DRRR Module

Week 1 Day 1
I. Content Standard: The learners demonstrate understanding of

1. Concept of disaster
2. Concept of disaster risk
3. Nature of disasters
4. Effects of disasters
II. Competency: Explain the meaning of disaster.
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to describe a disaster
IV. Pre-Assessment
In your own point of view and understanding about disaster, give at least 5 examples of disasters.
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V. Presentation of lesson
Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

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DISASTER
Let us first define the meaning of hazard and disaster.
Hazard - A dangerous phenomenon, substance, human activity or condition that may cause loss of life, injury or
other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or
environmental damage.
Natural hazards are naturally occurring physical phenomena caused either by rapid or slow onset events which
can be geophysical (earthquakes, landslides, tsunamis and volcanic activity), hydrological (avalanches and
floods), climatological (extreme temperatures, drought and wildfires), meteorological (cyclones and
storms/wave surges) or biological (disease epidemics and insect/animal plagues).
Technological or man-made hazards (complex emergencies/conflicts, famine, displaced populations, industrial
accidents and transport accidents) are events that are caused by humans and occur in or close to human
settlements. This can include environmental degradation, pollution and accidents. Technological or man-made
hazards (complex emergencies/conflicts, famine, displaced populations, industrial accidents and transport
accidents)
Examples of hazards
Ground shaking, Tornado, Landslide, Flood, Indoor fire, Lava flow
Industrial pollution, Typhoon, Forest fire , Liquefaction, Storm surge, Tsunami, Extreme rainfall.
Risk - the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or a loss) will happen (Merriam-
Webster)
Disaster - A serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human,
material, economic, or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected community
or society to cope using its own resources.
Disasters are often described as a result of the combination of: the exposure to a hazard; the conditions
of vulnerability that are present; and insufficient capacity or measures to reduce or cope with the potential
negative consequences. Disaster impacts may include loss of life, injury, disease and other negative effects on
human physical, mental and social wellbeing, together with damage to property, destruction of assets, loss of
services, social and economic disruption and environmental degradation.
Try to watch this Youtube link for additional informations.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZCaVf1fqzAw&list=PLC2js_AAxi1s1BXESwW_hpGWNrsrF7B_f&index=3
VI. Reflection
It is true that disaster may happen anytime unexpectedly. Our understanding of what a disaster is, is a
pre-requisite before we take actions or plan ahead. The meaning of disaster serves as a guide on how we
should cope with situations as it happens.
VII. Post Assessment
Classify the following as man-made or natural hazards.

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Ground shaking, Tornado, Landslide, Flood, Indoor fire, Lava flow, Industrial pollution, Typhoon
Forest fire, Liquefaction, Storm surge, Tsunami, Extreme rainfall
Man-made Natural
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VIII Reference
Teaching Guide for Senior High Schoool

DISASTER READINESS AND RISK REDUCTION
The Commission On Higher Education
pp 12 – 26
IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
typhoon, earthquake, volcanic eruption, tsunami, landslide, oil spill, etc.
Post Assessment
Natural: ground shaking, tornado, landslide, flood. Indoor fire, lava flow, typhoon, forest fire, liquefaction,
storm surge, tsunami, extreme rainfall.
Man-made: industrial pollution

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Week 1 Day 2
II. Competency: Differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to differentiate the risk factors underlying
disasters
IV. Pre-Assessment
Write a short essay in your everyday life that you are vulnerable to any disaster risk. Explain.
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Risk Factors Underlying Disasters
The Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation i Emergencies, a non-governmental organizations

(NGOVOICE) and an active humanitarian aid, assists European Organizations in times of disasters. The
organization identified some underlying factors which increase disaster, and are needed to be addressed in
order to reduce overall risk. These include:
1. Environmental problems such as

a. Declining ecosystems. This pertains to environmental degradation due tot he exploitation of our
natural resources like rivers and mountains. Some disastrous events in the country like flash floods are believed
to have been caused by our declining ecosystem.
b. Social. Social aspect of risk factors may pertain to apathy of the people towards disaster
preparedness. Lack of concern of some Filipino people in disaster preparedness is another underlying factor
which increases disaster.. Filipinos apathy may be a result of the “Bahala Na” attitude which makes people react
only during the occurrence of disaster and not prevent its possible occurrence.
c. Economic vulnerabilities. Lack of financial capability of the concerned authorities to fund disaster
information drive or the cost-effective thinking of builders makes them susceptible to disasters.
d. Climate change. This is also known as the change in the pattern of weather for an extended period of
time. El Ňino and La Niňa are considered as results of climate change.
2. Human factor such as:

a. Unplanned Urbanization. This is believed to be a threat to ecological balance and may cause severe
flooding in the city or municipality. Migration is seen as one of the factors of unplanned urbanization.
b. Under-development /poverty. Due to poverty, people become more vulnerable to disaster which
increases the risk factor underlying disasters when they build homes along rivers and other waterways or in the
dumpsite making them more prone to diseases, which is also a kind of disaster.
VI. Reflection
Identifying the risk factors underlying disaster helps us minimized the severe effects of disaster.
Migration sometimes is the cause of what we call squatting and unplanned urbanization. Other people prefer to
build heir houses near a dumpsite because of poverty which also increases the risk factor.

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Economic vulnerability is one of the disaster risk factor. The cost-effective thinking of builders makes
people susceptible to disaster. If you are planning to build a house, what are your primary concerns for the
safety of your life and property. Make a short essay justifying your answer.
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VIII. Reference
Disasters What You Should Know And What You Should Do

Desire G. Estrada et. Al pp 5 – 9
IX. Answer Key
Your essay will be evaluated using this rubric.

Feature 5 4 3 2
Quality of writing Very informative and Somewhat Give some Gives no
well organized informative and information but information, poorly
organized poorly organized organized
Grammar and usage No spelling, Few spelling and A number of So many spelling,
punctuation, or punctuation errors, spelling, punctuation punctuation, and
grammatical error minor grammatical or grammatical error grammatical errors
errors that interferes with
the meaning.
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Week 1 Day 3
II. Competency: Differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to differentiate the risk factors underlying
disasters
IV. Pre-Assessment
1. What will be the effect if you choose sub-standard materials in building your house?
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2. What are the consequences if you build a house near a river, or near the foot of a mountain?
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Risk Factors Underlying Disasters (continued)
This lesson is the continuation of our previous lesson about risk factors underlying disasters. Risk
factors is either environmental or human factor. Whereas the environmental factors are declining ecosystems,
social, economic vulnerabilities, and climate change. Human factors are unplanned urbanization and under-
development/poverty.
Natural disasters occur when a natural phenomenon or a combination of different natural phenomena
result in (1) significant injury to, and even death of humans and animals; (2) Destruction to physical structures
and properties; (3) damage to great portion of, or the whole environment.
Man-made disasters are caused by human actions or activities such as, deliberate purpose,
recklessness, technological imperfections, ignorance, complete disrespect for the environment and unwise
decisions.
An example of man-made disaster is the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster in Soviet Union. It is
considered the worst nuclear disaster in history.
Try to visit this Youtube link about Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Disaster:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j96dsu-ZTtI
The Chernobyl disaster was caused by a nuclear accident that occurred in Saturday, April 26, 1986. The
nuclear reactor explode during a safety test. A large amount of energy was suddenly released,
vaporising superheated cooling water and rupturing the reactor core in a highly destructive steam explosion.
VI. Reflection
Sometimes lack of awareness and dissemination of information about a particular disaster lead to a
more severe consequence and effects. Just like the Chernobyl disaster, people are not aware about the effect
of radiation. Many of them are exposed to radiation, which is a main cause of cancer and even mutation.

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Here in the Philippines, we have also the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant. In your own point of view, why is
it that the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant prohibit to operate despite that it can generate plenty of electrical
power enough to supply the entire island of Luzon? Justify your answer.
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VIII. References
Disasters What You Should Know Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
And What You Should Do Marietta De Leon et.al pp 8 – 9
Desire G. Estrada et.al pp 8 – 9
IX. Answer Key
For Pre/Post Assessment

Feature 5 4 3 2
the meaning.
Week
2 Day 1
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II. Competency: Describe the effects of disasters on one’s life
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to describe and identify the effects of disasters
on
one’s life
IV. Pre-Assessment
1. If you catch fire inside a burning building, why it is not advisable to run? Explain.
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2. During typhoon why it is not advisable to stay inside your vehicle and park beside an electrical post? Explain.
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Effects of Disaster on One’s Life
Earthquakes, landslides, typhoons, and other disasters greatly affect lives and properties Aside from
damaged crops, houses, drainage, buildings and others, other unperceived long term effects of disaster are
psychological, emotional, social and economic effects.
I. Psychological Effects of Disasters.

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1. Fear
2. Shock
3. Grief
4. Irritability
II. Emotional Effects of Disaster

1. Feeling of guilt with the thought that had he/she done something, he/she may not have lost a member of the
family.
2. Feeling of dissatisfaction from the support coming from the family, neighbors, friends, or even from the
government.
3. Feeling of bitterness for those who were not actually affected by it.
III. Physical Effects of Disasters

1. Physical sickness like headaches, fever. Cough and others.
2. Change in appetite.
3. Poor sleeping condition.
4. Constipation.
IV. Social Effects of Disasters

1. Lost of interest in the activity previously enjoyed by the victim/survivor.
2. Family may be rebuilt
3. Circle of friends will expand
V. Economic Effects of Disaster

1. Lack of job of a family member.
2. Loss of business by the merchants.
3. Damage bridges, buildings and roads.
4. Forfeiture of investments from other countries.
5. Decline of tourism industry due to damaged sceneries.
VI. Reflection
The severe effects of disaster to one’s life generally are loss of life, loss of livelihood, damage to
buildings and other infrastructure, national economic loss, and even physical and psychological effects. It is very
important that we must be aware about disaster risk and its effects so that we can plan ahead to reduce or
minimize its effects.
Enumerate the following

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Psychological Effects of Disasters.
1.___________________________________
2.___________________________________
3.___________________________________
4.___________________________________
Physical Effects of Disasters

1.___________________________________
2.___________________________________
3.___________________________________
4.___________________________________
Social Effects of Disasters

1.___________________________________
2.___________________________________
VIII. Reference
Disasters What You Should Know

And What You Should Do
IX. Answer Key
For Pre-Assessment
Feature 5 4 3 2
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the meaning.
Post Assessment
Psychological Effects of Disasters: Fear, Shock, Grief, Irritability
Physical Effects of Disasters: Physical sickness like headaches, fever. Cough and others. Change in appetite. Poor
sleeping condition. Constipation.
Social Effects of Disasters: Lost of interest in the activity previously enjoyed by the victim/survivor. Family may
be rebuilt.
Week 2 Day 2
II. Competency: Analyze disaster from the different perspectives (physical, psychological, socio-cultural,
economic, political, and biological).
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to analyze disaster from the different
perspectives (physical, psychological, socio-cultural, economic, political, and biological).
IV. Pre-Assessment
Determine the following effects of disaster if it is physical, psychological, social, emotional or economic.
1. Loss of business by the merchants. _____________________________

