termeloh,
benefiting the local community and facilitating economic growth in the region.
To ensure that the road remains above the flood level, the design will incorporate a
higher elevation than the anticipated flood level. This higher level will provide a buffer
to prevent flooding and maintain the road's functionality during extreme weather
conditions. By raising the road's level, potential damage and disruption caused by
floods can be minimized, allowing for safer and more reliable transportation. The
design will consider factors such as historical flood data, topography, and climate
projections to determine the appropriate elevation for the road.
A proposed layout plan for the route from Jalan Kening to Temerloh is presented in
Figure 1 and Figure 2, which show the plan layout superimposed on Google Maps.

Figure 1 : Plan Layout

F
igure 2 : Plan Layout Superimposed on Google Maps

2.0 SCOPE OF CONSULTING ENGINEER
2.1 SCOPE OF CONSULTING SERVICES
The Scope of Works for consulting services required under the Terms of Reference
is as follows:
a) Carry out a preliminary study of alternative alignments and

recommending a suitable alignment for the proposed road based on
available topographical maps and other available data.
b) To coordinate and supervise ground survey works at both preliminary

and detailed stages for the proposed road.
c) To carry out field reconnaissance during the ground survey stage.
d) To carry out traffic studies.
e) To prepare scope of soil investigation works and supervision.
f) To carry out preliminary hydrological study for the design of surface

and sub-surface drains, culverts and road finished levels.
g) Environmental Impact Assessment.
h) To complete detailed engineering design of the proposed road to JKR

standard.
i) To prepare land acquisition plans for the proposed road for both
preliminary and final stages.
j) To prepare cost estimate for the project.
k) To prepare tender documents and engineering drawings.
l) To carry out all works related to the projects.

2.2 WORK PROGRAMME
The project timeline detailing the stages of road construction is presented in Figure 3.
This clearly delineates the key milestones and activities required to complete the
roadwork.

Figure 3 : Work Programme

3.0 CONSTRUCTIBILITY
3.1 METHOD OF CONSTRCUTION
The outlines of procedures for carrying out road construction. The step-by-step
process will ensure proper techniques are followed to deliver a high-quality road that
meets safety and durability standards.
3.2 SURVEY MONITORING
Methodology Using GPS System Equipment

Real Time Kinematic (RTK) satellite navigation is a technique used to enhance the
precision of position data derived from satellite-based positioning systems (global
navigation satellite systems, GNSS) such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, and
GAGAN. It uses measurements of the phase of the signal's carrier wave, rather than
the information content of the signal, and relies on a single reference station or
interpolated virtual station to provide realtime corrections, providing up to
centimetre-level accuracy.
The accuracy of the resulting range measurement is essentially a function of the

ability of the receiver's electronics to accurately process signals from the satellite,
and additional error sources such as non-mitigated ionosphere and tropospheric
delays, multipath, satellite clock and ephemeris errors. Figure 3 shown an example
image of RTK Data Collection.
Figure 5 : Example Image of RTK Data Collection

In practice, RTK systems use a single base station receiver and a number of mobile
units. The base station re-broadcasts the phase of the carrier that it observes, and
the mobile units compare their own phase measurements with the one received from
the base station. There are several ways to transmit a correction signal from base
station to mobile station. The most popular way to achieve real-time, low-cost signal
transmission is to use a radio modem, typically in the UHF band. In most countries,
certain frequencies are allocated specifically for RTK purposes. Most land survey
equipment has a built-in UHF band radio modem as a standard option.
This allows the units to calculate their relative position to within millimeters, although
their absolute position is accurate only to the same accuracy as the computed
position of the base station. The typical nominal accuracy for these systems is 1
centimetre ± 2 parts-per-million (ppm) horizontally and 2 centimeters ± 2 ppm
vertically. Detail Survey will be carried out along the route using the RTK Method.
With one GPS set up at the control station and acting as a base, the known
coordinates of the point will be input in the system. Correction is then calculated and
transmitted to the RTK Rover unit to provide realtime corrected and accurate
position.
Demarcation Survey (ROW)

The registered team survey will carry out demarcation survey (as per attached
drawing) by using RTK technique within the scope of survey area involved. The
methodology for the survey is described as follows:-
I. Recce area and locate known value of control station. Identify the local
coordinates system.
II. Setup base station at known value at setting base at station base 1 using data
logger.
III. Connect receiver to the data logger via Bluetooth and setup configuration setting
and UHF setting. Measure antenna height and setting known coordinates value
to the receiver.
IV. Continuous logged for the base station.
V. After setup the base station, next setup for rover with steps similar to the base
station.
VI. At every features, the surveyor will stop and log the location using the data
logger. Some remarks will be put in such as road end, light pole, etc.

The appropriate vertical and horizontal control for a project will be confirmed and
tolerance are accepted below project requirements. Control point has to be
established for a local network from start until to the end of the survey. The team will
establish control station within the scope of survey area involved. The selection
criteria for established control station: -
• Clear from reflection between line of sight and uninterrupted location/area.

• Station shall mark with red marker and number
• Determination of X, Y and Z coordinate for newly established BM should be done
by close loop traverse and first class survey.
3.3 SITE CLEARING
I. Carry out setting-out survey and to be verified by licensed surveyor. Set out
horizontal alignment, horizontal control point, reference monument points, road
right-of-way (ROW) limits and obtain control priors to commencement of clearing
works.
II. All survey pegs must be visible and checked/maintained from time to time from
damaged, tempered or removed.
III. The survey OGL of areas within ROW and at cross sections along center-line
are assumed to have taken and verified by licensed surveyor before
commencing on removing of top soil works and subsequent earthworks.
IV. Based on specification, the dump site should be verified for dumping material
with SO approval (if any) and obtain approval from relevant authority.
V. Verify related structures for demolition on site (if any).
VI. Submit work request for clearing and grubbing to SO/RE and the movement of
machineries.
VII. Construct access road for accessibility and maneuvering of machinery. Access
roads must be within ROW and prior permission to be obtained if aggressing
beyond ROW.
VIII. No cutting of any tress shall be allowed until approval from local authority such
as Jabatan Hutan has been obtained (if any).
IX. Stockpiling of suitable topsoil for reused either within or off site ROW will be
dumped at both besides of the end of ROW line and as agreed with SO’s
satisfaction.
X. Use backhoe / excavators to cut and fall trees, vegetation and other related
structures.

XI. Remove tree roots and surface vegetation.

XII. Grubbing shall consists of the removal and disposal of surface vegetation, the
bases of stumps, roots, the underground parts of structures, and other beyond of
0.3m shall require approval from S.O.
XIII. Use backhoe / excavator / bulldozer to push and cut tree, stems, and leaves and
collect them for stockpile and dispose.
XIV.Strip off at least 100mm topsoil with bulldozer.
XV. Stockpile stripped topsoil along edges on either side of ROW or remove from
site.
XVI.Any disposal of unwanted material from clearing and topsoil shall be disposed
upon approval of S.O.
XVII. Keep height of stockpile not more than 2m.
XVIII. Use lorries and excavators to load dispose cut tree trunks, bio-mass and
vegetation at dump site.
XIX.The work shall be carried out in accordance with the Project Safety and Health
Plan.
XX. No open burning will be allowed.
XXI.Avoid from damage to any existing utilities and public services.
XXII. Any structures to be salvaged shall be carefully removed and stored and shall
become the property of the Government.
XXIII. Before commencing on any site clearance, a site inspection will be
considered on any circumstances which may indicate the presence of
underground cables, water or other services pipe.
XXIV. Ensure the following steps are undertaken where cables and underground
services are detected:
a) I. Use cable detector and/or hand excavation (Trial Holes) where the
presence of a cable is suspected
b) Inform the Engineer immediately of the presence of any telephone or
electricity cables that require moving and contact the relevant authority to
arrange the work accordingly.
c) Mark clearly any underground services indicating the service details and
depth.
d) Do not precede with site clearance operations at electric pole or below
overhead cable until the cables and poles have been abandoned.

XXV. Traffic management plan will be applied at the area that involved public safety
before and after the site clearing.
XXVI. Environmental management plan will be applied at the area that involved
public safety before and after the site clearing.
XXVII. All the work shall follow the specification and witnessed by IOW/ARE.
3.4 DEMOLITION AND PROVISION OF ACCESS
3.4.1 Site Clearing
The whole site shall be cleared to the extent as shown in the relevant drawings.
These shall include clearing, grubbing, demolishing, breaking up and removing all
trees, shrubs, vegetation, butts, structures such as walls, fences and other
obstruction within the site which have been designated to be demolished or removed.
All spoil and debris shall be removed and disposed of as approved by the Employer /
Employer’s Rep. and with compliance with bye-laws and local regulations.
3.4.2 Preservation of Existing Trees
Contractor shall take precaution to protect from damage all existing trees and shrubs
which are designated to be preserved. Where necessary adequate temporary fencing
shall be erected for each tree or a group of trees. Where required, the tree shall be
protected by wrapping with suitable paling material up to 1.5m high.
3.4.3 Demolition of Existing Structures
Any existing structures and other obstruction which are designated to be removed
shall be demolished, broken up, removed and disposed of as approved by the
Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) / consultant. All salvaged materials arising from the
demolition work shall unless otherwise specified become the property of contractor
and shall be removed from site as soon as possible.
3.4.4 Relocation of Existing Utilities and Services
Before commencing on any excavation contractor or his representative shall

accompany the Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) / consultant on a site inspection to
consider any circumstances which may indicate the presence of underground cables,

water or other service pipes at or in the vicinity of such excavations. Thereafter

contractor shall carry out the excavation work in a manner and sequence as
approved by the Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) / consultant. If during excavation
contractor workmen uncover any cables water or other service pipes, work shall be
stopped immediately and shall not be again started until the matter has been
reported to the Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) / consultant who will notify the appropriate
Local Authority and subsequently issue whatever directions he deem appropriate.
3.4.5 Provision of Access
A temporary pilot/access track topped with crusher run will be constructed along the
entire alignment with temporary culverts/bridges to span across streams and rivers (if
any). Punch-in at suitable intervals will be provided along the alignment to link the
temporary access to the local road system. The temporary access track and punch-in
shall be constructed in full compliance with the requirements of the relevant
authorities.
3.5 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY
3.5.1 Survey Area
A licensed surveyor shall confirm the levels of TBM’s and set out the R.O.W and new
pipes alignment shall be shown in the construction drawing contractor and any
adjustment to suit site condition also indicated in the survey drawing. Upon received,
contractor to submit the approval to consultant/SO prior comment with the work.
A longitudinal control centre line with intermediate control station shall be carried out
as the first step prior to setting out works. This centre line pegs shall be set out on
site at 25 meters interval. Levels along the pipeline shall be taken and collate against
the proposed levels. Contractor to submit shop drawing cross section for OGL to
consultant for approval. The shop drawing shall be endorsed by Land Surveyor.
The survey shall also identify the lot boundaries, the location of existing structures
within the site, any existing road and river reserves, the location of utilities and
services both above and below ground, the location of the main drains as well as
establishing the existing drainage pattern near said site boundaries, and the location
of any utilities and services within the survey area.

Wherever accuracy to tolerances are specified herein, they are defined as maximum
errors or statistically based root means square errors (r.m.s.e.) and in compliance
with SSRW.
3.5.2 Survey Services
The survey services to be provided by the Surveyor shall be as listed herein and as
detailed in subsequent sections of the scope of services:
• Prior discussion with relevant authorities before the physical commencement

of work on site.
• Study all relevant information and maps provided and obtain additional data
if necessary for the proper execution of the works.
• Consultation with the SO representative on the setting out
• Setting out of Survey
• Field survey and picking up of details (Mapping).
• Underground utility detection (electricity, water, telecommunication, etc.)
• Establishment of Permanent Ground Markers for Survey control (Survey
Markers, Bench Marks and Temporary Bench Marks).
• Preparation of plans in accordance with the Consultant/SO requirements.
The Surveyor shall be required to set out the boundaries of the proposed site or mark
the affected areas and monumenting of the TBM’s (minimum 3 nos).
3.5.3 Preparation Survey Plans and Drawings
The plans shall be prepared with title blocks approved by the Consultant/SO. All
legends and symbols used in the plans shall be similar as indicated in the
construction drawing or SSRW.
The Surveyor shall plot his survey relative to the State Grid. If so, required by the SO,
the National Grid used shall be the Malaysian Rectified Skewed Orthomorphic
(MRSO) Grid.

The azimuth shall be checked by astronomical observations at suitable intervals and

the traverses shall be tied up to nearby trigonometrically stations or cadastral survey
marks whenever possible.
3.5.4 Submission of Surveys Plan and Records
I. Format for Presentation

• The Surveyor shall submit Two (2) draft copies for review, comments and
approval prior to preparation of the final plans.
• All drawings shall be to suitable size agreed by the Consultant/SO preferably
in A3 size or A1 size.
• The Surveyor shall submit for approval original plans with suitable scale and
size. All original copies to be endorsed by Licensed Land Surveyor.
• The surveyor shall submit Two (2) sets of soft copy (CD-ROM) of the plans
in AutoCAD 2000/LT DWG format.
• All the above-mentioned items shall become the property of the SO.
II. Photographic Process and Mechanical Scaling
All plans shall be drawn from fieldwork data. No photomechanical scaling (e.g.
pantograph) is allowed for any reduction or enlargement of drawings without the
prior approval from the Consultant/SO.
III. Data for Submission of Drawings and Data
Draft drawings are to be prepared and submitted to the consultant/SO
progressively for review and comments. Final drawings are to be prepared and
submitted to the consultant/SO in due course.
3.5.5 Programme of Survey Works
The Surveyor shall submit a work program chart for work both in the field and the
drawing office. Preference will be given to schedules specifying a completion period
of three (3) weeks or less.
The work program shall be such that the Surveyor can execute the job within the
specified time without sacrificing accuracy. It is the responsibility of the Surveyor to
determine any site restriction such as working in security areas where working hours
are limited. Such circumstance must be considered when stipulating the time
allocated.

The Surveyor shall submit his proposed work schedule describing in detail the
following:
• Identify the approach he proposes to follow and the various component

activities that make up the survey; and
• Indicate on the chart the sequence of such activities, the time required for
each activity and the total time required to complete the entire survey; and
• The date of submission of survey reports and final drawings.
The Surveyor is advised to take into account the rules and regulations on safety
when preparing the proposed work schedule and to include this necessary time in the
schedule.
3.6 SUDERGROUND UTILITIES DETECTION AND MAPPING WORKS
3.6.1 Detection of Power Cables
I. Power cables are initially scanned using the passive mode on the locator, which
locate 50Hz or 60Hz that naturally found on lives power cable and on nearby
buried services. Once the line is found, offset induction should be used to induce
the line with 8 kHz or 33 kHz signal.
II. Then the signal receiver (locator) is used to trace the cable position. When
inducing signal, a transmitter is usually sufficient using an 8khz signal, if this fails
to provide an adequate trace 33khz or the induction loop can be tried.
III. Induction could be done directly by connection onto the G.I. duct or the joint
boxes of 33kV Cable or clamping the cables where it exposed at cable bridge or
across drain /river or within the substation. It is usually not possible to gain direct
access to power cables unless a sub-station is present on site, where it is
possible to make a direct connection, it should be done in preference to any
other technique.
IV. To locate low voltage cables or street lighting cables the signal could be induce
by direct connection at/to the supply cabinet or lamppost or by clamping on the
cable or the post. Where a power cable crosses or passes close to another

service its integral or induced electromagnetic charge may pass into the adjacent
service resulting in two possible choices of alignment.
V. The correct line can decide upon by testing the current in the two lines, the one
with the highest current reading (Ma) is the line that was originally induced,
additionally the depth facility will help define the correct line.
3.6.2 Detection of Non-Metallic Pressured Pipes
I. All water pipes allow signal induction by direct connection, made via valves or at
pipe exposure. Clamping is also necessary to induce signal to small diameter
water pipes or house connection supply pipes.
II. If valve or exposed pipe is not available around the area, signal could be induced
indirectly at offset from the line using the induction loop. The signal is then
located and traced by using the locator/receiver which will detect the position
and depth of the water pipe
III. Non-metallic water pipe such as A.C, HDPE, PVC water pipes could not be
detected directly by the cable/pipe locator. The position of these pipes could be
extrapolated from the location of the connection pipes, pipe markers, position of
valves and exposures at drainage crossings.
IV. Therefore, all connection pipes tapping to the pipe will be detected using
cable/pipe locator to the tapping point where the signal will end.
3.6.3 Detection of Gas Pipes
I. Gas lines are usually quite deep (2-5m) and therefore require a high frequency
current for location (33khz), the induction loop is good at tracing deep gas lines.
II. Signal could be directly induced from the transmitter to the gas pipe by direct
connection at the exposed pipe or valve (directly connected to the pipe line by a
wire and form part of the lines protection system). If valve or exposed pipe is not
available around the area, induction also could be done indirectly at offset from
the line using the induction loop.
3.6.4 Detection of Telecommunication Lines
I. Induction of electromagnetic signal to the telecommunication lines by direct

connection involves opening the associated manholes and clamping the cables.

Signal of either 8 kHz or 33 kHz is set at the transmitter. There is no interference

on telecommunication services when the signal is induced during detection work.
II. Induction also could be done indirectly where the transmitter is place parallel on
top of the line on the ground or where it exposed at cable bridge or river
crossing, or inside the manhole chamber. If induction is done at offset from the
line, induction loop box or the ‘black box’ will be added to the transmitter to
strengthen and concentrate the signal.
III. If there is no cable install through the ducts (empty/reserve ducts), locating the
ducts line could be done using flex trace. The flex trace is inserted through the
empty/reserve duct then induced with the signal by connection to the transmitter.
The same method is used to locate fiber optic lines since it is not possible to
induce a signal into a fiber optic line.
3.6.5 Detection of Sewer Pipe and Drainage Culvert
I. Metallic force main sewer pipeline shall be detected using similar method applied
to metallic water pipes. Gravity sewer pipe and drain culverts can usually be
located visually at chamber or sump or manhole without the need for further
work.
II. If it is not possible to pinpoint their direction manually then a sonde or flexi trace
can be used. Locating sewer pipe using sonde require access to the
manhole/chamber – where the sonde (a special small sized transmitter) attached
at the end of a flex rod which then pushed in through the pipeline. The sonde
gives out 33kHz or 8kHz signal that could be located by the receiver for the
position and the depth of the sewer pipeline. A ‘flex trace’ could be used to
locate small diameter sewer pipe or culverts. It is inserted through the pipe and
the signal could be induced with the transmitter by direct connection. The locator
is then use to locate the signal which run along the flex trace.
3.6.6 Determine of Utilities Size
Detection works determine position, route, connectivity and depths of utility lines but
not their size. From site investigation, sizes of utilities could be absorbed from marker
or measurement of exposed pipes etc. Voltage on power cable line such as 33Kv or
11kV could be identified based on connectivity to their link-boxes or / and their
substations. Other features related to the cable also provide information on their size
such as cable marker, type/specs support available at exposure or bridge. Size of

pipes or culvert can be measured on site wherever it’s visible. E.g., water pipe size
(external diameter) can be calculated based on measurement of circumference taken
at exposed pipe section or in its’ chamber. Attribute detail information such as size,
number, type of material could be cross checked and confirmed with the existing
utility drawings in the form of construction drawing or as-build drawing etc.
3.6.7 Data Processing
I. The data of an underground utility feature is the most important information aside
from its alignment or presence in a utility map. As such due care should be taken
precisely indicate of an underground feature especially in hard copy maps given
the fact that in any congested corridor, the horizontal and vertical separation
between utility features could be reduced to several decimeters and at plotting
scale such separation may be difficult to discern.
II. Usage of the following cartographic elements can help in ensuring a reliable
indication of underground features:
• Use of line code and style

• Labeling
• Symbol embedding
• Colour
• Line weight
• Layer
• Annotation.
III. Underground utility map be provided with a separate utility legend, Parcel
boundaries, Lot numbers, Names of building, Street, Road and River, North
Arrow, Scale Representation, Map Date, Marginal Information and Disclaimer.
IV. Upon compilation of all database for underground utility in mapping method,
such mapping shall be used in discussion or meeting with local authority or
service provider and determining the next course of action by contractor upon
received confirmation by service provider / local authority.

