a people = nation, race tribe

acquaintance – zaznajomienie się z czymś, zapoznanie się (też: znajomy)

adjacent to = next to, nearby
based on
clear-cut = obvious
economic prospects – perspektywy ekonomiczne
faculty – a natural or mental ability that most people have
fall into – zaliczać się do czegoś (np. kategorii)
heritage = legacy
historical – historyczny
in close proximity = very close to one another
lineage = origin
linguistic identity – tożsamość językowa
mother tongue = native language
mutual intelligibility – wzajemne zrozumienie
plausible = believable
remarkable = surprising, unusual, extraordinary
to count sth/sb as = to consider
to devise sth = to invent sth
to encounter = to meet, to come across
to give an indication – wskazywać
to split up = to divide
to swallow up – wchłonąć
to take into account – brać pod uwagę
to take one’s toll – zbierać żniwo
to vary = to differ
underestimated – niedoceniany
underlying – not obvious or directly stated
unexplored – nieodkryty, niezbadany
unintelligible – niezrozumiały