2. Change in appetite ___________________________
3. Feeling of bitterness for those who survived the disaster or for those who were not actually affected by it.
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4. Shock ______________________
5. Loss of interest in the activity previously enjoyed by the victim/survivor..______________________
DISASTER PERSPECTIVES
In this lesson we are going to view disasters in different perspectives. The best and only way to fully
comprehend natural disasters and their implications is to view them from various angles. If we have a thorough
understanding of disaster at different perspectives, we can say that it is the first step in preparing ourselves to
disaster. Let us look at some of those perspectives.
Physical/Biological/Gender Perspective
Limited studies about gender and their relation to disasters have shown that disasters do not treat
men, women and children equally. In fact woman and children are the most disadvantaged ones in times of
natural disasters. Their physiology, social construction, and cultural orientation in a way contribute to their
unfavorable position. Also, women, boys and girls are 14 times likely to die in disaster (UNDP, 2010). Aside from
women, children are also the common victim of disasters. Due to their full dependency on adults for their
physical, financial, moral, educational and emotional needs, children have no choice but to be at the higher end
of hazard vulnerability and disaster risk spectra. Their physical and biological conditions which are far more
different than those of adults, make them vulnerable or prone to disasters. Their mental capacities and level of
education, especially the very young ones do not allow them yet to fully comprehend the implication of these
natural phenomena on them. On certain occasions, the stage of curiosity of these children does them more
harm than good.
Psychological Perspective
Apart from physical and economic impacts, disasters may also lead to psychological trauma. For
instance, the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder or PTSD is a serious condition that afflicts people who have
experienced some life threatening events, such as terrifying physical ordeal, personal assaults, natural disasters,
or witnessing serious accidents. This is a “condition of persistent mental and emotional stress occurring as a
result of injury or severe psychological shock, typically involving disturbance of sleep and constant vivid recall of
the experience, with dulled responses to others and to the outside world” (post traumatic disorder, n.d para.1).
In many cases, the victims recover by themselves with the support of relatives and friends. Some though, may
need professional help.
VI. Reflection
In physical or biological perspective, children and women are more prone to severe effects of disasters.
In psychological perspective, the Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is common serious mental condition among
those people who have experienced the effects of disasters.

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1. What is your recommendation or suggestion to reduce the effect of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder? Justify.
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VIII. References

Marietta M. De Leon et.al pp 25 – 27
IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
1. Economic
2. Physical
3. Emotional
4. Psychological
5. Social
For Post Assessment

Feature 5 4 3 2
the meaning.

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Week
2 Day 3
II. Competency: Analyze disaster from the different perspectives (physical, psychological, socio-cultural,
economic, political, and biological).
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to analyze disaster from the different
perspectives (physical, psychological, socio-cultural, economic, political, and biological).
IV. Pre-Assessment
Fill in the blanks.
1. As to the classifications of disaster, earthquake and floods are classified as __________________________

2. It is an effect of disaster which is characterized by fear, shock, and anxiety. __________________________
3. Immediately after a disaster, victims show signs of PTSD. PTSD which means
_________________________________.
4.It is an effect of disaster which is characterized by fear and helplessness to others. ____________________
5. Reef damage and oil spills are example of _________________________________
DISASTER PERSPECTIVES
In this lesson we are going to continue our discussion about disaster perspectives. In our previous
lesson we have already discussed about physical/biological/gender perspective and psychological perspective.
Today we are going to discuss about socio-cultural, economic and political perspectives.

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Socio-cultural Perspective
From a socio-cultural perspective, natural hazards have a great bearing on shaping human civilization
and their natural environment. They can interrupt and slow down cultural development. At the same time,
cultural factors influence the way humans perceive natural hazards and disasters. For example, there are certain
groups of people that strongly adhere to the belief that natural hazards resulting in disasters are works of God,
and that disaster are a manifestation of God’s displeasure on human actions such as disrespect for the
environment.
It is said that during the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in June 1991, the Aetas ot Agtas, the indigenous
people that inhibit the vicinity of the volcano, believed that the eruption of the volcano was God’s fury, partly
attributed to various human actions among them the complete disregard for the environment (Seitz, 1998)
Economic Perspective
In almost all circumstances, disasters are dreaded because of their negative impacts on financial or
economic systems at the individual, organizational, and national levels. Whether the impact is direct or indirect,
disasters come at all times as an unwelcome “shock” not only because of the debilitating situations they create.
They disrupt and slow down human activities that help generate economy and make it flow; they interrupt
progress and development by destroying human, physical and capital resources, among others.
Although the impact of disasters on the economy and on individual finances vary, given the type and
duration of disasters, their effect linger on, hindering some victims, especially the poor, from fully recovering. In
essence, disasters affect everyone: but when they do, those which are affected the most are the poor
individuals, the impoverished communities, and the developing nations.
Political Perspective
There is a common expression that goes, “Disasters are political.” This is perhaps because disasters are
somehow an outcome of the quality of leadership and the strength of forcefulness of political will of local and
national leaders. The ability of a locality or a country to battle the impacts of disasters reflects the strength and
political will of their leaders, as well as their degree of being well-informed, upright and concerned about their
constituents. It mirrors their leader’s commitment to bring about a well-informed and prepared constituency
with a proper perspective on disasters. A locality or country needs special powers and authorities to deal with
disaster situations, and elected officials have the ability to provide these. Politicians who are members of the
legislature enact laws to strengthen the bases for managing disasters and reducing risks. The formulation as
well as the implementation of laws and guidelines require the support of government officials.
VI. Reflection
In a socio-cultural perspective, disasters can be viewed and reflect as a religious belief pertaining to the
fury of what they call “God” just like the traditional belief of Aetas or Agtas inhibiting near Mt. Pinatubo. In
economic perspective, disasters can be viewed as a “shock” that shaken the economic and financial stability of

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a locality or nation.. In political perspective, disaster is a lack of political will or abuse of power. The severity of
disaster sometimes depends upon the strong political will of leaders and government officials.
Match column A with column B
A B
_____1. Declining resources and capital. a. Political Perspective
_____2. Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). b. Physical Perspective
_____3. Strong political will of leaders and politicians. c. Psychological Perspective
_____4. Disaster is a result of God’s fury. d. Economic Perspective
_____5. Women and children are more prone to disasters. e. Socio-cultural Perspective
f. Technological
VIII. References
And What You Should Do Marietta M. De Leon et.al pp 22 – 27
Desire G. Estrada et.al pp 22
IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
1. Natural Disaster
2. Emotional Effect
3. Psychological Effect
4. Emotional Effect
5. Man-made disaster
Post Assessment
1.Economic Perspective
2.Psychological Perspective
3.Political Perspective
4.Socio-cultural Perspective
5.Physical Perspective

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Week
3 Day 1
Various elements that may be
exposed to hazards:
1. Physical
2. Social
3. Economic
4. Environmental
Vulnerability of each exposed
element
II. Competency: Explain the meaning of vulnerability.
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to explain the meaning of vulnerability.
IV. Pre-Assessment
What will be the possible consequence of the following acts.
1. Urinating on an electric post _______________________________________________________________

2. Flying a kite using a wire instead of string. __________________________________________________
3. Touching electrical switches with wet hands __________________________________________________
4. Smoking while filling gasoline in a petrol container. _____________________________________________
5. Welding metals without protective gloves and goggles. ______________________________________
VULNERABILITY
Vulnerability is the characteristic of a community as being susceptible or prone to hazards or disasters.

We often hear people around us use the terms “vulnerable” and “vulnerability” when speaking of safety. We
are always advised to be on guard at all times or else, we will make ourselves vulnerable to bad elements.
Vulnerable in this sense means exposure to danger and vulnerability, the susceptibility to danger or attack. In
the context of hazards and disasters, vulnerability is the capacity of a person, a group of persons, or a
community to prepare for, deal with, withstand, or recover from the effects of natural hazards.
Classifications of vulnerability
1. Physical Vulnerability – pertains to the physical aspect of the community, the people and infrastructure.
2. Social Vulnerability – is the incapability of the community to survive the hostile effects of threats of disasters.
Social vulnerability may be due to the principles and beliefs of the people in a certain locality.

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3. Economic vulnerability – may be associated with the financial status of a person to stay in a safer place and
build a safer home. It could be drawn in that poor people are more vulnerable to the impact of disaster because
of their incapacity to sustain a better place to stay, live and build a family.
4. Environmental vulnerability – Even our environment and natural resources are also vulnerable to disasters.
For instance our forest are vulnerable to wildfires brought by some human negligence or by lightning.
Mountains may also be erode due to heavy rains, and the depth of our oceans may be affected by seiche.
(seiche – an oscillation of the surface of a landlocked body of water that varies in period from a few minutes to
several hours. - Merriam Webster).
VI. Reflection
Vulnerability in simple definition is simply prone to hazards. Physical vulnerability pertains to buildings
and infrastructures and even people. Social vulnerability is simply a particular belief of some group of people
without knowing the possible outcome or result of such beliefs make them vulnerable or prone to disasters.
Economic vulnerability pertains to the incapability of people to buy a piece of lot and build a safer house to live.
Due to financial incapability they build houses near a dumpsite, or in a landslide prone areas. Environmental
vulnerability pertains to the natural disaster like forest fire, and oil spill to our oceans due to human negligence
or accidents.
I. Classify the following vulnerabilities as Physical, Social, Economic, or Environmental.
_______________________1. Destruction of coral reefs.