3.7 EXCAVATION AND EARTHWORK
3.7.1 Survey Setting Out Work
Survey work shall precede any construction activities and shall include, pegging of
Right of Way limits, and levels for earthwork activities. All survey works shall be
carried out using total station. All survey works shall be properly recorded for easy
reference.
3.7.2 Site Clearing
This work shall consist of clearing off cutting down, removal and disposal of
everything above ground level including objects overhanging the areas to be cleared
such as tree branches, vegetation, structures and not necessarily be limited to trees
stumps, logs, bush undergrowth, long grasses, crops, vegetation and structures.
Grubbing shall consist of the removal and disposal of surface vegetation, the bases
of stumps, roots and the underground parts of structures. Stripping topsoil shall
consist of the removal of topsoil to a depth of 100mm below ground level, and its
stockpiling for reuse if it is suitable and its disposal if found unsuitable.
3.7.3 Classification of Earth Material
I. The general classification of the suitability soil shall be carried out in the
laboratory.
II. To carry out the following test as required on suitable material where
appropriate:
• Compaction Test
• Sieve Analysis Test
• California Bearing Ratio test
• Atterberg Limit Test
• All testing instruments to be calibrated and certificate toe provided to the
S.O prior to the testing.

III. Observed excavation area as well as the fill areas. Suitable material may be
rendered unsuitable because of working methods and it’s must be recorded in
Daily Report.
3.7.4 Cutting and Excavate of Suitable Material - Method of Working in Cut Section
Bulk excavation will be carried out using hydraulic excavators. In transverse

direction, trimming will be carried out using motor grader. Bulldozers will be used
where necessary for loosening the earth and ripping hard materials. Bulldozers also
will be used where the haulage distance between cut and fill is short (60 meter or
less). The excavated material will be pushed by bulldozer to the fill area. Where
haulage distance is longer, dump trucks will be used to haul the cut materials to the
filling area. Hauling of material from cuttings or the importation of fill material to the
embankments or other areas of fill shall proceed only when sufficient compaction
plant is operating at the place of deposition. Generally, for cutting, the following
operations are followed: -
• Engineer to check and approve the setting out cutting and commence.
• Topsoil removed up to the cutting limits, cutting of earth then commences.
• Excavation will be carried out in such a way that, in case of rains, no water
will be trapped. At all times the excavated surface shall have sufficient cross
fal to shed the water and prevent ponding.
• Cutting slopes, berm heights and width shall be as per construction drawing.
• Trimming of slopes using excavator shall be carried out progressively when
the depth of excavation reaches about 3 meters in height. Trimming will be
carried out in transverse direction.
• Trimming of slopes shall include removal of grooves using a smooth plate
mounting before turfing.
• Slope protection will be carried out as soon as practical after slope trimming
and in any event within 5 days after slope trimming where the cut slopes
shall be closed turf. In case when turfing cannot be immediately carried out,
temporary plastic protection shall be placed on the slopes for protection
against aggressive weather. Duration of plastic sheeting protection shall be
to a maximum of 10 days after trimming of cut slope.

• Further cutting below any berm will not proceed until the erosion protection
for the slopes above that berm have been carried out to the satisfaction of
the Engineer.
• All times, grades and levels of each berm shall be checked and approved
before proceeding to next.
• Construction of drains to follow as soon as it is practical during or after
completion of cut depending on the depth of cut.
3.7.5 Fill and Compact Suitable Material - Method of Working in Filling Section
Trial compaction shall be carried out prior to commencement of backfilling works.

The filling operations are as follows: -
• Engineer to check and approve setting out to commence.

• Topsoil will be stripped off up to the filling limits. If the ground level is within
1.5 meters from the formation level, the ground will be compacted using
rollers to achieve compaction of not less than the required specifications.
Each trial area shall be not smaller that 8m x 15m.
• Once the surface is approved for filling, suitable materials are placed and
spread out using back pusher and/or motor grader and/or bulldozers. End or
side tipping to form embankment will be avoided. The filling will be layers of
not more than the allowable or otherwise approved loose thickness as
specified in the specification. To ensure that the slope edge is properly
compacted filling will be carried out to extra width of about 0.6 meter and
after compaction the loose material will be trimmed off, after the fill has
reach 5 meters height and turf immediately.
• Compaction is carried out by vibratory roller and/or tamping foot roller. The
filling material moisture content shall be within +1% / -4% of the optimum
moisture content. If the moisture content is to high, the material shall be
scarified to allow drying up material until proper moisture content is
obtained. Should the filling material is too dry, wetting of the material by
spraying with water will be carried out.
• Compaction will be carried out until relative compaction of maximum dry
density is obtained. The number of passes will as determined in the trial
compaction. Lapping between adjacent roller will be about 1/3 of the roller
width.Filling slopes, berm heights and width shall be as required in the

specification.Slopes will be trimmed using excavator when one berm height

(5.0 m) completed.
• During the construction of embankment, the surface shall be kept free of
water by maintaining minimum cross fall (say 3%) to facilitate water run-off.
Temporary earth drains will also be constructed, if necessary, at the end of
working day to drain water out. This is to ensure minimal disruption due to
rainfall. All loose material must be compacted by the end of day and at least
to receive temporary compaction before rain.
• Testing as per specification on the filling shall be carried out on each layer
prior to the next layer.
• Each layer compaction need to do testing as per JKR/SPJ/2020-S2 and ITP
JKR 20700-0363-20.
• Suitable excavated material shall be loaded and haul to area of fill by using
dump truck. The dump truck shall be unloaded a short distance away from
the area of fill and later be push to the area of fill by using back pusher or
bulldozer. In this way the compacted layer beneath will not be damaged by
the dump truck.
• Turfing and drains to follow after completion of embankment.
3.7.6 Rock Excavation
Rock shall mean those geological strata of hard material which necessitate the use of
blasting or approved pneumatic tools for their removal. Rock boulders found in
general excavation shall constitute as rock if such boulders are of size exceeding
0.17 cubic meter or if found in trenches and foundations pits such boulders shall be
classified as rock if the sizes exceed 0.08 cubic meter.
Notwithstanding the above, rock shall not include material which in the judgement of
the Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) / consultant can be loosened with a bulldozer mounted
drawn ripper of the following description:-
• Bulldozer Unit
Plant with a minimum weight of 236 kg and net horsepower rating of 200h.p. or
225kw. The tractor unit is to be in good conditions and operated by experienced
personnel skilled in the operation of ripping equipment.
• Ripper Unit

The ripper to be attached to the bulldozer shall be the most efficient

parallelogram type recommended by the bulldozer or ripper manufacturer. The
ripper shall have shanks in good condition with sharpened cutting point.
Shale and clay boulders will not be considered as rock. Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) /
consultant decision as to whether or not the materials of the excavation is classified
as rock shall be final.
3.7.7 Use of Explosive (if required)
Contractor shall not use any explosives for the purpose at excavating or for any other
purpose whatsoever in this work without the written approval of the Jabatan Kerja
Raya (JKR) / consultant. In the event where approval cannot be given by the Jabatan
Kerja Raya (JKR) / consultantdue to whatever reason, contractor shall carry out the
works using other means.
Where the written approval is given by the Jabatan Kerja Raya (JKR) / consultant for
the use of explosive, contractor shall comply strictly with all rules and regulations laid
out by the relevant authorities pertaining to the use of this explosives.
3.7.8 Temporary Drainage Channels and Bunds
As earthworks progress, approved temporary channels shall be provided and

maintained for efficient drainage of the site until such time as the permanent surface
water drainage is installed. These temporary drainage channels shall discharge into
the permanent natural water coursed or main drainage system.
3.7.9 Clearing of Existing Ditches, Drains, River, etc
During the execution of the earthwork,contractor shall take all necessary precautions
to prevent blockage or obstruction and to ensure free-flow of existing drains, streams
and the like.
Protection and Maintenance of Earthwork. Contractor shall provide all necessary

protection and maintenance of earthworks particularly from the damaging effects of

water entering the works from rainfall, runoff, springs, rivers or streams. Damage to
finished or partly completed work arising from the lack of such protection and
maintenance work shall be made good by contractor. Where turfing is required for
slope protection, they shall be planted as soon as the embankment is formed.
3.8 STRIPPING TOP SOIL
I. Scope
Carry out all stripping top soil works as per drawing and specifications. The stripping
top soil works shall include:
• Site survey and setting out of the ROW and limit of work.
• Mobilization of machinery to site.
• Stripping Top Soil & Temporary Stockpile will be carried out within ROW.
II. Method of Works
• Survey setting out shall be carried in order to establish alignment.

• Request for Inspection (RFI) issued before commencement of stripping top
soil works.
• Construct access road for accessibility and maneuvering of machinery.
Access roads must be within ROW and outside of embankment fill and
cutting area.
• Strip off average depth of at least 100 mm top soil below ground level with
excavator and bulldozer along project site.
• To comply to Project Specification Disposal of Materials - Contractor dump
site” as approved by The Superintendent Officer (S.O).
• Keep height of stockpile in the range of (3.0-5.0) meter as Environment
Protection Act 1993 (EPA) requirement.
• The work shall be carried out in accordance with the Project Safety and
Health Plan.

• All the work shall follow the specification and witnessed by consultant.
3.9 SURFACE DRAINAGE
I. General
The construction procedure for different types of drain and sump will depend on the
site condition and accessibility to that area while following the methodology below:
• The setting out of the sump will be carried out as per the construction
drawings and pegs will be installed at the required location
• All invert level and sump level will be marked on the installed pegging using
longer timber. To control the invert level, Temporary Bench Mark will be
used as a reference beginning from every starting point
• Excavation shall be done adhering to the gradient as specified in the
construction drawing. All excavation will be finished to required depth and
width of the drains
• Proper and stable slope shall be maintained to prevent soil failure for deep
excavation. SO shall assess the excavation area to ensure any potential risk
will be eliminated or reduced immediately
II. Surface Drainage

Surface drains shall include interceptor drain, embankment toe drain, roadside drain,
shoulder drain, bench drain, berm drain, median drain, block drain and cascade
drain. Special care needs to be taken by Contractor by ensuring the drainage
construction to be constructed continuously especially interceptor drain and cascade
drain which channeling the water to the nearest outlet in eliminating exposure to
climate weather that can cause adverse erosion and failure to slope area.
Cast In-Situ Concrete Drain Section

• Setting out alignment and location of drain
• Excavate the drain to the required level and dimension as per Construction
Drawing
• Drain base shall be well compacted and all information level will be verified
by Surveyor/Engineer prior to proceeding with BRC works.
• Templates or reference using timber or steel shall be provided to ensure the
thickness and shape of the concrete drains.

• Concrete shall be Grade 20/20 unless otherwise specified and shall be

conform to specification. Weepholes shall be provided as shown in
Construction Drawing or as directed by SO.
• Approval of RFI must be issued and submitted to SO, 1 day prior to casting
work
Precast Concrete Drain Section

• Setting out alignment and location of drain
Drawing
• Drain base shall be well compacted and all information level will be verified
by Surveyor/Engineer prior to lean concrete
• Lean concrete shall be 50mm thickness for drain platform
• Precast concrete drain shall be laid on concrete bedding and the joint
between the precast drain shall be sealed with 1:3 cement mortar
• The drain will be laid following the alignment as indicated in Construction
Drawing
• The surrounding of the wall will be backfilled with suitable materials and
compacted according
3.10 R.C PIPE CULVERT
I. General
Ground Preparation
• The item of work shall be dealt with construction of pipe culvert in complete
compliance to the Technical Specification and Construction Drawings.
• After the site has been surveyed, the limits of excavation shall be set out for
centerline, curves and slope as per construction drawings. Survey data shall
be endorsed by Land Surveyor.
• The excavation for foundation bed/base slab for pipe culvert shall be done
as per the Construction Drawings or in accordance with the specification.
• Excavation shall consist of the removal of the material for the construction of
foundation for apron, head wall and other similar structure, in accordance
with the requirement of the specification and the line of dimension shown in
the drawing or as indicated by S.O. The work shall include draining and
pumping.

• For none piling section, upon removal of USM, the base shall be backfilled
layer by layer not exceeding 200mm and tested with FDT to 95% degree of
compaction
• Bedding for none piling section must compliance with Section 9-Concrete
where bedding Type A using Grade 20 as specified in the construction
drawing & Type B or as determined by SO based on site condition.
• Base slab construction shall be done upon completion of excavation works
with installation of formwork, reinforcement bar and concreting.
Trench Method
• The trench to receive a culvert pipe shall be sufficient width and depth to
enable the placing of bedding material and construction of pipe joints
• Minimum side clearance shall be 300mm or 0.2 times diameter of culvert
whichever is greater to accommodate an operator and compactor beside the
pipe.
• In unstable soil conditions, shoring of the trench should be considered and
additional trench width is required for trench wall support system.
• The bottom of the trench shall be trimmed to a suitably smooth plane
surface which shall be kept free from water, all to the satisfaction of the S.O.
• Where rock or other hard material foundation is encountered in the trench, it
shall be excavated to a depth below the bottom of pipe design level of at
least 300mm or 12.5mm per 300mm of fill to be placed over the top of the
pipe, whichever is greater up to a maximum of 75% of the internal diameter
of the pipe.
• The hard material that has been excavated shall be replaced with suitable
material uniformly compacted in layers of not more than 150mm compacted
thickness to provide satisfactory support for the pipe, all to the satisfaction of
the S.O.
Formwork & Reinforcement

• Reinforcement shall have required length and size shall be yield deformed
bars with minimum yield stress of 460 N/mm2 and formwork with Type F1
will be used
• Reinforcement steel bars must be clean before carry out any installation or
concreting works.

• Timber formwork support is used when necessary to prevent any

substandard quality and cleanliness of the formwork need to be taken care
off during/after the work.
• Striking off formwork shall be done after 24 hours when concrete has set
accordingly.
Concreting
• Concrete mix design shall be submitted to S.O for approval prior to carry out
any concreting works.
• Adequate number of needle vibrator will be used for proper and sufficient
compaction of fresh concrete. Needle vibrator for concrete compaction must
be applied not exceeding 450mm radius.
• Concreting work shall not be carried out during rainy day or adverse weather
• Delivered batch of concrete at site shall be slump testing to check the
workability and sample cube shall be taken for 7 days & 28 days cube
compressive strength test.
• The height of concrete pouring shall not exceed 1.5 meter as per the project
specification.
• The curing process shall be done immediately after 2 hours concrete set
using approved curing compound.
II. Installation of Culvert

• Positioning of piles along the alignment if pipe culvert needs to be
ascertained at site, on a case to case basic by SO and adhering to the
drawing requirement.
• Shop drawing for pre-comp plan shall be submitted to SO for approval prior
to commencement of piling works.
• Mackintosh probe test result shall be submitted to SOR in determining the
piling requirement for the culvert base. Geotextile not required since culvert
shall be laid on concrete base as shown in the Construction Drawings.

• Pipe will be laid as per the construction drawings and the invert level to take
into consideration. In case of widening or extension of pipe culvert,
centerline and the position of pipe culvert shall be surveyed to ensure the
new culvert be installed accordingly as per the construction drawing.
• The lifting, loading and unloading of concrete pipes at factory/yard shall be
carried out by Excavator in such a manner that the pipe does not suffer any
undue structure strain or damage.
• The lowering of the pipe in the concrete base slab at site shall be done using
Excavator. Chain belt are prohibited which can cause damage to the pipe
culvert.
• Immediately after the pipes have been laid and the jointing material has
hardened, the trench will be backfilled layer by layer not exceeding 200mm
and to be FDT tested. The backfilling method shall in accordance to the
specification.
• Backfilling up to 300mm above the top of the pipe shall be done carefully
and the soil shall be thoroughly rammed, tamped and compacted in layer not
exceeding 200mm. Any gaps or void between the pipes shall be filled up or
sealed accordingly.
• Heavy plant and equipment shall not operate within 1.5m of any pipe culvert
until backfilling and, where appropriate, pavement construction has
advanced to a stage which provides at least 600mm of cover to the culvert.
Subject to the approval of SO, light compaction equipment may be operated
above pipe culvert after a minimum of 300mm of cover has been placed and
compacted in accordance to Specification
• For concrete haunching base, reinforcement and formwork shall be
prepared and casted as per the construction drawing prior to lay the pipe
culvert. Gap between the pipe and concrete haunching box shall be filled up
using the same grade of concrete for haunching.
• For the collar joint, gap or void shall be sealed using cement mortar
sufficiently and precast concrete collar joints as shown in the Construction
Drawings.
• The wingwall construction shall be proceed after the pipe culvert laying
activities done. Then, the stone pitching or rip-rap block stone will be
constructed as per the construction drawing to prevent scouring to the base
of culvert.

III. Extension of Culverts

• The existing wingwall, aprons and concrete bedding shall be demolished
wherever specified in the Drawings to expose the existing pipe culvert on the
side to extended.
• The end of the existing pipe culvert to be extended shall be wire-brushed or
some other means employed to give a clean pipe end.
• Extension joints shall be formed as shown in drawing and spigot and socket
to be used as specified in the drawing.
• Confirmation distance from existing pipe culvert to the new culvert shall be
defeminated prior the activities works.
• Details of Construction Procedure for joining of old and new pipe shall be
submitted separately by Contractor for approval of S.O/S.O.R prior to
construction at site.
• Pile shall be installed as shown in the drawings, unless otherwise directed
by the S.O.
IV. Removal of Culverts

• Where existing culverts are to be removed and salvaged shall uncover the
culvert to a depth sufficient to enable it to be removed without damage but
the width of the excavation shall be kept minimum consistent with ease in
removing the culvert.
• All materials excavated shall be removed from the site and used in fills or
dumped to waste unless otherwise approved by S.O/S.O.R.
3.11 DRAIN BOX CULVERT
I. Preparation Works
Survey Works
• The position, alignment and invert level of the culvert to be determined by
doing joint survey with S.O. prior to excavation works.
• Survey equipment must be calibrated and the record must be kept
accordingly.
• Shop drawing shall be submitted to SOR for approval prior to
commencement of works.

• For safety purposes, proper access and working platform shall be provided
and shall be inspected and approved by SHO/SSS.
Inspection of Materials
• Store the construction materials at storage yard as required.
• Prepare the reinforcement bars as per approved bar schedule / drawing.
• Trial mix for concrete and slump test shall conducted to determine water
cement ratio and take sample for compressive strength test. Ensure that the
water cement ratio for the trial mix meets the specification criteria.
• Prior to trial mix, design mix must be submitted and approved by the S.O.
• All expose materials such as steel bars and timber shall be covered from
weather.
Preparation Works
a) Reinforcement Bars
• Unless otherwise started, all reinforcement bars shall be high yield steel,
deformed (Fy = 460 N/mm2).
• Dimension for hooks, radius of bend is complied with BS 4466 (1981).
• Tie the reinforcement together at its intersection with wire.
• Sufficient tie should be made to the reinforcement to ensure that it does not
move or displace during concreting.
• Check starter bars to ensure provision of sufficient lapping length and
orientation.
• Carry out inspection on reinforcement before proceed with concreting works.
• Carry out inspection on reinforcement before proceed with concreting works.
b) Formwork
• Arrange the formwork in such manner that will facilitate dismantling and
removal without causing major disruption or damages to the structure.
• Clean and apply mound oil to the formwork before lifting up.
• Install the formwork in position and carefully check the dimensions against
details in the construction drawings.
• Check the form ties in the correct position and tighten it properly.

