NEW TRENDS IN DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY IN MODERN

INDUSTRY THROUGH GREEN CHEMISTRY

1.Green chemistry: principles and practice.

Anastas, P., & Eghbali, N. (2010). Green chemistry: principles and

practice. Chemical Society Reviews, 39(1), 301-312.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2010/cs/b918763b
2. Green chemistry for nanoparticle synthesis.

Duan, H., Wang, D., & Li, Y. (2015). Green chemistry for nanoparticle
synthesis. Chemical Society Reviews, 44(16), 5778-5792.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2015/cs/c4cs00363b/
unauth
3. The E factor 25 years on: the rise of green chemistry and
sustainability
Sheldon, R. A. (2017). The E factor 25 years on: the rise of green chemistry and
sustainability. Green Chemistry, 19(1), 18-43.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2017/gc/c6gc02157c
4. Green chemistry and the health implications of nanoparticles
Albrecht, M. A., Evans, C. W., & Raston, C. L. (2006). Green chemistry and the health
implications of nanoparticles. Green chemistry, 8(5), 417-432.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2006/gc/b517131h/
unauth
5. The importance of green chemistry in process research and
development

Dunn, P. J. (2012). The importance of green chemistry in process

research and development. Chemical Society Reviews, 41(4), 1452-1461.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/cs/c1cs15041c/
unauth
6. Role of biocatalysis in sustainable chemistry
Sheldon, R. A., & Woodley, J. M. (2018). Role of biocatalysis in
sustainable chemistry. Chemical reviews, 118(2), 801-838.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00203
7. Fundamentals of green chemistry: efficiency in reaction design
Sheldon, R. A. (2012). Fundamentals of green chemistry: efficiency in reaction
design. Chemical Society Reviews, 41(4), 1437-1451

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2012/cs/c1cs15219j/
unauth
8. Progress in green polymer composites from lignin for
multifunctional applications: a review

Thakur, V. K., Thakur, M. K., Raghavan, P., & Kessler, M. R. (2014).

Progress in green polymer composites from lignin for multifunctional
applications: a review. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 2(5),
1072-1092.

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/sc500087z
9. Green chemistry tools to influence a medicinal chemistry and
research chemistry based organisation
Alfonsi, K., Colberg, J., Dunn, P. J., Fevig, T., Jennings, S., Johnson, T. A., ... & Stefaniak, M.
(2008). Green chemistry tools to influence a medicinal chemistry and research chemistry based
organisation. Green Chemistry, 10(1), 31-36.

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2008/gc/b711717e

10. Applying the principles of green chemistry to polymer production

technology
Dubé, M. A., & Salehpour, S. (2014). Applying the principles of green chemistry to polymer
production technology. Macromolecular Reaction Engineering, 8(1), 7-28.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/mren.201300103
1 RESUMEN
Green Chemistry is a relatively new emerging field that strives to work at the molecular
level to achieve sustainability. The field has received widespread interest in the past
decade due to its ability to harness chemical innovation to meet environmental and
economic goals simultaneously. Green Chemistry has a framework of a cohesive set of
Twelve Principles, which have been systematically surveyed in this critical review. This
article covers the concepts of design and the scientific philosophy of Green Chemistry
with a set of illustrative examples. Future trends in Green Chemistry are discussed with
the challenge of using the Principles as a cohesive design system (93 references).
2 RESUMEN
The application of the twelve principles of green chemistry in nanoparticle synthesis is
a relatively new emerging issue concerning the sustainability. This field has received
great attention in recent years due to its capability to design alternative, safer, energy
efficient, and less toxic routes towards synthesis. These routes have been associated
with the rational utilization of various substances in the nanoparticle preparations and
synthetic methods, which have been broadly discussed in this tutorial review. This
article is not meant to provide an exhaustive overview of green synthesis of
nanoparticles, but to present several pivotal aspects of synthesis with environmental
concerns, involving the selection and evaluation of nontoxic capping and reducing
agents, the choice of innocuous solvents and the development of energy-efficient
synthetic methods.
3 RESUMEN
The global impact, over the last 25 years, of the principles of green chemistry and
sustainability, and the pivotal role of the E factor concept in driving resource efficiency
and waste minimisation, in the chemical and allied industries, is reviewed. Following an
introduction to the origins of green chemistry and the E factor concept, the various
metrics for measuring greenness are discussed. It is emphasised that mass-based
metrics such as atom economy, E factors and process mass intensity (PMI) need to be
supplemented by metrics, in particular life cycle assessment, which measure the
environmental impact of waste and, in order to assess sustainability, by metrics which
measure economic viability. The role of catalysis in waste minimisation is discussed
and illustrated with examples of green catalytic processes such as aerobic oxidations
of alcohols, catalytic C–C bond formation and olefin metathesis. Solvent losses are a
major source of waste in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries and solvent
reduction and replacement strategies, including the possible use of neoteric solvents,
such as ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents, are reviewed. Biocatalysis has many
benefits in the context of green and sustainable chemistry and this is illustrated with
recent examples in the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. The importance
of the transition from an unsustainable economy based on fossil resources to a
sustainable bio-based economy is delineated, as part of the overarching transition from
an unsustainable linear economy to a truly green and sustainable circular economy
based on resource efficiency and waste minimisation by design.
4 RESUMEN
Until recently the spectacular developments in nanotechnology have been with little
regard to their potential effect on human health and the environment. There are no
specific regulations on nanoparticles except existing regulations covering the same
material in bulk form. Difficulties abound in devising such regulations, beyond self-
imposed regulations by responsible companies, because of the likelihood of different
properties exhibited by any one type of nanoparticle, which are tuneable by changing
their size, shape and surface characteristics. Green chemistry metrics need to be
incorporated into nanotechnologies at the source. This review scopes this issue in the
context of potential health effects of nanoparticles, along with medical applications
of nanoparticles including imaging, drug delivery, disinfection, and tissue
repair. Nanoparticles can enter the human body through the lungs, the intestinal tract,
and to a lesser extent the skin, and are likely to be a health issue, although the extent
of effects on health are inconclusive. Nanoparticles can be modified to cross the brain
blood barrier for medical applications, but this suggests other
synthetic nanoparticles may unintentionally cross this barrier.