_______________________2. Acid rain on concrete and pavement.
_______________________3. House made of light and substandard materials.
_______________________4. Their “God” will save them from volcanic eruption so they choose to stay and
refuse to evacuate.
_______________________5. People doing illegal mining activities.
II. Make an essay about your locality. It is under what classifications of vulnerability? Explain.
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VIII. References

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And What You Should Do Marietta M. De Leon et.al pp 53
Desire G. Estrada et.al pp 30-32
IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
1. Possibility of electric shock.
2. Possibility of electric shock due to lightning or nearby electric post.
3. Possibility of electric shock.
4. Possibility of explosion and burning.
5. Possibility of electric shock, skin and eye irritation.
Post Assessment
1. Environmental
2. Physical
3. Economic
4. Social
5. Environmental

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the meaning.
Week
3 Day 2
exposed to hazards:
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1. Physical
2. Social
3. Economic
4. Environmental
element
II. Competency: Explain why certain sectors of society are more vulnerable to disaster than others.
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to explain why certain sectors of society are
more vulnerable to disaster than others.
IV. Pre-Assessment
List some economic vulnerabilities at home. The first one is done for you.
1. Buying sub standard gas tank.
2._________________________________________________________________________________________
3._________________________________________________________________________________________
4._________________________________________________________________________________________
5._________________________________________________________________________________________
6._________________________________________________________________________________________
VULNERABLE GROUPS
There are certain groups that are at a higher level of vulnerability to hazards and risk disasters. These
groups, which are sometimes collectively known as “special population” or “population at risk” are unable to
fend for themselves in times of disasters or emergencies because of their special conditions or uncommon
circumstances surrounding them. The groups are classified further into persons with disabilities (PWDs);
persons with special conditions such as the sick, pregnant women and lactating mothers; the young, which
include infants and children; the elderly; the frail elderly; prisoners; people who are economically
disadvantaged; and those who have language barriers. Due to difficult situations they are in, these groups need
everyone’s support – from individuals, groups, their respective communities and government, and us. They
require special attention, understanding, and considerations to lessen their already vulnerable positions in life.
VI. Reflection
The “special group” or “population at risk” are considered as highly at risk or vulnerable to disasters.
Their incapacities and incapabilities makes them difficult in coping or facing situations within the different
phases of disaster especially in extreme circumstances.

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The Persons With Disabilities (PWDs) is under the “special group” or “population at risk”. Suggest more
effective ways of identifying their needs.
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VIII. Reference

Marietta M. De Leon et.al pp 60 - 62
IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
1. Buying sub-standard gas tank
2. Installing sub-standard electrical wires, switches and outlets.
3. Undetected water line leaks
4. Unsecured chemical storage (paints, insecticides, etc.)

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5. Misuse of tools and electrical appliances.
6. Faulty electrical wiring or octopus wiring.
(Other vulnerabilities)
Post Assessment
Feature 5 4 3 2
the meaning.
Week
3 Day 3
exposed to hazards:
1. Physical
2. Social
3. Economic
4. Environmental
element
II. Competency: Explain why certain sectors of society are more vulnerable to disaster than others.
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to explain why certain sectors of society are
more vulnerable to disaster than others.
Page 24 of 77
IV. Pre-Assessment
Determine the following as under the following vulnerabilities: Physical, Social, Economic, and environmental.
________________1. People living in low-lying areas.

________________2. Customs and traditions.
________________3. low standard infrastructure.
________________4. Nuclear power plant leak.
________________5. Improper disposal of toxic waste.
VULNERABLE GROUPS
In this lesson we are going to continue our discussion about vulnerable groups – people under “special
needs” or “people at risk”. We are all aware that there is no exemption to the effects of disasters. Whether you
are poor or wealthy, educated or not, all of us will surely supper from the effects of disasters. These group of
people is particularly at risk and requiring special attention.
Disasters strikes harder at those who do not have the capacity to prepare themselves for all forms of
eventualities- the economically and socially disadvantaged groups. Worse, when disasters hit these individuals
or entities, they are made defenseless, causing them to slide further down the economic mire until it becomes
truly difficult for them to recover without adequate external support.
People with language barriers face great difficulty during disasters since they may not be able to fully
understand the advisories and other forms of communications that are being transmitted. Even if
communications are translated into the language of those concerned, there is a possibility that such
translations are flawed to be able to capture the full and real thoughts of the message. This is because every
language has its nuances, and literal translations do not necessarily help.
Pregnant women’s delicate condition hampers their mobility during disasters rendering them more
vulnerable. Due to their age, size, and delicate nature, children, like the rest of the special groups, are highly
vulnerable to disasters. At their tender age, they are very dependent on their caregivers and lack education for
hazards and disasters; their size and fragile physique are no match to the strength demanded by disaster
conditions.
VI. Reflection
Pregnant women, children, and people with language barriers are indeed defenseless when disasters
strikes anytime. During disasters we must take priority about their safety instead of ourselves. They need much
attention and care in during and after the disaster.
The people under “special needs” or “people at risk”.
1.__________________________________________

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2.__________________________________________
3.__________________________________________
4.__________________________________________
5.__________________________________________
6.__________________________________________
7.__________________________________________
8.__________________________________________
Essay
What kind of vulnerability is mitigated in considering jobs, small businesses, production, and supplies in the
community? Why? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
VIII. References
And What You Should Do Marietta M. De Leon et.al pp 60 - 62
Desire G. Estrada et.al pp 41
IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
1. Physical
2. Social
3. Economic
4. Environmental
5. Environmental
Post Assessment
1. Persons with disabilities (PWDs)
2. Persons with special conditions such as the sick, pregnant women and lactating mothers
3.The young, which include infants and children
4. The elderly
5. The frail elderly
6. Prisoners
7. People who are economically disadvantaged

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8. Persons having language barriers.

Feature 5 4 3 2
the meaning.
Week
4 Day 1
exposed to hazards:
1. Physical
2. Social
3. Economic
4. Environmental
element
II. Competency: Recognize vulnerabilities of different elements exposed to specific hazards.
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to recognize vulnerabilities of different
elements exposed to specific hazards.
IV. Pre-Assessment
A B
1. Deforestation a. Diseases
2. Gas Leak b. Collapse
3. Improper toxic waste disposal c. Fire
4. House made of sub-standard materials d. Landslide
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5. Living in a dumpsite e. Food poisoning
f. Abundance
VULNERABILITY OF EXPOSED ELEMENTS
I. Vulnerability of Physical Elements
Physical vulnerability includes those which are actually built in the environment vulnerable to disasters.
Physical elements includes infrastructures like buildings, houses, roads and bridges. One of the ways to reduce
vulnerability of physical elements is to place them in a more strategic place. For instance, may not be built
along the mountainous areas to avoid erosion or possibly being damaged by landslides. The physical
component of a community also affects its vulnerability. The physical components in the community consists of:
1. Natural features of the place and weather – it includes the effects of geography and climate in connection
with disasters.
2. Infrastructure – In the Philippines, the infrastructure component of the physical profile is influenced by
building codes and other laws. However, adherence to the legal provisions may not be observed due to some
enforcement problems or the bureaucracy of the government.
3. People – The population as part of vulnerable physical elements pertains not only to the number of people in
a certain community but also to the attitudes, characteristics, and capability of these people. For instance, a
community having their own firefighting equipment, knowledge, and skills may be less vulnerable in cases of
fire compared to those with little knowledge in firefighting.
II. Vulnerability of Social Elements
Social vulnerability pertains to the overall aspect of the society which is a combination of political,
cultural, and personal characteristics. The behavior of people in certain community has direct influence to
social vulnerability. Socio-cultural factors witch may affect the vulnerability to disasters include:
1. The intervention of mass media. - Internet, television, and radio broadcasting play vital roles in information
dissemination during typhoon, volcanic eruptions, landslides and others.
2. Trust to the government.
In order to fully understand the factors affecting social vulnerability of a community, consider the
following:
A. Type of community – Those living in subdivisions are better off financially than others thus, they are
more capable in reducing the risk of disasters.
B. The composition of community. - The very old and weak and the very young including pregnant
women must be identified and their safety must be given priority due to their incapability to protect and save
themselves.

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Housing structures. - type of housing must be identified, so as to determine the vulnerability of the
community.
VI. Reflection
The vulnerability of physical elements depends upon the location where buildings or infrastructure was
built, while social vulnerability depends on combination of political, cultural, and personal characteristics.
The following are elements exposed to vulnerability. Write P if it is physical vulnerability, write S if it is social
vulnerability in the space provided for each number.
_______1. Roads
_______2. Beliefs
_______3. Bridges
_______4. Culture
_______5. Buildings
Essay
What are the possible threat or consequences if a house or building does not conforms to the existing
laws and building codes?
VIII. Reference

IX. Answer Key
Pre-Assessment Post Assessment

1. d 1. P
2. c 2. S
3. e 3. P
4. b 4. S
5. a 5. P

Feature 5 4 3 2
Page 29 of 77
the meaning.
Week
4 Day 2
exposed to hazards:
1. Physical
2. Social
3. Economic
4. Environmental
element
II. Competency: Recognize vulnerabilities of different elements exposed to specific hazards.
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to recognize vulnerabilities of different
elements exposed to specific hazards.
IV. Pre-Assessment
Fill in the blank
1. ___________________is the characteristic of the community as being susceptible or prone to hazard or

disaster.
2. ___________________ vulnerability pertains to the physical aspect of the community, the people, and the
infrastructures.
3. ___________________vulnerability is the incapability of the community to survive the hostile effects of
threats of disasters.
4. ___________________vulnerability may be associated with the financial status of a person to stay in a safer
place and build a safer home.
5. ___________________vulnerability pertains to environment and natural resources vulnerable to disasters.
VULNERABILITY OF EXPOSED ELEMENTS

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In this lesson we are going to continue our discussion about vulnerability of exposed elements. Last
time we already discuss about vulnerability of physical and social elements. Let us discuss about vulnerability of
environmental elements, and economic elements.
III. Vulnerability of Environmental Elements
Environmental vulnerability pertains to the physical aspect of the environment which may be at risk to
the occurrence of disasters. Our forest mountain, and seas are also considered as vulnerable elements of
disasters. The earth in its entirety is in distress due to global warming and climate change.
Environmental factors may reduce or increase the risk of disasters. Islands for instance, may reduce the
impact of storm surge or tsunami. Mountainous regions on the other hand may mitigate the devastating effects
of floods. However the capability of the environment to reduce the impact of disasters are reduced by:
1. Poor environmental practices like illegal logging, dynamite fishing, and illegal mining activities.
2. Pollution – water and soil pollution.
3. Lack of urban planning that leads to the destruction of our seas and mountains.
IV. Vulnerability of Economic Elements
Economic elements may pertain to small, medium, and large enterprises that provides job and
manufactured products. These elements are likewise vulnerable to disasters. In times of natural calamities,
their products may be damaged, production may be lessened and so supply may be affected. There are also
instances wherein disaster can lead to loss of job or loss of the business.
To understand the concept of vulnerability of economic elements, we must consider the question “Are
we financially capable to reduce the risk of disasters and ultimately cope with its effects?” The poor as stated in
earlier discussion are more susceptible to the risk of hazards because of the incapability to afford a safe
housing, pay hospital bills when victimized by disasters, and buy safety gadgets during disasters like gas mask,
mosquito repellant, and even water craft for safety during typhoons.
VI. Reflection
Vulnerability of environmental elements pertains to the physical aspect of the environment (forest,
mountains and seas) which may be at risk to the occurrence of disaster. Vulnerability of economic elements
simply pertains to enterprises, production and manufacturing firms which are likewise vulnerable to disasters.
A B
_______1. Forest a. Physical Element

_______2. Enterprises b. Environmental Element

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_______3. Infrastructure c. Social Element
_______4. Society d. Economic Element
e. Technological Element
Essay
In your own point of view, what is/are the worse effect/s if economic elements are much affected by
disasters? Explain.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________
VIII. Reference


Page 32 of 77
XI. Answer Key
Pre-Assessment
1. Vulnerability
2. Physical Vulnerability
3. Social Vulnerability
4. Economic Vulnerability
5. Environmental Vulnerability
Post Assessment
1. b
2. d
3. a
4. c

Feature 5 4 3 2
the meaning.