• Determine the type of construction joint and to provide groove/recess

sufficiently.
• Install water stop rubber as per manufacturer’s details.
• Erected supports/bracing shall be checked accordingly.
• Gaps/holes shall be sealed up to prevent excessive grout loss during the
concreting.
• Any opening or box-out shall be checked thoroughly and secured properly to
prevent displacement during concreting.
• Striking off formwork shall be done according to the specification and shall
be stored in a proper manner.
c) Concreting
• Pre-concreting inspection shall be conducted by determining the casting
plan and theoretical volume for volume shall be computed prior to concrete
batching. Joint inspection shall be conducted with SOR to confirm the
compliance of works in term of structure’s dimension, stability of formworks
and reinforcement works.
• If the concreting to commence from a construction joint, joint shall be
roughened unless the contractor to apply wire mesh or Hy-rib.
• Final check for formwork, adequate lapping, anchorage and number of
reinforcements, spacer block and cleanliness shall be conducted by the
Contractor.
• During the arrival of concrete trucks at site, Contractor shall check the
delivery order (DO) of the concrete which containing the information of the
concrete grade, slump and time of batching. Slump test shall be carried out
by the technician for each truck to confirm the workability of the concrete.
• For ordinary concrete structure, every 20m3 shall be taken one set of cubes
which consist of 3 cubes sample as per approved Project’s Quality
• Assurance. Temperature shall be checked for each delivery and must be
below 36-degree Celsius. Location of pour and structure shall be recorded in
the DO of concrete to ease the traceability and identification.
• Curing process will be done using conventional method by spraying curing
compound or water sprinkler. Cube samples taken at site shall be
II. Construction Works

• Remove and excavate existing ground to the required level as specified in

the construction drawings.
• The platform ground shall be prepared below 50mm from cut off level prior
to receiving lean concrete as per the construction drawing. Upon platform
prepared, lean concrete of grade 15 shall be poured and allow 12 hrs. to 24
hrs. prior to reinforcement works. Anchorage @ starter bar for the pile shall
remain and must conform to the manufacturer’s details and requirement or
as required by S.O.
• For construction of Base Slab, Wall and Top Slab, the following works to be
carried out:
a. Fix reinforcement bar.
b. Fix formworks.
c. Joint inspection with S.O.
d. Place concrete.
e. Do slump test and take cube sample for test cube.
f. Remove formworks after 24 hrs.
• Struts must be adequate to avoid bulging and gap between formwork must
be sealed off to avoid honeycomb or grout loss.
• After concrete has set, concrete shall be cured and any expose surface like
slab shall be covered using gunny sack or canvas to prevent excessive loss
of water due to windy or hot weather.
• Upon removal of forms, carry out joint inspection on the completed
structures.
• Inspect the concrete surface for any honeycombing, cracks or visibility of
reinforcement bars.
• For top slab of box culvert, back propping is required to be remained at its
position until 10 days or 14 days concrete strength is achieved.
• Lap length for all reinforcing bars shall be minimum of 45D of the smaller or
same bar.
• Bar anchorage shall be minimum 45D.
• Carry out post concreting inspection with S.O.
• Expansion Joint shall be provided for length culvert exceeding 40m.
• Extension between existing pipe culvert and box culvert shall be done as per
the Construction Drawing.

• Details of Construction Procedure for joining of box culvert between old and
new shall be submitted separately by Contractor for approval of S.O/S.O.R
prior to construction at site.
• Upon completion box culvert and final inspection with SOR, contractor shall
backfill the box culvert using suitable materials layer by layer. Compact fill
materials with compactor and shall be evenly on both side. FDT to be
carried out at each layer.
3.12 SUMP
I. General
• Sumps shall be constructed of brickwork or in-situ concrete accordance with
Section 9-Concrete of this Specification.
• The construction procedure for different types of sumps will depend on the
site condition and accessibility to that area while following the methodology
below:
a. The setting out of the sump will be carried out as per the construction
drawings and pegs will be installed at the required location.
b. All invert level and sump level will be marked on the installed pegging
using longer timber. To control the invert level, Temporary Bench Mark
will be used as a reference beginning from every starting point.
c. Excavation shall be done adhering to the gradient as specified in the
construction drawing. All excavation will be finished to required depth
and width of the drains
d. Proper and stable slope shall be maintained to prevent soil failure for
deep excavation. S.O shall assess the excavation area to ensure any
potential risk will be eliminated or reduced immediately.
II. Cast In-Situ Concrete Sump Section

• Setting out alignment and location of sump.
Drawing.
• Sump base shall be well compacted and all information level will be verified
by Surveyor/Engineer prior to proceeding with BRC works.
• Templates or reference using timber or steel shall be provided to ensure the
thickness and shape of the concrete drains.

• Concrete shall be Grade 25/20 unless otherwise specified and shall be

conform to specification.
• Where the depth of invert and inspection fit exceed 1m below the finished
surface, galvanized iron bars shall be built in vertical of 305mm with
alternate steps in line vertically and at 230mm center to center horizontally.
• Approval of RFI must be issued and submitted to SO, 1 day prior to casting
work.
III. Brickwork Sump Section

• Setting out alignment and location of sump.
Drawing.
• Brickwork shall be executed with the cement mortar and shall be of the
thickness and bonds as shown in the drawings.
• The brickwork shall be true to line and plumb, and courses shall be kept
level.
• The thickness of mortar joints shall not exceed 10mm and shall be such that
4 courses of brickwork form a height of 300mm.
• The plaster shall be applied to all exposed brickwork surfaces to a minimum
of 20mm unless otherwise specified in the drawings and shall be to Class
U3 unformed surfaces as per Section 9-concrete of this specification.
• Plain plaster shall consist of 1-part masonry cement complying with M.S.794
to 3 parts of sand by volume.
• Where Ordinary Portland Cement is used, plasticizer of a type approved by
the S.O. may be added to the mix in accordance with manufacturer’s
instruction.
• Ordinary Portland Cement and water shall be complied with the appropriate
requirements of Section 9-Concrete of this specification.
• Weep holes not more than 3 meters center to center shall be provided,
unless specified in the Drawings or as directed by the S.O. and shall
complied with the appropriate requirements of Sub-Section 3.7.3.
3.13 REMOVAL OF UNSUITABLE MATERIALS
3.13.1 Removal of Unsuitable Material

I. Identify of Unsuitable Material and Soil Investigation for Soft Ground:

• A joint inspection is made together with S.O representative and the
boundary of suspected Unsuitable Materials shall be demarcated.
• Mackintosh probe test shall be carried out for checking the resistance of the
soft ground at certain interval as directed by the S.O Representative who
shall determine the depth of soft material to be replaced.
• The original ground level shall be jointly surveyed with S.O representative
prior to mackintosh probe test at site
• The limit of USM shall be determined based on Ground Treatment Schedule
or as directed by S.O representative.
II. Excavation and Removal of Unsuitable Materials (USM):

• Before removal of USM, Contractor to ensure OGL already taken by
surveyor.
• Temporary access shall be constructed within ROW to facilitate maneuver of
plant and vehicles for clearing and filling work and drain on both sides of the
road shall be excavated as per the details shown in the Drawings.
• USM shall be excavated by using hydraulic excavator.
• The excavation shall be carried out as specified in Soft Ground Treatment
Schedule or State in the Construction Drawing as directed by the S.O
representative based on Mackintosh Probe Test results
• USM can be used as counter berm and any access of USM shall be
removed and disposed at approved disposal area.
• After excavation completed, another survey will be carried out jointly with
S.O representative.
• Dewatering shall be carried if water observed to keep the excavated pit dry
prior to filling work.
• The Contractor shall rename all the USM and dispose in an approved
manner to The Contractor dumpsite at the Contractor’s expense
• The Contractor to comply to Standard Specification for Roadworks: Section
20:Ground Improvement – 20.2 Removal and Replacement
3.13.2 Filling Processes
I. Embankment Fill

• Before any part of the works permanently covered up, The Contractor shall
give due notice to the SOR. For the inspection and measurement of
drainage and/or confirmation of levels.
• Once the excavation reaches the required level and confirmed by the S.O,
one layer of stabilizing geotextile shall be laid at the base of the excavation
as per Drawing.
• Settlement gauges and monitoring instrumentation shall be installed as per
the Specification and at location as instructed by the S.O./SOR Details for
installation of Instrumentation Monitoring Works shall be submitted in
separate method statement.
• Place sand or Suitable materials for backfill materials and compact
accordingly.
• The side slope of embankment shall cut to gradient of 1:2 as shown in the
drawings and turfing work on the slope surface shall be carried out.
3.13.3 Geotextile Works
Geotextile material shall be submitted to consultant with appropriate product

information, technical data sheet for approval.
I. Handling
• Rolls should be unloaded from the container or truck using mobile crane with
carrying strap or installation of spreader bar. Carrying strap can damage the
wrapping and the geotextile and therefore should carefully handling it.
• Unloading the geotextile is preferable to raise one end of the roll before
moving the carrying strap under the roll.
II. Storage
• Geotextile is recommended to be stored at elevated ground and dry ground
which will prevent from damage. The surface should be free from sharp
rocks or other object that could damage the material.

• Unless the wrapping plastic is damaged or punctured, the rolls can be stored
as it is. If damage, all necessary action shall be taken to prevent water from
seeping.
• The storage area must be located as close as possible to the site to
minimize on-site handling.
III. Surface Preparation

• The surface upon which the geotextile installed should be free from debris,
roots, sticks and sharp rock/boulders larger than 500mm.
• Site specific compaction requirements should be followed in accordance
with the project plans and specification at a minimum, the level of
compaction should be sufficient to prevent undulating condition.
IV. Installation of Geotextile

• Before installation, check if the packing foil is complete and if it’s not, check
the geotextile roll for damage due to UV radiation or mechanical impacts.
• The site must be cleared of large and sharp stones, tree stump or any other
objects that could damage the geotextile.
• Geotextile shall be placed just in advance of placement of the specified
overlying fill material.
• Geotextile laid shall be covered by the fill as soon as possible within seven
days of being placed. The counting if this foresaid seven days shall
commence immediately upon the geotextile being exposed from its
protective wrapping.
• High strength woven geotextile shall be placed transversely, across the
direction of the road or the otherwise as approved by the S.O.
• The geotextile shall be laid flat on the underlying surface with no wrinkles or
folds and shall extend far enough over the edges of the embankment for a
wrap-around as shown in the Drawing.
• No traffic shall travel directly on the geotextile and there shall no sudden
stops, starts or turns on the fill materials by the construction equipment or
other such action which may cause the damage to the geotextile.
• The method of application shall depend on the soil condition or as per
drawing requirement if shown.
• Prior to covering, the geotextile must be inspected again to ensure that the
geotextile is installed accordingly and without any damage.

V. Joint and Overlap

• In installation where more than one roll of geotextile is used, the joint
overlaps should be made either by sewing or by using adequate overlaps.
The requirement to the joints depends on the application and soil condition
at site.
• The larger the deformation which could be expected the greater the
requirement for the overlap. The guideline is shown in table 1 below for
typical road applications which extracted from Standard Specification
Section 20 Clause 20.4.4.3 – Joining of Geotextile.
SOIL CBR MINIMUM OVERLAP

Greater than 3 300 - 450 mm
1-3 0.6 - 1 m
0.5 - 1 1 m or sewn
Less than 0.5 sewn
Table 1
• For larger structures, the minimum overlap should be 300mm.

• Sewing is good alternative to overlapping especially when the required
overlaps are too large, for example close to or above 1 meter. Sewing can
be carried out using different types of threads and seams as per Standard
Specification Clause 20.4.4.3 - Joining of Geotextile.
VI. Filling Work

Filling of approved material on geotextile must be carried out having equipment drive
directly on it. Minimum covered 200 – 250mm thick layer of filling material required
before truck/machineries could move on the laid liner.
VII. Non-Woven Geotextile

• Non-woven geotextile shall be for separation and filtration application of the
ground treatment.
• Unless otherwise approved by the S.O., non-woven geotextile shall be
needle punched fibres of polypropylene or polyester supplied by an
approved manufacturer.

• The physical, mechanical and hydraulic properties of non-woven geotextile

shall meet the minimum requirement as given in Table 20.4 Clause 20.4.4.4
– Non-Woven Geotextile. Minimum roll width shall be 4.0 meters.
3.14 HYDROSEEDING
I. Hydroseeding Process
All hydroseeding process shall be complied accordance to the Standard Specification
Road Works (SSRW), Section 16: Slope Stabilisation, Clause 16.11: Hydroseeding.
II. Installation of Biodegradable Mat (BM) Blanket

All installation of Biodegradable Mat (BM) process shall be complied accordance to
the Standard Specification Road Works (SSRW), Section 16: Slope Stabilisation,
Clause 16.11.6: Installation of BM Blanket.
III. Maintenance
All maintenance process shall be complied accordance to the Standard Specification
Road Works (SSRW), Section 16: Slope Stabilisation, Clause 16.11.9: Maintenance
during liability period.
3.15 TURFING
All procedures shall be accordance to Standard Specification for Road Works,

Section 2: Earthworks, Subclause 2.4.8.2 Turfing.
3.16 SOIL INVESTIGATION WORKS
Survey Setting Out (As Built survey procedure from soil investigation work). Prior to
the commencement of the soil investigation work, the setting out of the investigation
works will be carried out by surveyor. The soil investigation setting out includes
mobilization of all plant/rigs and ancillary equipment necessary for the execution of
the works to the site including maintenance and demobilization, setting out of location
to next location on land upon completion. The temporary setting pit proposed shall be
located away from any water body. No discharge of the muddy water into the

exiting/public drainage is allowed before proper filtration process is fully in place on

site.
I. Utility Detection
Prior to soil investigation work, contractor shall identify, analysis, mapping, piloting
and carry out site walk at soil investigation area to obtain clearer picture of the
condition of the site. Utility detection shall be carried out to determine the existence
of utilities underground and to protect it from damages. Any damages to existing
utilities shall be responsible by contractor to report and repair it at contractor’s own
cost and time.
II. Traffic Management Plan

Installation of suitable barrier with hoarding and blinker lights along the working area.
Temporary traffic signage will be placed at proposed soil investigation area. Flagman
shall be stationed to control traffic at site as required. TMP to be submitted to
authorities and get approval before the commencement of works.
III. Soil Investigation Works

• The soil investigation is carried out using a YWE D90R Rotary Boring Rig or
equivalent powered by a diesel engine capable of drilling up to 60m depth
using NW size casings, where only rotary drilling wash boring method and
using water as a drilling fluid in accordance to Clause 17.2.1 of Standard
Specification of Road Work (SSRW). Once the borehole positions have
been set out, the boring rig will be transported to the first borehole position.
If the borehole position is not accessible to vehicles, the boring rig and its
ancillary equipment shall be unloaded at the nearest available area. The
boring rig is then winched to the borehole location using the on-board winch
with the rope tied to a secured and static structure or post acting as a
counter load.
• The rig is then set up at its location, with the mast up in place and the drilling
equipment and ancillaries transported to the said location. The rigs shall be
such that they can apply to the drilling bit a working hydraulic thrust of the
order of 10.0kN to 30.0kN in accordance to Clause 17.2.9 of SSRW. The
rigs shall be fitted with tachnometer and hydraulic feed pressure gauge, both
of appropriate scales. A small trench is created from the borehole to a
manually dug hole in the ground known as a water return or drums of water,
taken in by piston pump powered by a diesel engine, delivered through a

piece of hose connected to the top of the casing. At the specified depth
intervals of 1.5m or otherwise instructed, a Standard Penetration test or an
undisturbed sampling is carried out in accordance to clause 17.2.11 and
17.4.1 of SSRW. Ground water sampling shall be collected, measured,
recorded and tested in accordance to SSRW and approved Bill of Quantities
by JKR.
• The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) is carried out in accordance with Test
No. 19, B.S 1377:1975, ‘Determination of the penetration resistance using
the split-barrel sampler’ using a self-tripping hammer of an approved design.
Generally, it was carried out in all types of soil except the very soft and soft
clay in accordance to clause 17.4.1 of SSRW.
• A split - barrel SPT sampler attached to the end of a string of AW rods is
lowered into cleaned out borehole. The 75mm markings are made on the
extended rod and the SPT self-tripping hammer is attached to the top of the
extended rod. The hammer is lifted by the winch until 762mm height when
the self-tripping mechanism shall release the hammer and hit the anvil.
• To execute the test, the lower sampler assembly to bottom of the borehole
on the drive rods with the drive assembly on top. The initial penetration shall
be recorded under its total dead-weight. The value of penetration resistance
N, as defined in the British Standard Method is reported together with the
number of blow counts for each 75mm penetration of SPT sampler using
standard blow on the seating drive. The blow counts for the first 150mm
penetrations (the seating drive) which do not contribute ti the value of N was
also included. Two examples are 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, 19 will give N=42 and 28, 30,
35, 15/25mm will give N=50/100m in compliance with clause 17.4.1 of
SSRW.
• Once the test is completed, the hammer is unloaded and the string of rods
extracted. The soil samples recovered from the split barrel are preserved as
disturbed samples for subsequent testing. Drilling will proceed ti the next
1.5m depth where another SPT or sampling is carried out.
• Soil samples are collected by employing hydraulic thrust on thin wall
sampling tubes of 600mm length by 50mm diameter into very soft to soft
cohesive soils. After collection, the sampling tubes are promptly sealed with
paraffin wax to prevent any loss of moisture. All the disturbed samples are
placed in shaded area and later transported to the laboratory for further
tests. All the samples taken shall be kept in accordance with clause 17.3.5

of SDRW and Testing e.e., as per Classification Test (BS1377 : Part 2 :

1990), chemical test - (soil / water) and Rock Strength Test.
• In confirming the approved Bill of Quantities by JKR and Section 17 SSRW,
description of method of obtaining undisturbed samples area as below :
a. Method of sampling with piston sampler for soil

When instructed by the Engineer, a stationary piston sampler of an
approved type shall used to secure the undisturbed samples. The minimum
outside diameter of the tube shall be 63.5mm and the minimum tube length
610mm. The maximum wall thickness shall be 1.59mm. The tube shall be
pushed into the ground at a rate of 100 to 200mm per minute. Under no
circumstances shall the sampler be advanced into the soil by rotation,
hammering, jarring or the dynamic method.
b. Method of sampling with thin-walled tube

Thin-walled samplers consist of a thin-walled steel tube whose lower end is
shaped to form a cutting edge with an area ratio of less than 15% and a
taper angle of less than 5º, with or without a small inside clearance. Area
ratios up to 25% and taper angles of between 5º and 15º may only be used if
it can be demonstrated that the sample quality class is not affected. They
are pushed into the soil by continuous static thrust from hydraulic jacks or
pulley block and tackle. These samplers are usually only suitable for fine
soils up to a firm to stiff consistency, and free from large particles, although
samples have been successfully obtained from very stiff soils. They normaly
give class 1 samples of all fine soils, including sensitive clays, provided that
sinking the borehole has not disturbed the soil. Samples between 70mm and
120mm in diameter is usually obtained and samples up to 250mm in
diameter is sometime obtained for special purposes.
c. Method of sampling with Mazier Sampling