5 RESUMEN

Green Chemistry or Sustainable Chemistry is defined by the Environmental

Protection Agency as “the design of chemical products that reduce or eliminate
the use of hazardous substances” In recent years there is a greater societal
expectation that chemists and chemical engineers should produce greener and
more sustainable chemical processes and it is likely that this trend will continue
to grow over the next few decades. This tutorial review gives information
on solvents and solvent selection, basic environmental metrics collection and
three industrial case histories. All three case histories involve enzymatic
chemistry. Pregabalin (Lyrica®) is produced using a lipase based resolution and
is extremely unusual in that all four manufacturing steps to make pregabalin are
performed in water. Sitagliptin (Januvia®) uses a transaminase in the final
chemical step. Finally a rosuvastatin (Crestor®) intermediate is produced using
a deoxy ribose aldolase (DERA) enzyme in which two carbon–carbon bonds
and two chiral centres are formed in the same process step.

6 RESUMEN

Based on the principles and metrics of green chemistry and sustainable

development, biocatalysis is both a green and sustainable technology. This is
largely a result of the spectacular advances in molecular biology and
biotechnology achieved in the past two decades. Protein engineering has
enabled the optimization of existing enzymes and the invention of entirely new
biocatalytic reactions that were previously unknown in Nature. It is now
eminently feasible to develop enzymatic transformations to fit predefined
parameters, resulting in processes that are truly sustainable by design. This
approach has successfully been applied, for example, in the industrial synthesis
of active pharmaceutical ingredients. In addition to the use of protein
engineering, other aspects of biocatalysis engineering, such as substrate,
medium, and reactor engineering, can be utilized to improve the efficiency and
cost-effectiveness and, hence, the sustainability of biocatalytic reactions.
Furthermore, immobilization of an enzyme can improve its stability and enable
its reuse multiple times, resulting in better performance and commercial
viability. Consequently, biocatalysis is being widely applied in the production of
pharmaceuticals and some commodity chemicals. Moreover, its broader
application will be further stimulated in the future by the emerging biobased
economy.
7 resumen
In this tutorial review, the fundamental concepts underlying the principles of
green and sustainable chemistry - atom and step economy and the E factor -
are presented, within the general context of efficiency in organic synthesis. The
importance of waste minimisation through the widespread application of
catalysis in all its forms – homogeneous, heterogeneous, organocatalysis and
biocatalysis – is discussed. These general principles are illustrated with simple
practical examples, such as alcohol oxidation and carbonylation and the
asymmetric reduction of ketones. The latter reaction is exemplified by a three
enzyme process for the production of a key intermediate in the synthesis of the
cholesterol lowering agent, atorvastatin. The immobilisation of enzymes as
cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) as a means of optimizing operational
performance is presented. The use of immobilised enzymes in catalytic cascade
processes is illustrated with a trienzymatic process for the conversion
of benzaldehyde to (S)-mandelic acid using a combi-CLEA containing three
enzymes. Finally, the transition from fossil-based chemicals manufacture to a
more sustainable biomass-based production is discussed.

Rising environmental concerns and depletion of petro-chemical resources

has resulted in an increased interest in biorenewable polymer-based
environmentally friendly materials. Among biorenewable polymers, lignin
is the second most abundant and fascinating natural polymer next to
cellulose. Lignin is one of the three major components found in the cell
walls of natural lignocellulosic materials. Lignin is widely available as a
major byproduct of a number of industries involved in retrieving the
polysaccharide components of plants for industrial applications, such as
in paper making, ethanol production from biomass, etc. The impressive
properties of lignin, such as its high abundance, low weight,
environmentally friendliness and its antioxidant, antimicrobial, and
biodegradable nature, along with its CO2 neutrality and reinforcing
capability, make it an ideal candidate for the development of novel
polymer composite materials. Considerable efforts are now being made to
effectively utilize waste lignin as one of the components in polymer
matrices for high performance composite applications. This article is
intended to summarize the recent advances and issues involving the use
of lignin in the development of new polymer composite materials. In this
review, we have made an attempt to classify different types of lignin-
reinforced polymer composites starting from synthetic to biodegradable
polymer matrices and highlight recent advances in multifunctional
applications of lignin. The structural features and functions of the
lignin/polymer composite systems are discussed in each section. The
current research trends in lignin-based materials for engineering
applications, including strategies for modification of lignin, fabrication of
thermoset/thermoplastic/biodegradable/rubber/foam composites, and
the use of lignin as a compatibilizer are presented. This study will increase
the interest of researchers all around the globe in lignin-based polymer
composites and the development of new ideas in this field.

Influencing and improving the environmental performance of a large multi-

national pharmaceutical company can be achieved with the help of electronic
education tools, backed up by site champions and strong site teams. This paper
describes the development of two of those education tools.

10.

The 12 principles of green chemistry are reviewed and applied specifically to

polymer production. Examples of how the principles relate to current practice in
polymer reaction engineering and which areas show the greatest potential
impact for implementation of these principles are discussed. This paper does
not attempt to be exhaustive but rather to target specific areas for further
development.