Page 33 of 77
Week
4 Day 3
exposed to hazards:
1. Physical
2. Social
3. Economic
4. Environmental
element
II. Competency: Differentiate among hazards, exposure, and vulnerabilities and explain the relationship of the
three to disaster risk.
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to differentiate among hazards, exposure, and
vulnerabilities and explain the relationship of the three to disaster risk.
IV. Pre-Assessment
Social vulnerability, may be due to the principles and beliefs of the people in a certain locality. It
includes aspects related to the following except one. Identify it and explain why.
a. Awareness of the people to disasters.

b. The existence of emergency-pareparedness plan.
c. Access to basic social services.
d. Compromising the structural stability of a building to minimized cost.
e. Customs and traditions.
f. Leadership of government officials.
Disaster Risk, Exposure, Hazards and Vulnerability
In our previous lessons, we are already familiar about the following; disaster, risk, hazard, and
vulnerability. Risk is used interchangeably with hazard. However in the field of disaster management, risk is
different from hazard Risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability. It is simplified by the formula:
Hazard x vulnerability = Risk
The increase of either of the two factors will ”risk” as the product. Thus as the probability of
hazard increases, so does the risk increases. Further, as the degree of vulnerability increases, so does risk also

Page 34 of 77
increase. Exposure pertains to the location, attributes, and value of assets that are important to communities
(people, buildings, factories, farmland, etc.) and that could be affected by a hazard.
How to deal with Risk?
1. Risk Identification
At home, in the workplace, ,in school or anywhere we go, we should be able to determine possible risk
factors like the branch of a tree which may possibly fall, an open manhole along the street, electric wires which
may possibly be a source of short circuit and others.
2. Risk Classification
All risk must be identified as minor or major risk. By classifying risk, we may be able to prioritize which
of the risk shall be addressed first.
3. Risk Acceptance
Acknowledge the presence of risk and start planning on how to deal with it.
Example:
A house built under the bridge is vulnerable to disaster. The owner of the house must accept this fact in
order to come up with measures to reduce the risk. Some measure may include the transfer of house or
relocation even without warnings during a torrential rain.
4. Risk Avoidance
Prevent the development of risk into hazard.

Example:
When an area is already declared by concerned authorities to be vulnerable to risks like earthquake or
landslide, one must never build structures there anymore. This is simply avoidance.
5. Risk Reduction
Lessen the hazard that may be posed by the presence of risk.

Example:
Illegal mining must be strongly enforced in identified places to reduce the occurrence of sinkholes,
landslides and flashfloods.
6. Risk Transfer.
This pertains to the assignment of burden to third party like insurance companies.
VI. Reflection
Risk is the product of hazard and vulnerability, mathematically speaking, risk is directly proportional to
hazard and vulnerability. Exposure is simply people, buildings, etc. that could be affected by hazard. We can
deal wit risk by identification, classification, acceptance, avoidance, reduction and risk transfer.

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Consult a dictionary or surf the net and find the meaning of Risk and Hazard. In your own
understanding differentiate the meaning of risk and hazard.
VIII. Reference

IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
d. Compromising the structural stability of a building to minimized cost.
Post Assessment
Feature 5 4 3 2
the meaning.
Week
5 Day 1
1. Concept of hazard
2. Types of hazards
3. The impact of various hazards
II. Competency: Define and cite examples of the types of hazards.

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III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to define and cite examples of the types of
hazards.
IV. Pre-Assessment
Fill in the blanks

Exposure Risk Hazard Vulnerability
Disaster
1. ____________________ pertains to anything that disrupts the normal functioning of people, events, and
circumstances.
2. ____________________ pertains to the weakened capability of a person or group of persons to prepare,
manage, and recover from the impact of natural or man-made disaster.
3. ____________________ pertains to any condition or circumstances that endangers a person, thing, or
situation.
4. ____________________ is the assessed damaged to a person or property as a result of hazard.
5. ____________________ pertains to the location, attributes, and value of assets that are important to
communities and that could be affected by a hazard.
HAZARD
Hazard refers to anything which may be a source of probable damage to man, animals, and properties.
Generally speaking, hazard is a threat. It would cause harm even to human activity and environment.
Classification of Hazards
Hazards are classified by the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center as either naturìl, quasi-natural, or technologic
1. Natural hazards are those which are caused by forces in our environment that disrupts human activity, or
that may cause damage or injury to life and propèrty. Earthquakes, floods, and thunderstorms are examples of
natural hazards.
2. Quasi-natural hazards are the second classification of hazards. These are hazards which resulted from
natural process and intervention of human activities.
An example of quasi-natural hazard is smog.
Smog is a type of pollution in the air like haze. The difference is that smog is a mixture of smoke and fog, while
haze is a mixture of dust, smoke, and other dry particles. Smog is considered as quasi-natural hazard as it may
be the result of forest fire caused by human in which smoke is mixed with the air.
Haze is also classified as a quazi-natural hazard.The latest incident on haze is that which occurred in September
of 2015. The disaster was termed as the 2015 Southeast Asian haze. It originated in Indonesia, caused by firms

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and farmers who were engaged in cutting and burning plants and trees during the dry season. The smoke mixed
with some dry particles in the air reached several countries including the Philippines.
3. Technolpgical (or man-made) hazards are those arising from industrial conditions like accidents and
equipment malfunction which may cause loss of lives of poeple, animals, and properties.In the history of
technological hazards, the most recent is that of which occurred in a warehouse wall in Guiguinto, Bulacan in
January 20, 2015. This hazard resulted in a disastrous event as it resulted to the death of 11 people with several
injured and properties smashed.
A typology based on Hewitt and Burton (1971) in classifying hazards was enumerated by the Asian Disaster
Preparedness Center and it is summarized as follows:
1. Atmospheric - These are hazards which transpire on the earth's atmosphere. Atmospheric hazard may cause
asphyxiation, irritation, and injuries.
Single element Combined elements/ events

Excess rainfall Hurricanes
Freezing rain (glaze) 'Glaze' storms
Hail Thunderstorms
Heavy snowfalls Blizzards
High wind speeds Tornadoes
Extreme temperatures Heat/cold stress
Atmospheric
2. Hydrologic - this refers to anything which has a connection with water in any form or propertiés and its
distribution. Some of the identified hydrologic hazards are:
Floods — river and coastal

Wave action
Drought
Rapid glacier advance
3. Geologic - this pertains to anything in connection with earth surface resembling to soil, lands, and minerals.
Among the natural hazards and possible disasters to be considered are:
Mass-movement
Landslides
Mudslides
Avalanches
Earthquake
Volcanic eruption
Rapid sediment movement
4. Biologic - this is also known as biohazards. It refers to any organic substance like bacteria, virus, birds and
the like which may cause potential threat or danger to other living organisms
like humans and animals.

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Epidemic in humans
Epidemic in plants
Epidemic in animals
5. Technologic - these may refer to equipment malfunction in industries that poses threat to lives and
properties. Examples are:
Transport accidents
Industrial explosions and fires
Accidental release of toxic chemicals
Nuclear accidents
Collapse of public buildings
VI. Reflection
Hazard is simply a source of danger. It is classified as either natural or man-made.
A B
_______1.Excess rainfall a. Thunderstorms

_______2.Freezing rain (glaze) b. Hurricanes
_______3.Hail c. Heat/cold stress
_______4.Heavy snowfalls d. 'Glaze' storms
_______5.High wind speeds e. Blizzards
_______6.Extreme temperatures f. Tornadoes
Atmospheric g. Precipitation
VIII. Reference

Page 39 of 77
IX. Answer Key

1. Disaster 1. b
2. Vulnerability 2. d
3. Hazard 3. a
4. Risk 4. e
5. Exposure 5. f
6. c
Week 5 Day 2
2. Types of hazards
II. Competency: Define and cite examples of the types of hazards.
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to define and cite examples of the types of
hazards.
IV. Pre-Assessment
Classify the following hazards. Write A – athmospheric, H – hydrologic, G – geologic, B – biologic.
______1. Floods
______2. Mudslides
______3. Hail
______4. Nuclear acidents
______5. Rapid glacier advance

Page 40 of 77
HAZARD
In this lesson we are going to continue our discussion about hazards and its classifications.
According to the Center for Environmental Geomatics, Manila. Philippines, hazards may be categorized into
two. These are the following:
1. Natural hazards
Any natural process which has the possibility to cause damage to life and property is considered natural
hazards. Climate and weather-related hazards falls under this classification. Examples of natural' hazards are:
a. Typhoon
b. Droughts
c. Earthquakes
d. Volcanic eruptions and
e. tsunamis
Climate and Weather-related Hazards
Climate and weather-related hazards are types of natural hazards which have a direct effect to people's
lives and properties.The Philippines for instance, has a tropical rainforest type of climate. This type of climate is
characterized by high temperature and high atmospheric humidity. However, when the season pertaining to
high temperature is prolonged and became excessive, it is already called EI Nifio. This phenomenon can cause
damage to crops and animals and to people as well.
Geophysical Hazards
Geophysical events are normal occurrences of forces of the earth. However, when these events cause
destruction to life and properties, they are already classified as geophysical hazards.
Geophysical hazards have different categorization. These categories are made by the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and the Earthquake and Natural Resource Atlas of the Philippines of
1998. These are the following:
1.Earthquakes
Earthquake is the result of the sudden slip on a fault in the earth. As a result, the ground shaking would be felt.
Earthquake may be due to some natural occurrences or man-made events. Natural causes of earthquake
includes volcanic or magmatic activity and movement of fault lines. Man-made causes of earthquake includes
mining and man-made explosions.
2.Earthquake-induced landslides
This is the downslope movement of soil and rock as a result of earthquake.