‒ In residual soils and other cohesive soils in which Standard
Penetration Test ‘N’ values are greater than 15, samples shall be
obtained by rotary drilling using Mazier type triple tube retractable
core barrels producing a cored sample with diameter of nor less than
74mm diameter (H size). the detachable inner liner shall be used to
transport and store the sample. Drilling shall be carried out in such a
manner and using such sizes of bits including any required

modification to the drill bit, such that the maximum amount to core is
recovered. Close surveillance of drilling fluid circulation, drilling
pressures, lengths of coring runs and all other factors relevant to the
nature of the material being sampled is obtained.
‒ The core barrel shall be withdrawn and the core removed as often as
may be necessary to secure the maximum possible amount of core.
Coring runs shall be limited to a maximum length of 1.5m. when less
than 959 of the core is recovered from a run the length of the
following run shall be reduced by 50% unless otherwise directed by
Engineer. If less than 50% recovery is achieved, the following run
shall not exceed 0.5m until full recovery is achieved from two
consecutive runs.
‒ The core barrel shall be removed from the borehole immediately if
blocking of the bit or grinding of the core is apparent regardless of the
length of run which has been made.
‒ Each core barrel shall be provided with the full range of bit types to
cope with the various ground conditions, type of material and
hardness of material encountered at the site. Spares for each bit type
shall be available for use on site without causing any delay to drilling
operations. An adequate supply of short, medium and long plain
retractor shoes shall be available for use with Mazier type triple tube
retractable core barrels.
‒ Triple tube core barrels shall be equipped with built-in ball check
pistons to ensure that the core is not subjected to water flushing
when extracting the inner barrel containing the core. Casing shall be
used to prevent to collapse of the sides of the hole. The size of
casing and drill rods shall be appropriate for the size of core barrel in
use.
• This is a dynamic penetrometer test used to check the consistemcy pf the
subsoil by using Mackintosh Probe which has 30º cone penetrometer while
JKR Probes has 60º cone penetrometer. This is a light dynamic test and the
cone is driven directly into the soil by driving a hammer 4.5kg . weight
dropping through a free height of 300mm.
• If rock is encountered, diamond core drilling of 54mm min diameter
(JKR/SPJ/20163-S17.2.7) into any kind of rocks depth. The normal drill run
shall be 1.5m with the core size of 54mm diameter. After completion of drill
run, the core barrel is extracted from the borehole and the rock core

samples are placed in specified core boxes with the Core Recovery Ratio
(CRR) and Rock Quality Designation(RQD) calculated (JKR/SPJ/2013-
S17.2.14). the rock coring shall be continued until the termination criteria is
met.\termination criteria for boring in soil shall be as follows:
a. Boring in soil : Seven (7) times SPT, N = 50 (9m hard layer)

b. Boring rock : 5m coring (others than limestone) and 10m coring
(limestone).
c. No boreholes are to be terminated without the approval of consultant.
• Hand Auger method should be adhered to ASTM D 1452-80 for soil

investigation and sampling by auger boring
• The water level in each borehole is recorded before the work commences in
the morning and after completion of day work in the evening
• Once termination criteria of borehole are met, drilling and testing will be
stopped and the casing is extracted. The boring plant is then moved or
transported to the new borehole position and the whole process is repeated
• For soft cohesive soils, Geonor Vane Shear Test will be conducted. The
Geonor Vane equipment comprises four blades arranged in a cruciform in
the end the rods, which are extended from the ground surface to the test
level. The vane is pushed into the undisturbed soil and the rods are rotated
by Hand Cranking via a worm and pinion gear. The torque required to shear
the soil is monitored at a measuring head which is clamped to the top of the
borehole casing or otherwise fixed at ground level. A metal shroud and
guide tubes are used to protect the vane and rods from damage during
penetration to the test level. This level is below any undisturbed material at
the base of the borehole about 0.45r. the quide tube, which surrounds the
rods, reduces friction to a minimum.
• At the test location, the vane is advanced below the shroud and rotated at
around 6 to 12 degrees/min to get the Undisturbed Shear Strength. The
vane is then rapidly rotated for 25 completed turns, then re-tested to obtain
the Remoulded Shear Strength and therefore a measure of sensitivity.
• All the work sequence shall be complied accordance to the Standard
Specification Road Works (SSRW) Section 17 : Site Investigation and
approved Bill of Quantities for additional borehole.

3.17 PERMANENT STREAM DIVERSION WORKS
3.17.1 Design Concrete
• Design concrete shall comply with the recommendations of MS EN 206-1

and MS EN 206-2.
• The contractor shall comply with the following requirements :
a. Notify the S.O. whether the designed concrete is to be produced as
site-mixed or ready-mixed.
b. If the contractor chooses to use ready mix concrete, he shall notify the
S.O. the name of the supplier, location of the ready-mix plant, journey
time taken to transport the concrete to the site and production capacity
of the plant.
Site Mix Concrete

• Site mixed concrete shall include prescribed mix and designed mix.
• The quantities of cement, fine aggregate and various sizes of coarse
aggregate shall be measured by weight unless otherwise approved by the
S.O. A separator weighing machine shall be provided for weighing the
cement. Alternatively, the cement may be measured by using a while
number of bags in each batch. The quantity of water shall be measured by
weight; liquid or paste admixtures shall be measured by volume or weight.
• The batch weight of aggregate shall be adjusted to allow for the moisture
content of the aggregate being used. All measuring equipment shall be
calibrated on site or their calibration status established by certificates from
accredited laboratories.
• The mixing time shall be not less than two (2) minutes and not more than
five (5) minutes or any other time recommended by the mixer manufacturer
after all the ingredients have been placed in the mixer.
• Mixers that have been out of use for more than 30 minutes shall be
thoroughly cleaned before any fresh concrete is mixed. Unless agreed
otherwise by the S.O., the first batch of concrete through the mixer shall
contain only two thirds of the normal quantity of coarse aggregate. The
mixer shall be thoroughly cleaned before changing from one type of cement
to another.

• The water content of each batch of concrete may be adjusted so as to

produce concrete of the required workability. However, care shall be taken
to ensure the free over cement ratio is maintained. The total amount of water
added to the mix shall be recorded.
Ready Mix Concrete

• Ready mixed concrete shall comply with the requirements of designed
concrete as in Subsection 9.3.2 and MS EN 206-1. all concrete materials,
including water and admixtures shall be mixed in the plant and delivered to
site in purpose made truck mixers. No extra water or admixtures are allowed
to be added after the concrete has left the plant.
• Ready mixed concrete delivered to the site shall be accompanied by delivery
ticket and manufacturer’s batching record stating the details of mix
proportions by weight, the grade of concrete, type and size of aggregate,
date and time of loading at plant, type and dosage of chemical admixtures
and other relevant production details in suitable format, failing which the
S.O., or his representative, shall immediately reject the total load of the
concrete. The S.O. or his representative, and the contractor shall ensure the
information provided in the delivery tickets and the manufacturer’s batching
record complies with the details of the approved ‘designed concrete’ and its
corresponding consistence as in subsections 9.3.2 and 9.3.4 respectively
before discharging the concrete.
• Rejected concrete shall be removed from the site. The delivery ticket shall
be marked ‘REJECTED’.
3.17.2 Survey Setting-Out
• Prior to the commencement of the work, the setting out of the area will be
carried out by surveyor. All survey works shall be carried out using total
station. All survey works shall be properly recorded for easy reference,
• The as built survey to carry before and after completion of permanent
stream diversion.
3.17.3 Site Clearing

• This work shall consist of clearing off cutting down, removal and disposal of
everything above ground level including objects overhanging the areas to be
cleared such as tree branches, vegetation, structures and not necessarily be
limited to trees stumps, logs, bush undergrowth, long grasses, crops,
vegetation and structures.
• Grubbing shall consist of the removal and disposal of surface vegetation, the
bases of stumps, roots and the underground parts of structures.
• Stripping topsoil shall consist of the removal of topsoil to a depth of 100mm
below ground level, and its stockpiling for reuse if it is suitable and its
disposal if found unsuitable.
3.17.4 Classification of Earthwork Material
• The general classification of the suitability soil shall be carried out in the
laboratory.
• To carry out the following test as required on suitable material where
appropriate :
a. Compaction Test
b. Sieve Analysis Test
c. California Bearing Ratio test
d. Atterberg Limit Test
e. All testing instruments to be calibrated and certificate toe provided to
the S.O prior to the testing.
• Observed excavation area as well as the fill areas. Suitable material may be
rendered unsuitable because of working methods and it’s must be recorded
in Daily Report.
3.17.5 Cutting and Excavate of Suitable Material - Method of Working in Cut Section
• Bulk excavation will be carried out using hydraulic excavators. In transverse

direction, trimming will be carried out using motor grader.
• Bulldozers will be used where necessary for loosening the earth and ripping
hard materials.

• Bulldozers also will be used where the haulage distance between cut and fill
is short (60 meter or less). the excavated material will be pushed by
bulldozer to the fill area.
• Where haulage distance is longer, dump trucks will be used to haul the cut
materials to the filling area. Hauling of material from cuttings or the
importation of fill material to the embankments or other areas of fill shall
proceed only when sufficient compaction plant is operating at the place of
deposition. Generally, for cutting, the following operations are followed : -
a. Engineer to check and approve the setting out cutting and commence.
b. Topsoil removed up to the cutting limits, cutting of earth then
commences
c. Excavation will be carried out in such a way that, in case of rains, no
water will be trapped. At all times the excavated surface shall have
sufficient cross fall to shed the water and prevent ponding.
d. Cutting slopes, berm heights and width shall be as per construction
drawing.
e. Trimming of slopes using excavator shall be carried out progressively
when the depth of excavation reaches about 3 meters in
height.trimming will be carried out in transverse direction.
f. Trimming of slopes shall include removal of grooves using a smooth
plate mounting before turfing.
g. Slope protection will be carried out as soon as practical after slope
trimming and in any event within 7 days after slope trimming where the
cut slopes shall be closed turf. In case when turfing cannot be
immediately carried out, temporary tarpaulin plastic protection shall be
placed on the slopes for protection against aggressive weather.
Duration of plastic sheeting protection shall be to a maximum of 10
days after trimming of cut slope.
h. Further cutting below any berm will not proceed until the erosion
protection for the slopes above the berm have been carried out to the
satisfaction of the Engineer.
i. All times, grades and levels of each berm shall be checked and
approved before proceeding to next.
j. Construction of drains to follow as soon as it is practical during after
completion of cut depending on the depth of cut.
3.17.6 Temporary Drainage Channels and Bunds

As earthworks progress, approved temporary channels shall be provided and

maintained for efficient drainage of the site until such time as the permanent surface
water drainage is installed. These temporary drainage channels shall discharge into
the permanent natural water coursed or main drainage system.
3.17.7 Clearing of Existing Ditches, Drains, River, etc
• During the execution of the earthwork, the contractor shall take all necessary
precautions to prevent blockage or obstruction and to ensure free-flow of
existing drains, streams and the like.
• Protection and maintenance of earthwork
• Contractor shall provide all necessary protection and maintenance of
earthworks particularly from the damaging effects of water entering the
works from rainfall, runoff, springs, rivers or streams. Damage to finished or
partly completed work arising from the lack of such protection and
maintenance work shall be made good by the contractor.
• Where turfing is required for slope protection, they shall be planted as soon
as the embankment is formed.
3.17.8 Permanent Stream Works
• All excavation shall be carried out to the required lengths, breadths, depths,
inclinations and curvatures as required for construction of permanent works.
• The channel slope will be as per drawing or as directed by S.O or S.O.R
unless vertical walls are installed using sheet piling, concrete or stacked
stone.
• The design should be adequate to ensure that it will not cause flooding
upstream or downstream off the site as per drawing. All stream channel
must be adequately compacted by the sides cut to slope maintained to
prevent collapsed of the sidewalls.
• The channel bed should be construct with the boulder rip-rap protection
according to drawing. While for the side cut slope will be build as per
drawing requirements. All works, must be inspect and no blinding or
concreting shall be carried out without approval of S.O or S.O.R.

• The work shall be suspended in respect of excavations when unsatisfactory

work would arise as the result of inclement weather, saturation of materials,
seepage flows or any other such conditions. Only to recommence when
materials and performance are no longer adversely affected.
• All the work sequence shall be complied accordance to the Standard
Specification Road Works (SSRW) Section 2 : Earthworks, Section 3 :
Drainage Works and approved Bill of Quantities.
3.18 PAVEMENT WORKS
I. Surface Preparation
• The surveyor shall be marked the road center line and width of the
embankment prior to starting of any road works.
• All the road works and road crossing shall be executed as per the approved
drawings and as per Project Specification.
II. Sub-Base
• This work shall consist of furnishing, placing, compacting and shaping sub-
base material on a prepared in accordance with this Specification and the
lines, levels, grades, dimension and cross-section as shown on the drawings
and/or as directed by the S.O.
• The contractor shall be ensured the approved material is used and the
material sample shall be collected and tested as per Project Specification
upon receiving of material at site.
• Each layer of sub-base shall be processed as necessary to bring its
moisture content to a uniform compaction plant and from ridges, crack,
loose, material, potholes, ruts or other defects.
• Shall then be compacted using approved compaction equipment and
approved rolling pattern by the S.O/S.O.R to not less than 95% of the
maximum dry density determined in the MS 1056/BS 1377 Compaction Test
(4.5kg rammer method)
• The sub-base shall be finished in a neat and workmanlike manner, and shall
have an average thickness over any 100-meter length not less than the
required thickness

• The top surface of the sub-base shall have the required shape,
supperelevation, level and grades and shall be everywhere within tolerances
as specified in Sub-Clause 4.5.2 : Surface Levels of Pavement Courses.
III. Road-Base
Crushed Aggregate
• The contractor shall ensure that approved sub-base material is used and the
material sample shall be collected and tested as per Project Specification upon
receiving of material at site.
• The crushed aggregate road-base materials shall be conformed to Sub Clause:
4.2.3.2 Materials.
• Crushed aggregate road-base shall be placed to the required width and
thickness as shown on the Drawings or directed by the S.O in one layer or
more, each layer not exceeding 200mm compacted thickness.
• Where two or more layers are required, each layer shall be of approximately
equal thickness and none shall be less than 100mm compacted thickness.
• Compaction shall be carried out using suitable approved equipment and rolling
pattern by the S.O/S.O.R to not less than 95% of the maximum dry density
determined in the MS1056/BS1377 Compaction Test (4.5kg rammer method).
• The surface shall be to the required level and grade and comply with the
tolerances as specified in Sub-Clause 4.5.2: Surface Levels of Pavement Courses.
IV. Prime Coat
• The contractor shall be ensured that approved material is used and each
consignment test certificate for prime coat (grade MC 70) shall be submitted
for approval.
• The material shall be conformed to the requirement Sub Clause: 4.3.1.2
Materials Bituminous Prime Coat.
• Prime coat works shall only be carried out in dry and warm weather when
surface to be treated is essentially dry.

• The prime coat shall be sprayed on the cleaned road-base surface by means of
a pressure distributor.
• Any area inaccessible to the distributor spray bar shall be treated using the
distributor’s hand spraying system.
• The rates of application shall be in the range 0.5 to 1.0 litre/sq.m or as directed
by the S.O/S.O.R based in the results of test applications.
• The temperature of cut-back bitumen MC-70 shall be maintained in the range
50°c to 70°c during spraying operations.
• Bituminous prime coat shall be distributed uniformly over the surface to be
treated without streaking; the quantities applied shall not deviate by more than
10% from those prescribed.
• Area with insufficient bituminous prime coat shall be resprayed as necessary to
make up the deficiency, all the satisfaction of the S.O/S.O.R.
• Prime coat shall normally be left undisturbed for at least 24hours after
application and shall not be opened to traffic until it has penetrated the road-
base and cured sufficiently.
V. Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course
• The contractor shall be ensured the Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course approved
mix design and trial mix are used.
• The aggregates shall be surface dry and shall be mixed at an appropriate
temperature. The mixed material as delivered to the laying site shall be not less
than 120°c.
• Laying Procedure:
a. Work shall be commenced on site upon approval and acceptance of the

road-base.
b. The surface to receive the Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course (ACBC) shall be
free of all damage, loose materials and standing water by sweeping.
c. Prime coat of approved bitumen emulsion shall be applied as per
Specifications on the prepared surface prior to lay of the Asphaltic Concrete
Binder Course (ACBC).
d. The asphaltic concrete binder shall be plant mixed with approved bitumen
content.

e. The approved Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course (ACBC) shall be delivered to

site by tipper trucks. To prevent the loss of heat, the mixture shall be
covered by tarpaulin.
f. The Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course (ACBC) shall be laid by a paver in single
layer.
g. Compaction shall be carried out using the specified equivalent type of
compactors. Rolling shall always commence from the lower to higher side of
the carriageway.
h. The surface of Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course (ACBC) shall be finished to
the line and grade as required by the Drawings.
VI. Tack Coat.
• The surface of the dense Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course shall be cleaned
immediately prior to the application of as approve Tack Coat.
• The material shall be conformed to the requirement Sub Clause: 4.3.2.2
Materials Bituminous Tack Coat.
• Any area inaccessible to the distributor spray bar shall be treated using the
distributor’s hand spraying system.
• The bituminous shall be applied by means of a distributor at range 0.25 to 0.55
litres/sq.m.
• The temperature of the bituminous tack coat shall be maintained in the range
25°c to 45°c during spraying operations.
• Bituminous tack coat shall be distributed uniformly over the surface to be
treated without streaking; the quantities applied shall not deviate by more than
10% from those prescribed.
• Area with insufficient bituminous tack coat shall be resprayed as necessary to
make up the deficiency, all the satisfaction of the S.O/S.O.R.
• Traffic shall be kept off the bituminous tack coat at all times, and the Contractor
shall be maintained the bituminous tack coat, all the satisfaction of the
S.O/S.O.R until the overlying pavement course constructed.
VII. Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course

• The contractor shall be ensured the Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course

approved mix design and trial mix are used.
• The aggregates shall be surface dry and shall be mixed at an appropriate
temperature. The mixed material as delivered to the laying site shall be not less
than 120°c.
• Laying Procedure :
a. Work shall be commenced on site upon approval and acceptance of the
Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course.
b. The surface to receive the Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course shall be free
of all damage, loose materials and standing water by sweeping.
c. Tack coat of approved bitumen emulsion shall be applied as pe Specifications
on the prepared surface prior to lay of the Asphaltic Concrete Wearing
Course.
d. The Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course shall be plant mixed with approved
bitumen content.
e. The approved Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course shall be delivered to site
by tipper trucks. To prevent the loss of heat, the mixture shall be covered by
tarpaulin.
f. The Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course shall be laid by a paver in single
layer.
g. Compaction shall be carried out using the specified equivalent type of
compactors. Rolling shall always commence from the lower to higher side of
the carriageway.
h. The surface of Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course shall be finished to the line
and grade as 8required by the Drawings.
i. Upon completion of laying and compaction, joint survey shall be carried to
check for compliance with specified requirement.
The contractor shall be ensured the site is to be tidied up and all excess materials are to
be discarded away from the site.
4.0 MAINTAINABILITY
4.1 EASE OF MAINTENANCE
This method statement outlines the procedures for carrying out maintenance on
roads. It has been prepared to ensure works are conducted in a safe and efficient
manner, minimizing disruption to road users. The works will be carried out according
to approved risk assessments, safe systems of work and traffic management plans.

4.1.1 Traffic Management Plan
• All TMP shall be installed as per drawing prior routine maintenance works
for public safety.
4.1.2 Resurfacing Works or Mill and Pave
I. Identification of Road Condition

• Resurfacing works shall be used when the subgrade of the road
remains in good condition and the upper layer is heavily damaged.
• Mill and pave shall be used when the asphalt has already degraded.
II. Resurfacing Works

• The area shall be marked to remove and cut the pavement using a
high-speed saw, allowing for complete removal
• The asphalt from the damaged area shall be removed using skid steer
loaders and loaded to dump trucks and transported to the designated
dumpsite.
• After removal, the sub-base granular material that was beneath the
asphalt shall be de-graded.
• Prior paving works, contractor to ensure there is no soft spot or
insufficient granular base at all repair areas. In case there is soft spot or
insufficient granular base, contractor shall be filled up and compacted
with FDT test layer by layer as per Project Specification.
• Repair area are paved with a new hot mix in 2 layers or depending on
depth of repairing area.
• The area shall be rough raked to achieve basic grading and slope
match the existing pavement elevations.
• The surface layer shall be compacted using plate tampers and heavy
rollers to smooth and leveling area.
III. Mill and Pave

• Milling works shall be proceed on the marked area using the milling
machine to the required depth. For milling of more than 50mm depth,
the transverse key joint with ‘step’ shall be observed as shown in Figure
4.

• During milling, the depth shall be checked periodically to ensure

compliance with the specification’s requirement.
• The milling waste shall be hoarded onto lorries and transported to the
designated dumpsite.
• The milled surface area shall be cleaned of all loose aggregate with the
use of mechanical power broom or equivalent. Air compressor is to be
put on standby in case of raining.
• Transverse joint shall be cut with diamond cutter. The cutting depth
shall be the same as wearing course layer thickness. The joint shall be
ensured to be at perpendicular with the beneath layer.
• For milling beyond the ACWC layer, ‘stepping’ procedure shall be
carried out on both ways: parallel and perpendicular to traffic flow. For
transverse joint, stepping shall be at 20 meters and for longitudinal
joint, the stepping shall be at 150 mm from both edges of milled
surface.
Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course

• The aggregates shall be surface dry and shall be mixed at an
appropriate temperature. The mixed material as delivered to the laying
site shall be between 140 degrees Celsius to 160 degrees Celsius.
• Design mix and trial mix shall be carried out for approval in compliance
with Project Specification.
Laying Procedures
• Works shall commence on site upon approval and acceptance of the
asphaltic concrete binder course.
• The surface to receive the asphaltic concrete wearing course shall be
free of all damage, loose materials and standing water by sweeping.
• Tack coat of approved bitumen emulsion shall be applied as per
Specifications on the prepared surface prior to lay of the asphaltic
wearing course.
• The asphaltic concrete wearing shall be plant mixed with bitumen
content.
• The approved asphaltic wearing course shall be delivered to site by
tipper trucks. To prevent the loss of heat, the mixture shall be covered
by tarpaulin.

• The asphaltic concrete wearing course shall be laid by a paver in single

layer.
• Compaction shall be carried out using the specified equivalent type of
compactors. Rolling shall always commence from the lower to the
higher side of the carriageway. The minimum rolling temperatures shall
be 125 degrees Celsius.
• The surface of asphaltic concrete wearing course shall be finished to
the line grade as required by the drawings.
• Upon completion of laying and compaction, joint survey shall be carried
out to check for compliance with the specified requirement.
• After all the above works is completed, the supervisor is to ensure that
the site is to tidied up and all excess materials are to be discarded
away from the site.
Transporting
• Bituminous materials shall be transported in clean vehicles and shall be
covered over when in transit or waiting tipping.
• Every precaution is to be taken to avoid segregation of mixed materials
and to ensure that they do not become contaminated with foreign
matter.
• In order to maintain satisfactory temperatures of materials in transit and
to prevent undue loss of heat adequate precautions are to be taken to
ensure that the materials are properly protected.
Laying
• The mixed materials shall, as soon as possible after arrival at the laying
site, be supplied continuously to the paver and laid without delay.
• Wherever practicable, road pavement materials having bitumen as the
binder shall be spread, leveled and tamped by approved self-propelled
pavers capable of lying to the required width, [profile, camber or cross
fall.
• Immediately after any course is placed and before rolling is started, the
surface shall be checked and all defects and irregularities in alignment,
grade or texture corrected by the additional or removal of mixture.
Compaction

• The compaction shall be compacted as soon as possible as rolling can

be affected without causing undue displacement of the mixed material.
• The rollers shall be fitted with beeper.
• The materials shall be rolled in longitudinal direction from the side to
the center of the carriageway.
• For compaction, two times roll pass by non-vibrate compactor prior to
two times rolls pass by vibrate compactor. The roller shall weigh not
less than 12 tones.
• Eight (8) times roll pass compaction shall be carried out by tire roller.
• The last compaction shall be done by non-vibrate compactor.
• The above proposed trial compaction can be varied and adjusted
accordingly in compliance with Project Specification.

Figure 4 : Mill and Pave
IV. Potholes and Damaged Bituminous Surface
Shallow Patching
• Shallow patching shall consist of repairs to the carriageway surface to a
depth no exceeding 40mm.
• The area to be repaired shall be marked out in square or rectangular
shape.
• Surface of the excavated area shall be swept clean of dust and other
loose material and shall be primed.

• The excavated area shall, then be filled with hot material. The premix
shall be have a net bitumen content of 5% to 6%.
• The premix shall be compacted by Robin Plate Compactor.
• After compaction, the surface of the patched area shall be true to the
lines and levels of the surrounding existing surface.
Deep Patching
• Deep patching shall consist of repairs to the carriageway surface to a
depth exceeding 40mm.
• The area shall be marked to remove and cut the pavement using high-
speed saw, allowing for complete removal.
• The asphalt from the damaged area shall be removed using skid steer
loaders and loaded to dump trucks and transported to the designated
dumpsite.
• After removal, the sub-base granular material that was beneath the
asphalt shall be de0graded.
• Prior paving works, contractor to ensure there is no soft spot or
insufficient granular base at all repair areas. In case there is soft spot or
insufficient granular base, contractor shall be filled up and compacted
with FDT test layer by layer as per Project Specification.
• The area shall be rough raked to achieve basic grading and slope
match the existing pavement elevations.
• The surface layer shall be compacted using plate tampers and heavy
rollers to smooth and leveling area.
V. Road Marking
Preparation of Material on Site

• The road marking materials shall be of the thermoplastic type and shall
comply with the requirements of JKR Standard Specification for BS EN
1871, and shall demonstrate compliance with the relevant performance
of BS EN 1436 (Road Marking Performance for Road Users).
• Road marking paints shall be used for temporary road markings only
and it shall comply with requirement of MS 164.
• Thermoplastic materials and road marking paints shall be applied only
on a surface which is clean and dry.

• It shall not be laid over loose detritus, mud or extraneous matter, or

over old material or paint marking incompatible with the paint being
applied.
• A tack coat compatible with the marking material shall be applied on the
clean and dry surface prior to the application of thermoplastic material.
Laying
• Center lines, lane lines and edge lines shall be marked by approved
mechanical means.
• Other marking shall be applied by brush, spray, screed, hand-propelled
or self-propelled machine.
• When more than one coat is used, the succeeding coat shall not be
applied until the previous coat has fully set.
• The thickness of the materials shall comply with SRRW, clause 6.3.7-
Thickness,
• Edge lines shall be in yellow paint and the center lines shall be in shite
paint as directed by JKR.
• Joint inspection shall be carried out upon completion.
Testing Retro-Reflectivity
• The test shall be carried out not more than seven (7) days after laying,
at an interval of 250 meters on each line, and on each other markings
as per Standard Road Specification Subclause - 6.3.9 Retro Reflectivity
Requirements.
VI. Road Stud
Removal Existing Road Stud

• Suitable tools shall be prepared for removing the road studs.
• Road studs that’s installed with glue, shall be used the scrappers or
suitable tools to remove.
• Aluminium road stud that’s installed with foot screws, shall be drilled
back to remove.

Installation
• The location shall be confirmed prior installation works.
• The road surface shall be in smooth and good condition.
• Any scalable, cracks or uneven shall be repaired in advance.
• The adhesive place shall be dry and clean, and there cannot have any
sand, water, oil and sewage on the surface.
• The adhesive place shall be washed with steel brush and dried with
compressed air.
• Smear the road stud evenly with adequate amount of glue.
• The road stud shall be placed on the right place, and press them with
fingers tightly. If the glue is too much, it must be cleaned up.
• For cast aluminium road stud with foot screws, ensure the hole depth is
1cm greater than the foot of screw and the hole diameter should be
2mm greater than the diameter of foot screw.
• Inspection shall be carried out within two hours after installation of road
stud, to ensure that all of the road studs are not installed in wrong
direction.
4.2 COST EFFECTIVENESS
5.0 ROAD DESIGN ELEMENT
The future road project is designated as a State Road, indicating that it will be
managed and maintained by the state government. State roads typically connect
major cities, towns, or regions within a state, facilitating transportation and enhancing
connectivity.
A new 4.5km road will be built to R2 standard, adhering to all necessary

specifications and regulations. The road construction process will include grading
and compacting the surface, as well as laying a stable base layer using compacted
granular material. This will be followed by the application of a bituminous layer and
the installation of road markings and signs for safety and guidance. Proper drainage
systems will also be built alongside the road to ensure effective water management.
The completed road will meet all standard requirements, offering a smooth and
reliable transportation route.

The upgrade of the two main junctions at C125 and Tg. Batu Termerloh aims to
improve traffic flow and alleviate congestion in the area. The project will involve
upgrading traffic signals to improve efficiency. Overall, the upgrade will provide a
more seamless and efficient transportation experience for both motorists and
pedestrians in the area.
The design of sewerage and drainage systems shall adhere to the specifications
outlined in the MASMA code. All aspects of the sewer and drainage plans, including
materials, dimensions, and installation methods, must conform to the standards and
guidelines prescribed in the MASMA code. Strict compliance with the code will
ensure that the sewerage and drainage infrastructure is constructed to the highest
quality standards and in accordance with all regulatory requirements.
5.1 DESIGN CRITERIA / GUIDANCE
Current Design Criteria and design guidelines are referred to meet the technical and
safety requirements. As set out by JKR in the Term of Reference, the design criteria
and guideline’s to be adhered are as follows : -
JKR STANDARD
JKR/SPJ/2015-S1 Standard Specification for Road Works Section 1: General
JKR/SPJ/2020-S2 Standard Specification for Road Works Section 2: Earthworks
JKR/SPJ/2013-S3 Standard Specification for Road Works Section 3: Drainage Works
Standard Specification for Road Works Section 4: Flexible Pavement

+ Addendum SAKPKR BIL. 1/2017 Bitumen Penetration Grade 60-70
JKR/SPJ/2008-S4
+ Addendum SAKPKR BIL. 11/2019 Clause 4.16 Natural Rubber
Modified Asphalt & Clause 4.17 Crumb Rubber Modified Asphalt
JKR/SPJ/2020-S5 Standard Specification for Road Works Section 5: Concrete Pavement
Standard Specification for Road Works Section 6: Road Furniture
+ Addendum SAKPKR Bil. 15/2019 Clause 6.3.9 Retroreflectivity

JKR/SPJ/2017-S6 Requirements
+ SAKPKR BIL.2/2021, arahan penggunaan Standard Specification
For Road Works Section: Road Furniture (JKR/SPJ/2017-S6)
termasuk kerja mengecat semula garisan jalan di atas jalan sedia ada
JKR/SPJ/2011-S7 Standard Specification for Road Works Section 7: Road Lighting
Standard Specification for Road Works Section 8: Traffic Signal

JKR/SPJ/2008-S8
System
JKR/SPJ/2018-S9 Standard Specification for Road Works Section 9: Concrete

(Pindaan 2018)
JKR/SPJ/2019-
Standard Specification for Road Works Section 10: Foundation Works
S10
JKR/SPJ/2016- Standard Specification for Road Works Section 11: Prestressing for
S11 Structures
JKR/SPJ/2022- Standard Specification for Road Works Section 12: Structural

S12 Steelwork
JKR/SPJ/2013-
Standard Specification for Road Works Section 13: Bridge Bearings
S13
JKR/SPJ/2013-
Standard Specification for Road Works Section 14: Expansion Joints
S14
JKR/SPJ/2013-
Standard Specification for Road Works Section 15: Parapets
S15
JKR/SPJ/2013-
Standard Specification for Road Works Section 16: Slope Stabilisation
S16
JKR/SPJ/2013-
Standard Specification for Road Works Section 17: Site Investigation
S17
JKR/SPJ/2018-
Standard Specification for Road Works Section 18: Soil Stabilisation
S18
JKR/SPJ/2017- Standard Specification for Road Works Section 19: Traffic

S19 Management at Work Zones
JKR/SPJ/2020- Standard Specification for Road Works Section 20: Ground

S20 Improvement
ARAHAN TEKNIK JALAN
ATJ 1/2020 Guidelines on Design & Selection of Traffic Restraint System
ATJ 2A/85
Manual on Traffic Control Devices: Standard Traffic Signs
(Pindaan 2019)
ATJ 2B/85
Manual on Traffic Control Devices: Standard Sign Applications
(Pindaan 2019)
ATJ 2C/85 Manual on Traffic Control Devices: Temporary Sign and Work Zones
(Pindaan 2017) Control
ATJ 2D/85
Manual on Traffic Control Devices: Road Marking and Delineation
(Pindaan 2019)
ATJ 2E/87 Manual on Traffic Control Devices: Guide Signs Design and
(Pindaan 2015) Applications
ATJ 3/2021 Garis Panduan Memproses Permohonan Pembangunan Tepi Jalan
ATJ 4/85 Application for the Installation of Public Utility Services within The
Road Reserve:

First Schedule: Guide for JKR Engineers
Second Schedule: Instruction to Applicants
Manual for the Structural Design of Flexible Pavement

ATJ 5/85 (Pindaan
2013) + Addendum SAKPKR 28/2017 – Penambahbaikan kepada perenggan
2.3 (perkara e,f dan g) berdasarkan had kenaikan berat kenderaaN
ATJ 6/85 (Pindaan Guidelines for Presentation of Engineering Drawings.

2016)
ATJ 7/85 (Pindaan Garispanduan Untuk Penyediaan Pelan Pengambilan Balik Tanah
2014) Bagi Projek Jalan Persekutuan
ATJ 8/86 (Pindaan

A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads
2015)
ATJ 9/86 (Pindaan Guidelines for the Installation of Kilometre Post & Road Reserve
2022) Marker
ATJ 10/86
A Guide to the Design of Cycle Track
(Pindaan 2018)
ATJ 11/87
A Guide to the Design of At-Grade Intersections
(Pindaan 2017)
ATJ 12/87 A Guide to the Design of Interchanges
ATJ 13/87
A Guide to the Design of Traffic Signals
(Pindaan 2017)
Model Terms of Reference for Detailed Ground Survey and

ATJ 14/87
Engineering Design of Roads
ATJ 16/03
A Practical Guide for Environmental Protection & Enhancement Works
(Pindaan 2015)
ATJ 24/05
Guidelines for Hard Mass and Rock Mass Excavation
(Pindaan 2021)
ATJ 28/2013 Design Checklist for Road Projects
ATJ 35/2018 Geometric Guideline for Exclusive Motorcycle Lane
ATJ 38/2018 Guidelines for Traffic Impact Assessment
ATJ 41/2022 Guidelines on Bridge Aesthetics
NOTA TEKNIK JALAN
NTJ 18/97 Basic Guidelines on Pedestrian Facilities
NTJ 19/97
Intermediate Guidleines to Road Reserve Landscaping
(Pindaan 2019)
NTJ 26/08 An Interim Guide on Standard Bill of Quantities

(Pindaan 2016)
Section 1: Road Works

Section 2: Bridge Works
NTJ 27/2012 Terminologi Jalan
NTJ 29/2015 Guidelines for The Provision of Road Lighting
NTJ 30/2015 Design Guidelines on Safety Facilities for Schools
NTJ 31/2015 Design Guidelines for Emergency Escape Ramp
NTJ 32/2015 Performance Guidelines for Hybrid Ground Anchor
NTJ 33/2015 Guidelines for Motorcycle Facilities
NTJ 34/2016 Guidelines for Selection of Speed Limit
NTJ 39/2019 Manual for Bridge Approach Differential Settlement Improvement
NTJ 40/2020 Manual for Precast Beam Installation And Launching
OTHER DESIGN STANDARD AND GUIDELINES
Standard Drawings for Road Works (Pindaan 2021)
Construction Supervision Manual for Contract Road Works
Guidelines for Inspection and Testing of Road Works
A Guide To The Visual Assessment of Flexible Pavement Surface Condition
Interim Guide To Evaluation And Rehabilitation of Flexible Road Pavement
Interim Guide on Identifying, Prioritising And Treating Hazardous Locations on Roads In

Malaysia
Guidelines for The Environmental Impact Assessment of Highway/ Road Projects
Road Safety Audit – Guidelines For The Safety Audit of Roads and Road Project in Malaysia
Guidelines on Road Safety Audit Management
Design Guide for Alternative Pavement Structures Low Volume Roads
A Guide to The Visual Assessment of Concrete Pavement
Standard Specification for Asphaltic Concrete for Road Pavement for Building Works
Standard Specification for Bituminous Macadam for Road Pavement for Building Works
Highway Capacity Manual 2006 published by Highway Planning Unit Ministry of Works
Malaysia
Highway Capacity Manual 2011 published by Highway Planning Unit Ministry of Works
Malaysia
Garis Panduan Pengurusan Risiko Projek Bagi Projek Kerajaan
Garis Panduan Pengalihan dan Pemasangan Semula Utiliti Dalam Pelaksanaan Program
dan Projek Kerajaan RMKe-12

Latest Road Traffic Volume Malaysia
REAM – GL
Guidelines on Bridge Aesthetics
1/1999
REAM – GL Guidelines for Road Drainage Design. Volume 1: Hydrological Analysis

3/2004 – Estimation of Design Floods
REAM – GL Guidelines for Road Drainage Design. Volume 2 – Hydraulic Design of

3/2002 Culverts
REAM – GL Guidelines for Road Drainage Design. Volume 3 – Hydraulics

3/2002 Consideration in Bridge Design
REAM – GL
Guidelines for Road Drainage Design. Volume 4 – Surface Drainage
3/2002
REAM – GL
Guidelines for Road Drainage Design. Volume 5 – Subsoil Drainage
3/2002
REAM – GL Guidelines for Works Related to Public Utilities Installation within the
4/2002 Road Reserve
REAM – GL
A Guide for Bridge Inspection
5/2004
REAM – GL Guidelines for Planning Scope of Site Investigation Works for Road
6/2004 Projects
Manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia (MASMA) Edisi Ke-2
Malaysian Civil Engineering Standard Method of Measurement (MyCESMM) 2.0
Environment Impact Assessment Guidelines in Malaysia
JKR Standard 2020 Environmental Protection and Enhancement

JKR/SIRIM 3:2020
Works for Projects
5.2 METHOD OF MEASUREMENT

5.3 BUILT-UP QUANTITY (TAKING OFF)
5.4 BILL OF QUANTITIES
5.5 RISK MANAGEMENT PLAN
5.6 LAND ACQUISITION
5.7 TRAFFIC STUDY REPORT
6.0 GEOMETRIC