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3.Tsunamis
This phenomenon may be associated with earthquake or volcanic eruption in which a large sea wave is formed
that may drowned people, animals and properties including huge buildings.
4. Volcanic eruptions.
The flow of lahar and the accent of magma are the two most distressing effects of volcanic eruptions.
2. Anthropogenic hazards.
Anthropogenic, or man-made, hazards include pollution, deforestation, mining and climate change. Generally.
anthropogenic hazard is the result of the humans act or omission. Burning of waste is an example of human act
leading to smog while the refusal of using toxic chemicals may lead to damage ozone layer. These two
combined may aggravate global warming.
Other Classifications of Hazards
1. Multiple hazards
When A volcano erupts and at the same time or at a certain lapse of time an earthquake occurs hitting the
same there arises multiple hazard situation.
2. Secondary hazard
Seeondavy hazards are those which resulted from other hazard events.
For instance. an earthquake occur and as a result of building collapsed, dam failed. Tsunami and landslide
occurred, In this case, earthquake is consideted as the primary hazard and collapsed building, tsunanti and
landslide considered secondary hazards.
3. Chronic hazards
Chronic hazards are those which accumulate over time and cause by a long or repeated exposures. Global
warming may be considered as a chronic hazard as it is not n result of only one event and the continuous
condition may cause harmful damage to humans and animals and even to the environment.
Natural Hazards and Human Intervention
Human's action or inaction has a direct impact on the occurrence of disasters. However, it is more
important to note that there actions or inactions must not be the cause of incidents leading to disasters.
It is therefore important to note that in our action. we must consider its effects to the occurrence ot'
natural hazards. The following are the reminders about human intervention to natural hazards:
1. Human intervention has direct impact to natural hazards.

For example:
When the landslide area is removed to make room for the establishment of another community. the
authorities åre putting again the people in danger.
2. Human intervention may also result to the emergence of another hazard.
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Example:
Lakes may not be sources of hazard until they were privately occupied by the people, forming a community and
dumping their waste to it. Lakes. due to human intervention resulted to the hazards of red tide phenomena to
marine life.
3. Human intervention may diminish the natural characteristics of the environment to reduce the risk of hazard.
Example:
Dynamite fishing damages the natural ecosystem of the sea which may also lead to weaken capability of the sea
environment to mitigate the devastating effects of tsunami and storm surge.Dynamite not only kills the fish that
live in the reef but also the reef.
VI. Reflection
One of the cause of hazards is human intervention. It is a negligence and misuse of the environment
and natural resources, illegal logging and illegal mining are some of the examples which resulted to flashfloods
and landslides.
Enumeration
Natural Hazard Geophysical Hazard
1. ______________________________ 1.______________________________
2. ______________________________ 2.______________________________
3. ______________________________ 3.______________________________
4. ______________________________ 4.______________________________
5.______________________________
VIII. Reference

Desire G. Estrada et.al pp 48 - 51
IX. Answer Key

Page 43 of 77
1. H 1. typhoon 1. earthquaake
2. G 2. drought 2. earthquake-induced landslides
3. A 3. earthquakes 3. Tsunamis
4. T 4. volcanic eruptions 4. volcanic eruptions
5. G 5. Tsunami
Week
5 Day 3
2. Types of hazards
II. Competency: Explain the impact of various hazards on people and the environment
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to explain the impact of various hazards on
people and the environment
IV. Pre-Assessment
Enumerate the classifications of hazards as enumerated by the Asian Disaster Preparedness Center.
1.____________________________________
2.____________________________________
3.____________________________________
4.____________________________________
5.____________________________________
The Impact of Various Hazards
Hazards produce different impacts to people, animals, industry and agriculture. The impacts may
greatly affect these factors. All types of hazards can have primary, secondary and tertiary effects. The primary,
secondary and tertiary effects of disasters are discussed below.
1. Primary effect
These are those which occur as a consequence of the hazard itself.
Example:
a. Clogging of water drainage during a flood
b. Buildings collapsed during an earthquake

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2. Secondary Effects
These are the result or outcome of primary effects of hazards.
Example:
a. Ignition of fire as a result of earthquakes
b. Electrical power and water service interruption
as a result of an earthquake.
3. Tertiary effects are long-term effects as a result of a primary event.

Example:
a. Loss of habitat caused by a flood
b. Permanent changes in the position of river
channel caused by flood
c. Crop failure caused by a volcanic eruption
The typical effects of natural hazards, in general terms, are:
Loss of life, injury, disruption of human activities

Disruption of essential services
Damage to property, damage to infrastructure
Damage to crops and trees
Loss of livelihood, economic loss of the community
Psycho-social traumatic effects
Alteration of geological settings
VI. Reflection
The tertiry effect of hazard is the most severe because of its long term effects. It will take a long period
of time to recover. For example lost of habitat due to volcanic erptions or the collapse of buildings and houses
due to earthquake.
Determine whether the following effecs of hazards are Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary.
____________________1.River erosion due to floods.

____________________2.Failure to grow crop due to lahar deposit
____________________3.Factory fires due to earthquake.
____________________4.Forest fire due to thunderstorms.
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____________________5.Houses collapsed duo to Inndslide.
____________________6. Disruption of work duo to typhoon.

____________________7.Suspension of classes due to typhoon.
____________________8.Change in the dept h of sen duo to tsunami.
____________________9.Loss of houses due to floods.
____________________10.Clogging of canals due to flood.
VIII. References
Disasters What You Should Know Disaster Risk Reduction for the Youth
And What You Should Do Leoncio A. Amadore et.al pp 25
Desire G. Estrada et.al pp 51 - 54
IX. Answer Key
Pre-Assessment
1.Athmospheric
2. Hydrologic
3. Geologic
4. Biologic
5. echnologic
Post Assessment
1. Tertiary 6. Secondary
3. Secondary 8. Secondary
4. Secondary 9. Tertiary
Week 6 Day 1
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Potential earthquake hazards:
1. Ground shaking
2. Ground rupture
3. Liquefaction
4. Earthquake-induced ground subsidence
5. Tsunami
6. Earthquake-induced landslide
II. Competency: Identify various potential earthquake hazards
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to identify various potential earthquake hazards
IV. Pre-Assessment
To reduce the long term effect of earthquake, the following are some recommendations when buildingg a
house or infrastructure except one. Explain the one you choose.
1. Consult Engineers and Architects.

2. Must conform with the building codes.
3. Must not be located near a seashore.
4. Must be well decorated and fully furnished.
5. Must not be build in landslide prone areas.
Earthquake Hazard
Earthquake causes many hazards. hazards largely depend on its strength or seisrnic activity. Other
factors will also affect the hazards of earthquake. Sorne of these factors include standard of building or house
construction, the quality of soil or geological component and the depth of groundwater.
Earthquake hazards are classified as either prirnary or secondary. Primary earthquake
hazards are ground shaking, landslides. liquefaction and surface rupture. Secondary earthquake hazards are
those which arises out from the primary hazards, and may often be more disastrous. Secondary hazards include
tsunami,
seiche, flooding, and fire.
Ground Shaking

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Ground shaking is the first stage of earthquake hazard. Though it is only the first stage, it may result to
the collapsed of buildings, houses, bridges and roads. The collapsed of different structures may be due to the
shaking or subsidence. Subsidence is the settling of the ground due to the movement which resulted to
earthquakes.
Ground shaking which is the first stage of earthquake hazard is affected by different factors. Some of
these factors include topography, bedrock type, and the location and orientation of the fault rupture. All of
these affect the way the seismic waves travel through the ground. The strength of ground shaking is influenced
by the following:
1. Conditions of the local geology - This means that loose sediment may be subjected more to intense shaking
than solid bedrock.
2. Length of time of shaking and intensity of the earthquake - These are subject generally to the dimension
covered by the earthquake.
3. Distance: The strength of shaking decreases as the distance goes farther from the center of earthquake.
Ground Rupture
Ground rupture is also called surface rupture. It refers to the misalignment of the ground surface due to
earthquake. This occurs when the split of fault spreads to the earth's surface. Ground rupture may tore
buildings, houses, roads and other infrastructures into pieces. A wide ground rupture may even swallow
properties like cars.
There are two kinds of surface rupture. One is normal-and reverse-and the other is strike-slip. Normal
and-reverse rupture is collectively called dip-slip. This kind of rupture produces vertical offset. On the other
hand, strike-slip faulting results to lateral offsets. .Numerous earthquake surface ruptures are fusions of normal-
and-reverse and strike-slip ruptures. Buildings and houses which are built on a surface fault are vulnerable to
these kind of hazard. To avoid being victimized of surface rupture, avoid building structures at or near these
hazards.
Liquefaction
Liquefaction is another kind of earthquake hazard. It is likened to that of quicksand. Liquefaction occurs
when water-logged sediments at or near the ground surface weakened due to strong ground shaking.
Liquefaction is generated by strong ground shaking due to earthquake. Liquefaction usually occurs in water
saturated soils like those communities near rivers, lakes and seashores.
Liquefaction is another kind of natural phenomenon. It occurs usually after an earthquake in which the
strength of the soil is reduced. The weakening of soil may result to the fall or leaning of some buildings. Some
may view the fall of buildings and other properties or even humans as being swallowed by the soil.
Liquefaction is due to the physical properties of the earth's surface. The ground is made up of several
layers of soil which is mixed with waters in between. The layers of the soil shakes during an earthquake which
may also result to the displacement of water and redistribution of soil. This phenomenon will eventually result
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for the top layer of soil to liquefy.
Liquefaction may occur at a certain area depending on several factors. These include the following:
1. ratio of liquid and soil layers of the earth;
2. the size of the grain of soil and its distribution and consistency;
3. earthquake factors like intensity and frequency; and
4. the grain shape of the soil and its depth.
VI. Reflection
It is indeed important that we must be aware of earthquake hazards. Earthquake is dangerous if we are
in the wrong place when it happens. The first thing to do during earthquake is move to a safe place, keep calm
and don’t panic. Observe precautionary measures during and after earthquake.
Determine whether the following earthquake hazards are Primary or Secondary. Write P if it is a Primary effect
and S for Secondary effect.
_____1. Sieche
_____2. Floods
_____3. Factory fires due to earthquake
_____4. Surface Rupture
_____5. Earthquake induced-landslide
_____6. Liquefaction
_____7. Ground Rupture
_____8. Tsunami
_____9. Floods
_____10. Ground shaking
VIII. Reference

Desire G. Estrada et.al pp 56 – 63 and 77
IX. Answer Key

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Pre-Assessment
4. Must be well decorated and fully furnished.

Feature 5 4 3 2
the meaning.
Post Assessment
1. P 2. S 3. S 4. P 5. S 6. P 7. P 8. S 9. S 10. P
Week 6 Day 2
1. Ground shaking
2. Ground rupture
3. Liquefaction
5. Tsunami
II. Competency: Recognize the natural signs of an impending tsunami;
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to recognize the natural signs of an
impending tsunami.

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IV. Pre-Assessment
1. The following are safety tips during an earthquake.

2. Determine whether the precautions should be done, before, during or after an earthquake.
3. Write your answer on the space provided.
_____ 1. Protecting self from falling objects.