Geometric design refers to the selection of roadway elements which includes the
horizontal alignment, vertical alignment, cross section and roadside of a highway. In
general terms, a good geometric design means providing the appropriate level of
mobility and land use access for motorists while maintaining a high degree of safety.
The roadway design must also be cost effective in today’s fiscally constrained
environment and while balancing these design decisions, the designer needs to
provide consistency along a roadway alignment to prevent abrupt changes in the
alignment that do not match motorist’s expectations.
The Jalan Kening to Seberang Termeloh project is a 4.5 kilometer road construction
endeavor that will provide a new transportation route connecting Jalan Kening and
Seberang Termeloh involves designing the road stretch to meet the R2 geometric
standard. The new roadway that will be constructed has been designated as a State
Road by the relevant authorities. This infrastructure development aims to improve
connectivity and accessibility for the surrounding communities. Additionally, upgrades
will be made to two (2) junctions at Jalan Tanjung Batu and Jalan Charuk Putting
Guai (C125) to enhance traffic flow and safety.
6.1 HORIZONTAL ALIGMENT
6.2 VERTICAL ALIGNMENT
The maximum vertical gradient allowed as per JKR standards for urban road R2 for a
design speed of 50 kph is 10% respectively. The maximum gradient adopted in the
design is 6.83% for the mainline.
When it comes to vertical curves on roads, there are two main types to be aware of:
Crest Curves and Sag Curves. A Crest Curve is when the road curves up and over a
hill, creating a hump or crest in the road. This reduces visibility for drivers as they
approach the top of the hill. A sag curve is the opposite - the road dips down into a
valley or sag, reducing visibility as drivers descend into the dip. The K value Crest
Vertical Curve is used to control the length of visibility is 10 for speed of 50kph. The
required K value SAG Vertical Curve is 13 for speed of 50 kph.
These values adopted in the design due to space constraint. Both crest and sag
curves need to be carefully designed to provide adequate sight distances for
motorists. Proper signage and speed limits should be used on steep vertical curves
to prevent hazards. Being able to identify the difference between crest and sag
vertical curves is an important skill for transportation engineers and professionals.
Summary Geometric Design Criteria shown in Appendix A.
6.4 SUPERELEVATION DETAILS

Superelevation calculation is shown in Appendix B.
6.3 EARTHWORKS VOLUMES
The total cut was envisaged to be 115,452m3 while the total fill was envisaged to be
107,122m3. The import fill required is estimated to be 8,330m3. The calculation of
Earthworks Volume shown in Appendix C.
7.0 PAVEMENT
The main carriageway and shoulder for the mainline are designed as sealed flexible
based on the design guidelines for flexible pavements as given in ATJ 5/85.
The carriageway and shoulder surfaces on the bridge deck are designed with 50mm
thick Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course (AC 14) and any irregular areas the
Asphaltic Concrete Binder Course will be used for obtaining smooth surface.
On the embankment and service roads, the pavement structure is designed using
50mm thick Asphaltic Concrete Wearing Course (AC 14) on top of 130mm Coarse
Bituminous Mix (AC 28) over 200mm Crushed Granular Material with Maximum 10%
Fines and 200mm of Subbase. Appendix D shown the manual calculation for
Flexible Pavement Design.
7.1 PAVEMENT DESIGN
The bituminous flexible pavement would be utilized for the proposed road pavement
on the mainline (elevated) and both service roads. The design method for the
pavement design would be in accordance to Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 5/85 – Manual on
Pavement Design.
The flexible pavement is designed as a layered structure consisting of a sub-base

course, base course, binder course and wearing course

7.2 SUBGRADE
The upper most layer of the soil function as supporting the load transmitted from the
overlying layers. In the design, subgrade layer with a minimum California Bearing
ratio (CBR) of 12.1% is adopted. If the subgrade CBR value is less than 20%, then it
is proposed to strengthen the layer with suitable material in order to obtain an
acceptable CBR value.
7.3 SUBBASE
Subbase serves to disperse the load from the upper layer and transmitting to
subgrade layer. In the design, the suitable material with CBR greater than 12.1% is
adopted.
7.4 BASE COURSE
Crushed Aggregate Roadbase material is adopted as a base course to disperse the

traffic loads. Crushed granular material with maximum 10% fines is adopted as a
second layer for base course to disperse the traffic loads.
7.5 BINDER COURSE
Binder course acts to disperse traffic load and to resist shear from wearing course. A
130mm thick of Coarse bituminous mix (AC 28) is provided in the design.
7.6 WEARING COURSE
Wearing course is the top most layer of the flexible pavement and serves to resist
abrasion and prevent skidding. A 50mm thick Medium to fine bituminous mix (AC 10
or AC 14).
7.7 DESIGN PERIOD
A design period of 20 years has been used in the design as per Section 3.2 of ATJ
5/85.

8.0 DRAINAGE & HYDROLOGICAL
8.1 LANDUSE
The natural terrain along the proposed alignment is undulating and rolling i.e hill and
valleys with estates, plantation and jungle vegetation. The catchment boundaries are
delineated using the available information from published topographic maps,
available drainage plans and supplemented by fireld inspections by the design team.
8.2 HYDROLOGICAL ANALYSIS
The design flood flows for drainage and each culvert crossing the proposed highway
was calculated using :
a) MiTS Software
b) Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia (MSMA)
8.3 DESIGN RAINFALL
The design rainfall was based on the Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) develop by

incorporating the coefficients for the IDF Equations for JPS Temerloh, Pahang.
STATION STATION CONSTANT

STATE NO.
ID NAME λ K θ η
JPS
PAHANG 8 3424081 73.141 0.173 0.577 0.896
TEMERLOH
Table 2 : IDF Constant
8.4 SURFACE DRAINAGE OVERVIEW AND DESIGN CRITERIA
8.4.1 HYDROLOGY DESIGN
The proposed drainage design along the road is carried out based on the
requirements and procedures as stipulated in manual Saliran Mesra Alam Malaysia,
The design criteria to design the surface drainage are as follow :-

I. Design return periods :

Surface drainage : 10 years ARI
Interceptor drain : 25 years ARI
Outfall drain at sag point : 50 years ARI
II.Design Rainfall was based on the IDF Equations for JPS Temerloh, Pahang
8.4.2 RATIONAL METHOD
The Rational Method which can provide satisfactory estimates of peak discharge on
small catchments up to 80 hectares is adopted in the design and used in estimating
the runoff.
C∙I∙A
Q= =0 . 0028 ∙C ∙ I ∙ A
360
Where,
Q = year ARI peak flow (m¿¿ 3/ s)¿
C = dimensionless runoff coefficient
I = year ARI average rainfall intensity over time of
concentration tc (mm/hr)
A = drainage catchment area (ha)
Design storm Recurrence Intervals of 10 years ( Q 10 ¿ is adopted for the design

surface drainage i.e, Road side drains, toe drains, berm drains, bench drains, median
drains, outfall drains and for stream diversion. However, interceptor drains are design
for 20 years ARI and Outfall drain at sag point are designed for 50 years ARI.
8.4.3 HYDRAULIC DESIGN OF DRAINS
Open channel flow equation i.e Manning’s Formula is adopted for uniform flow
computation and for sizing of drains.

2 /3 1 /2
Q=1 /n× A × ( A /P ) ×S
V =Q / A
Where,
Q = Flow capacity of drain
n = Manning’s coefficient
A = Cross-sectional area of drain
P = Wetted perimeter
S = Gradient of drain
V = Flow velocity
8.5 PROPOSED SURFACE DRAINAGE
8.5.1 SURFACE DRAINAGE FOR HILL CUTTING
Surface runoff from the upper most catchment will be captured in the interceptor
drains constructed at the back of the cut slopes. Roadside drains, proposed at the
toe of cut slopes, channel surface runoff from the cut slopes and roads pavement.
The roadside drains also collect runoff from the cascaded outfall drains. Runoff from
the roadside drains are then channeled to the toe drains and eventually discharged
into the existing streams or valley.
8.5.2 SURFACE DRAINAGE FOR FILL EMBANKMENT
Surface runoff from the road would flow naturally across the roads and captured at
the roadside drains. The roadside drains are connected to the toe drains, which take
the water safety down the slope to a suitable discharge point.
8.5.3 TYPE OF PROPOSED SURFACE DRAINS ARE IDENTIFIED

BELOW :
i. Roadside drain
ii. Reinforced concrete roadside drain at the toe of cut slope complete with
underlying subsoil cutoff drain where required. Type of roadside drain shall be
used is reinforced concrete ‘V’ shape.
iii. Toe drain
Reinforced concrete trapezoidal drain at the toe of the fill slope

8.6 HYDROLOGICAL AND HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS
The example of calcualtion for each drain type is shown in Appendix :

i. Appendix E is calculation for toe drain
ii. Appendix F is sample calculation for roadside drain
8.7 CULVERT OVERVIEW AND DESIGN CRITERIA
The hydraulic design for the culvert crossings generally adopt the guidelines set forth
in JKR Arahan teknik (Jalan) 15/97 : Intermediate Guide to Drainage Design of
Roads and Volume 2, Ream manual : Guidelines for Road Drainage Design -
Hydraulic Design of Culvert.
The main features are summarized as below :
i. Crossing conveys ARI-50 years discharge exceeds 60m3/s should be designed

as a river bridge taking into account the site constraints and economic factors
(REAM Manual, Volume 2 : Hydraulic Design of Culverts)
ii. Culvert freedboard for the road is vertical distance from the water surface to the
formation level. For the culvert design, the headwater depth for a 1 in 50 years
storm shall be not exceeds 1.0m abpve the crown of culvert of 300mm below the
subgrade level, whichever is greater.
iii. For the proposed new culvert, maximum gradient of a culvert is 1 : 100 and
minimum gradient is 1 : 300.
iv. Maximum flow velocity for Reinforced Culvert is 8.0m/s
To reduce maintenance, the flow velocities in culverts shall be:
Minimum self cleansing velocity (to prevent siltation) = 7.0m/s
Maximum velocity (to limit scouring) = 3.0m/s
The culvert outlet protection and inlet protection are provided to prevent any
scouring.
v. Culvert crossing shall be aligned with the natural course as far as possible; with
its centerline perpendicular to the road centerline, or skew not greater 45º,
special consideration shall be given to the hydraulic efficiency of the wing walls.
vi. The culvert bed slope shall be profiled approximately to but not higher than the
natural stream bed slope. Modified culvert bed slope can be used but with
appropriate treatment to prevent stream degradation due to erosion or siltation.

vii. In flat terrain and swampland, drainage channels are of ill-defined or non-
existent, the culvert shall be located and designed as a balancing culvert for
least disruption of the existing flow condition.
8.7.1 AVERAGE RECURRENCE INTERVAL
The culvert are designed for Average Recurrence Interval (ARI) 50 years abd
checked for ARI 100 years. Appendix G shown the calculation of culvert for
(ARI) 50 years and (ARI) 100 years shown in Appendix H.
8.7.2 DESIGN CONSIDERATION
Three (3) design cases were considered and reviewed before a decision was
made on the culvert proposed :
i. Existing culvert to be maintained
ii. Existing culverts to be replaced with new culvert
iii. No existing culverts but introduction of new culverts
Table 3 : Summary of proposed culvert and drain

CULVERT
PROPOSED CULVERT NOS. OF CULVERT LENGTH (m)
Pipe Culvert Ø = 150 1 29
Box Culvert 1.8m X 1.8m 14 578
DRIAN
PROPOSED DRIAN NOS. OF DRAIN LENGTH (m)
U Shape Drain
117 9892
FB = 50, W = 900, h = 900
Trapezoidal Shape Drain
FB = 50, H = 600, W2 = 600, W1 116 9867
= 1800

SUMMARY GEOMETRIC DESIGN CRITERIA

APPENDIX A

DESIGN STANDARD - R2
DESIGN CONTROL
AND CRITERIA
ACCESS CONTROL - NIL
TERRAIN - ROLLING
km/
DESIGN SPEED 50
hr
LANE WIDTH m 3.00
USABLE SHOULDER WIDTH m 2.00

CROSS SECTION
ELEMENTS
MEDIAN WIDTH (MINIMUM) m N/A
MEDIAN WIDTH (DESIRABLE) m N/A
MARGINAL STRIP WIDTH m 0.25
MINIMUM RESERVE WIDTH m 20
STOPPING SIGHT DISTANCE m 65
PASSING SIGHT DISTANCE m 345
MINIMUM RADIUS (AT MAX SE 10 %) m 75
MINIMUM LENGTH OF SPIRAL (AT MAX

m 55
SE-2 LANES)
ELEMENTS OF DESIGN
MAXIMUM SUPERELEVATION Ratio 0.10
MINIMUM RADIUS (AT MAX SE 8 %) m 580
MINIMUM LENGTH OF SPIRAL (AT MAX

m 44
SE - 2 LANES)
MAXIMUM SUPERELEVATION Ratio 0.80
MAXIMUM GRADE (DESIRABLE) % 7
MAXIMUM GRADE % 10
CREST VERTICAL CURVE (K) - 10
SAG VERTICAL CURVE (K) - 13

SUPERELEVATION CALCULATION
APPENDIX B






Chainage 0 - 4953.96
No. of Lanes 2
Curve IP1
Transition Curve, TS Chainage 34.802
Curve Length (m) 1475
Runoff Length Ratio (%) 66.667
Spiral Length In (m) 48.000
Spiral Length Out (m) 48.000
Tangent Length In, Ts (m) 773.351
Tangent Length Out, Ts (m) 773.51
Design Speed (kph) 50.000
Superelevation Rate (%) 2.500
Normal Cross Slope (%) 2.500
Maximum Superelevation (%) 10.000
Maximum Relative Gradient (%) 0.600
Adjustment Factor 1.000
Right
Chainage Left (%) Section Type Gradient Change (%/m)
(%)
34.80 -2.50 - Reverse Crown 0.00
82.80 -2.50 - Reverse Crown 0.00
1462.30 -2.50 - Reverse Crown 0.00
1510.30 -2.50 - Reverse Crown 0.00
1558.30 -2.50 - Reverse Crown -

Curve IP2
Right
Chainage Left (%) (%) Section Type Gradient Change (%/m)
3713.32 -2.50 -2.50 Normal Crown 0.08
3744.09 -2.50 0.00 Level Crown 0.08
3774.86 -2.50 2.50 Reverse Crown 0.08
3792.09 -3.90 3.90 Full SuperElevation 0.00
4367.93 -3.90 3.90 Full SuperElevation -0.08
4385.16 -2.50 2.50 Reverse Crown -0.08
4415.93 -2.50 0.00 Level Crown -0.08
4446.70 -2.50 -2.50 Normal Crown -

Curve IP3
Right
Chainage Left (%) (%) Section Type Gradient Change (%/m)
4498.98 -2.50 -2.50 Normal Crown 0.09
4526.88 0.00 -2.50 Level Crown 0.09
4554.79 2.50 -2.50 Reverse Crown 0.09
4574.88 4.30 -4.30 Full SuperElevation 0.00
4782.29 4.30 -4.30 Full SuperElevation -0.09
4802.39 2.50 -2.50 Reverse Crown -0.09
4830.29 0.00 -2.50 Level Crown -0.09
4858.20 -2.50 -2.50 Normal Crown -

EARTHWORKS VOLUME
APPENDIX C

Cut Area Fill Area

Top Expanded Fill
Top Cut (with Fill (with Cumulative
Interval Soil Cut Volume Volume
Cut Section Soil Area Expansion Area Shrinkage Volume
(m) Volume Volume before (m³)
(m²) (m²) Factor) (m²) Factor) (m³)
(m³) (m³) shrink(m³)
(m²) (m²)
CH 0 0.00 4.91 4.91 2.57 2.57 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
CH 25 0.00 13.89 13.89 2.82 2.82 25.00 0.00 234.96 67.33 167.63 167.63
CH 50 0.00 2.41 2.41 4.85 4.85 25.00 0.00 203.67 95.79 107.88 275.51
CH 75 0.00 4.31 4.31 1.78 1.78 25.00 0.00 83.93 82.87 1.06 276.57
CH 100 0.00 0.82 0.82 5.53 5.53 25.00 0.00 64.08 91.46 -27.38 249.18
CH 125 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.52 12.52 25.00 0.00 10.24 225.73 -215.49 33.69
CH 150 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.69 9.69 25.00 0.00 0.00 277.64 -277.64 -243.95
CH 175 0.00 4.99 4.99 3.13 3.13 25.00 0.00 62.32 160.22 -97.90 -341.85
CH 200 0.00 3.99 3.99 3.05 3.05 25.00 0.00 112.22 77.26 34.96 -306.89
CH 225 0.00 1.32 1.32 4.19 4.19 25.00 0.00 66.43 90.45 -24.02 -330.91
CH 250 0.00 0.00 0.00 6.86 6.86 25.00 0.00 16.53 138.05 -121.52 -452.43
CH 275 0.00 1.14 1.14 2.88 2.88 25.00 0.00 14.30 121.75 -107.45 -559.88
CH 300 0.00 7.96 7.96 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 113.80 36.03 77.77 -482.10

CH 325 0.00 13.60 13.60 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 269.50 0.00 269.50 -212.61
CH 350 0.00 10.83 10.83 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 305.34 0.00 305.34 92.74
CH 375 0.00 7.07 7.07 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 223.66 0.00 223.66 316.40
CH 400 0.00 3.49 3.49 0.26 0.26 25.00 0.00 131.92 3.29 128.63 445.03
CH 425 0.00 3.59 3.59 0.40 0.40 25.00 0.00 88.52 8.24 80.28 525.30
CH 450 0.00 7.21 7.21 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 135.07 4.95 130.12 655.43
CH 475 0.00 7.37 7.37 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 182.29 0.00 182.29 837.72
CH 500 0.00 8.05 8.05 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 192.71 0.00 192.71 1030.43
CH 525 0.00 7.60 7.60 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 195.59 0.00 195.59 1226.01
CH 550 0.00 6.10 6.10 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 171.27 0.00 171.27 1397.28
CH 575 0.00 7.08 7.08 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 164.72 0.00 164.72 1562.00
CH 600 0.00 6.11 6.11 0.01 0.01 25.00 0.00 164.82 0.10 164.71 1726.71
CH 625 0.00 4.20 4.20 2.08 2.08 25.00 0.00 128.87 26.05 102.82 1829.53
CH 650 0.00 0.02 0.02 11.58 11.58 25.00 0.00 52.83 170.75 -117.92 1711.61
CH 675 0.00 0.00 0.00 36.08 36.08 25.00 0.00 0.30 595.83 -595.52 1116.09

-
CH 700 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.49 56.49 25.00 0.00 0.00 1157.16 -41.07
1157.16
-
CH 725 0.00 0.00 0.00 72.20 72.20 25.00 0.00 0.00 1608.68 -1649.75
1608.68
-
CH 750 0.00 0.00 0.00 59.89 59.89 25.00 0.00 0.00 1651.21 -3300.96
1651.21
-
CH 775 0.00 0.00 0.00 55.79 55.79 25.00 0.00 0.00 1446.05 -4747.01
1446.05
-
CH 800 0.00 0.00 0.00 52.39 52.39 25.00 0.00 0.00 1352.30 -6099.31
1352.30
-
CH 825 0.00 0.00 0.00 90.06 90.06 25.00 0.00 0.00 1780.62 -7879.93
1780.62
-
CH 850 0.00 0.00 0.00 73.19 73.19 25.00 0.00 0.00 2040.54 -9920.47
2040.54
-
CH 875 0.00 0.00 0.00 41.12 41.12 25.00 0.00 0.00 1428.89 -11349.37
1428.89
-
CH 900 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.70 46.70 25.00 0.00 0.00 1097.83 -12447.20
1097.83
-
CH 925 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.72 53.72 25.00 0.00 0.00 1255.27 -13702.47
1255.27