_____ 2. Fixing furniture at home.
_____ 3. Preparing emergency foods.
_____4. Discussing in advance details of emergency with
the family.
_____ 5. Opening doors and windows to secure an exit.
Tsunami
Tsunami in its non-teehnical terms called tidal wave. These are seen as big waves which were fortmed
as a result of having an epicenter in our ocean. Aside from earthquake, tsunami may also be generated by
volcanic eruption or submarine landslide.
Tsunami caused waves as high as 30 feet (9 meters) depending on the geographical location of areas
which may be affected by it. Some witnesses on the incidence of tsunami revealed that the phenomenon is like
an ocean rushing to the seashore and flooding the entire community. The strength of tsunami waves can be
seen by it lifting houses, cars and stones. It's turbulence underwater can likewise pull people underneath.
Warning Signs and Safety Precautions of Tsunami
Before the occurrence of tsunami there are several warning signs which may be considered for safety.
These are the following:
1. The occurrence of an earthquake. Strong earthquakes which originated in the ocean definitely gives rise to
tsunamis.
2. Obvious drop or upsurge in the water level. If the drop or upsurge of water level is unusual, expect that
possible occurrence of tsunami.
3. Exposed seafloor due to receding ocean. Upon seeing this, people only have 5 minutes to ran for safety.
4. The first tsunami wave is not the last. Always remember that tsunami is a succession of waves. Succeeding
waves may come from 5 minutes to I hour. It is therefore important to stay on a safe place and definitely away
from the shoreline.
5. Do not underestimate the effects or strength of tsunami based on the height of tsunami. Small waves may be
the first to run ashore but the biggest may follow.
6. Stay away from any bodies of water like rivers. streams and the beach as tsunami may use this as their path
in returning to the ocean.
7. Always be prepared. Store emergency supplies sufficient for several days.
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Detecting a Tsunami
The phrase stop, look and listen is not applicable only on traffic safety. It is also useful as a method of
detecting tsunami and may be considered for safety.
STOP
•When you notice something unusual. stop on whatever you are doing.
•Stop also in case there is earthquake. Remember that earthquakes may cause tsunamis.
•When you sense and earthquake, stop and don't panic. Feel if there is something unusual happening
in the ocean.
LOOK
• Look if the ocean is receding, exposing the ocean floor, reefs, rocks, and fishes on the sea bottom.
• Look for sudden rise and fall of water.
LISTEN
•Listen for a sound similar to that of a train or jet aircraft.
•If you hear the roaring sound, run immediately.
VI. Reflection
Usually people living near a seashore are vulnerable to tsunami after an earthquake. It is highly
recommended to follow the phrase STOP, LOOK, and LISTEN for safety.
Essay
Search the web and differentiate tsunami from seiche. Explain.
VIII. Reference

IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
1. During
2. After
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3. Before
4 Before
5. Before
Post Assessment
Feature 5 4 3 2
the meaning.
Week 6 Day 3
1. Ground shaking
2. Ground rupture
3. Liquefaction
5. Tsunami
II. Competency: Analyze the effects of the different earthquake hazards
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to analyze the effects of the different
earthquake hazards
IV. Pre-Assessment
Write T if the statement id true and F if the statement is false.
_____1. The first main earthquake hazard is ground shaking.

_____2. Secondary earthquake hazards are those that are caused by the primary Hazards.
_____3. Groundshaking is an offset of the ground surface when fault rupture extends to the Earth's surface.
_____4. Ground rupture is the mixing of sand or soil and groundwater during the shaking of a moderate or
strong earthquake.
_____5. Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake
shaking or other rapid loading.
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Effects of Earthquake Hazards
1. Ground Shaking
During an earthquake, different seismic waves are produced either horizontal or vertical. Seismic waves cause
the shaking of structures in all possible directions. This makes the structure weak by making the joints loose an
sometimes causes tilting and the collapse of a structure which may lead to loss of life and property. If an
earthquake lasted for a long time then the effect of ground shaking will leads to collapsing of more structures
and losses of lives of humans and animals. With the help of ground accelerator; ground shaking is measured.
2. Liquefaction of soil
Liquefaction of soil is one of the alternative effects of ground shaking. When water-saturated granular material
like sand loses its strength temporarily; it gets converted into a liquid state from solid and hence liquefaction
takes place. This generally causes sinking and tilting of rigid structures like buildings and sometimes leads to
complete collapsing of the structure.
3. Settlement of soil
The shaking of an earthquake acts like a natural vibrator for soil causing the removal of air voids and shifting of
water present in soil from one place to another by means of natural pressure. This causes the settlement of soil
to a high extent. It results in the settlement, tilting and sometimes may lead to the complete collapse of
structures.
4. Ground Rupture
Ground rupture is the visible breaking and displacement of the Earth's surface along the trace of the fault,
which may be small or large in extent. During shaking of an earthquake, stresses are produced in the ground
leading to ground rupture. Structures like Dams, Nuclear Power Stations, Bridges, tunnels, pipelines, roads etc
are at high risk of ground rupture.
5. Landslides
An earthquake causes slope instability by shaking the slopy land in all possible directions. This causes the
landslides that result in the loss of thousands of lives and properties. Sometimes landslide is so big that it nearly
destroys the hill completely. The probability of person travelling through road media has 1 in 5000 probability
of dying and person travelling air medium has 1 in 1000000 probability of dying. About 20-30% of people who
die in the road accident is due to landslide and rockfall. Rockfall is also a type of landslide which also occurs due
to an earthquake.
Source: https://dreamcivil.com/effects-of-earthquake/

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General Adverse Effects of Earthquakes
The effects of severe earthquakes are almost always experienced over a large region causing
destruction of houses, buildings, and other structures with consequences of killing and injuring people and
livestock:
•Strong ground motions can cause partial or total damage to infrastructures like houses, buildings, roads,
bridges, dams, power plants, ports, communication towers, and water supply lines.
•Fires may occur due to electrical short circuiting, ignited gas or kerosene that might have leaked out from
broken stoves, gas pipes, gas tanks, or lamps.
•The sudden vibration of the ground can shear and crush building frames, break window glasses, topple towers
or spires, and sometimes jerk people and loose objects out of their positions.
•Strong ground motion may trigger landslides in many places. Landslides oftentimes disrupt transport system
which in turn creates shortage of food and other commodities to communities that are isolated.
•Strong ground motion can cause liquefaction of the soil under special circumstances, which causes the failure
of the foundations of even strong buildings.
•Contamination of water supply by seepage through broken water mains or wells often takes place
•Mental anguish or trauma is experienced because of sudden loss of family members and property.
•Some earthquakes originating under the ocean generate a series of giant ocean waves called tsunamis or
seismic sea waves.
VI. Reflection
The impact of earthquake hazards causes serious damage to people not only in their lives but also in
their livelihood. It is therefore reasonable to consider the laws regarding the construction of buildings and
infrastructures in order to lessen or minimized the effects of earthquake hazards.
Write T if the statement id true and F if the statement is false.
_____1. Soil liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength and stiffness of a soil is reduced by
earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.
_____2. Liquefaction occurs in saturated soils, that is, soils in which the space between individual particles is
completely filled with water.
_____3. The lowering of the ground surface which often occurs during Earthquakes is called liquefaction.
_____4. Tsunamis are long wavelength oceanic waves generated by the sudden displacement of seawater by a
shallow earthquake.
_____5. An earthquake is a natural tsunami warning. A seiche is the effect of the sloshing of water back and
forth.
Safety Tips during Earthquake

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The following are safety tips during an earthquake. Determine whether the precautions should be
done, before, during or after an earthquake. Write your answer on the space provided.
___________1. Moving to an open area.

___________2. When driving a vehicle, pulling to the side and stop.
___________3. Helping other casualties of the earthquake.
___________4. Checking electrical lines for defects.
___________5. Going out when inside a weak building.
VIII. References
Disasters What You Should Know Disaster Risk Reduction For The Youth
And What You Should Do Leoncio A. Amadore et.al pp 37 – 38
Source: https://dreamcivil.com/effects-of-earthquake/
IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. T
Post Assessment
1. F 1. During
2. T 2. During
3. F 3. After
4. T 4. After
5. T 5. During

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Week
7 Day 1
1. Ground shaking
2. Ground rupture
3. Liquefaction
5. Tsunami
II. Competency: Interpret different earthquake hazard maps
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to Interpret different earthquake hazard
maps.
IV. Pre-Assessment
Write T if the statement is true, write F if the statement is false.
_____1. Loose sediment may be subjected more to intense shaking than solid bedrock.
_____2. The strength of shaking decreases as the distance goes farther from the center of eartquake.
_____3. Liquefaction depends on ratio of liquid and soil layers of the earth.
_____4. Ground shaking is the second stage of earthquake hazards.
_____5. Tsunami and seiche are the same.
The Philippine Hazard Map
The Philippine hazard map was published at vm.observatory.ph. The hazard map was prepared by the
Manila Observatory and the Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The Manila Observatory which
is a scientific research institution in the field of atmospheric and earth science in the Philippines and Southeast
Asian Region, is also committed in pre-disaster science leading to the publication of the hazard map illustrated
below.

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Legend:
Red – High
Orange – Medium
Yellow – Low
White – No Risk
The Manila trench makes La Union and Pangasinan are prone to earthquakes. While Philippine trench
makes Surigao del Sur and Davao Oriental an earthquake hazards. Ifugao is also identified as an earthquake risk
area due to its being vulnerable to disaster.
Risk to Volcanic Eruptions
The Philippines lies within the Ring of Fire. This means that the Philippines is one of the countries which
is located in the basin of Pacific ocean where earthquake and volcanic eruption usually occur. The country is
located in a place with almost series of volcanic arcs which makes it prone to volcanic eruption. The most recent
volcanic eruption in the country which resulted to lahar flow rising to devastation in most part of Central Luzon
is the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo in 1991.
Factors affecting the extent of risk of the top 10 identified provinces are:
1. Distance from Sulu Trench and Cotabato Trench.

2. Population density
3. Degree of vulnerability

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Map Source: http://vm.observatory.ph/geophys_maps.html
VI. Reflection
The degree or level of risk of earthquake hazards based on the hazard map depends on geographical
location of a specific region or locality. Mountainous areas are prone to landslide while those that are near to
coastal areas are prone to tsunami.
Essay
What is/are the importance of hazard map? What are its implication to our daily life? Explain.
VIII. References
Disasters What You Should Know Map Source: http://vm.observatory.ph/geophys_maps.html

IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
1. T
2. T
3. T
4. F
5. F
Post Assessment
Feature 5 4 3 2
the meaning.
Week 7 Day 2

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Signs of impending volcanic eruptions
Potential volcano-related hazards:
1. Lahar
2. Ash fall
3. Pyroclastic flow
4. Ballistic Projectile
5. Volcanic Glasses
6. Lava flow
II. Competency: Explain various volcano-related hazards
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to explain various volcano-related hazards
IV. Pre-Assessment
Enumeration. Give at least five (5) active volcanoes here in the Philippines.
1.______________________
2.______________________
3.______________________
4.______________________
5.______________________
Volcano Related Hazards
Volcanoes are interesting geophysical formations on earth. Some are even tourist attractions like the
Mt. Mayon in Albay and the Mt. Pinatubo in the boundary of Pampanga, Tarlac and Zambales. Though very
captivating as they may seem, volcanoes may also pose threat to life and properties especially the active and
the potentially active ones which has the tendency to erupt. When volcanoes erupt, they produce several
hazards which is dangerous to anything and anyone affected by it. Some Of the hazards brought by an erupting
volcano includes lahar, ash fall, pyroclastic density currents, toxic volcanic gasses and lava flows. The hazards
posed by volcanic eruption are listed by the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology as follows:
1. Lahar
Lahar is a name from Indonesia. It is sometimes called mudflows or volcanic debris flows characterized
by the flowing mixtures of volcanic debris and water. Lahars are mudflows which compose of volcanic remains
like rocks, lava and ashes.
Classifications of Lahar
1. Primary lahar - this is also known as hot lahar. This kind of lahar is related directly with volcanic eruption
2. Secondary lahar - this is also called cold lahar, this kind of lahar is caused by heavy rainfall.

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Lahar is a kind of volcanic hazard. It is responsible in distributing volcanic ashes and debris. Those
volcanic ashes and debris which had reached a particular destination may be redistributed again by lahar.
How lahar is produced?
According to PHIVOLCS, lahar is produce through the following:

1. When the crater lake was drained. Crater lake may be drained causing lahar or mudflow due to the following:
a. intense eruption
b. ruin crater fall
2. Movement of a pyroclastic flow into a river or lake, displacing and mixing with water.
3. Fall of water-sustained rock debris due to heavy rains.
4. Heavy rainfall on loose volcanic deposits on the hill of a volcano (e.g. Pinatubo).
5. Failure of a temporary dam to hold the mass of volcanic debris.
Situations Leading to the Formation of Lahar
•Collapsing of slope and mixed with accumulated water going down from a volcano.
•In cold countries, melting of snow and ice during volcanic eruption leads to the formation of lahar.
•Heåvy rainfall on loose volcanic debris may result to secondary or cold lahar.
•When a volcano erupts through a crater lake.
•When a volcano wall collapse leading to the overflow of crater lake.
Characteristics of Lahar
1. Lahars moves like liquids having a consistency of a wet cement because they contain volcanic debris.
2. They flow downhill.
3. They follow the paths of waters and valleys.
4. Lahar can spread out upon if they reach an even area.
5. Lahars can travel at speeds of over 80 kph (50 mph).
6. Lahars can reach distances dozens of miles from their source.
7. Lahar has the capability to retain enough heat to still be 60-700C (140-1600F) when they come to rest. This is
possible if they were generated by a volcanic eruption.
Destructive Effects of Lahar
Lahars are very damaging. Although they are not as fast or hot, as other volcanic hazards, they pose
great damage and ruined to anything they pass unto.
1. Lahars bury anything in their path. Their deposits on farm lands, roads and houses take time to be
removed.
2. Lahars swept away everything that cannot get out of its path.

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Mitigating the Effects of Lahar
1. Evacuate immediately when warning has been issued by competent authorities.

2. Directing the flow of lahar away from buildings and people may be done to mitigate its effects.
3. Never establish housing, commercial buildings and others on areas which may be potential path of lahars.
2. Lava flow
•Lava is molten rock with highly elongated mass that flows out of a volcano.
•The rate of lava flow is estimated at 3km/day in case the lava is slightly high viscosity or 45 km/hour in case the
lava is low in viscosity
•Subject on its structure and hotness, lava can be very watery or very sticky.
•Lava which is high in viscosity are not as hot as those with low viscosity
•Lava with high viscosity moves into a shorter distance
•Lava which is watery are hotter
•Lava with low viscosity or watery move faster than those with high viscosity
•Lava in fluid structure can form creeks or rivers
•Unlike lahar, lava flow cannot be diverted. However, they don't move faster, thus it can be easily avoided.
• Lava flows are tremendously hot.
• Lava flows has a temperature ranging between 1 000 – 2 000°C
• Due to its very high temperature, lava flows can cause life-threatening burns to persons and damage to
vegetation and structures.
VI. Reflection
Lahar and lava flow are two of the destructive hazards of volcanic eruption. It destroy everything along
its path like vegetation, animals and even buildings and infrastructures. Lahar is also a source of skin disesases
to humans and animals.
In your own point of view, what is the difference between primary

lahar and lava flow. Justify your anaswer.
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VIII. References

IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
1. Banahaw 2. Bulusan 3. Kanlaon 4. Mayon 5. Taal etc.
Post Assessment
Feature 5 4 3 2

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the meaning.
Week
7 Day 3
1. Lahar
2. Ash fall
3. Pyroclastic flow
5. Volcanic Glasses
6. Lava flow
II. Competency: Explain various volcano-related hazards
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to explain various volcano-related hazards
IV. Pre-Assessment
Identification.
Instruction: Analyze each statement carefully and give the terms, words or phrases pertaining to each
statement. Write your answers on the space provided. Use correct spelling.
Page 64 of 77
____________________1. These are volcanoes which erupted within historical which were docurnented by
man.
____________________2. These are volcanoes without any record of eruptions
____________________3. These are a specific kind of mudflow made up of volcanic debris.
____________________4. Classification of Lahar which is associated directly with volcanic eruption.
____________________5. A volcano hazard which consists of pyroclastic fragments of any size and origin.
Volcano Related Hazards
This lesson is a continuation of our discussion about differenr types of volcano related hazards
3. Tephra Fall and Ballistic Projectile. What is tephra?
•Tephra fall is also called "pyroclastic material."

•It contains pyroclastic remains of different mass from different sources.
•Tephra falls may consist of volcanic rocks, lava, stones or crystals or combination of the four.
•Tephra is measure at less than 2 mm diameter for ashes, 2-64 mm diameter in lapilli. Lapili is the size
classification term for tephra.
4. Pyroclastic flow
Pyroclastic flow is another type of hazard posed by an erupting volcano. It consistss of hot dry masses
of broken volcanic materials that moves from the volcano crater going down through the slope until it reaches
the ground. This includes:
1. Pumice flow
2. Ash flow
3. Block-and-ash flow
4. Nuee ardente
*Nuée ardente is a French word. It literally means, "glowing cloud".
This is an extremely damaging, speeding, and glowing mass of gas-enveloped particles that comes out from a
volcanic eruption.
5. Volcanic gases
•Volcanic gasses is another type of hazard posed by volcanic eruption.

•It is one of the primary composition of a magma or lava.
•Active and inactive volcanoes may discharge to the atmosphere gases in the form of:
a. water vapor (H20)
b. Helium (He)
c. hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
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d. sulfur dioxide (S02)
e. carbon monoxide (C02)
f. hydrogen chloride (HCI) and
g. Hydrogen fluoride (HF).
•Nitrogen, methane, argon and helium may be also present in volcanic gases. The proportion of these
components present depends upon the atmospheric temperature.
•Volcanic gases is one of the most deadly effects of volcanic eruption because these are hazards which are not
visible to the naked eye.
Carbon dioxide
•This may cause death to people and animals due to asphyxia.
•Carbon dioxide deposited in the bottom of bodies of water can form huge bubbles. Too much supply of this gas
may also kill vegetation and livestock.
Fluorine Gas
•This gas is extremely poisonous.
•This gas is very corrosive and poisonous especially when it is mixed with acid.
•This gas can cause internal burns.
•It can also attack calcium in the skeletal system.
•This gas may poisoned plants, people and animals when it is absorbed after volcanic eruption.
VI. Reflection
In a volcanic eruption the other three typess of volcano hazards are tephra fall, pyroclastic flow, and
volcanic gases. Volcanic gases are more dangerous, it contains toxic gases, when inhaled causing respiratory
ailments and even death.
Identification
Instruction: Analyze each statement carefully and give the tertns.words or phrases pertaining to each
statement. Write your answers on the space provided. Use correct spelling.
__________________1. Volcano hazard which consists of hot dry masses of fragmented volcanic materials that
move along the slope and in contact with ground surface.

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__________________2. A volcano hazard which is considered as one of the basic components of a magma or
lava.
__________________3. These are highly destructive, fast-moving, incandescent mass of gas-enveloped
particles that is associated with certain types of volcanic eruptions.
__________________4. A kind of volcanic gas which has a distinct acidic, rotten-egg smell.
__________________5. This volcanic gas is yellowish brown, corrosive and extremely poisonous.
Essay
What are the effects of ash fall to health and livelhood of a nearby locality affected by volcanic
eruption? Explain.
VIII. Reference

IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
1. Active Volcanoes
2. Inactive Volcanoes
3. Lahar
4. Primary lahar
5. Tephra Fall
Post Assessment
1. Pyroclastic Flow
2. Volcanic Gases
3. Nuee Ardente
4. Sulfur Doixide and Hydrogen Sulfide
5. Flourine Gas
Essay
Feature 5 4 3 2

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the meaning.
Week 8 Day 1
1. Lahar
2. Ash fall
3. Pyroclastic flow
5. Volcanic Glasses
6. Lava flow
II. Competency: Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to recognize signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
IV. Pre-Assessment
Give at least five (5) examples of volcanic gases.

1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
4. ________________________________
5. ________________________________
Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruptions
A volcano which is about to erupt has several warning signs. These warning signs may be used to
monitor as to the possibility of its eruption. Close monitoring is important to determine when a volcano may
erupt. Monitoring may be conducted through some scientific process or the used of traditional:methods
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employed by our ascendants. Here are some of the methods used in determining an impending volcanic
eruptions.
1. By seismicity
•Seismicity is the tremor felt near areas of active volcanoes.
•Frequent and prolonged seismicity maybe signs of impending volcanic eruption.
•Seismicity is measured with the use of seismometer.
•The movement of magma and volcanic gas upward while passing through a narrow passage produces the
seismicity.
• Investigating the result of seismic data for a certain period concludes whether the tremor is unusual due to
the movement of magma towards the surface.
2. The study of ground deformation.