-
CH 950 0.00 0.00 0.00 53.93 53.93 25.00 0.00 0.00 1345.56 -15048.03
1345.56
-
CH 975 0.00 0.00 0.00 57.87 57.87 25.00 0.00 0.00 1397.45 -16445.47
1397.45
-
CH 1000 0.00 0.00 0.00 69.88 69.88 25.00 0.00 0.00 1596.94 -18042.41
1596.94
-
CH 1025 0.00 0.00 0.00 86.65 86.65 25.00 0.00 0.00 1956.69 -19999.10
1956.69
-
CH 1050 0.00 0.00 0.00 78.80 78.80 25.00 0.00 0.00 2068.12 -22067.22
2068.12
-
CH 1075 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.48 38.48 25.00 0.00 0.00 1465.95 -23533.17
1465.95
CH 1100 0.00 1.35 1.35 3.31 3.31 25.00 0.00 16.84 522.37 -505.53 -24038.70
CH 1125 0.00 11.02 11.02 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 154.56 41.40 113.16 -23925.54
CH 1150 0.00 12.54 12.54 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 294.50 0.00 294.50 -23631.05
CH 1175 0.00 4.75 4.75 0.38 0.38 25.00 0.00 216.11 4.73 211.38 -23419.67
CH 1200 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.07 20.07 25.00 0.00 59.34 255.57 -196.23 -23615.90
CH 1225 0.00 0.00 0.00 38.33 38.33 25.00 0.00 0.00 729.95 -729.95 -24345.86

-
CH 1250 0.00 0.00 0.00 59.92 59.92 25.00 0.00 0.00 1228.06 -25573.92
1228.06
-
CH 1275 0.00 0.00 0.00 77.00 77.00 25.00 0.00 0.00 1711.47 -27285.39
1711.47
-
CH 1300 0.00 0.00 0.00 87.66 87.66 25.00 0.00 0.00 2058.22 -29343.60
2058.22
-
CH 1325 0.00 0.00 0.00 88.77 88.77 25.00 0.00 0.00 2205.37 -31548.97
2205.37
-
CH 1350 0.00 0.00 0.00 61.78 61.78 25.00 0.00 0.00 1881.98 -33430.94
1881.98
-
CH 1375 0.00 0.00 0.00 54.17 54.17 25.00 0.00 0.00 1449.39 -34880.33
1449.39
-
CH 1400 0.00 0.00 0.00 47.38 47.38 25.00 0.00 0.00 1269.32 -36149.65
1269.32
-
CH 1425 0.00 0.00 0.00 65.83 65.83 25.00 0.00 0.00 1415.07 -37564.72
1415.07
-
CH 1450 0.00 0.00 0.00 68.96 68.96 25.00 0.00 0.00 1684.77 -39249.48
1684.77
-
CH 1475 0.00 0.00 0.00 46.30 46.30 25.00 0.00 0.00 1440.76 -40690.24
1440.76

CH 1500 0.00 0.00 0.00 14.99 14.99 25.00 0.00 0.00 766.16 -766.16 -41456.40
CH 1525 0.00 21.79 21.79 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 272.37 187.35 85.02 -41371.38
CH 1550 0.00 55.07 55.07 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 960.76 0.00 960.76 -40410.63
CH 1575 0.00 82.36 82.36 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1717.87 0.00 1717.87 -38692.76
CH 1600 0.00 43.37 43.37 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1571.63 0.00 1571.63 -37121.12
CH 1625 0.00 16.72 16.72 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 751.11 0.00 751.11 -36370.02
CH 1650 0.00 0.00 0.00 35.24 35.24 25.00 0.00 208.96 440.45 -231.49 -36601.51
-
CH 1675 0.00 0.00 0.00 50.78 50.78 25.00 0.00 0.00 1075.26 -37676.77
1075.26
CH 1700 0.00 0.00 0.00 12.44 12.44 25.00 0.00 0.00 790.29 -790.29 -38467.06
CH 1725 0.00 4.11 4.11 0.11 0.11 25.00 0.00 51.40 156.86 -105.47 -38572.52
CH 1750 0.00 7.28 7.28 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 142.37 1.38 140.98 -38431.54
CH 1775 0.00 13.89 13.89 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 264.54 0.00 264.54 -38167.00
CH 1800 0.00 23.20 23.20 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 463.58 0.00 463.58 -37703.42
CH 1825 0.00 18.83 18.83 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 525.36 0.00 525.36 -37178.06
CH 1850 0.00 17.29 17.29 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 451.52 0.00 451.52 -36726.54

CH 1875 0.00 92.98 92.98 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1378.39 0.00 1378.39 -35348.15
CH 1900 0.00 25.22 25.22 1.87 1.87 25.00 0.00 1477.43 23.37 1454.06 -33894.09
CH 1925 0.00 0.98 0.98 2.51 2.51 25.00 0.00 327.52 54.77 272.75 -33621.34
CH 1950 0.00 14.94 14.94 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 199.12 31.40 167.72 -33453.61
CH 1975 0.00 9.49 9.49 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 305.40 0.00 305.40 -33148.21
CH 2000 0.00 1.70 1.70 3.53 3.53 25.00 0.00 139.83 44.15 95.68 -33052.53
CH 2025 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.42 8.42 25.00 0.00 21.23 149.45 -128.22 -33180.75
CH 2050 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.99 9.99 25.00 0.00 0.00 230.20 -230.20 -33410.95
CH 2075 0.00 0.11 0.11 4.67 4.67 25.00 0.00 1.43 183.31 -181.88 -33592.82
CH 2100 0.00 1.66 1.66 1.99 1.99 25.00 0.00 22.12 83.34 -61.22 -33654.04
CH 2125 0.00 2.78 2.78 0.89 0.89 25.00 0.00 55.40 36.01 19.40 -33634.65
CH 2150 0.00 7.06 7.06 0.04 0.04 25.00 0.00 122.96 11.52 111.44 -33523.20
CH 2175 0.00 6.08 6.08 0.56 0.56 25.00 0.00 164.20 7.50 156.69 -33366.51
CH 2200 0.00 9.47 9.47 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 194.36 7.06 187.30 -33179.21
CH 2225 0.00 7.78 7.78 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 215.68 0.00 215.68 -32963.53
CH 2250 0.00 5.66 5.66 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 168.06 0.05 168.01 -32795.52

CH 2275 0.00 103.21 103.21 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1360.91 0.05 1360.86 -31434.65
CH 2300 0.00 3.21 3.21 0.14 0.14 25.00 0.00 1330.25 1.81 1328.44 -30106.21
CH 2325 0.00 0.86 0.86 3.38 3.38 25.00 0.00 50.89 44.04 6.84 -30099.37
CH 2350 0.00 1.59 1.59 2.09 2.09 25.00 0.00 30.64 68.39 -37.75 -30137.12
CH 2375 0.00 11.40 11.40 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 162.38 26.16 136.22 -30000.90
CH 2400 0.00 11.16 11.16 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 282.04 0.00 282.04 -29718.87
CH 2425 0.00 11.29 11.29 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 280.68 0.00 280.68 -29438.19
CH 2450 0.00 12.25 12.25 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 294.27 0.00 294.27 -29143.92
CH 2475 0.00 16.92 16.92 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 364.64 0.00 364.64 -28779.29
CH 2500 0.00 24.73 24.73 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 520.64 0.00 520.64 -28258.65
CH 2525 0.00 38.74 38.74 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 793.36 0.00 793.36 -27465.29
CH 2550 0.00 47.87 47.87 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1082.56 0.00 1082.56 -26382.73
CH 2575 0.00 47.92 47.92 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1197.34 0.00 1197.34 -25185.39
CH 2600 0.00 47.80 47.80 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1196.47 0.00 1196.47 -23988.92
CH 2625 0.00 29.14 29.14 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 961.70 0.00 961.70 -23027.22
CH 2650 0.00 0.00 0.00 9.69 9.69 25.00 0.00 364.28 121.11 243.17 -22784.05

CH 2675 0.00 0.00 0.00 66.41 66.41 25.00 0.00 0.05 951.19 -951.14 -23735.19
-
CH 2700 0.00 0.00 0.00 135.31 135.31 25.00 0.00 0.00 2521.44 -26256.63
2521.44
-
CH 2725 0.00 0.00 0.00 189.24 189.24 25.00 0.00 0.00 4056.85 -30313.48
4056.85
-
CH 2750 0.00 0.00 0.00 191.44 191.44 25.00 0.00 0.00 4758.47 -35071.95
4758.47
-
CH 2775 0.00 0.00 0.00 122.63 122.63 25.00 0.00 0.00 3925.92 -38997.87
3925.92
-
CH 2800 0.00 0.00 0.00 16.48 16.48 25.00 0.00 0.00 1738.88 -40736.74
1738.88
CH 2825 0.00 19.60 19.60 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 245.00 205.95 39.05 -40697.69
CH 2850 0.00 51.29 51.29 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 886.16 0.00 886.16 -39811.54
CH 2875 0.00 69.90 69.90 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1514.92 0.00 1514.92 -38296.62
CH 2900 0.00 86.57 86.57 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1955.89 0.00 1955.89 -36340.72
CH 2925 0.00 112.26 112.26 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 2485.33 0.00 2485.33 -33855.40
CH 2950 0.00 93.98 93.98 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 2577.96 0.00 2577.96 -31277.44
CH 2975 0.00 53.17 53.17 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1839.40 0.00 1839.40 -29438.04

CH 3000 0.00 24.50 24.50 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 970.95 0.00 970.95 -28467.09
CH 3025 0.00 10.23 10.23 1.33 1.33 25.00 0.00 434.23 16.62 417.61 -28049.48
CH 3050 0.00 4.54 4.54 2.87 2.87 25.00 0.00 184.66 52.51 132.15 -27917.33
CH 3075 0.00 1.64 1.64 3.95 3.95 25.00 0.00 77.28 85.26 -7.98 -27925.31
CH 3100 0.00 0.43 0.43 5.81 5.81 25.00 0.00 25.89 121.96 -96.07 -28021.38
CH 3125 0.00 0.00 0.00 10.45 10.45 25.00 0.00 5.34 203.17 -197.83 -28219.21
CH 3150 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.74 20.74 25.00 0.00 0.00 389.88 -389.88 -28609.09
CH 3175 0.00 0.00 0.00 42.80 42.80 25.00 0.00 0.00 794.27 -794.27 -29403.36
-
CH 3200 0.00 0.00 0.00 63.70 63.70 25.00 0.00 0.00 1331.19 -30734.55
1331.19
-
CH 3225 0.00 0.00 0.00 84.05 84.05 25.00 0.00 0.00 1846.87 -32581.42
1846.87
-
CH 3250 0.00 0.00 0.00 103.66 103.66 25.00 0.00 0.00 2346.40 -34927.81
2346.40
-
CH 3275 0.00 0.00 0.00 111.26 111.26 25.00 0.00 0.00 2686.53 -37614.34
2686.53
-
CH 3300 0.00 0.00 0.00 91.68 91.68 25.00 0.00 0.00 2536.81 -40151.15
2536.81

-
CH 3325 0.00 0.00 0.00 67.65 67.65 25.00 0.00 0.00 1991.68 -42142.83
1991.68
-
CH 3350 0.00 0.00 0.00 49.96 49.96 25.00 0.00 0.00 1470.10 -43612.93
1470.10
CH 3375 0.00 0.00 0.00 25.31 25.31 25.00 0.00 0.00 940.79 -940.79 -44553.72
CH 3400 0.00 6.03 6.03 9.46 9.46 25.00 0.00 75.39 434.54 -359.15 -44912.87
CH 3425 0.00 29.98 29.98 1.43 1.43 25.00 0.00 450.13 136.05 314.08 -44598.80
CH 3450 0.00 50.47 50.47 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1005.67 17.85 987.82 -43610.98
CH 3475 0.00 41.89 41.89 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1154.55 0.00 1154.55 -42456.43
CH 3500 0.00 37.87 37.87 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 996.97 0.00 996.97 -41459.46
CH 3525 0.00 42.54 42.54 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1005.12 0.00 1005.12 -40454.34
CH 3550 0.00 49.96 49.96 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1156.21 0.00 1156.21 -39298.13
CH 3575 0.00 41.95 41.95 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1148.77 0.00 1148.77 -38149.35
CH 3600 0.00 36.37 36.37 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 978.97 0.00 978.97 -37170.39
CH 3625 0.00 33.95 33.95 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 879.05 0.00 879.05 -36291.33
CH 3650 0.00 40.40 40.40 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 929.48 0.00 929.48 -35361.85
CH 3675 0.00 64.72 64.72 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1314.03 0.00 1314.03 -34047.82

CH 3700 0.00 83.28 83.28 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1850.01 0.00 1850.01 -32197.81
CH 3725 0.00 106.40 106.40 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 2371.09 0.00 2371.09 -29826.72
CH 3750 0.00 115.42 115.42 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 2772.79 0.00 2772.79 -27053.92
CH 3775 0.00 122.73 122.73 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 2976.87 0.00 2976.87 -24077.05
CH 3800 0.00 149.04 149.04 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 3397.12 0.00 3397.12 -20679.93
CH 3825 0.00 147.51 147.51 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 3706.85 0.00 3706.85 -16973.08
CH 3850 0.00 170.33 170.33 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 3973.03 0.00 3973.03 -13000.05
CH 3875 0.00 160.47 160.47 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 4135.06 0.00 4135.06 -8864.98
CH 3900 0.00 127.89 127.89 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 3604.46 0.00 3604.46 -5260.52
CH 3925 0.00 94.28 94.28 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 2777.10 0.00 2777.10 -2483.42
CH 3950 0.00 58.91 58.91 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1914.91 0.00 1914.91 -568.51
CH 3975 0.00 18.83 18.83 0.30 0.30 25.00 0.00 971.82 3.75 968.08 399.57
CH 4000 0.00 0.00 0.00 18.80 18.80 25.00 0.00 235.43 238.76 -3.33 396.24
CH 4025 0.00 0.00 0.00 56.46 56.46 25.00 0.00 0.00 940.76 -940.76 -544.52
CH 4050 0.00 0.00 0.00 95.76 95.76 25.00 0.00 0.00 1902.69 - -2447.22

1902.69
-
CH 4075 0.00 0.00 0.00 125.31 125.31 25.00 0.00 0.00 2763.30 -5210.52
2763.30
-
CH 4100 0.00 0.00 0.00 131.28 131.28 25.00 0.00 0.00 3207.33 -8417.85
3207.33
-
CH 4125 0.00 0.00 0.00 115.53 115.53 25.00 0.00 0.00 3085.08 -11502.93
3085.08
-
CH 4150 0.00 0.00 0.00 92.28 92.28 25.00 0.00 0.00 2597.62 -14100.56
2597.62
-
CH 4175 0.00 0.00 0.00 15.38 15.38 25.00 0.00 0.00 1345.79 -15446.34
1345.79
CH 4200 0.00 31.60 31.60 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 395.05 192.28 202.77 -15243.57
CH 4225 0.00 57.33 57.33 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1111.68 0.00 1111.68 -14131.89
CH 4250 0.00 75.94 75.94 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1665.82 0.00 1665.82 -12466.08
CH 4275 0.00 98.06 98.06 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 2174.92 0.00 2174.92 -10291.16
CH 4300 0.00 40.52 40.52 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1732.21 0.00 1732.21 -8558.95
CH 4325 0.00 0.00 0.00 29.93 29.93 25.00 0.00 506.48 374.07 132.42 -8426.54
CH 4350 0.00 0.00 0.00 51.53 51.53 25.00 0.00 0.00 1018.25 - -9444.78

1018.25
-
CH 4375 0.00 0.00 0.00 43.07 43.07 25.00 0.00 0.00 1182.62 -10627.40
1182.62
CH 4400 0.00 0.00 0.00 30.09 30.09 25.00 0.00 0.00 914.57 -914.57 -11541.97
CH 4425 0.00 44.54 44.54 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 556.70 376.13 180.57 -11361.40
CH 4450 0.00 116.46 116.46 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 2012.45 0.00 2012.45 -9348.95
CH 4475 0.00 57.18 57.18 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 2170.50 0.00 2170.50 -7178.45
CH 4500 0.00 13.85 13.85 0.75 0.75 25.00 0.00 887.94 9.36 878.58 -6299.88
CH 4525 0.00 8.19 8.19 6.15 6.15 25.00 0.00 275.59 86.25 189.35 -6110.53
CH 4550 0.00 20.97 20.97 4.44 4.44 25.00 0.00 364.52 132.38 232.14 -5878.39
CH 4575 0.00 68.07 68.07 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1113.03 55.50 1057.53 -4820.86
CH 4600 0.00 84.33 84.33 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1905.09 0.00 1905.09 -2915.77
CH 4625 0.00 49.91 49.91 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 1678.04 0.00 1678.04 -1237.73
CH 4650 0.00 14.69 14.69 0.13 0.13 25.00 0.00 807.53 1.66 805.87 -431.86
CH 4675 0.00 9.77 9.77 0.38 0.38 25.00 0.00 305.74 6.44 299.30 -132.56
CH 4700 0.00 1.40 1.40 2.06 2.06 25.00 0.00 139.63 30.56 109.08 -23.49

CH 4725 0.00 9.82 9.82 0.76 0.76 25.00 0.00 140.28 35.26 105.01 81.53
CH 4750 0.00 13.16 13.16 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 287.28 9.49 277.80 359.32
CH 4775 0.00 21.40 21.40 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 432.05 0.00 432.05 791.38
CH 4800 0.00 24.92 24.92 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 578.94 0.00 578.94 1370.32
CH 4825 0.00 29.30 29.30 0.00 0.00 25.00 0.00 677.68 0.00 677.68 2048.00
CH 4850 0.00 14.28 14.28 0.83 0.83 25.00 0.00 544.67 10.40 534.27 2582.27
CH 4875 0.00 0.18 0.18 6.20 6.20 25.00 0.00 180.67 87.92 92.75 2675.02
CH 4900 0.00 0.00 0.00 22.06 22.06 25.00 0.00 2.23 353.32 -351.09 2323.93
CH 4925 0.00 0.00 0.00 24.11 24.11 25.00 0.00 0.00 577.19 -577.19 1746.74
CH 4950 0.00 2.35 2.35 2.70 2.70 25.00 0.00 29.36 335.11 -305.76 1440.98
CH 4954 0.00 4.53 4.53 0.88 0.88 3.96 0.00 13.61 7.08 6.53 1447.51
Sum 0.00 108252.49 106804.98 1447.51
Cut Section Interval 25000.00 mm
0.00 m^
Top Soil Volume 3

115451.4 m^
Expanded Cut Volume 3 3
107121.2 m^
Vol. Needed before compact fill 9 3
8330.14 m^
Export/Import* 3

PAVEMENT DESIGN
APPENDIX D

Bestari Consulting Engineers S/B Project : JALAN KENING KE Engineer : Adlan

Tel : 03-7846 0260 SEBERANG TERMELOH Date: Nov 23
Fax : 03-7846 0259 Checker: Ir.Muhamad
Subject : Flexible Pavement
bcesb2004@gmail.com Date : Nov 23
Step 1: Development of Design Input

Average Daily Traffic, ADT = 1000
Percentage of Unladen weight, PCV = 15
Design Period, n = 20
Rate of annual growth, r = 0.05
Vehicle Load Equivalent Factor including Tire Factor, LEF (Table 2.1) = 4.4
Lane Distribution Factor, L (Table 2.2) = 1.0
Type of terrain Factor, T (Table 2.3) = 1.1
Step 2: Determination of Design Traffic (Traffic Category)
ESAL for Design Period 20 years
ESALy1 = 1000 X 365 X 0.15 X 4.4 X 1.0 X 1.1

= 0.265 million
ESALy1
ESALdes = 0.265 X [ ( 1 + 0.05 ) ^ 20 - 1 ]

0.05
= 8.76E+00 million
= Traffica Category T3 (Refer Table 2.5)


Step 3: Determination Sub-Grade Strength (Sub-Grade Category)
CBR value of subgrade = 12.5 %
= Sub-Grade Category SG2 (Refer Table 2.6)
Step 4:Pavement Structures


Summary of Materials used in Pavement Structures
NEW PAVEMENT DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

DESIGNATION DESCRIPTION THICKNESS
SUB-BASE COURSE
Crushed or natural granular material with
Sub-Base Course 200 mm
maximum 10% fines
ROAD BASE COURSE
Crushed granular material with maximum 10%
Crushed Aggregate 200 mm
fines
BINDER COURSE
Binder Course Coarse bituminous mix (AC 28) 130 mm
WEARING COURSE
Medium to fine bituminous mix (AC 10 or AC
Asphaltic Concrete 50 mm
14)


APPENDIX



TOE DRAIN CALCULATION

APPENDIX E

Drain Mark [133]
From Node 167

To Node 168
Drain Type Trapezoid
Drain Dimension FB = 50, H = 600, W2 = 600, W1 = 1800
Drain Length 100.000m
Cross-sectional area of flow (A) 0.633m2
Wetted Perimeter 2.156m
Hydraulic Radius 0.293m
Reference Calculation Output

For composite manning coefficient, it can be calculated
from its parts by
Manning ΣPini/(ΣPi)
n =0.0130
coefficient, n Where Pi is the Perimeter for the i-side
Where ni is the Manning coefficient for the i-side
Thus, composite manning coefficient =0.0130
Friction Slope of Drainage = 1/143
Gradient 1 / 143
Frictional slope of Drainage is satisfactory
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.29342/3*1/143.21/2
Velocity (V) =2.839m/s 2.839m/s
The drain velocity is OK

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =2.839*0.633 1.796m3/s
=1.796m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
td = L/V
=100.0/1.00/60
Time of
= 1.67min
Concentratio 1.67min
n
tc = td
= 1.67min
Rainfall From Table 2.B1, the fitting coefficients for Pahang - 286.798
Intensity JPS Temerloh, FiftyYears ARI are: mm/hr
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960
Rainfall intensity is calculated from empirical Equation

2.2:
i =CCF*λTK/(d + θ)ƞ
= 1.27 x 73.141 x 500.173/(0.0278 + 0.577)0.896
= 286.798 mm/hr

Graphical Areal Reduction Factors, the areal reduction

factor for 0.000 km² catchment area is1.00. Therefore
the average catchment rainfall, Ic from equation 13.1 is:
Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 286.8
= 286.8 mm/hr
Previous Flow ratio =1.00
FlowRatio*Qprev = 0.000m3/s
CAcurr = sum(Area * Runoff coefficient)
=0
Peak
Qreq =FlowRatio*Qprev + CAcurr*I/360 0.000m3/s
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*286.80/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 1.80m3/s
Qprov > Qreq, drain dimension is satisfactory

Drain Mark [142]
From Node 177

To Node 178

from its parts by
n =0.0130
Gradient 1 / 200
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.29342/3*1/200.01/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =2.402*0.633 1.519m3/s
=1.519m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
tCprev = 11.67min
td = L/V
Time of =100.0/1.00/60
Concentratio = 1.67min 13.33min
n
tc = tCprev + td
= 11.67+1.67
= 13.33min
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960


2.2:
= 1.27 x 73.141 x 500.173/(0.2222 + 0.577)0.896
= 223.407 mm/hr

Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 223.4
= 223.4 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*223.41/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 1.52m3/s

Drain Mark [153]
From Node 140

To Node 160

from its parts by
n =0.0130
Gradient 1 / 200
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.29342/3*1/200.01/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =2.402*0.633 1.519m3/s
=1.519m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
tCprev = 4.21min
td = L/V
Time of =95.7/1.00/60
n
tc = tCprev + td
= 4.21+1.59
= 5.81min
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960


2.2:
= 1.27 x 73.141 x 500.173/(0.0968 + 0.577)0.896
= 260.336 mm/hr

Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 260.3
= 260.3 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*260.34/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 1.52m3/s

Drain Mark [187]
From Node 156

To Node 211

from its parts by
n =0.0130
Gradient 1 / 200
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.29342/3*1/200.01/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =2.402*0.633 1.519m3/s
=1.519m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
tCprev = 29.79min
td = L/V
Time of =100.0/1.00/60
n
tc = tCprev + td
= 29.79+1.67
= 31.46min
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960


2.2:
= 1.27 x 73.141 x 500.173/(0.5243 + 0.577)0.896
= 167.621 mm/hr

Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 167.6
= 167.6 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*167.62/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 1.52m3/s

ROADSIDE DRAIN CALCULATION

APPENDIX F

Drain Mark [1]
From Node 1
To Node 2
Drain Type UDrain
Drain Dimension FB = 50, W = 900, h = 900
from its parts by
Manning ΣPini/(ΣPi) n
coefficient, n Where Pi is the Perimeter for the i-side =0.0130
Gradient 1 / 200
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.30272/3*1/200.01/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =2.452*0.759 1.860m3/s
=1.860m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
td = L/V
=49.3/1.00/60
Time of
= 0.82min
n
tc = td
= 0.82min
Rainfall From Table 2.B1, the fitting coefficients for Johor - Stor 416.614
Intensity JPS Johor Bahru, FiveYears ARI are: mm/hr
CCF = 1.0900
λ = 59.9720
ĸ = 0.1630
θ = 0.1210
ƞ = 0.7930


2.2:
= 1.09 x 59.972 x 50.163/(0.0137 + 0.121)0.793
= 416.614 mm/hr

factor for 0.000 km² catchment area is1.00. Therefore the
average catchment rainfall, Ic from equation 13.1 is:
Ic = F A x Ip
= 1.00 x 416.6
= 416.6 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*416.61/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 1.86m3/s

Drain Mark [23]
From Node 26
To Node 25
Drain Type UDrain
For composite manning coefficient, it can be
calculated from its parts by
n =0.0130
Gradient 1 / 200
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.30272/3*1/200.01/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =2.452*0.759 1.860m3/s
=1.860m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
tCprev = 4.99min
td = L/V
Time of =99.8/1.00/60
n
tc = tCprev + td
= 4.99+1.66
= 6.65min
Rainfall From Table 2.B1, the fitting coefficients for Johor - 270.791
Intensity Stor JPS Johor Bahru, FiveYears ARI are: mm/hr
CCF = 1.0900
λ = 59.9720
ĸ = 0.1630
θ = 0.1210
ƞ = 0.7930

Rainfall intensity is calculated from empirical

Equation 2.2:
= 1.09 x 59.972 x 50.163/(0.1109 + 0.121)0.793
= 270.791 mm/hr
Graphical Areal Reduction Factors, the areal

reduction factor for 0.000 km² catchment area is1.00.
Therefore the average catchment rainfall, I c from
equation 13.1 is:
Ic = F A x Ip
= 1.00 x 270.8
= 270.8 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*270.79/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 1.86m3/s
Start IL =44.26m
Max Permissible End IL =40.81m
Drain Length =99.80m
Gradient =1:200.00
Drop =0.15m
1. Step Number = [(Start IL – endMaxIL – (Distance

Cascading * Gradient)] / Cascading drop step = 20 ,
Drain = [(44.26 – 40.81 – (99.80 * 0.00500)] / 0.15 drop=150mm
=20 steps (rounded)
2. Step Length
= Distance/Step Number
= 99.80/20
= 4.99 m

Drain Mark [47]
From Node 52
To Node 53
Drain Type UDrain
from its parts by
Manning ΣPini/(ΣPi) n
coefficient, n Where Pi is the Perimeter for the i-side =0.0130
Gradient 1 / 200
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.30272/3*1/200.01/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =2.452*0.759 1.860m3/s
=1.860m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
tCprev = 9.84min
td = L/V
Time of =98.4/1.00/60
n
tc = tCprev + td
= 9.84+1.64
= 11.48min
Rainfall From Table 2.B1, the fitting coefficients for Johor - Stor 213.797
Intensity JPS Johor Bahru, FiveYears ARI are: mm/hr
CCF = 1.0900
λ = 59.9720
ĸ = 0.1630
θ = 0.1210
ƞ = 0.7930


2.2:
= 1.09 x 59.972 x 50.163/(0.1914 + 0.121)0.793
= 213.797 mm/hr

factor for 0.000 km² catchment area is1.00. Therefore the
average catchment rainfall, Ic from equation 13.1 is:
Ic = F A x Ip
= 1.00 x 213.8
= 213.8 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*213.80/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 1.86m3/s

Drain Mark [95]
From Node 109

To Node 108
Drain Type UDrain
n =0.0130
Gradient 1 / 200
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.30272/3*1/200.01/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =2.452*0.759 1.860m3/s
=1.860m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
tCprev = 2.60min
td = L/V
Time of =78.1/1.00/60
n
tc = tCprev + td
= 2.60+1.30
= 3.91min
Rainfall From Table 2.B1, the fitting coefficients for Johor - 322.406
Intensity Stor JPS Johor Bahru, FiveYears ARI are: mm/hr
CCF = 1.0900
λ = 59.9720
ĸ = 0.1630
θ = 0.1210
ƞ = 0.7930

Rainfall intensity is calculated from empirical

Equation 2.2:
= 1.09 x 59.972 x 50.163/(0.0651 + 0.121)0.793
= 322.406 mm/hr
Graphical Areal Reduction Factors, the areal

reduction factor for 0.000 km² catchment area is1.00.
Therefore the average catchment rainfall, I c from
equation 13.1 is:
Ic = F A x Ip
= 1.00 x 322.4
= 322.4 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*322.41/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 1.86m3/s
Start IL =47.65m
Max Permissible End IL =43.63m
Drain Length =78.12m
Gradient =1:200.00
Drop =0.15m
1. Step Number = [(Start IL – endMaxIL – (Distance

Cascading * Gradient)] / Cascading drop step = 25 ,
Drain = [(47.65 – 43.63 – (78.12 * 0.00500)] / 0.15 drop=150mm
=25 steps (rounded)
2. Step Length
= Distance/Step Number
= 78.12/25
= 3.12 m

CULVERT (ARI 50) CALCULATION

APPENDIX G

Drain Mark [118]
From Node 137

To Node 138
Drain Type Box Culvert
Drain Dimension FB = 50, W = 1800, D = 1800, Num. Opening =1

For composite manning coefficient, it can be calculated from its parts by
ΣPini/(ΣPi)
Manning
Where Pi is the Perimeter for the i-side n =0.0130
coefficient, n
Gradient 1 / 53
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.59432/3*1/52.61/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =7.497*3.150 23.616m3/s
=23.616m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
t0 = 1/S1/5 * 107 * n * L1/3
t0 = 1/2.401/5 * 107 * 0.045 * 353.601/3
t0 = 28.58min
td = L/V
Time of
=47.8/1.00/60 29.38min
Concentration
= 0.80min
tc = to + td
= 28.58+0.80
= 29.38min
Rainfall From Table 2.B1, the fitting coefficients for Pahang - JPS Temerloh, 172.491
Intensity FiftyYears ARI are: mm/hr
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960

Rainfall intensity is calculated from empirical Equation 2.2:

= 1.27 x 73.141 x 500.173/(0.4897 + 0.577)0.896
= 172.491 mm/hr
Graphical Areal Reduction Factors, the areal reduction factor for 0.241
km² catchment area is1.00. Therefore the average catchment rainfall, Ic
from equation 13.1 is:
Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 172.5
= 172.5 mm/hr
Mark: C2
Catchment Area: 24.11ha

= 24.11*0.00
=0
Peak
0.000m3/s
Discharge Qreq =FlowRatio*Qprev + CAcurr*I/360
= 0.000 + 0.00*172.49/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 23.62m3/s

Drain Mark [125]
From Node 151

To Node 152

ΣPini/(ΣPi)
Manning
coefficient, n
Gradient 1 / 85
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.59432/3*1/84.91/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =5.901*3.150 18.587m3/s
=18.587m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
td = L/V
=28.9/1.00/60
Time of = 0.48min
0.48min
Concentration
tc = td
= 0.48min
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960

= 1.27 x 73.141 x 500.173/(0.0080 + 0.577)0.896
= 295.457 mm/hr

Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 295.5
= 295.5 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*295.46/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 18.59m3/s

Drain Mark [130]
From Node 161

To Node 162

ΣPini/(ΣPi)
Manning
coefficient, n
Gradient 1 / 200
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.59432/3*1/200.01/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =3.845*3.150 12.112m3/s
=12.112m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
td = L/V
=46.2/1.00/60
Time of = 0.77min
0.77min
Concentration
tc = td
= 0.77min
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960

= 1.27 x 73.141 x 500.173/(0.0128 + 0.577)0.896
= 293.297 mm/hr

Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 293.3
= 293.3 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*293.30/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 12.11m3/s

Drain Mark [131]
From Node 163

To Node 164

ΣPini/(ΣPi)
Manning
coefficient, n
Gradient 1 / 200
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.59432/3*1/200.01/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =3.845*3.150 12.112m3/s
=12.112m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
td = L/V
=68.2/1.00/60
Time of = 1.14min
1.14min
Concentration
tc = td
= 1.14min
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960

= 1.27 x 73.141 x 500.173/(0.0189 + 0.577)0.896
= 290.608 mm/hr

Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 290.6
= 290.6 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*290.61/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 12.11m3/s

CULVERT (ARI 100) CALCULATION

APPENDIX H

Drain Mark [118]
From Node 137

To Node 138
Drain Dimension FB = 50, W = 1800, D = 1800, Num.
Opening =1

n =0.0130
Gradient 1 / 53
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.59432/3*1/52.61/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =7.497*3.150 23.616m3/s
=23.616m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
t0 = 1/S1/5 * 107 * n * L1/3
t0 = 1/2.401/5 * 107 * 0.045 * 353.601/3
t0 = 28.58min
Time of td = L/V
Concentratio =47.8/1.00/60 29.38min
n = 0.80min
tc = to + td
= 28.58+0.80
= 29.38min
Intensity JPS Temerloh, OneHundredYears ARI are: mm/hr
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960


2.2:
= 1.27 x 73.141 x 1000.173/(0.4897 + 0.577)0.896
= 194.467 mm/hr

the average catchment rainfall, Ic from equation 13.1
is:
Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 194.5
= 194.5 mm/hr
Mark: C2
Catchment Area: 24.11ha

= 24.11*0.00
=0
Peak
0.000m3/s
Discharge Qreq =FlowRatio*Qprev + CAcurr*I/360
= 0.000 + 0.00*194.47/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 23.62m3/s

Drain Mark [125]

From Node 151
To Node 152
Opening =1

n =0.0130
Gradient 1 / 85
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.59432/3*1/84.91/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =5.901*3.150 18.587m3/s
=18.587m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
td = L/V
=28.9/1.00/60
Time of
= 0.48min
n
tc = td
= 0.48min
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960

2.2:
= 1.27 x 73.141 x 1000.173/(0.0080 + 0.577)0.896
= 333.098 mm/hr


is:
Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 333.1
= 333.1 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*333.10/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 18.59m3/s

Drain Mark [130]
From Node 161

To Node 162
Opening =1

n =0.0130
Gradient 1 / 200
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.59432/3*1/200.01/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =3.845*3.150 12.112m3/s
=12.112m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
td = L/V
=46.2/1.00/60
Time of
= 0.77min
n
tc = td
= 0.77min
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960

2.2:
= 1.27 x 73.141 x 1000.173/(0.0128 + 0.577)0.896
= 330.663 mm/hr


is:
Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 330.7
= 330.7 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*330.66/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 12.11m3/s

Drain Mark [131]
From Node 163

To Node 164
Opening =1

n =0.0130
Gradient 1 / 200
=1/n*R2/3S1/2
=1/0.0130*0.59432/3*1/200.01/2

=V*A
Capacity (Q) =3.845*3.150 12.112m3/s
=12.112m3/s
Max. Water
=0.000 m 0.000m
depth (m)
td = L/V
=68.2/1.00/60
Time of
= 1.14min
n
tc = td
= 1.14min
CCF = 1.2700
λ = 73.1410
ĸ = 0.1730
θ = 0.5770
ƞ = 0.8960

2.2:
= 1.27 x 73.141 x 1000.173/(0.0189 + 0.577)0.896
= 327.631 mm/hr


is:
Ic = FA x Ip
= 1.00 x 327.6
= 327.6 mm/hr
=0
Peak
Discharge
= 0.000 + 0.00*327.63/360
= 0.000m3/s
Qprov = 12.11m3/s

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PROJEK JALAN KENING KE SEBERANG TEMERLOH (FASA 2), BERA

I HEREBY CERTIFY THAT THESE WORKS HAVE BEEN DESIGNED BY ME IN

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PROPOSED DESIGN REPORT

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Figure 1 : Plan Layout

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2.0 SCOPE OF CONSULTING ENGINEER

2.1 SCOPE OF CONSULTING SERVICES

a) Carry out a preliminary study of alternative alignments and

b) To coordinate and supervise ground survey works at both preliminary

c) To carry out field reconnaissance during the ground survey stage.

d) To carry out traffic studies.

e) To prepare scope of soil investigation works and supervision.

f) To carry out preliminary hydrological study for the design of surface

g) Environmental Impact Assessment.

h) To complete detailed engineering design of the proposed road to JKR

j) To prepare cost estimate for the project.

k) To prepare tender documents and engineering drawings.

l) To carry out all works related to the projects.

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2.2 WORK PROGRAMME

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Figure 3 : Work Programme

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3.1 METHOD OF CONSTRCUTION

3.2 SURVEY MONITORING

Methodology Using GPS System Equipment

The accuracy of the resulting range measurement is essentially a function of the

Figure 5 : Example Image of RTK Data Collection

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Demarcation Survey (ROW)

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• Clear from reflection between line of sight and uninterrupted location/area.

3.3 SITE CLEARING

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XI. Remove tree roots and surface vegetation.

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3.4 DEMOLITION AND PROVISION OF ACCESS

3.4.1 Site Clearing

3.4.2 Preservation of Existing Trees

3.4.3 Demolition of Existing Structures

3.4.4 Relocation of Existing Utilities and Services

Before commencing on any excavation contractor or his representative shall

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water or other service pipes at or in the vicinity of such excavations. Thereafter

3.4.5 Provision of Access

3.5 TOPOGRAPHIC SURVEY

3.5.1 Survey Area

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3.5.2 Survey Services

• Prior discussion with relevant authorities before the physical commencement

3.5.3 Preparation Survey Plans and Drawings

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The azimuth shall be checked by astronomical observations at suitable intervals and

I. Format for Presentation

3.5.5 Programme of Survey Works

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• Identify the approach he proposes to follow and the various component

3.6 SUDERGROUND UTILITIES DETECTION AND MAPPING WORKS

3.6.1 Detection of Power Cables

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