•This is one of the traditional methods used by people living near volcanoes. People considered that changes in
the surface of volcano is brought by some changes that happens underneath it.
•In ground deformation, some parts of the ground tilt or the slope changes.
Ground deformation occur before, during and after volcanic eruption.
3.Monitor gases that come out of fumaroles

•The most noticeable sign of impending volcanic eruption is the emission of gases from its fumaroles.
•The intensity of heat of gasses coming from the fumaroles is closely monitored to determine the sign whether
magma has moved closer to the surface.
•Monitoring the composition of the gases and its changes in the composition are conducted by experts.
4. Observing the visible changes to fumarole areas

•According to volcanologists, a volcano which has the potential to erupt is observed to have changes in the size
of smoke or magma volatiles in the atmosphere
•The plants nearby also die suddenly.
•Change in the color of any lakes or ponds near the volcano. For example, the Kelimutu volcano in Central
Flores Indonesia produce visible changes on the color of the lake from blue and dark green to intense red
depending on the behavior of the volcano.
5. Satellite based monitoring

•This is done through obtaining thermal images of volcanic areas.
•In the Philippines, satellite based monitoring is the responsibility of the Philippine Institute Volcanology
and Seismology.
Other warning signs of an impending volcanic eruption is also given by the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology. These are the following::
1. Volcanic quakes suddenly increased in frequency

2. Increase in volcanic tremors
3. Increase steaming activity
4. Change in color of steam emission
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5. Crater glows
6. Localized landslides and rockfalls due to volcanic tremors
7. Vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes dries.
8. Temperature of hot springs and wells near the volcano suddenly increase
9. Changes in the chemical content of springs located on the crater or near the volcano
10. Drying up of springs and wells around the volcano
11. Appearance of solfataras. Solfatara is a volcanic area or vent that yields only hot vapors and sulfurous gases.
b
VI. Reflection
It is very important that an individual must be aware and have enough information given by the
authorities when an impending volcanic eruption is about to happen. Proper coordination with the authorities,
information gathering and dissimination, and planning ahead about safety are some of the precautionary
measures to minimize the effects of volcano hazards.
VIII. Post Assessment
Enumerate some methods used in determining an impending volcanic eruptions.
1. ________________________________
2. ________________________________
3. ________________________________
4. ________________________________
5. ________________________________
Essay
Can a volcano just erupt without any warning at all? Justify your answer.
IX. Answer Key

Pre=Assessment Post Assessment
1. Helium (He) 1. By seismicity
2. hydrogen sulfide (H2S) 2. The study of ground deformation.
3. sulfur dioxide (S02) 3. Monitor gases that come out of fumaroles
4. carbon monoxide (C0) 4. Observing the visible changes to fumarole areas
5. hydrogen chloride (HCI) 5. Satellite based monitoring

Feature 5 4 3 2

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the meaning.
Week 8 Day 2
1. Lahar
2. Ash fall
3. Pyroclastic flow
5. Volcanic Glasses
6. Lava flow
II. Competency: Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to recognize signs of an impending volcanic
eruption
IV. Pre-Assessment
Make a list of important things in preparation for impending volcanic eruptions
1. _______________________________ 6. _______________________________
2. _______________________________ 7. _______________________________
3. _______________________________ 8. _______________________________
4. _______________________________ 9. _______________________________
5. _______________________________ 10._______________________________
Signs of Impending Volcanic Eruptions
This lesson is a continuation of our discussion about signs of impending volcanic eruptions.
Signs and Warnings
A volcano may show signs of erupting several days or weeks in advance. Some of these signs are:
•Volcanic earthquakes
•Increasing steam emissions
•Rumbling sounds coming from the direction ofa volcano
•Drying up of vegetations around the crater
•Unusual change of water level at a crater lake
•Unusual behavior of some species of animals in the vicinity of the volcano
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The Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHI VOLCS) observes, records, and studies
volcanic activities in the Philippines. Aside from observing signs perceptible through human senses,
scientists also conduct observation of other features associated with volcanic activity using precision
scientific instrutnents.
PHIVOLCS assesses all information related to volcanic hazards and issues bulletins on the current state
of the 'nost active volcanoes. When a volcanic disaster is deemed likely to occur, it notifies the OCD
and other government agencies, the tri-media, the LDRRMCs and the general public threatened by the
eruption and issues advisories for mitigation and prevention Of volcanic disaster. It has developed volcano
hazard maps (see Figures 7 and 8) delineating zones of different levels of risk which could be used as
reference for formulating land-use regulations and developing community disaster contingency plan.
Precursors of an Impending Volcanic Eruption
No one can predict exactly when a volcano is going to erupt. But nature has been kind enough to give
us some signs of an impending activigy so that we could prepare our community, our family, and ourselves from
the volcano's fury. Let us not bc too complacent by not heeding the signs or by postponing actions because like
a thief in the night, a volcano can suddenly hit us in the head. Below is a list from the Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHI VOLCS) enumerating the signs that we need to observe to alert us of an
impending volcanic eruption. PHI VOLCS warns that the signs may vary from one volcano to another hence,
keen observations are needed.
Before and during a volcanic eruption, we must pay attention to the following:
1. Increase in the frequency of volcanic quakes with rumbling sounds; occurrence of volcanic tremors
2. Increased steaming activity; change in color of steam emission from white to gray due to entrained ash
3. Crater glow due to presence of magma at or near the crater
4. Ground swells (or inflation), ground tilt, and ground fissuring due to magma intrusion
5. Localized landslides, rock falls, and landslides from the summit area not attributable to heavy rains
6. Noticeable increase in the extent of drying up of vegetation around the volcano's upper slopes
7. Increase in the temperature of hot springs, wells (e.g., Bulusan in Sorsogon and Mt. Canlaon or Kanlaon in
Negros Occidental) and crater lakes near the volcano (e.g., Taal in Batangas).
8. Noticeable variation in the chemical content of springs and crater lakes within the vicinity of the volcano
9. Drying up of springs/wells around the volcano
10. Development of new thermal areas and/or reactivation of old ones; appearance of solfataras (shallow
steam vents that 9mit mostly sulfur and other gases).
Here are some measures to be done before, during, and after the volcanic eruption:
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Things to Do Before, During. and After a Volcanic Eruption
Before During After
•Listen to the radio for important •Stay outdoors. •Wait for order or instructions if
announcements or instructions. •Cover nose with damp cloth when you are in an evacuation area.
•Have your flashlights, candles, and you feel there are volcanic ashes in •Clean roofs to remove ashes.
matches ready. the air. •Avoid crossing the bridge where
•Be ready with a first aid kit. •Cover food and water. lahar flows.
•Store food and water. Follow •Stay under a sturdy table if you are •Avoid places along the rivers.
orders to evacuate from dangerous indoors.
areas.
VI. Reflection
Ignorance of early warnings, reminders, and recommendationss of authorities may lead to a more
serious effects of volcano related hazards. Sometimes cultural beliefs and myths about they call “God” is one of
the reasons why other people tends to stay in their areas despite of the dangers and risk that will make their
lives vulnerable to hazards.
Essay
Why is it important to study and monitor volcanoes? Explain.
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___________________________________________________________________________________________
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VIII. References
Disaster Risk Reduction For The Youth Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction
Leoncio A. Amadore et.al pp. 56 Marietta M. De Leon Et.al pp. 106 – 107
IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
Foods, clothes, medicines, water, flashlights and batteries, portable radio, etc.
Post Assessment
Feature 5 4 3 2
the meaning.
Week 8 Day 3
1. Lahar
2. Ash fall
3. Pyroclastic flow
5. Volcanic Glasses
6. Lava flow
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II. Competency: Interpret different volcano hazard maps
III. Objective: At the end of the lesson, the learners will be able to interpret different volcano hazard maps
IV. Pre-Assessment
Identification
____________________1. This is also called cold lahar.

____________________2. It is molten rock with highly elongated mass that flows out of a volcano.
____________________3. It is also called pyroclastic material.
____________________4. It literally means “glowing cloud”
____________________5. This gas can cause internal burns.
Volcano Hazard Map
In this lesson we are going to interpret volcano hazard map. Volcano hazard map is a very effective tool
in detecting areas prone to different volcano hazards i.e lahar flow, lava flow, tephra fall, pyroclastic fall, and
glowing avalanche.
We have here an example of volcano hazard map of Mt. Mayon.
Source: https://reliefweb.int/map/philippines/philippines-mayon-volcano-hazard-map-and-population-16-
january-2018
Try to visit this Youtube link for more information about mayon volcano hazard and hazard map:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSWDXa0XycU
Notice this portion of the map. These legends gives us information about areas under different volcano
hazards based on the volcano hazard map.
VI. Reflection
Interpreting volcano hazard map is a big help especially when preparing precautionary measures about
a particular location under a particular volcano hazard say lahar flow for example. The hazard map serve as a
guide on how to mitigate the effects of a particular volcano hazard.

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If you live in a locality near Mayon volcano and local authorities are advised your community to leave
and evacuate to a safer place, how can you prepare for this volcanic eruption that is about to happen?
___________________________________________________________________________________________
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VIII. Reference
Source: https://reliefweb.int/map/philippines/philippines-mayon-volcano-hazard-map-and-population-16-
january-2018
YouTube link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XSWDXa0XycU
IX. Answer Key

Pre-Assessment
1. Secondary lahar

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2. Lava
3. Tephra fall
4. Nuee Ardente
5. Flourine Gas
Post Assessment
Feature 5 4 3 2
the meaning.

Page 77 of 77

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Week 1 Day 1

I. Content Standard: The learners demonstrate understanding of

II. Competency: Explain the meaning of disaster.

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Let us first define the meaning of hazard and disaster.

Try to watch this Youtube link for additional informations.

VII. Post Assessment

Classify the following as man-made or natural hazards.

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Teaching Guide for Senior High Schoool

IX. Answer Key

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

II. Competency: Differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Risk Factors Underlying Disasters

The Voluntary Organizations in Cooperation i Emergencies, a non-governmental organizations

1. Environmental problems such as

2. Human factor such as:

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Disasters What You Should Know And What You Should Do

IX. Answer Key

Your essay will be evaluated using this rubric.

II. Competency: Differentiate the risk factors underlying disasters

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Risk Factors Underlying Disasters (continued)

VII. Post Assessment

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

IX. Answer Key

For Pre/Post Assessment

II. Competency: Describe the effects of disasters on one’s life

Effects of Disaster on One’s Life

I. Psychological Effects of Disasters.

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

II. Emotional Effects of Disaster

III. Physical Effects of Disasters

IV. Social Effects of Disasters

V. Economic Effects of Disaster

VII. Post Assessment

Enumerate the following

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Physical Effects of Disasters

Social Effects of Disasters

Disasters What You Should Know

1. Loss of business by the merchants. _____________________________

VII. Post Assessment

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

IX. Answer Key

For Post Assessment

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Fill in the blanks.

1. As to the classifications of disaster, earthquake and floods are classified as __________________________

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

VII. Post Assessment

Match column A with column B

IX. Answer Key

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction

II. Competency: Explain the meaning of vulnerability.

What will be the possible consequence of the following acts.

1. Urinating on an electric post _______________________________________________________________

Vulnerability is the characteristic of a community as being susceptible or prone to hazards or disasters.

Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction